2085:
174:
760:
202:
230:
216:
512:
court where he was granted titles, including commander-in-chief of the
Kirghiz (Jian-kun). All of this implied Kirghiz subordination to Tang authority, at least in Chinese eyes. According to the letter, Kirghiz tribute had come to the Tang court "uninterruptedly" until the end of the Tianbao reign period (742-756) when Kirghiz contact with the Tang state was cut off by the rise of Uighur power in Mongolia.
188:
135:, since the term "Khagan" only referred to male rulers and Empress Wu had started her dominion in the Chinese court after the year AD 665 until the year AD 705, which is after the title's first use by a Chinese emperor. However, two appeal letters from the Turkic hybrid rulers, Ashina QutluÎł Ton Tardu in 727, the Yabgu of
511:
the successes of
Emperor Taizong of Tang and to his taking the title of "Heavenly Qaghan" at the request of "the peoples of the northwest" in 630/631. The letter goes on to describe how Taizong's envoy was sent to pacify the Kirghiz in 632/633 and how in 647/648 a Kirghiz chieftain came to the Tang
425:
territories within his empire. He took the title "Heavenly Khan," thus designating himself as their ruler. A little later the
Western Turks, although then at the height of their power, were badly defeated, and the Uighurs, a Turkish tribe, were detached from them and became sturdy supporters of the
88:
2253:
1134:
645:
92:
602:
801:
1059:
2084:
1777:
712:
1155:
2154:
2140:
1864:
983:
978:
789:
670:
2164:
2144:
988:
961:
640:
1079:
675:
2432:
2120:
1952:
935:
920:
907:
872:
835:
779:
759:
2346:
2115:
940:
595:
573:
555:
540:
497:
426:
T'ang in the Gobi. The Khitan, Mongols in
Eastern Mongolia and Southern Manchuria, made their submission (630). In the Tarim basin
2442:
2437:
2427:
930:
737:
685:
680:
845:
796:
162:
Qaghan explained that "the peoples of the northwest" had requested
Emperor Taizong of Tang to become the "Heavenly Qaghan".
87:
by various Turkic nomads. It was first mentioned in accounts on May 20, 630 and again on
October 24, 646, shortly after the
2422:
1758:
998:
695:
1437:
1084:
621:
588:
717:
1746:
880:
690:
630:
487:
128:
2278:
2245:
2207:
2132:
1317:
956:
860:
855:
292:
2310:
2263:
2220:
2102:
1066:
2268:
2258:
2149:
665:
2325:
2315:
2225:
2035:
2008:
2003:
1945:
1825:
1498:
1225:
1038:
243:
144:
2013:
1468:
1287:
896:
262:
84:
410:
1998:
1904:
966:
830:
816:
2286:
1474:
650:
2320:
2230:
1448:
1212:
1111:
1106:
915:
2215:
2352:
2159:
973:
825:
749:
635:
2110:
655:
2045:
1938:
1763:
1721:
1101:
1073:
707:
660:
201:
1883:
1191:
1096:
727:
2385:
1677:
1654:
1642:
1516:
1176:
993:
925:
742:
569:
551:
536:
493:
446:
354:
342:
2291:
2060:
2030:
1988:
1710:
1612:
1538:
1142:
1052:
1022:
774:
722:
330:
257:
121:
50:
127:
It is uncertain whether the title also applied to the rest of the Tang emperors, or to the
2381:
2374:
2364:
2074:
1914:
1909:
702:
492:. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126.
