927:
2406:, and other forms of development. Responding to a letter signed by 1,500 scientists calling on political leaders to protect at least half of the boreal forest, two Canadian provincial governments, Ontario and Quebec, offered election promises to discuss measures in 2008 that might eventually classify at least half of their northern boreal forest as "protected". Although both provinces admitted it would take decades to plan, working with Aboriginal and local communities and ultimately mapping out precise boundaries of the areas off-limits to development, the measures were touted to create some of the largest protected areas networks in the world once completed. Since then, however, very little action has been taken.
887:
2084:
eastern Russia. In
Siberia, the taiga is converting from predominantly needle-shedding larch trees to evergreen conifers in response to a warming climate. This is likely to further accelerate warming, as the evergreen trees will absorb more of the sun's rays. Given the vast size of the area, such a change has the potential to affect areas well outside of the region. In much of the boreal forest in Alaska, the growth of white spruce trees are stunted by unusually warm summers, while trees on some of the coldest fringes of the forest are experiencing faster growth than previously. Lack of moisture in the warmer summers are also stressing the birch trees of central Alaska.
762:
907:
2423:
vegetative reproduction as well as invasion by propagules. Seeds that have fallen and become buried provide little help in re-establishment of a species. The reappearance of lichens is reasoned to occur because of varying conditions and light/nutrient availability in each different microstate. Several different studies have been done that have led to the formation of the theory that post-fire development can be propagated by any of four pathways: self replacement, species-dominance relay, species replacement, or gap-phase self replacement.
2043:. Here, the frequency of fire is much less than on adjacent uplands dominated by pine, black spruce and aspen. In contrast, in the Cordilleran region, fire is most frequent in the valley bottoms, decreasing upward, as shown by a mosaic of young pioneer pine and broadleaf stands below, and older spruce–fir on the slopes above. Without fire, the boreal forest would become more and more homogeneous, with the long-lived white spruce gradually replacing pine, aspen, balsam poplar, and birch, and perhaps even black spruce, except on the
2164:
857:
1374:
2088:
997:
2935:
60:
2427:
Self-Replacement is the least common and so far has only been documented in
Western Canada. It is a self replacement of the surviving species into the canopy gaps after a fire kills another species. The particular pathway taken after fire disturbance depends on how the landscape is able to support trees as well as fire frequency. Fire frequency has a large role in shaping the original inception of the lower forest line of the lichen woodland taiga.
1553:
513:
1917:
365:
2096:
important than temperature and further warming of up to 4 °C would result in substantial declines unless matched by increases in precipitation. A 2019 study suggested that the forest plots commonly used to evaluate boreal forest response to climate change tend to have less evolutionary competition between trees than the typical forest, and that with strong competition, there was little net growth in response to warming.
1362:
1396:
486:
1988:
1171:
2921:
82:
2000:
forest stands in the boreal forest, typically with abrupt, irregular boundaries circumscribing homogenous stands, is indirect but compelling testimony to the role of fire in shaping the forest. The fact is that most boreal forest stands are less than 100 years old, and only in the rather few areas that have escaped burning are there stands of white spruce older than 250 years.
2036:– can be classed as pioneers in their adaptations for rapid invasion of open areas. White spruce shows some pioneering abilities, too, but is less able than black spruce and the pines to disperse seed at all seasons. Only balsam fir and alpine fir seem to be poorly adapted to reproduce after fire, as their cones disintegrate at maturity, leaving no seed in the crowns.
926:
2356:
648:
1132:, a closed-canopy, boreal forest with some scattered temperate, deciduous trees among the conifers. Commonly seen are species such as maple, elm and oak. This southern boreal forest experiences the longest and warmest growing season of the biome. In some regions, including Scandinavia and western Russia, this subzone is commonly used for agricultural purposes.
886:
1944:, which has 3 elements: (1) fire type and intensity (e.g., crown fires, severe surface fires, and light surface fires), (2) size of typical fires of significance, and (3) frequency or return intervals for specific land units. The average time within a fire regime to burn an area equivalent to the total area of an ecosystem is its
2068:
pronounced in the western coniferous forests. However, in 2016, a study found no overall
Canadian boreal forest trend between 1950 and 2012: while it also found improved growth in some southern boreal forests and dampened growth in the north (contrary to what the hypothesis would suggest), those patterns were statistically weak.
2419:
is considered to be the predominant force behind community and ecosystem properties in the lichen woodland. The significance of fire is clearly evident when one considers that understory vegetation influences tree seedling germination in the short term and decomposition of biomass and nutrient availability in the long term.
1956:
Alaska average 50–100 years, shorter than in the moister climates of eastern Canada, where they may average 200 years or more. Fire cycles also tend to be long near the tree line in the subarctic spruce-lichen woodlands. The longest cycles, possibly 300 years, probably occur in the western boreal in floodplain white spruce.
2435:. The spruce budworm is a deadly insect to the spruce populations in the southern regions of the taiga. J.P. Jasinski confirmed this theory five years later stating, "Their persistence, along with their previous moss forest histories and current occurrence adjacent to closed moss forests, indicate that they are an
906:
2083:
While the majority of studies on boreal forest transitions have been done in Canada, similar trends have been detected in the other countries. Summer warming has been shown to increase water stress and reduce tree growth in dry areas of the southern boreal forest in central Alaska and portions of far
1999:
Two lines of evidence support the thesis that fire has always been an integral factor in the boreal forest: (1) direct, eye-witness accounts and forest-fire statistics, and (2) indirect, circumstantial evidence based on the effects of fire, as well as on persisting indicators. The patchwork mosaic of
2422:
The recurrent cycle of large, damaging fire occurs approximately every 70 to 100 years. Understanding the dynamics of this ecosystem is entangled with discovering the successional paths that the vegetation exhibits after a fire. Trees, shrubs, and lichens all recover from fire-induced damage through
2418:
One of the biggest areas of research and a topic still full of unsolved questions is the recurring disturbance of fire and the role it plays in propagating the lichen woodland. The phenomenon of wildfire by lightning strike is the primary determinant of understory vegetation, and because of this, it
2099:
Climatic change only stimulated growth for trees under weak competition in central boreal forests. A 2021 paper had confirmed that the boreal forests are much more strongly affected by climate change than the other forest types in Canada and projected that most of the eastern
Canadian boreal forests
1955:
The dominant fire regime in the boreal forest is high-intensity crown fires or severe surface fires of very large size, often more than 10,000 ha (100 km), and sometimes more than 400,000 ha (4000 km). Such fires kill entire stands. Fire rotations in the drier regions of western Canada and
709:
is received than further south. But the high latitude also ensures very long summer days, as the sun stays above the horizon nearly 20 hours each day, or up to 24 hours, with only around 6 hours of daylight, or none, occurring in the dark winters, depending on latitude. The areas of the taiga inside
2409:
For instance, in
February 2010 the Canadian government established limited protection for 13,000 square kilometres of boreal forest by creating a new 10,700-square-kilometre park reserve in the Mealy Mountains area of eastern Canada and a 3,000-square-kilometre waterway provincial park that follows
1959:
Amiro et al. (2001) calculated the mean fire cycle for the period 1980 to 1999 in the
Canadian boreal forest (including taiga) at 126 years. Increased fire activity has been predicted for western Canada, but parts of eastern Canada may experience less fire in future because of greater precipitation
949:
present in temperate deciduous forests. The colder climate hinders development of soil, and the ease with which plants can use its nutrients. The relative lack of deciduous trees, which drop huge volumes of leaves annually, and grazing animals, which contribute significant manure, are also factors.
4398:
Seidl, Rupert; Thom, Dominik; Kautz, Markus; Martin-Benito, Dario; Peltoniemi, Mikko; Vacchiano, Giorgio; Wild, Jan; Ascoli, Davide; Petr, Michal; Honkaniemi, Juha; Lexer, Manfred J.; Trotsiuk, Volodymyr; Mairota, Paola; Svoboda, Miroslav; Fabrika, Marek; Nagel, Thomas A.; Reyer, Christopher P. O.
