356:
Spanish and
Portuguese names. Poverty and lack of education are persistent problems in most Ticuna communities, leading to government and NGO efforts to increase educational and academic opportunities. In December 1986, the General Organization of Bilingual Ticuna Teachers (or OGPTB in its Portuguese/Spanish abbreviation) was founded in order to provide Ticuna children with quality bilingual education and more opportunities. In 1998, there were only around 7,400 ethnic Ticuna children enrolled in elementary school; by, 2005 the number has more than doubled to 16,100. Another goal of the OGPTB was the gradual replacement of non-Indigenous teachers with Ticuna ones for Ticuna students to better provide bilingual education. By 2005, over half of the teachers were ethnic Ticuna. So effective has the OGPTB program been that it is now being expanded and copied to better serve the educational needs of other indigenous people in Brazil and Colombia.
256:
outsiders began in 1649. Since the Ticuna lived relatively inland compared to other tribes they were less affected by the diseases and violence caused by colonialism, hence why the Ticuna today have the largest population of any
Amazonian people. When the Europeans initiated warfare with the neighboring tribes, their land, which consisted of islands and coastal areas, was available to the Ticuna. However, the Ticuna still suffered greatly, especially in the rubber cultivation that began in the late 19th century where many Ticuna were used for slave labor.
326:. After the girl's first menstruation, her whole body is painted black with the clan symbol drawn on her head. All their hair is pulled out and they wear a dress custom-made from eagle feathers and snail shells. The girl then must continuously jump over a fire. After four days, the girl is considered a woman and is eligible for marriage. Ticuana men and women must marry outside their own clans according to customs. Nowadays, the ritual is shorter and less intense as it was historically.
84:
123:
315:, although with the influence of Christian missionaries since contact, Shamans have become rare in all but the most isolated communities. Ta'e was the Ticuna creator god who guarded the earth, while Yo'i and Ip were mythical heroes in Ticuna folklore who helped fight off demons. Depending on different estimates, some say that the Ticuna primarily practice ethnic religion, while other estimates say that 30% to 90% are
142:
941:
160:
110:
32:
355:
Today, most Ticuna people dress in western clothing and only wear their traditional garments made out of tree bark and practice their ceremonies on special occasions or for tourists. Most Ticuna nowadays are fluent in
Portuguese or Spanish depending on the country in which they live, and mostly use
255:
has led to the Ticuna being culturally and genetically distinct from other
Amazonian tribes. The first contact with outsiders occurred on the colonization of Brazil when a Portuguese fleet exploring the Amazon came into contact with the Ticuna. Sustained contact with the Portuguese and other
342:
are not permitted to marry. In the past, it was common practice for a maternal uncle to marry his niece. Today, however, marriage generally occurs within the same generation. Due to the influence of
Catholic missionaries, cross-cousin marriages and
267:, and the Ticuna chose to fight in that war. This depleted their population and the Ticuna were forced out of their Brazilian territories. Four Ticuna people were murdered, 19 were wounded, and 10 had disappeared in the 1988
251:
The Ticuna were originally a tribe that lived far away from the rivers and whose expansion was kept in check by neighboring people. Their historical lack of access to waterways and their practice of
2144:
299:, but this has now been discredited as more likely the Ticuna have adopted many linguistic features due to a long history of interaction with Arawakan-speaking tribes. It is written in the
929:
271:. By the 1990s, Brazil formally recognized the Ticunas' right to their lands, thus protecting the Ticuna people, as well as decreasing conflict in the surrounding areas.
2137:
460:
359:
The Ticuna are also coming under increasing influence of evangelization and proselytism by
Christian missionaries, which has impacted the Ticuna way of life.
2130:
922:
2978:
53:
40:
2968:
907:
600:"Experimentando a Diferença: Trajetórias de jovens indígenas Tikuna em escolas de Ensino Médio das cidades da região do Alto Solimões, Amazonas"
902:
2963:
915:
2973:
607:
Laboratório de
Pesquisas em Etnicidade, Cultura e Desenvolvimento, Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ/ Brasil
347:, which were acceptable and common in the past, are no longer viewed as permissible practices. Divorce is permissible, but infrequent.