235:
221:
159:
68:
229:
2093:
2069:
2020:
1993:
1970:
1857:
1751:
1685:
1624:
1281:
1251:
1245:
885:
193:
215:
2416:
2401:
2235:
2187:
2055:
2050:
1837:
1806:
1792:
1785:
1691:
1660:
1618:
1576:
1305:
1263:
561:
366:
103:
2391:
2357:
2192:
2174:
1702:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1275:
1205:
1199:
1169:
1046:
890:
611:
287:
282:
269:
179:
96:
2182:
1919:
1818:
1800:
1729:
1600:
1582:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1269:
1257:
1233:
1032:
850:
806:
784:
207:
136:
2396:
2298:
2197:
1961:
1878:
1845:
1606:
1588:
1486:
1335:
1239:
1089:
528:
249:
169:
120:) to the Chinese, during the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate (r. 739â741) and
80:
1930:
1492:
1456:
1425:
1371:
349:
337:
132:
17:
1648:
1594:
1564:
1510:
1462:
1395:
1359:
1353:
1323:
840:
325:
140:
2369:
2040:
1983:
1978:
1899:
1872:
1851:
1666:
1558:
1552:
1504:
1480:
1299:
1163:
1127:
811:
732:
489:
Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history
361:
311:
152:
580:
1715:
1630:
1546:
1347:
1341:
1293:
1148:
1027:
375:
305:
274:
58:
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1636:
1570:
1401:
1383:
1329:
1311:
1184:
2025:
299:
1934:
584:
317:
1812:
106:
rulers, both known as the Tengri Khagan (Chinese:
2338:
2277:
2244:
2206:
2173:
2131:
2101:
2092:
1969:
1892:
1776:
1739:
1701:
1676:
1537:
1530:
1447:
1224:
1120:
1015:
949:
906:
871:
767:
619:
412:
The
Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2
102:The title Tengri Khagan also used to refer other
1135:Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction
83:: đ±
đ°đ°Œđ°đ°Žđ°đ°ŁâŹ) was a title addressed to the
1946:
596:
415:(4, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 144
158:A later letter sent by the Tang court to the
111:
8:
1060:Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy
2098:
1953:
1939:
1931:
1534:
1117:
868:
603:
589:
581:
568:. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press.
139:, and Yina Tudun Qule in 741, the king of
1156:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
1865:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
984:Protectorate General to Pacify the South
979:Protectorate General to Pacify the North
989:Protectorate General to Pacify the East
962:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
392:
73:
27:Turkic title given to the Tang dynasty
7:
550:. Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Company.
533:A History of Chinese Muslim (Vol. 2)
2347:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
2116:Protectorate of the Western Regions
548:Studies of Chinese Western Regions
535:. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
25:
409:Kenneth Scott Latourette (1964).
116:) or TĂ€ĆridĂ€ qaÎłan (Chinese:
2083:
758:
228:
214:
200:
186:
172:
486:Michael Robert Drompp (2005).
63:
1:
1759:Islam during the Tang dynasty
999:Gyerim Territory Area Command
2433:Emperors of the Tang dynasty
1085:Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum
881:Department of State Affairs
631:Transition from Sui to Tang
2459:
2216:against Northwest khanates
957:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
293:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
2081:
756:
117:
112:
107:
54:
2009:Western Turkic Khaganate
2004:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1826:Ten Computational Canons
1039:Three Hundred Tang Poems
802:Administrative divisions
244:Chinese Tributary System
145:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
95:were annihilated by the
89:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
2443:Emperor Taizong of Tang
2438:History of Central Asia
2428:Chinese-language titles
2014:Second Turkic Khaganate
897:Secretariat-Chancellery
718:NiuâLi factional strife
263:Emperor Taizong of Tang
85:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1999:First Turkic Khaganate
1778:Science and technology
1067:Huaisu's Autobiography
967:Four Garrisons of Anxi
733:Tang-Nanzhao conflicts
671:TangâWestern Turks War
641:TangâEastern Turks War
124:(r. 759â779) periods.
2141:against Western Turks
1213:Green Satchel Classic
1112:Thousand-Buddha Cliff
1107:Rongxian Giant Buddha
1080:Kashyapa & Ananda
916:Ministry of Personnel
826:Imperial examinations
2423:Chinese royal titles
2353:Greater Central Asia
974:Beiting Protectorate
750:Huang Chao Rebellion
666:TangâTibet relations
636:Xuanwu Gate Incident
546:Liu, Yitang (1997).