2337:
4.6, 3.6, and 2.6) applied weekly for 7 weeks incurred no statistically significant (P 0.05) reduction in growth during the experiment compared with the background control (pH 5.6) (Abouguendia and
Baschak 1987). However, symptoms of injury were observed in all treatments, the number of plants and
2131:
areas converts them to taiga. While both of these processes can already be observed today, the assessment believes that they would likely not become unstoppable (and thus meet the definition of a tipping point) until global warming of around 4 °C. However, the certainty level is still limited
2063:
It has been hypothesized that the boreal environments have only a few states which are stable in the long term - a treeless tundra/steppe, a forest with >75% tree cover and an open woodland with ~20% and ~45% tree cover. Thus, continued climate change would be able to force at least some of the
2095:
In addition to these observations, there has also been work on projecting future forest trends. A 2018 study of the seven tree species dominant in the
Eastern Canadian forests found that while 2 °C warming alone increases their growth by around 13% on average, water availability is much more
1979:
forming the forests on peats, and with jack pine usually present on dry sites except in the extreme east, where it is absent. The effects of fires are inextricably woven into the patterns of vegetation on the landscape, which in the east favour black spruce, paper birch, and jack pine over balsam
2145:
than the forests. According to a later study, disappearing of boreal forests can also increase warming despite the effect on albedo, while the conclusion about cooling from deforestation in these areas made by previous studies results from the failure of models to properly capture the effects of
2067:
In keeping with this hypothesis, several studies published in the early 2010s found that there was already a substantial drought-induced tree loss in the western
Canadian boreal forests since the 1960s: although this trend was weak or even non-existent in the eastern forests, it was particularly
2055:
During the last quarter of the twentieth century, the zone of latitude occupied by the boreal forest experienced some of the greatest temperature increases on Earth. Winter temperatures have increased more than summer temperatures. In summer, the daily low temperature has increased more than the
2426:
Self-replacement is simply the re-establishment of the pre-fire dominant species. Species-dominance relay is a sequential attempt of tree species to establish dominance in the canopy. Species replacement is when fires occur in sufficient frequency to interrupt species dominance relay. Gap-Phase
2140:
of around 0.18 °C globally and between 0.5 °C to 2 °C regionally. Likewise, boreal forest expansion into tundra has a net global warming effect of around 0.14 °C globally and 0.5 °C to 1 °C regionally, even though new forest growth captures around 6 billion tons of
2079:
attributed to climate change in the earlier studies had instead constituted a delayed response to anthropogenic disturbance. Subsequent research found that even in the forests where biomass trends did not change, there was a substantial shift towards the deciduous broad-leaved trees with higher
1332:
Coniferous trees are the dominant plants of the taiga biome. Very few species, in four main genera, are found: the evergreen spruce, fir and pine, and the deciduous larch. In North
America, one or two species of fir, and one or two species of spruce, are dominant. Across Scandinavia and western
2080:
drought tolerance over the past 65 years, and another Landsat analysis of 100,000 undisturbed sites found that the areas with low tree cover became greener in response to warming, but tree mortality (browning) became the dominant response as the proportion of existing tree cover increased.
670:
In Canada and Scandinavia, the growing season is often estimated by using the period of the year when the 24-hour average temperature is +5 °C (41 °F) or more. For the Taiga Plains in Canada, growing season varies from 80 to 150 days, and in the Taiga Shield from 100 to 140 days.
2387:. In fact, current estimates place boreal forests as storing twice as much carbon per unit area as tropical forests. Wildfires could use up a significant part of the global carbon budget, so fire management at about 12 dollars per tonne of carbon not released is very cheap compared to the
2111:
In 2022, the results of a 5-year warming experiment in North America had shown that the juveniles of tree species which currently dominate the southern margins of the boreal forests fare the worst in response to even 1.5 °C or +3.1 °C of warming and the associated reductions in
667:, when the vegetation in the taiga comes alive, is usually slightly longer than the climatic definition of summer as the plants of the boreal biome have a lower temperature threshold to trigger growth than other plants. Some sources claim 130 days growing season as typical for the taiga.
1265:. Pine, spruce and fir do not lose their leaves seasonally and are able to photosynthesize with their older leaves in late winter and spring when light is good but temperatures are still too low for new growth to commence. The adaptation of evergreen needles limits the water lost due to
551:
with the lowest annual average temperatures, with mean annual temperature generally varying from −5 to 5 °C (23 to 41 °F). Extreme winter minimums in the northern taiga are typically lower than those of the tundra. There are taiga areas of eastern Siberia and interior
1269:
and their dark green color increases their absorption of sunlight. Although precipitation is not a limiting factor, the ground freezes during the winter months and plant roots are unable to absorb water, so desiccation can be a severe problem in late winter for evergreens.
2225:, but with the collapse of the Union, the restrictions regarding trade with Western nations have vanished. Trees are easy to harvest and sell well, so loggers have begun harvesting Russian taiga evergreen trees for sale to nations previously forbidden by Soviet law.
689:
The longest growing season is found in the smaller areas with oceanic influences; in coastal areas of Scandinavia and Finland, the growing season of the closed boreal forest can be 145–180 days. The shortest growing season is found at the northern taiga–tundra
2135:
Once the "right" level of warming is met, either process would take at least 40–50 years to finish, and is more likely to unfold over a century or more. While the southern die-off would involve the loss of around 52 billion tons of carbon, the net result is
1349:. Rich in spruce and Scots pine (in the western Siberian plain), the taiga is dominated by larch in Eastern Siberia, before returning to its original floristic richness on the Pacific shores. Two deciduous trees mingle throughout southern Siberia: birch and
753:
is consequently low for most of the year, annual precipitation exceeds evaporation, and is sufficient to sustain the dense vegetation growth including large trees. This explains the striking difference in biomass per square metre between the Taiga and the
2056:
daily high temperature. The number of days with extremely cold temperatures (e.g., −20 to −40 °C; −4 to −40 °F) has decreased irregularly but systematically in nearly all the boreal region, allowing better survival for tree-damaging insects. In
571:
with very large temperature range between seasons. −20 °C (−4 °F) would be a typical winter day temperature and 18 °C (64 °F) an average summer day, but the long, cold winter is the dominant feature. This climate is classified as
1952:(Van Wagner 1978). However, as Heinselman (1981) noted, each physiographic site tends to have its own return interval, so that some areas are skipped for long periods, while others might burn two-times or more often during a nominal fire rotation.
2149:
Primary boreal forests hold 1,042 billion tonnes of carbon, more than currently found in the atmosphere, 2 times more than all human caused GHG emissions since the year 1870. In a warmer climate their ability to store carbon will be reduced.
694:, where the northern taiga forest no longer can grow and the tundra dominates the landscape when the growing season is down to 50–70 days, and the 24-hr average of the warmest month of the year usually is 10 °C (50 °F) or less.
1935:
has been one of the most important factors shaping the composition and development of boreal forest stands; it is the dominant stand-renewing disturbance through much of the Canadian boreal forest. The fire history that characterizes an
2297:
significantly reduced NAR in all species and produced visible symptoms of injury in 2–20 days. The decrease in NAR of deciduous species (trembling aspen , willow , green alder , and white birch ) was significantly more rapid than of
1309:(with return times of between 20 and 200 years) clear out the tree canopies, allowing sunlight to invigorate new growth on the forest floor. For some species, wildfires are a necessary part of the life cycle in the taiga; some, e.g.
2430:
It has been hypothesized by Serge Payette that the spruce-moss forest ecosystem was changed into the lichen woodland biome due to the initiation of two compounded strong disturbances: large fire and the appearance and attack of the
2003:
The prevalence of fire-adaptive morphologic and reproductive characteristics of many boreal plant species is further evidence pointing to a long and intimate association with fire. Seven of the ten most common trees in the boreal
2132:
and it is possible that 1.5 °C would be sufficient for either tipping point; on the other hand, the southern die-off may not be inevitable until 5 °C, while the replacement of tundra with taiga may require 7.2 °C.
1980:
fir, and in the west give the advantage to aspen, jack pine, black spruce, and birch over white spruce. Many investigators have reported the ubiquity of charcoal under the forest floor and in the upper soil profile. Charcoal in
4682:
Girardin, Martin P.; Bouriaud, Olivier; Hogg, Edward H.; Kurz, Werner; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; Metsaranta, Juha M.; de Jong, Rogier; Frank, David C.; Esper, Jan; Büntgen, Ulf; Guo, Xiao Jing; Bhatti, Jagtar (12 December 2016).
2064:
presently existing taiga forests into one of the two woodland states or even into a treeless steppe - but it could also shift tundra areas into woodland or forest states as they warm and become more suitable for tree growth.
596:
scheme, meaning that the short summers (24 h average 10 °C (50 °F) or more), although generally warm and humid, only last 1–3 months, while winters, with average temperatures below freezing, last 5–7 months.