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259:
Ticuna as a
Brazilian tribe has faced violence from loggers, fishermen, and rubber-tappers entering their lands around the
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368:
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2699:
2663:
2626:
2585:
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945:
764:"Missionário Indígena da Tribo TIKUNA visita nossa Igreja (Indigenous Missionary of the Tikuna Tribe Visits Out Church)"
495:
364:
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1704:
224:
2793:
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236:
128:
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292:
45:
2915:
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2706:
2694:
1993:
1553:
898:
1407:
1234:
2728:
2051:
288:
1619:
1323:
850:
477:(1990). "Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more". In David L. Payne (ed.).
623:
Políticas Públicas De Educação
Escolar Indígena E A Formação De Professores Ticunas No Alto Solimões/am
599:
375:
missionaries are all active among the Ticuna; sometimes the missionaries are ethnic Ticuna themselves.
2069:
1989:
1036:
963:
2544:
2364:
1782:
1396:
93:
2937:
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1927:
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2013:
2005:
1940:
1842:
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1634:
1504:
877:"The impact of education on Ticuna Indian culture: an historical and ethnographic field study"
260:
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2539:
2309:
2103:
2082:
1857:
1802:
1596:
1466:
719:
445:
Luedtke, Jennifer Gail (1990). "Chapter 1 The Ticuna: Prehistory, History, and
Language".
280:
268:
180:
20:
2254:
2219:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1787:
1724:
1287:
322:
The Ticuna practice a coming-of-age ceremony for girls when they reach puberty called a
83:
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1762:
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1184:
1164:
1139:
785:
682:"Projetos em Foco - Índios Ticunas (Project in focus, evangelizing the Ticuana Indians"
420:
372:
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572:
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1965:
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520:
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1935:
1629:
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1154:
1003:
547:
312:
192:
2329:
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1812:
1729:
1509:
1303:
1282:
1149:
1074:
858:
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
31:
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1583:
1514:
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1413:
1338:
1244:
1194:
1189:
1114:
1084:
1064:
1018:
344:
252:
147:
447:
Mitochondrial D-loop Characterization of the Amazonian Ticuna Population
2479:
2434:
2414:
2399:
2184:
2059:
1917:
1892:
1529:
1461:
1448:
1391:
1358:
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1179:
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823:
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749:
723:
689:
335:
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1428:
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1229:
1134:
1124:
1079:
949:
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115:
2464:
2344:
1757:
1565:
1471:
1144:
165:
2126:
1986:
1701:
1550:
960:
911:
25:
816:"show da virada! Igreja indígena evangélica filadelfia 2015"
766:(in Portuguese). Igreja Batista Boas Novas. 11 November 2010
712:"Encuentro Regional OFS Amazonas - Colombia 15-17 Oct. 2011"
239:(7,000). They are the most numerous tribe in the Brazilian
660:
Equipe de edição da Enciclopédia Povos Indígenas no Brasil
295:
grouping. The Ticuna language was once thought to be an
287:, although it might possibly be related to the extinct
481:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 13–74.
2893:
2637:
2530:
2495:
2488:
2160:
2096:
2068:
2050:
2022:
2004:
1926:
1738:
1715:
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1610:
1582:
1564:
1495:
1447:
1377:
1258:
1055:
1017:
974:
186:
174:
156:
138:
106:
101:
891:"Amazon’s Remaining Ticuna Indians Ban Tourists,"
786:"XXIII Conferêmoa Missionaria - Pr. Lucas Tikuna"
449:. Binghamton State University of New York Press.
2138:
923:
790:Igreja Presbiteriana Betânia em São Francisco
8:
76:
2492:
2145:
2131:
2123:
2001:
1983:
1712:
1698:
1561:
1547:
971:
957:
930:
916:
908:
609:(in Portuguese). Currículo sem Fronteiras.
496:"Ticuna - Religion and Expressive Culture"
490:
488:
459:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
75:
639:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
746:"amazonas Vídeo sobre Bautismo indìgena"
56:of all important aspects of the article.
899:Ticuna mask for girl's puberty ceremony
416:
414:
412:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
384:
903:National Museum of the American Indian
641:10.11606/T.48.2011.tde-17102011-152350
452:
52:Please consider expanding the lead to
630:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). São Paulo:
311:Ticuna people historically practiced
7:
102:Regions with significant populations
283:, which is usually identified as a
2154:Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia
14:
2979:Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
939:
158:
140:
121:
108:
82:
30:
875:Sullivan, James Lamkin (1970).