1764:Chinese Manichaeism
1102:Leshan Giant Buddha
1074:Night-Shining White
936:Ministry of Justice
921:Ministry of Revenue
708:An Lushan rebellion
1884:Woodblock printing
1747:Church of the East
1192:The Classic of Tea
1097:Dazu Rock Carvings
728:Sweet Dew incident
646:TangâXueyantuo War
566:A History of Turks
39:Celestial Kha(ga)n
2410:
2409:
2386:Chinese Turkestan
2334:
2333:
2155:Mongolian Plateau
1928:
1927:
1772:
1771:
1655:Dongshan Liangjie
1643:Zhaozhou Congshen
1526:
1525:
1177:The Tale of Li Wa
1011:
1010:
994:Ungjin Commandery
941:Ministry of Works
926:Ministry of Rites
873:Three Departments
831:Official headwear
651:GoguryeoâTang War
355:Mandate of Heaven
343:Dynasty of Heaven
43:Heavenly Kha(ga)n
16:(Redirected from
2450:
2099:
2087:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1711:Neo-Confucianism
1613:Baizhang Huaihai
1535:
1143:Empress Zhangsun
1118:
1053:A Palace Concert
869:
762:
723:Changqing Treaty
605:
598:
591:
582:
515:
514:
508:
506:
483:
477:
474:
468:
465:
459:
456:
450:
444:
438:
435:
429:
428:
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420:
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331:All under Heaven
258:Emperor of China
238:
233:
232:
224:
219:
218:
210:
205:
204:
196:
191:
190:
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177:
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143:, addressed the
131:empress regnant
122:Uyghur Khaganate
119:
115:
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77:
65:
56:
21:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2382:Western Regions
2375:Chinese Tartary
2365:Eurasian nomads
2330:
2287:against Dzungar
2273:
2254:against Mongols
2240:
2202:
2169:
2127:
2111:against Xiongnu
2094:Chinese empires
2088:
2079:
1971:Nomadic empires
1965:
1959:
1929:
1924:
1915:Salt Commission
1910:Kaiyuan Tongbao
1888:
1768:
1735:
1697:
1672:
1522:
1443:
1438:LiĂȘu Hữu PhÆ°ÆĄng
1220:
1116:
1007:
945:
931:Ministry of War
902:
867:
861:Turkic generals
846:Imperial guards
763:
754:
713:Qingshui Treaty
703:Battle of Talas
656:BaekjeâTang War
615:
609:
579:
531:et al. (2003).
524:
519:
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236:Monarchy portal
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222:Politics portal
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160:Yenisei Kirghiz
47:Tengri Kha(ga)n
28:
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2339:Related topics
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2296:
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2259:against Turpan
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2157:
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2121:Chief Official
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2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:history series
1960:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1926:
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1907:
1902:
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1858:Gautama Siddha
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1282:Wang Changling
1279:
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908:Six Ministries
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661:SillaâTang War
658:
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562:Xue, Zongzheng
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469:
460:
451:
449:, pp. 120-121.
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255:
254:
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225:
211:
197:
194:History portal
183:
167:
164:
31:Khan of Heaven
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2439:
2436:
2434:
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2421:
2420:
2418:
2403:
2402:Greater China
2400:
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2387:
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2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2236:Northern Yuan
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Northern Liao
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:against Tibet
2148:
2146:
2145:Eastern Turks
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2076:
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2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:Mongol Empire
2054:
2052:
2051:Khamag Mongol
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
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1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1949:
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1942:
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1936:
1933:
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1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
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1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1860:(fl 714â724)
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
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283:Sinocentrism
277:(Great Khan)
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1920:Flying cash
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1801:Xu Jingzong
1752:Xi'an Stele
1730:Kong Yingda
1601:Amoghavajra
1432:Du Qiuniang
1420:Mo Xuanqing
1414:Li Shangyin
1408:Wen Tingyun
1270:Meng Haoran
1258:He Zhizhang
1252:Chen Zi'ang
1234:Luo Binwang
891:Chancellery
886:Secretariat
851:Shence Army
807:Jimi system
790:Family tree
529:Bai, Shouyi
505:February 8,
447:Skaff 2012
419:February 8,
208:Asia portal
155:expansion.