785:
south of the 15 °C (59 °F) July isotherm where rainfall is very low, but more typically extends south to the 18 °C (64 °F) July isotherm, and locally where rainfall is higher, such as in eastern
2328:
Acidification of precipitation by anthropogenic, acid-forming emissions has been associated with damage to vegetation and reduced forest productivity, but 2-year-old white spruce that were subjected to simulated
2346:
at pH 4.3 and 2.8, but Abouguendia and Baschak (1987) found a significant reduction in white spruce at pH 2.6, while the foliar sulphur content significantly greater at pH 2.6 than any of the other treatments.
6433:
600:
In Siberian taiga the average temperature of the coldest month is between −6 °C (21 °F) and −50 °C (−58 °F). There are also some much smaller areas grading towards the oceanic
4965:
3186:
5277:
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).
900:, at 67°N, experiences the coldest winter temperatures in the northern hemisphere, but the extreme continentality of the climate gives an average daily high of 22 °C (72 °F) in July
5781:
2477:
1415:
The boreal forest/taiga supports a relatively small variety of highly specialized and adapted animals, due to the harshness of the climate. Canada's boreal forest includes 85 species of
749:
The fog, especially predominant in low-lying areas during and after the thawing of frozen Arctic seas, stops sunshine from getting through to plants even during the long summer days. As
1714:
Predatory mammals of the taiga must be adapted to travel long distances in search of scattered prey, or be able to supplement their diet with vegetation or other forms of food (such as
6055:
Payette, Serge (2000). "Origin of the lichen woodland at its southern range limit in eastern Canada: the catastrophic impact of insect defoliators and fire on the spruce-moss forest".
1984:
provided Bryson et al. (1965) with clues about the forest history of an area 280 km north of the then-current tree line at Ennadai Lake, District Keewatin, Northwest Territories.
2669:
2108:
scenario, boreal forests would experience a 15% worldwide increase in biomass by the end of the century, but this would be more than offset by the 41% biomass decline in the tropics.
2112:
precipitation. While the temperate species which would benefit from such conditions are also present in the southern boreal forests, they are both rare and have slower growth rates.
988:
and some mosses growing on it. In clearings in the forest and in areas with more boreal deciduous trees, there are more herbs and berries growing, and soils are consequently deeper.
2075:
reanalysis confirmed that there was a drying trend and a loss of forest in western Canadian forests and some greening in the wetter east, but it had also concluded that most of the
1250:
species in the taiga (spruce, fir, and pine) have a number of adaptations specifically for survival in harsh taiga winters, although larch, which is extremely cold-tolerant, is
1113:
groundcover; the latter is common in the northernmost taiga. In the northernmost taiga, the forest cover is not only more sparse, but often stunted in growth form; moreover,
5750:
5429:. Woodwell Climate Research Center, INTACT, Griffits University, GEOS institute, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Australian Rainforest Conservation Society. 17 December 2020
3988:
Amiro, B. D.; Stocks, B. J.; Alexander, M. E.; Flannigan, M. D.; Wotton, B. M. (2001). "Fire, climate change, carbon and fuel management in the Canadian boreal forest".
1258:
to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening". The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, also help them shed snow.
6423:
391:
The principal tree species, depending on the length of the growing season and summer temperatures, vary across the world. The taiga of North America is mostly spruce;
2514:
2321:
with a significantly more rapid decrease in NAR compared with those growing in the Brunisol, perhaps because of predisposing toxic material in the tailings. However,
4466:
2984:
781:, occasionally as far north as the 9 °C (48 °F) July isotherm, with the southern limit more variable. Depending on rainfall, and taiga may be replaced by
6428:
6395:
3428:
2502:
2281:
on woody boreal forest species was investigated by Addison et al. (1984), who exposed plants growing on native soils and tailings to 15.2 μmol/m (0.34 ppm) of SO
2470:
1373:
773:, Norway. This oceanic part of the forest can see more than 1,000 mm (39 in) precipitation annually and has warmer winters than the vast inland taiga.
674:
Other sources define growing season by frost-free days. Data for locations in southwest Yukon gives 80–120 frost-free days. The closed canopy boreal forest in
4529:
Peng, Changhui; Ma, Zhihai; Lei, Xiangdong; Zhu, Qiuan; Chen, Huai; Wang, Weifeng; Liu, Shirong; Li, Weizhong; Fang, Xiuqin; Zhou, Xiaolu (20 November 2011).
2119:
designated two inter-related tipping points associated with climate change - the die-off of taiga at its southern edge and the area's consequent reversion to
3038:
6449:
6418:
2662:
2875:
5115:"Boreal forests will be more severely affected by projected anthropogenic climate forcing than mixedwood and northern hardwood forests in eastern Canada"
4744:"Canadian boreal forest greening and browning trends: an analysis of biogeographic patterns and the relative roles of disturbance versus climate drivers"
4887:
1995:
began in a taiga area that had not had a major fire in over 130 years, and so was allowed to burn unchecked until it began to threaten populated areas.
1313:
have cones which only open to release their seed after a fire, dispersing their seeds onto the newly cleared ground; certain species of fungi (such as
6265:
3332:
2964:
4969:
1485:
Fish of the taiga must be able to withstand cold water conditions and be able to adapt to life under ice-covered water. Species in the taiga include
619:
According to some sources, the boreal forest grades into a temperate mixed forest when mean annual temperature reaches about 3 °C (37 °F).
3754:
2463:
6221:
2754:
6236:
5789:
2338:
the number of needles affected increased with increasing rain acidity and with time. Scherbatskoy and Klein (1983) found no significant effect of
6215:
2854:
464:. Hoffman (1958) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and how this differentiation distorts established Russian usage.
5219:
Reich, Peter B.; Bermudez, Raimundo; Montgomery, Rebecca A.; Rich, Roy L.; Rice, Karen E.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Stefanski, Artur (10 August 2022).
2309:
These metabolic and visible injury responses seemed to be related to the differences in S uptake owing in part to higher gas exchange rates for
2104:
8.5 scenario which represents the largest potential increase in anthropogenic emissions. Another 2021 study projected that under the "moderate"
3134:
2948:
2655:
5587:
Addison, P.A.; Malhotra, S.S.; Khan, A.A. 1984. "Effect of sulfur dioxide on woody boreal forest species grown on native soils and tailings".
3779:
1852:
found around the numerous bogs and lakes. Of the 300 species of birds that summer in the taiga, only 30 stay for the winter. These are either
1062:
tolerates the coldest winters of the Northern Hemisphere, in eastern Siberia. The very southernmost parts of the taiga may have trees such as
6385:
6162:
6141:
6117:
4888:"Boreal Forests and Climate Change - Changes in Climate Parameters and Some Responses, Effects of Warming on Tree Growth on Productive Sites"
3640:
1442:, which depend on environmental conditions to regulate their body temperatures. There are only a few species in the boreal forest, including
810:
4568:
Ma, Zhihai; Peng, Changhui; Zhu, Qiuan; Chen, Huai; Yu, Guirui; Li, Weizhong; Zhou, Xiaolu; Wang, Weifeng; Zhang, Wenhua (30 January 2012).
4206:
La Roi, G. H. (1967). "Ecological studies in the boreal spruce–fir forests of the North American taiga. I. Analysis of the vascular flora".
3886:
1329:
thrive on the damp ground and on the sides of tree trunks. In comparison with other biomes, however, the taiga has low botanical diversity.
1093:, consisting of many closely-spaced trees and mossy groundcover. In clearings in the forest, shrubs and wildflowers are common, such as the
5616:
Scherbatskoy, T.; Klein, R.M. 1983. "Response of spruce Picea glauca and birch Betula alleghaniensis foliage to leaching by acidic mists".
2953:
2116:
2101:
3013:
5511:
2060:, the length of the frost-free season has increased from 60 to 90 days in the early twentieth century to about 120 days a century later.
4347:
1431:, and as a part of the food web. Many nesting birds, rodents, and small carnivorous mammals rely on them for food in the summer months.
1361:
6259:
761:
4629:"Net aboveground biomass declines of four major forest types with forest ageing and climate change in western Canada's boreal forests"
4249:
Bryson, R. A.; Irving, W. H.; Larson, J. A. (1965). "Radiocarbon and soil evidence of former forest in the southern Canadian tundra".
2782:
916:, Finland, is situated in the closed canopy taiga (mid-boreal to south-boreal) with mean annual temperature of 4 °C (39 °F).