338:, in which members of the same
334:The Ticuna follow the rules of
44:may be too short to adequately
2969:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
2943:Race and ethnicity in Colombia
879:. North Texas State University
291:thus forming the hypothetical
54:provide an accessible overview
1:
2964:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
620:Bendazzoli, Sirlene (2011).
500:Countries and their Culture
263:. Brazil and Paraguay were
225:indigenous people of Brazil
16:Indigenous people of Brazil
2995:
2974:Indigenous peoples in Peru
1988:Indigenous peoples of the
1703:Indigenous peoples of the
1552:Indigenous peoples of the
962:Indigenous peoples of the
598:Paladino, Mariana (2010).
548:"Ticuana rites of passage"
404:Povos Indígenas no Brasil.
265:in a war between 1864–1870
18:
2928:
2000:
1982:
1711:
1697:
1560:
1546:
970:
956:
849:Nimuendaju, Curt (1952).
632:Universidade de São Paulo
191:
179:
81:
628:Currículo sem Fronteiras
279:Ticuna people speak the
662:(in Spanish). June 2008
656:"Educación > Ticuna"
401:"Ticuna: Introduction."
894:Talking About Colombia
19:For the language, see
525:Catholic Encyclopedia
479:Amazonian Linguistics
426:Retrieved 1 Feb 2012.
406:Retrieved 4 Feb 2012.
307:Religion and rituals
2938:Lists of Colombians
1705:Central-West Region
752:. 19 December 2016.
78:
1928:Mato Grosso do Sul
946:Indigenous peoples
718:. (in Spanish and
552:Amazon-Indians.org
546:Dan James Patone.
2951:
2950:
2924:
2923:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
1994:Southeast Regions
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
726:. 30 October 2011
688:(in Portuguese).
686:Missões Nacionais
475:Kaufman, Terrence
330:Marriage patterns
297:Arawakan language
202:
201:
88:Ticuna people in
71:
70:
2986:
2934:
2886:
2874:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2785:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2630:
2618:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2523:
2511:
2493:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2124:
2002:
1984:
1713:
1699:
1562:
1554:Northeast Region
1548:
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958:
944:
943:
932:
925:
918:
909:
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871:
869:
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836:
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826:. 1 January 2016
812:
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796:. 18 August 2014
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586:
584:
577:Rik's Adventures
569:
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560:
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543:
537:
536:
534:
532:
521:"Ticuna Indians"
517:
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510:
508:
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492:
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450:
442:
427:
418:
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398:
285:language isolate
164:
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144:
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127:
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90:Amazonas, Brazil
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63:
57:
34:
26:
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2779:
2762:
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2738:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
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2649:
2633:
2624:
2612:
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2583:
2571:
2559:
2526:
2517:
2505:
2484:
2156:
2151:
2121:
2108:
2092:
2064:
2046:
2018:
1996:
1970:
1922:
1734:
1707:
1685:
1667:
1649:
1606:
1578:
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1534:
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1443:
1373:
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1013:
966:
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579:. 13 April 2014
573:"Tikuna People"
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309:
281:Ticuna language
277:
269:Helmet Massacre
249:
159:
157:
141:
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122:
120:
118:
109:
107:
97:
92:, ca. 1865, by
74:
67:
61:
58:
51:
39:This article's
35:
24:
21:Ticuna language
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2791:
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2680:
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2619:
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2590:
2578:
2566:
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2552:
2547:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2527:
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2524:
2512:
2499:
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2489:Non-indigenous
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2270:Embera-Wounaan
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2212:
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2052:Santa Catarina
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2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:Espírito Santo
1998:
1997:
1987:
1980:
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1963:
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1953:
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1941:Guarani-Kaiowá
1938:
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1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
1865:
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1645:Gavião-Pykobjê
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820:Marion Ticuna
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289:Yuri language
286:
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274:
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254:
246:
244:
242:
238:
235:(6,000), and
234:
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134:36,377 (2009)
133:
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117:
105:
100:
95:
94:Albert Frisch
91:
85:
80:
65:
55:
49:
47:
42:
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2830:Scandinavian
2429:
2024:Minas Gerais
1783:Enawene Nawe
1725:Avá-Canoeiro
1334:Suruí (Pará)
1199:
964:North Region
893:
881:. Retrieved
865:. Retrieved
861:
857:
851:"The Tukuna"
828:. Retrieved
819:
810:
798:. Retrieved
789:
780:
768:. Retrieved
758:
740:
728:. Retrieved
715:
706:
694:. Retrieved
685:
676:
664:. Retrieved
659:
650:
627:
622:
615:
606:
593:
581:. Retrieved
576:
567:
555:. Retrieved
551:
541:
529:. Retrieved
527:. New Advent
524:
515:
503:. Retrieved
499:
478:
469:
446:
423:
403:
369:Presbyterian
358:
354:
333:
323:
321:
310:
301:Latin script
278:
258:
250:
228:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
203:
197:Christianity
170:6,982 (2007)
152:8,000 (2011)
73:Ethnic group
62:October 2016
59:
43:
41:lead section
2881: [
2869: [
2845: [
2833: [
2821: [
2809: [
2797: [
2780: [
2763: [
2751: [
2739: [
2710: [
2698: [
2686: [
2674: [
2662: [
2650: [
2625: [
2613: [
2596: [
2584: [
2572: [
2560: [
2518: [
2506: [
2380:Pira-tapuya
2190:Awa-Kwaiker
1778:Cinta Larga
1740:Mato Grosso
1403:Cinta Larga
1175:Pira-tapuya
1165:Parintintín
424:Ethnologue.