151:during the
137:Tokharistan
2417:Categories
2397:Sinosphere
2299:Lifan Yuan
2198:Later Liao
1962:Inner Asia
1879:Toothbrush
1846:Sun Simiao
1821:(602â670)
1788:(580â640)
1692:LĂŒ Dongbin
1607:Mazu Daoyi
1589:Vajrabodhi
1487:Zhang Xuan
1336:Wei Yingwu
1240:Du Shenyan
1187:(733â804)
1172:(776â826)
1130:(596â667)
1090:Autumn Dew
797:Chancellor
768:Government
458:Liu, 81-83
437:Liu, 74-76
382:References
250:Pax Sinica
149:Tian Kehan
81:Old Turkic
69:WadeâGiles
64:TiÄn KĂšhĂĄn
35:Tian Kehan
18:Tian Kehan
2311:Manchuria
2264:Manchuria
2221:Manchuria
1875:(730â805)
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1499:Zhou Fang
1495:(723â787)
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1489:(713â755)
1483:(706â783)
1471:(699â759)
1465:(680â760)
1459:(600â673)
1457:Yan Liben
1428:(840â868)
1426:Yu Xuanji
1416:(813â858)
1410:(812â866)
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1368:(773â819)
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1266:(673â740)
1260:(659â744)
1254:(656â702)
1248:(650â676)
1242:(645â708)
1236:(619â684)
1208:(9th c.)
1202:(850â933)
1166:(751â762)
1151:(7th c.)
1145:(601â636)
856:Shumiyuan
681:Karakhoja
620:History (
387:Citations
350:Tian Ming
338:Tian Chao
133:Wu Zetian
93:Xueyantuo
2326:Xinjiang
2316:Mongolia
2292:genocide
2226:Mongolia
2061:Chagatai
1994:GöktĂŒrks
1848:(d. 682)
1833:Su Jing
1669:(9th c.)
1651:(8th c.)
1649:Zhisheng
1595:Jianzhen
1565:Xuanzang
1539:Buddhism
1531:Religion
1519:(9th c.)
1511:Jing Hao
1477:(7th c.)
1469:Wang Wei
1463:Wu Daozi
1449:Painters
1440:(9th c.)
1434:(9th c.)
1398:(8th c.)
1396:Zhang Xu
1392:(8th c.)
1380:(d. 784)
1360:Bai Juyi
1354:Liu Yuxi
1324:Cen Shen
1318:Zhang Ji
1288:Wang Wei
841:Jiedushi
836:Military
743:Songping
696:Conquest
686:Karasahr
622:Timeline
564:(1992).
467:Bai, 230
326:Tian Xia
166:See also
141:Tashkent
2370:Tartary
2160:Beiting
2075:Dzungar
2070:Timurid
2021:Tibetan
1984:Xianbei
1979:Xiongnu
1905:Liu Yan
1900:Diwu Qi
1893:Economy
1873:Jia Dan
1852:Yi Xing
1694:(796-?)
1559:Shandao
1553:Daochuo
1517:Sun Wei
1505:Guanxiu
1481:Han Gan
1422:(834-?)
1300:Gao Shi
1246:Wang Bo
1164:Du Huan
1128:Daoxuan
1121:Writers
1016:Culture
812:Fanzhen
775:Emperor
522:Sources
399:Liu, 79
362:Tian Zi
312:Shangdi
153:Umayyad
129:Wu Zhou
51:Chinese
2041:Mongol
2036:Kyrgyz
2031:Uyghur
1989:Rouran
1716:Han Yu
1678:Taoism
1631:Huiguo
1619:Wukong
1577:Yijing
1547:Jizang
1348:Han Yu
1342:Lu Lun
1294:Li Bai
1149:Bianji
1033:Poetry
1028:Sancai
614:topics
572:
554:
539:
496:
376:Tengri
306:Heaven
275:Khagan
104:Turkic
71::
61::
59:pinyin
53::
2321:Tibet
2304:Amban
2269:Tibet
2231:Tibet
2046:Tatar
1740:Other
1722:Li Ao
1637:Puhua
1571:Kuiji
1402:Du Mu
1384:Li He
1378:Li Ye
1330:Li Bi
1312:Du Fu
1276:Li Qi
1226:Poets
1185:Lu Yu
817:Hebei
785:House
738:Annan
691:Kucha
2279:Qing
2246:Ming
2208:Yuan
2175:Liao
2133:Tang
2026:Zubu
1667:Gikƫ
1583:Faru
780:List
570:ISBN
552:ISBN
537:ISBN
507:2012
494:ISBN
421:2012
310:) /
300:Tian
270:Khan
118:éš°éćŻæ±
113:ç»ć©ćŻæ±
108:ç»éćŻæ±
91:and
2103:Han
1023:Art
318:God
147:as
110:or
55:怩ćŻæ±
33:or
2419::
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