414:
Taiga in its current form is a relatively recent phenomenon, having only existed for the last 12,000 years since the beginning of the
2367:
and peatland are widespread in the taiga. They are home to a unique flora, and store vast amounts of carbon. In western Eurasia, the
452:
The term "taiga" is not used consistently by all cultures. In the English language, "boreal forest" is used in the United States and
6854:
6824:
6359:
5896:
4991:
3589:
3249:
2039:
The oldest forests in the northwest boreal region, some older than 300 years, are of white spruce occurring as pure stands on moist
734:
throughout the year (generally 200–750 mm (7.9–29.5 in) annually, 1,000 mm (39 in) in some areas), primarily as
242:
6209:
6839:
6834:
6308:
3911:
2770:
1079:
1027:, more animals than plants, were able to colonize both land masses, and are globally-distributed throughout the taiga biome (see
593:
523:
Taiga covers 17 million square kilometres (6.6 million square miles) or 11.5% of the Earth's land area, second only to
377:
180:
5758:
6741:
6475:
6076:
Nilsson, M. C. (2005). "Understory vegetation as a forest ecosystem driver, evidence from the northern Swedish boreal forest".
2694:
5346:
5015:
D'Orangeville, Loïc; Houle, Daniel; Duchesne, Louis; Phillips, Richard P.; Bergeron, Yves; Kneeshaw, Daniel (10 August 2018).
4022:
Heinselman, M. L. (1981). "Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems".
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of eastern Canada. In the interior of the continents, with the driest climates, the boreal forests might grade into temperate
6788:
3400:
2979:
2818:
2682:
2614:
2574:
1556:
1178:, Alaska. Trees in this environment tend to grow closer to the trunk and not "bush out" in the normal manner of spruce trees.
1175:
3800:
2794:
913:
5989:
Johnson, E. A. (1981). "Vegetation Organization and Dynamics of Lichen Woodland Communities in the Northwest Territories".
6026:
Kurkowski, Thomas (2008). "Relative Importance of Different Secondary Successional Pathways in an Alaskan Boreal Forest".
2806:
2742:
2105:
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1221:
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in referring to more southerly regions, while "taiga" is used to describe the more northern, barren areas approaching the
2550:
6454:
2598:
2091:
The response of six tree species common in Quebec's forests to 2°C and 4°C warming under different precipitation levels.
1838:
1254:. Taiga trees tend to have shallow roots to take advantage of the thin soils, while many of them seasonally alter their
758:
biomes, (in warmer climates), where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation, restricting vegetation to mostly grasses.
524:
3478:
3453:
6849:
6695:
6380:
5603:
Abouguendia, Z.M.; Baschak, L.A. 1987. "Response of two western Canadian conifers to simulated acidic precipitation".
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2842:
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scattered among the conifers, and there is usually a gradual transition into a temperate, mixed forest, such as the
6700:
6390:
5719:
2899:
1747:
1035:
having several distinct species, each occupying different regions of the taiga. Taigas also have some small-leaved
6798:
6710:
2887:
2867:
1771:
1381:
605:
6089:
3836:
3042:
6720:
6127:
5960:
Jasinski, J. P. (2005). "The Creation of Alternative Stable States in Southern Boreal Forest: Quebec, Canada".
3861:
2730:
2538:
2436:
2265:
2163:
1703:. These species have adapted to survive the harsh winters in their native ranges. Some larger mammals, such as
1680:
1261:
Because the sun is low in the horizon for most of the year, it is difficult for plants to generate energy from
1203:
934:
675:
620:
4685:"No growth stimulation of Canada's boreal forest under half-century of combined warming and CO2 fertilization"
746:. Snow may remain on the ground for as long as nine months in the northernmost extensions of the taiga biome.
5422:
3709:
6705:
4891:
3162:
2969:
2403:
2235:
1603:
1451:
778:
453:
6227:
5373:"Re-appraisal of the global climatic role of natural forests for improved climate projections and policies"
3336:
1117:, asymmetric black spruce (in North America) are often seen, with diminished foliage on the windward side.
6280:
6271:
3187:"How should the world's nations account for the carbon absorbed by their forests? We better figure it out"
1869:
1834:
652:
423:
408:
31:
6249:
6199:
5448:
3748:
6690:
6152:
6107:
2562:
2388:
1711:
during the winter. Other animals have adapted layers of fur or feathers to insulate them from the cold.
1467:
1211:
856:
632:
6233:
5469:
5072:
Luo, Yong; McIntire, Eliot J. B.; Boisvenue, Céline; Nikiema, Paul P.; Chen, Han Y. H. (17 June 2019).
3710:"Study reveals for first time true diversity of life in soils across the globe, new species discovered"
2233:
Recent years have seen outbreaks of insect pests in forest-destroying plagues: the spruce-bark beetle (
1649:
4024:
Proceedings of the Conference: Fire Regimes in Ecosystem Properties, Dec. 1978, Honolulu, Hawaii. USDA
3676:
3286:
797:
In these warmer areas the taiga has higher species diversity, with more warmth-loving species such as
604:
climate with milder winters, whilst the extreme south and (in Eurasia) west of the taiga reaches into
6803:
6783:
6725:
6685:
6680:
6301:
5969:
5932:
5394:
5232:
5173:
5126:
5028:
4925:
4755:
4696:
4640:
4581:
4542:
4475:
4412:
4359:
4260:
4215:
4172:
4120:
4046:
4037:
Heinselman, M. L. (1973). "Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota".
3099:
2989:
2718:
2244:
2222:
1865:
1207:
834:
818:
427:
369:
2325:
uptake and visible symptom development did not differ between conifers growing on the 2 substrates.
1967:
dominant on well-drained sites in eastern Canada changing centrally and westward to a prominence of
6756:
6597:
6413:
5371:
M. Makarieva, Anastassia; V. Nefiodov, Andrei; Rammig, Anja; Donato Nobre, Antonio (20 July 2023).
5074:"Climatic change only stimulated growth for trees under weak competition in central boreal forests"
3503:
2626:
2490:
2167:
2087:
2017:
1795:
1459:
1443:
1404:
1155:). Some berries can grow in both the taiga and the lower arctic (southern regions) tundra, such as
1028:
951:
561:
3970:
Rowe, J. S. (1955). "Factors influencing white spruce reproduction in Manitoba and Saskatchewan".
3771:
3651:
3017:
1590:
in North America). Some areas of the more southern closed boreal forest have populations of other
1120:
In Canada, Scandinavia and Finland, the boreal forest is usually divided into three subzones: The
6844:
6624:
6614:
6043:
6014:
6006:
5948:
5384:
5324:
5256:
5142:
5095:
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4913:
4820:
4773:
4664:
4284:
4231:
4188:
4138:
4062:
3890:
3115:
2940:
1799:
1642:
have been introduced into the Russian far-east, as part of the taiga regeneration project called
1471:
1020:
965:
for a long time in the cool, moist climate, which limits their organic contribution to the soil.
683:
338:
5561:
5347:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer"
6204:
5114:
4302:
Rowe, J. S. (1970). "Spruce and fire in northwest Canada and Alaska". In Komarek, E. V. (ed.).
3241:
6793:
6715:
6644:
6634:
6557:
6256:
A network of NGOs, indigenous peoples or individuals that works to protect the boreal forests.
6158:
6137:
6113:
5892:
5661:
5515:
5316:
5308:
5248:
5201:
5054:
4869:
4812:
4724:
4656:
4609:
4511:
4493:
4438:
4276:
4251:
3245:
2187:
2124:
2057:
2025:
1992:
1968:
1845:
1803:
1631:
1160:
568:
479:
59:
6180:
The Conservation Value of the North American Boreal Forest from an Ethnobotanical perspective
4377:
6829:
6654:
6216:
Campaign against lumber giant Weyerhaeuser's logging practices in the Canadian boreal forest
6085:
6064:
6035:
5998:
5977:
5940:
5651:
5643:
5402:
5298:
5290:
5240:
5191:
5181:
5134:
5085:
5044:
5036:
4933:
4859:
4851:
4804:
4763:
4714:
4704:
4648:
4599:
4589:
4550:
4501:
4483:
4428:
4420:
4367:
4326:
4268:
4223:
4180:
4128:
4089:
4054:
3997:
3233:
3232:
Sporrong, Ulf (2003). "The Scandinavian landscape and its resources". In Helle, Knut (ed.).