373:Evangelical
293:Ticuna–Yuri
2958:Categories
2794:Portuguese
2777:Lithuanian
2515:Venezuelan
2162:Indigenous
2097:Widespread
2014:Tupiniquim
1908:Yawalapiti
1843:Nambikwara
1773:Chiquitano
1673:Pernambuco
1410:(Rondônia)
1399:(Rondônia)
883:2018-01-27
867:2018-01-27
557:3 November
531:3 November
505:3 November
351:Modern day
2878:Ukrainian
2748:Hungarian
2729:Mennonite
2503:Argentine
2365:Patángoro
2280:Guambiano
2250:Cocamilla
2245:Chitarero
2070:São Paulo
1936:Chamacoco
1863:Rikbaktsa
1833:Munduruku
1663:Potiguara
1630:Guajajara
1620:Awá-Guajá
1497:Tocantins
1477:Wapishana
1419:Karitiana
1324:Parkatêjê
1319:Munduruku
1314:Kỳikatêjê
1155:Munduruku
1004:Machinere
989:Asháninka
830:29 August
800:29 August
770:30 August
455:cite book
421:"Ticuna."
317:Christian
313:Shamanism
223:) are an
193:Shamanism
175:Languages
46:summarize
2933:See also
2806:Romanian
2683:Croatian
2647:Austrian
2605:Japanese
2557:Armenian
2545:Lebanese
2496:Americas
2390:Quimbaya
2310:Kankuamo
2235:Carijona
2230:Carabayo
2200:Barasana
2104:Kaingang
2083:Kaingang
2042:Xakriabá
1878:Tapirapé
1873:Tapayúna
1808:Kamayurá
1803:Kalapalo
1612:Maranhão
1597:Tabajara
1520:Tapirapé
1487:Ye'kuana
1482:Yanomami
1467:Patamona
1379:Rondônia
1349:Turiwára
1329:Parakanã
1245:Yanomami
1215:Turiwára
1195:Tenharim
1115:Jamamadi
1085:Barasana
1065:Amahuaca
1057:Amazonas
1037:Karipuna
1009:Yaminawá
994:Kaxinawá
666:10 March
361:Catholic
345:polygyny
275:Language
253:endogamy
233:Colombia
187:Religion
148:Colombia
129:Amazonas
2911:Mestizo
2901:African
2854:Spanish
2842:Slovene
2818:Russian
2772:Italian
2671:British
2659:Belgian
2622:Turkish
2593:Iranian
2569:Chinese
2470:Yarigui
2435:Tinigua
2420:Tariana
2415:Tairona
2405:Sutagao
2400:Siriano
2385:Quechua
2275:Guahibo
2240:Chimila
2185:Arhuaco
2180:Andoque
2175:Andaquí
2170:Achagua
2060:Xokleng
1951:Kadiweu
1903:Xavante
1893:Umutina
1838:Nahukuá
1823:Kuikuro
1763:Bakairi
1655:Paraíba
1640:Krĩkatí
1635:Ka'apor
1530:Xerente
1525:Xambioá
1505:Apinajé
1462:Macushi
1457:Akawaio
1449:Roraima
1392:Akuntsu
1359:Wayampi
1354:Wai-wai
1294:Araweté
1268:Amanayé
1250:Zuruahã
1225:Wayampi
1220:Wai-wai
1185:Tariana
1180:Siriano
1095:Cambeba
1070:Apurinã
1047:Wayampi
1042:Palikur
984:Apurinã
824:YouTube
794:YouTube
750:YouTube
730:9 March
724:YouTube
696:9 March
690:YouTube