3107:
2934:
2706:
2451:
2248:
1921:
1885:
1644:
1595:
1486:
1338:
1302:
1144:
838:
532:
431:
373:
251:
219:
95:
64:
996:
512:
6629:
6619:
6522:
6294:
6253:
6240:
4570:"Regional drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada's boreal forests"
4457:
3758:
1896:. The only other viable adaptation is seed-eating birds, which include several species of
1830:
1767:
1743:
1731:
1518:
1514:
1498:
1351:
1274:
876:
822:
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475:
446:
5973:
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5398:
5236:
5177:
5130:
5032:
4929:
4912:
Shuman, Jacquelyn Kremper; Shugart, Herman Henry; O'Halloran, Thomas Liam (2011-03-25).
4792:
4759:
4700:
4644:
4628:
4585:
4546:
4479:
4416:
4363:
4264:
4219:
4176:
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2127:
dieback) and the opposite process to the north, where the rapid warming of the adjacent
1916:
364:
6670:
6649:
6639:
5656:
5631:
5196:
5162:"Impact of rising temperatures on the biomass of humid old-growth forests of the world"
5161:
5049:
5016:
4966:"Fairbanks Daily News-Miner – New study states boreal forests shifting as Alaska warms"
4864:
4839:
4719:
4684:
4604:
4569:
4531:"A drought-induced pervasive increase in tree mortality across Canada's boreal forests"
4506:
4461:
4433:
4400:
2926:
2432:
2278:
2260:
2029:
2009:
1976:
1964:
1873:
1841:
1811:
1775:
1751:
1552:
1522:
1510:
1262:
1240:
1216:
1059:
833:
The area currently classified as taiga in Europe and North America (except Alaska) was
806:
664:
636:
467:
419:
5278:
6818:
6567:
6517:
6480:
6364:
5782:"Boreal landscapes added to Canada's parks Boreal landscapes added to Canada's parks"
5328:
5260:
5220:
5146:
5099:
4937:
4824:
4777:
4192:
4184:
4058:
3919:
3234:
2958:
2880:
2763:
2723:
2711:
2687:
2033:
1972:
1755:
1723:
1700:
1696:
1623:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1266:
1234:
1139:. Some species are confined to the southern and middle closed-boreal forest (such as
1012:
868:
814:
782:
711:
501:
438:
400:
322:
6047:
6018:
4945:
4840:"Satellite observations document trends consistent with a boreal forest biome shift"
4668:
4288:
4066:
2141:
carbon. In both cases, this is due to the snow-covered ground having a much greater
1395:
556:
where the mean annual temperature reaches down to −10 °C (14 °F), and the
6675:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6317:
5160:
Larjavaara, Markku; Lu, Xiancheng; Chen, Xia; Vastaranta, Mikko (12 October 2021).
3524:
2974:
2343:
2334:
2256:
2218:
1925:
1901:
1861:
1857:
1815:
1791:
1763:
1735:
1639:
1538:
1506:
1502:
1447:
1255:
962:
946:
715:
706:
493:
489:
5915:
4319:"Photointerpretation of the terrain along the southern part of the Alaska highway"
3375:
3307:
3265:
485:
6286:
6131:
5693:
2289:
assimilation rate (NAR). The Canadian maximum acceptable limit for atmospheric SO
6532:
6193:
5679:
4272:
2339:
2191:
2179:
2076:
1719:
1708:
1534:
1530:
1164:
1114:
1001:
973:
950:
The diversity of soil organisms in the boreal forest is high, comparable to the
945:
tends to be young and poor in nutrients, lacking the deep, organically enriched
893:
863:, Canada. Several of the world's longest rivers go through the taiga, including
860:
802:
798:
750:
719:
471:
407:; Russian taiga has spruces, pines and larches depending on the region; and the
392:
358:
6179:
5244:
5186:
5138:
5040:
5017:"Beneficial effects of climate warming on boreal tree growth may be transitory"
4768:
4743:
4530:
2379:, more than the world's temperate and tropical forests combined, much of it in
1987:
1202:. The woodland mix varies according to geography and climate; for example, the
1170:
1055:. These grow mostly in areas further south of the most extreme winter weather.
6761:
6537:
5407:
5372:
5279:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points"
3568:
2916:
2368:
2303:
2040:
1881:
1807:
1787:
1635:
1619:
1424:
1400:
1334:
1294:
1152:
872:
346:
81:
5312:
4793:"Rapid functional shifts across high latitude forests over the last 65 years"
4497:
3974:. For. Branch, For. Res. Div., Ottawa ON, Project MS-135, Silv. Tech. Note 3.
3547:
623:
is found in areas with mean annual temperature below freezing, whilst in the
6751:
6746:
6562:
5294:
5221:"Even modest climate change may lead to major transitions in boreal forests"
5090:
5073:
4742:
Sulla-Menashe, Damien; Woodcock, Curtis E; Friedl, Mark A (4 January 2018).
4709:
4594:
4488:
3457:
2649:
2457:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2299:
2120:
2005:
1937:
1905:
1877:
1759:
1688:
1627:
1564:
1546:
1526:
1463:
1439:
1428:
1314:
1310:
1251:
1247:
1183:
1148:
1083:
1036:
970:
656:
457:
442:
380:
271:
5665:
5647:
5320:
5252:
5205:
5058:
4873:
4816:
4791:
Hisano, Masumi; Ryo, Masahiro; Chen, Xinli; Chen, Han Y. H. (16 May 2021).
4728:
4660:
4613:
4515:
4442:
4280:
3482:
3211:
3066:
2355:
2195:
1707:, eat heartily during the summer in order to gain weight, and then go into
647:
6276:
5907:
5694:"1,500 Scientists Worldwide Call for Protection of Canada's Boreal Forest"
3940:
1434:
The cold winters and short summers make the taiga a challenging biome for
6583:
6527:
6490:
5727:
5540:
4554:
4424:
4372:
4080:
Van Wagner, C. E. (1978). "Age-class distribution and the forest cycle".
3912:"Government of Canada to Send Wood Bison to Russian Conservation Project"
2643:
2603:
2394:
Some nations are discussing protecting areas of the taiga by prohibiting
2384:
2221:. Previously, the forest was protected by the restrictions of the Soviet
2199:
2175:
1932:
1668:
1664:
1611:
1607:
1591:
1583:
1408:
1342:
1306:
1229:
1156:
1140:
1094:
977:
864:
777:
In general, taiga grows to the south of the 10 °C (50 °F) July
698:
679:
557:
415:
350:
87:
5490:
5303:
6485:
6010:
5952:
4235:
4142:
4109:"Future wildfire in circumboreal forests in relation to global warming"
3119:
2579:
2507:
2395:
2380:
2360:
2210:
2183:
2072:
1853:
1783:
1715:
1676:
1587:
1494:
1435:
1416:
1136:
1098:
1052:
1024:
1016:
985:
930:
787:
691:
516:
396:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
4855:
4808:
4652:
4304:
Proc. 10th Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, Tallahassee FL
3067:"Taiga | Plants, Animals, Climate, Location, & Facts | Britannica"
1638:
of northern Canada/Alaska; additionally, some numbers of the American
6459:
6349:
5914:. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report GTR-INT-319. pp.
4107:
Flannigan, M. D.; Bergeron, Y.; Engelmark, O.; Wotton, B. M. (1998).
2904:
2892:
2863:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2699:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2495:
2399:
2376:
2322:
2214:
2142:
2128:
1897:
1849:
1779:
1672:
1660:
1656:
1567:
1420:
1326:
1286:
1225:
1191:
1110:
1048:
1005:
981:
897:
850:
770:
755:
544:
528:
497:
461:
404:
330:
314:
306:
298:
294:
282:
274:
91:
72:
68:
17:
6068:
6039:
6002:
5981:
5944:
4227:
4133:
4108:
4093:
4001:
3840:
3111:
98:, from about 50°N to 70°N, but with considerable regional variation.
5389:
3865:
6325:
4914:"Russian boreal forests undergoing vegetation change, study shows"
4331:
4318:
4026:. For. Serv., Washington DC, Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. pp. 7–57.
2354:
2252:
2240:
2162:
2086:
2013:
1986:
1915:
1893:
1739:
1727:
1575:
1551:
1542:
1394:
1346:
1318:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1187:
1169:
1075:
1067:
1044:
1040:
1032:
995:
925:
855:
766:
760:
646:
553:
548:
511:
484:
384:
363:
354:
290:
286:
267:
109:
44:
37:
4163:
Rowe, J. S.; Scotter, G. W. (1973). "Fire in the boreal forest".
6512:
5537:"Spruce budworm and sustainable management of the boreal forest"
2203:
2044:
1981:
1889:
1826:
1822:
1704:
1692:
1684:
1615:
1614:
reside in the taiga of Russia's Far East and North America. The
1322:
1298:
1199:
966:
958:
942:
842:
739:
735:
278:
6290:
5923:
Hoffmann, Robert S. (1958). "The Meaning of the Word 'Taiga'".
3090:
Hoffmann, Robert S. (1958). "The Meaning of the Word "Taiga"".
821:
where oak and hornbeam appear and join the conifers, birch and
2364:
2302:(white spruce, black spruce , and jack pine ) or an evergreen
1599:
1407:. Brown bears are among the largest and most widespread taiga
1195:
1071:
1063:
846:
841:
in the topography that have since filled with water, creating
743:
702:
635:
occurs and restricts growth to very shallow-rooted trees like
6246:
6188:
5786:
NatGeo News Watch: News Editor David Braun's Eye on the World
5630:
Ruckstuhl, K. E.; Johnson, E. A.; Miyanishi, K. (July 2008).
1089:
There are two major types of taiga. The southern part is the
4460:; Van Nes, Egbert H.; Chapin, F. Stuart (26 December 2012).
4348:"Coincidence and Contradiction in the Warming Boreal Forest"
3677:"Tampere/Pirkkala, Finland Weather History and Climate Data"
3525:"University of Helsinki: Carabid diversity in Finnish taiga"
3135:"'Zombie fires' may become more common as the climate warms"
1273:
Although the taiga is dominated by coniferous forests, some
6090:
10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0421:UVAAFE]2.0.CO;2
3752:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg, November, 2008
1848:
to take advantage of the long summer days and abundance of
234:
228:
5113:
Boulanger, Yan; Puigdevall, Jesus Pascual (3 April 2021).
1618:-Kamchatka region of far eastern Russia also supports the
1419:, 130 species of fish, and an estimated 32,000 species of
912:
Lakes and other water bodies are common in the taiga. The
6183:
3039:"List of Plants & Animals in the Canadian Wilderness"
1610:. While normally a polar species, some southern herds of
527:. The largest areas are located in Russia and Canada. In
301:, and parts of the northern contiguous United States. In
289:. The taiga or boreal forest is the world's largest land
231:
2317:. Conifers growing in oil sands tailings responded to SO
1924:
in Alaska burned 193,597 acres (78,346 ha), mostly
1533:(including sea-run brook trout in the Hudson Bay area),
3362:édition 1976 Vol. 2 ASIE – Géographie physique, p. 568
2961: – effect of global warming on the taiga
1367:
Conifer cones and morels after fire in a boreal forest.
1337:
is a common component of the taiga, while taiga of the
5908:"Larix lyallii: Colonist of tree line and talus sites"
4838:
Berner, Logan T.; Goetz, Scott J. (24 February 2022).
794:, south to the 20 °C (68 °F) July isotherm.
5912:
Ecology and Management of Larix Forests: A Look Ahead
5906:
Arno, S. F.; Worral, J. & Carlson, C. E. (1995).
2174:
Some of the larger cities situated in this biome are
243:
1963:
The mature boreal forest pattern in the south shows
1305:
grow closer to the ground. Periodic stand-replacing
445:, it is not exclusively an alpine biome, and unlike
225:
6776:
6734:
6663:
6607:
6596:
6576:
6503:
6468:
6442:
6404:
6373:
6342:
6333:
6324:
5512:"A New Method to Reconstruct Bark Beetle Outbreaks"
1147:); others grow in most areas of the taiga (such as
817:coasts of North America and Asia), into coniferous
564:were recorded in the taiga of northeastern Russia.
222:
176:
132:
127:
108:
103:
52:
5910:. In Schmidt, W. C. & McDonald, K. J. (eds.).
4992:"Forest Changes in Alaska Reveal Changing Climate"
3617:, (New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1994) 16.
2410:alongside the Eagle River from headwaters to sea.
2100:would reach a tipping point around 2080 under the
5809:
5807:
3972:Can. Dep. Northern Affairs and National Resources
3822:
3820:
3695:
3693:
2306:(Labrador tea) growing on a fertilized Brunisol.
1031:). Others differ regionally, typically with each
5889:Timberline. Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers
5272:
5270:
86:The taiga is found throughout the high northern
4467:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3355:
3353:
3163:"Carbon Emissions from Boreal Forest Wildfires"
2985:Success of fire suppression in northern forests
655:, along the northern shore of Lake Superior in
5842:
5840:
5821:
5819:
5423:"Primary Forests: Boreal, Temperate, Tropical"
3641:"Finland vegetation zone and freshwater biome"
2503:Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra
1563:The taiga is mainly home to a number of large
705:does not rise far above the horizon, and less
686:, Russia, on average has 108 frost-free days.
437:Although at high elevations taiga grades into
6302:
5788:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
5539:. Cfs.nrcan.gc.ca. 2007-12-05. Archived from
2663:
2471:
984:, and the acidic forest floor often has only
293:. In North America, it covers most of inland
8:
5340:
5338:
1860:that can take live mammal prey, such as the
1718:). Mammalian predators of the taiga include
1321:grow wherever they can find a patch of sun;
6450:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
6136:. Greystone Books/David Suzuki Foundation.
5345:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022).
2515:Kamchatka–Kurile meadows and sparse forests
1206:ecoregion (of the higher elevations of the
1135:The boreal forest is home to many types of
6604:
6339:
6330:
6309:
6295:
6287:
6200:International Boreal Conservation campaign
5887:Arno, S. F. & Hammerly, R. P. (1984).
4627:Chen, Han Y. H.; Luo, Yong (2 July 2015).
4401:"Forest disturbances under climate change"
3008:
3006:
3004:
2670:
2656:
2478:
2464:
5682:. Boreal Songbird Initiative. 2014-05-12.
5655:
5406:
5388:
5302:
5195:
5185:
5089:
5048:
4863:
4767:
4718:
4708:
4603:
4593:
4505:
4487:
4462:"Thresholds for boreal biome transitions"
4432:
4371:
4330:
4132:
2965:Fire and carbon cycling in boreal forests
1655:Small mammals of the taiga biome include
1634:. The largest animal in the taiga is the
1109:, with trees that are farther-spaced and
383:, constituting part of the world's taiga
27:Biome characterized by coniferous forests
6260:Index of Boreal Forests/Taiga ecoregions
6133:Vanishing Halo: Saving the Boreal Forest
6078:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
5636:Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3983:
3981:
3431:. Geography.ridley.on.ca. Archived from
3376:"The eastern forest – boreal transition"
3156:
3154:
3041:. Trails.com. 2010-07-27. Archived from
2638:
2446:
2375:The taiga stores enormous quantities of
1872:(in coastal northeastern Russia-Japan),
1482:. Most hibernate underground in winter.
6279:—founded by William (Bill) Pruitt Jr.,
6272:Slater museum of natural history: Taiga
6268:The Nature Conservancy and its partners
5599:
5597:
3240:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
3000:
1868:(also known as the rough-legged hawk),
1622:, the Russian relative of the American
1357:
1214:) in Canada is dominated by balsam fir
882:
6230:Canadian Taiga Conservation Foundation
5377:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
3864:. Hinterland Who's Who. Archived from
3839:. Hinterland Who's Who. Archived from
3266:"Marietta the Taiga and Boreal forest"
2949:Birds of North American boreal forests
2876:Southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest
1810:(only small areas of northern taiga),
738:during the summer months, but also as
49:
6106:Day, Trevor; Richard Garratt (2006).
5680:"Report: The Carbon the World Forgot"
3308:"Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga"
1182:The forests of the taiga are largely
730:The taiga experiences relatively low
558:lowest reliably recorded temperatures
7:
6434:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
6396:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
6234:Coniferous Forest, Earth Observatory
3236:The Cambridge History of Scandinavia
3061:
3059:
2954:Boreal Forest Conservation Framework
2117:tipping points in the climate system
837:. As the glaciers receded they left
6057:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
6028:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
5751:"Charest promises to protect north"
3016:. Ucmp.berkeley.edu. Archived from
2755:Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga
892:The taiga in the river valley near
651:Boreal forest near Shovel Point in
418:epoch, covering land that had been
4456:Scheffer, Marten; Hirota, Marina;
4317:Raup, H. M.; Denny, C. S. (1950).
3889:. Borealforest.org. Archived from
3456:. Blueplanetbiomes. Archived from
2855:South Avalon–Burin oceanic barrens
2783:Midwestern Canadian Shield forests
1423:. Insects play a critical role as
1124:(northern boreal/taiga zone), the
853:soil) found throughout the taiga.