583:9 March
365:Baptist
336:exogamy
324:pelazon
247:History
227:(36,000
210:Magüta,
2916:Romani
2906:Jewish
2894:Others
2859:Basque
2789:Polish
2724:German
2719:French
2639:Europe
2610:Korean
2581:Indian
2550:Syrian
2455:Witoto
2440:Tucano
2430:Ticuna
2410:Tahamí
2370:Piaroa
2360:Panche
2350:Nutabe
2335:Muisca
2330:Mokaná
2325:Macuna
2265:Emberá
2215:Calima
2195:Baniwa
2088:Terena
2078:Aimoré
2037:Kaxixó
2032:Aimoré
1966:Terena
1888:Trumai
1883:Terena
1858:Paresi
1853:Panará
1848:Paiter
1828:Matipu
1818:Kayapo
1813:Karajá
1798:Kaiabi
1793:Ikpeng
1768:Bororo
1753:Apiacá
1748:Aimoré
1730:Karajá
1681:Xukuru
1625:Canela
1602:Tapeba
1592:Kiriri
1574:Pataxó
1510:Karajá
1429:Paiter
1408:Gavião
1387:Aikanã
1364:Wayana
1344:Tiriyó
1309:Kayapo
1304:Karajá
1299:Atikum
1290:(Pará)
1283:Apiacá
1278:Aparai
1273:Anambé
1240:Witoto
1230:Wayana
1210:Tucano
1205:Tiriyó
1200:Ticuna
1170:Pirahã
1150:Matsés
1135:Macuna
1130:Kulina
1125:Korubo
1080:Baniwa
1075:Banawá
1032:Kalina
1027:Aparai
999:Kulina
950:Brazil
720:Ticuna
371:, and
340:moiety
241:Amazon
221:Tukuna
217:Tikuna
213:Tucuna
208:(also
206:Ticuna
181:Ticuna
163:
145:
126:
116:Brazil
113:
77:Tukuna
2885:]
2873:]
2866:Swiss
2849:]
2837:]
2825:]
2813:]
2801:]
2784:]
2767:]
2760:Irish
2755:]
2743:]
2736:Greek
2714:]
2707:Dutch
2702:]
2695:Czech
2690:]
2678:]
2666:]
2654:]
2629:]
2617:]
2600:]
2588:]
2576:]
2564:]
2522:]
2510:]
2475:Yukpa
2465:Yagua
2450:Wayuu
2425:Tegua
2395:Siona
2375:Pijao
2345:Nukak
2320:Lache
2300:Hupda
2285:Guane
2260:Cubeo
2255:Cofán
2225:Cauca
2220:Camsá
1990:South
1961:Ofayé
1956:Mbayá
1946:Guató
1913:Yudjá
1898:Wauja
1788:Guató
1758:Aweti
1717:Goiás
1584:Ceará
1566:Bahia
1515:Krahô
1472:Pemon
1439:Wari’
1424:Kwaza
1414:Kanoê
1397:Arara
1339:Tembé
1288:Arara
1190:Tembé
1145:Matis
1110:Hupda
1100:Cubeo
1019:Amapá
854:(PDF)
603:(PDF)
379:Notes
219:, or
2540:Arab
2532:Asia
2480:Zenú
2460:Wiwa
2445:U'wa
2355:Paez
2340:Muzo
2315:Kogi
2305:Inga
2295:Hiwi
2290:Guna
2210:Barí
2205:Bora
1992:and
1918:Zoró
1369:Zo'é
1260:Pará
1160:Mura
1140:Mawé
1120:Juma
1090:Bora
976:Acre
832:2017
802:2017
772:2017
732:2017
698:2017
668:2017
585:2017
559:2016
533:2016
507:2016
461:link
237:Peru
204:The
166:Peru
1105:Dâw
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636:doi
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