470:is a threat to taiga, and how the
376:form the southernmost part of the
25:
6360:Montane grasslands and shrublands
5780:Braun, David (February 7, 2010).
5632:"Boreal forest and global change"
5562:"ALASKA'S CHANGING BOREAL FOREST"
3481:. Yukon.taiga.net. Archived from
3479:"Southwest Yukon:Frost-free days"
2213:'s taiga have been harvested for
1019:were originally connected by the
976:further leach the soil, creating
543:After the permanent ice caps and
169:Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (France)
5427:Woodwell Climate Research Center
4938:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02417.x
3592:. saskschools.ca. Archived from
3401:"Canada: Taiga Shield reference"
3161:Phillips, Carly (Apr 27, 2022).
2933:
2919:
2771:Mid-Continental Canadian forests
1372:
1360:
1080:eastern forest-boreal transition
905:
885:
378:Eastern forest-boreal transition
341:, some lowland/coastal areas of
218:
80:
58:
6476:Flooded grasslands and savannas
5749:Marsden, William (2008-11-16).
5720:"Ontario to protect vast tract"
5718:Gillespie, Kerry (2008-07-15).
4968:. Newsminer.com. Archived from
3782:from the original on 2015-10-16
3626:Arno & Hammerly 1984, Arno
3212:"Taiga biological station: FAQ"
2695:Central Canadian Shield forests
2371:is common in the boreal forest.
2293:is 0.34 ppm. Fumigation with SO
1687:, as well as a small number of
1023:, a number of animal and plant
933:sandy area in the taiga of the
6789:Ecological land classification
6318:Biogeographic regionalisations
6157:. Twenty-First Century Books.
5514:. Colorado.edu. Archived from
5472:. Worldclimate.com. 2007-02-04
5451:. Worldclimate.com. 2007-02-04
4748:Environmental Research Letters
3918:. Jan 23, 2012. Archived from
3679:. Worldclimate.com. 2007-02-04
3429:"Climate of Canadian ecozones"
3289:. Worldclimate.com. 2007-02-04
2980:Scandinavian and Russian taiga
2819:Northern Canadian Shield taiga
2683:Alaska Peninsula montane taiga
2615:Urals montane tundra and taiga
2575:Scandinavian and Russian taiga
1557:Seney National Wildlife Refuge
1176:Kenai National Wildlife Refuge
1:
5891:. Seattle: The Mountaineers.
5605:Water, Air and Soil Pollution
5166:Carbon Balance and Management
3335:. Radford.edu. Archived from
3167:Union of Concerned Scientists
2807:Newfoundland Highland forests
2743:Eastern Canadian Shield taiga
2439:to the spruce–moss forests".
1456:northern two-lined salamander
1385:) cover on the floor of taiga
1317:) are also known to do this.
1222:Eastern Canadian Shield taiga
594:Köppen climate classification
531:taiga is associated with the
449:, much of taiga is lowlands.
6455:Deserts and xeric shrublands
6151:Sayre, April Pulley (1994).
4352:Geophysical Research Letters
4185:10.1016/0033-5894(73)90008-2
4059:10.1016/0033-5894(73)90003-3
3943:. Boreal Songbird Initiative
3133:Graham, Karen (2021-05-19).
3014:"Berkeley: The forest biome"
2599:Trans-Baikal conifer forests
1839:black-throated green warbler
809:, and merges gradually into
525:deserts and xeric shrublands
430:in North America during the
6696:Temperate Northern Atlantic
6386:Broadleaf and mixed forests
6262:at bioimages.Vanderbilt.edu
4346:Wilmking, M. (2009-10-09).
4273:10.1126/science.147.3653.46
3750:Black Spruce: Picea mariana
2843:Northwest Territories taiga
2831:Northern Cordillera forests
1578:), and a few subspecies of
1220:, while further north, the
1174:Taiga spruce forest in the
914:Helvetinjärvi National Park
547:, taiga is the terrestrial
399:taiga consists of a mix of
6871:
6799:Vegetation classifications
6701:Temperate Northern Pacific
6266:The Canadian Boreal Forest
6247:Taiga Rescue Network (TRN)
6189:Boreal Canadian Initiative
6184:Boreal Songbird Initiative
5698:Boreal Songbird Initiative
5245:10.1038/s41586-022-05076-3
5187:10.1186/s13021-021-00194-3
5139:10.1007/s10980-021-01241-7
5041:10.1038/s41467-018-05705-4
3504:"Kenozersky National Park"
2990:Taiga Rescue Network (TRN)
2900:Yukon Interior dry forests
2217:since the collapse of the
1748:North American river otter
606:humid continental climates
42:
36:
29:
6711:Temperate Southern Africa
6218:Rainforest Action Network
6210:Threats to Boreal Forests
5408:10.3389/ffgc.2023.1150191
5351:climatetippingpoints.info
3776:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2888:Southern Hudson Bay taiga
2868:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2795:Muskwa–Slave Lake forests
2641:
2449:
1821:More than 300 species of
1382:Ptilium crista-castrensis
1232:) is mostly black spruce
1128:(closed forest), and the
813:or, more locally (on the
426:in Eurasia and under the
255:
166:Scotland (United Kingdom)
79:
57:
6855:Turkic words and phrases
6825:Taiga and boreal forests
6721:Tropical Eastern Pacific
6671:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
6277:Taiga Biological Station
4769:10.1088/1748-9326/aa9b88
3837:"Canada's Boreal Forest"
3360:Encyclopedia Universalis
2731:Eastern Canadian forests
2551:Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga
2539:Northeast Siberian taiga
2437:alternative stable state
2269:); the spruce coneworm.
2266:Choristoneura fumiferana
2170:is situated in the taiga
1681:North American porcupine
1204:Eastern Canadian forests
1101:. The other type is the
935:Central Yakutian Lowland
676:Kenozersky National Park
621:Discontinuous permafrost
411:is a vast larch forest.
345:, and areas of northern
43:Not to be confused with
6840:Physiographic provinces
6742:Biogeographic provinces
6706:Temperate South America
6424:Moist broadleaf forests
5295:10.1126/science.abn7950
5091:10.1111/1365-2745.13228
4710:10.1073/pnas.1610156113
4595:10.1073/pnas.1111576109
4489:10.1073/pnas.1219844110
3805:forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu
3333:"radford:Taiga climate"
2970:Intact forest landscape
2236:Dendroctonus rufipennis
1604:Sitka black-tailed deer
1452:blue-spotted salamander
616:) with longer summers.
472:carbon dioxide absorbed
40:is also a Russian town.
6281:University of Manitoba
5648:10.1098/rstb.2007.2196
3380:Terrestrial Ecoregions
3312:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2527:Kamchatka–Kurile taiga
2404:oil and gas production
2372:
2171:
2092:
1996:
1929:
1835:white-throated sparrow
1829:grounds in the taiga.
1560:
1444:red-sided garter snake
1412:
1277:also occur, including
1179:
1008:
938:
880:
811:mixed temperate forest
774:
765:Late September in the
660:
653:Tettegouche State Park
520:
504:
424:Scandinavian Ice Sheet
409:Eastern Siberian taiga
388:
32:Taiga (disambiguation)
6804:Zoogeographic regions
6762:Global 200 ecoregions
6691:Temperate Australasia
6429:Dry broadleaf forests
5962:Ecological Monographs
5491:"Taiga Deforestation"
5021:Nature Communications
4918:Global Change Biology
4844:Global Change Biology
4797:Global Change Biology
4633:Global Change Biology
4535:Nature Climate Change
3990:Int. J. Wildland Fire
3382:. World Wildlife Fund
3314:. World Wildlife Fund
2563:Sakhalin Island taiga
2389:social cost of carbon
2358:
2166:
2115:A 2022 assessment of
2090:
1990:
1960:in a warmer climate.
1948:(Heinselman 1973) or
1919:
1691:species, such as the
1594:species, such as the
1555:
1505:, various species of
1468:northern leopard frog
1448:common European adder
1398:
1212:Appalachian Mountains
1173:
999:
929:
859:
819:temperate rainforests
764:
650:
633:continuous permafrost
515:
508:Climate and geography
488:
478:should be treated by
367:
277:consisting mostly of
117:Terrestrial subarctic
6835:Köppen climate types
6784:Altitudinal zonation
6726:Western Indo-Pacific
6686:Eastern Indo-Pacific
6681:Central Indo-Pacific
6196:Project Regeneration
5792:on February 15, 2010
4555:10.1038/nclimate1293
4425:10.1038/nclimate3303
4373:10.1029/2005GL023331
3862:"North American Elk"
3657:on 11 September 2011
3569:"NatureWorks:Tundra"
2719:Copper Plateau taiga
2647:boreal forests/taiga
2455:boreal forests/taiga
2245:mountain pine beetle
2223:Ministry of Forestry
2146:evapotranspiration.
1866:rough-legged buzzard
1659:species such as the
1208:Laurentian Mountains
1091:closed canopy forest
684:Arkhangelsk Province
428:Laurentide Ice Sheet
370:Adirondack Mountains
305:, it covers most of
30:For other uses, see
6757:Lists of ecoregions
6414:Tropical rainforest
6224:Canadian Geographic
5974:2005EcoM...75..561J
5937:1958Ecol...39..540H
5470:"Anchorage climate"
5399:2023FrFGC...650191M
5237:2022Natur.608..540R
5178:2021CarBM..16...31L
5131:2021LaEco..36.1725B
5033:2018NatCo...9.3213D
4996:Scientific American
4930:2011GCBio..17.2370S
4760:2018ERL....13a4007S
4701:2016PNAS..113E8406G
4695:(52): E8406–E8414.
4689:Biological Sciences
4645:2015GCBio..21.3675C
4586:2012PNAS..109.2423M
4574:Biological Sciences
4547:2011NatCC...1..467P
4480:2012PNAS..10921384S
4474:(52): 21384–21389.
4417:2017NatCC...7..395S
4364:2005GeoRL..3215715W
4323:US Geol. Surv. Bull
4265:1965Sci...147...46B
4220:1967EcoM...37..229L
4177:1973QuRes...3..444R
4125:1998JVegS...9..469F
4051:1973QuRes...3..329H
3104:1958Ecol...39..540H
2627:West Siberian taiga
2491:East Siberian taiga
2414:Natural disturbance
2168:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
2022:Populus balsamifera
1870:Steller's sea eagle
1796:American black bear
1460:Siberian salamander
1405:Kamchatka peninsula
1238:and tamarack larch
1029:Circumboreal Region
1000:Boreal forest near
952:tropical rainforest
562:Northern Hemisphere
325:(including much of
321:in the west to the
6850:Terrestrial biomes
6794:Floristic kingdoms
6558:Hydrothermal vents
6419:Coniferous forests
6381:Coniferous forests
6252:2013-04-06 at the
6239:2008-07-04 at the
5880:General references
5449:"Murmansk climate"
5289:(6611): eabn7950.
5078:Journal of Ecology
4306:. pp. 245–54.
3887:"Western roe deer"
3770:George H. La Roi.
3757:2011-10-05 at the
3747:C. Michael Hogan,
3550:. Blueplanetbiomes
3071:www.britannica.com
2941:Environment portal
2373:
2172:
2093:
1997:
1930:
1856:-feeding or large
1800:Asiatic black bear
1650:Przewalski's horse
1561:
1472:boreal chorus frog
1413:
1180:
1021:Bering land bridge
1009:
961:can remain on the
957:Fallen leaves and
939:
881:
835:recently glaciated
775:
718:in mid-summer and
661:
521:
505:
482:is controversial.
389:
357:(on the island of
339:Scottish Highlands
6812:
6811:
6772:
6771:
6716:Tropical Atlantic
6592:
6591:
6499:
6498:
6391:Deciduous forests
6164:978-0-8050-2830-0
6143:978-0-89886-681-0
6119:978-0-8160-5329-2
6112:. Facts On File.
5642:(1501): 2245–49.
5618:J. Environ. Qual.
5589:J. Environ. Qual.
5231:(7923): 540–545.
5119:Landscape Ecology
4990:Morello, Lauren.
4856:10.1111/gcb.16121
4850:(10): 3846–3858.
4809:10.1111/gcb.15710
4803:(16): 3846–3858.
4653:10.1111/gcb.12994
4639:(10): 3675–3684.
4325:. 963-D: 95–135.
3506:. Wild-russia.org
3287:"Yakutsk climate"
2910:
2909:
2637:
2636:
2342:concentration in
2313:species than for
2255:-leaf miner; the
2125:Amazon rainforest
2058:Fairbanks, Alaska
1993:Shanta Creek Fire
1804:Ussuri brown bear
1648:, in addition to
1632:long-tailed goral
1580:Rangifer tarandus
1301:and occasionally
1210:and the northern
569:subarctic climate
480:carbon accounting
270:characterized by
258:), also known as
207:
206:
16:(Redirected from
6862:
6605:
6340:
6331:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6288:
6222:Arctic and Taiga
6205:Tundra and Taiga
6182:a report by the
6168:
6147:
6128:Gawthrop, Daniel
6123:
6093:
6072:
6051:
6034:(7): 1911–1923.
6022:
5985:
5956:
5919:
5902:
5874:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5856:
5855:Kurkowski, 1912.
5853:
5847:
5844:
5835:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5814:
5813:Kurkowski, 1911.
5811:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5757:. Archived from
5755:Montreal Gazette
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5726:. Archived from
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5659:
5627:
5621:
5614:
5608:
5601:
5592:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5566:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5392:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5306:
5274:
5265:
5264:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5189:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5125:(6): 1725–1740.
5110:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4890:. Archived from
4884:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4771:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4712:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4597:
4580:(7): 2423–2427.
4565:
4559:
4558:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4509:
4491:
4458:Holmgren, Milena
4453:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4376:. Archived from
4375:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4160:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4082:Can. J. For. Res
4077:
4071:
4070:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4006:
4005:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3767:
3761:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3650:. Archived from
3645:
3637:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3239:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3010:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2707:Cook Inlet taiga
2672:
2665:
2658:
2639:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2447:
2443:Taiga ecoregions
2249:British Columbia
2243:and Alaska; the
2159:Human activities
2123:(similar to the
1922:Funny River Fire
1886:great horned owl
1645:Pleistocene Park
1487:Alaska blackfish
1376:
1364:
1345:is dominated by
1339:Russian Far East
1297:plants, such as
980:, also known as
909:
889:
533:Norrland terrain
447:subalpine forest
432:Late Pleistocene
374:Upstate New York
257:
246:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
96:temperate forest
84:
65:Jack London Lake
62:
50:
21:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6768:
6730:
6659:
6599:
6588:
6584:Endolithic zone
6572:
6505:
6495:
6464:
6438:
6406:
6400:
6369:
6335:
6320:
6315:
6254:Wayback Machine
6241:Wayback Machine
6176:
6171:
6165:
6150:
6144:
6126:
6120:
6105:
6101:
6099:Further reading
6096:
6075:
6069:10.1139/x99-207
6054:
6040:10.1139/X08-039
6025:
6003:10.2307/1936682
5988:
5982:10.1890/04-1621
5959:
5945:10.2307/1931768
5922:
5905:
5899:
5886:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5859:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5817:
5812:
5805:
5795:
5793:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5764:
5762:
5761:on 5 April 2011
5748:
5747:
5743:
5733:
5731:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5615:
5611:
5602:
5595:
5586:
5582:
5573:
5571:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5546:
5544:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5521:
5519:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5496:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5475:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5454:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5276:
5275:
5268:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5000:
4998:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4950:
4948:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4897:
4895:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4383:
4381:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4259:(3653): 46–48.
4248:
4247:
4243:
4228:10.2307/1948439
4205:
4204:
4200:
4162:
4161:
4150:
4134:10.2307/3237261
4106:
4105:
4101:
4094:10.1139/x78-034
4079:
4078:
4074:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4020:
4009:
4002:10.1071/WF01038
3987:
3986:
3979:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3946:
3944:
3941:"Boreal Forest"
3939:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3923:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3785:
3783:
3772:"Boreal forest"
3769:
3768:
3764:
3759:Wayback Machine
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3691:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3139:Digital Journal
3132:
3131:
3127:
3112:10.2307/1931768
3089:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3002:
2998:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2677:
2676:
2485:
2484:
2445:
2416:
2353:
2320:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:sulphur dioxide
2275:
2231:
2209:Large areas of
2161:
2156:
2053:
1914:
1831:Siberian thrush
1744:American marten
1732:Siberian weasel
1539:Siberian taimen
1519:pygmy whitefish
1515:round whitefish
1499:longnose sucker
1393:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1352:Populus tremula
1293:. Many smaller
1275:broadleaf trees
1186:, dominated by
1141:wild strawberry
1130:southern boreal
1103:lichen woodland
994:
924:
917:
910:
901:
890:
831:
823:Populus tremula
792:Outer Manchuria
728:
722:in mid-winter.
645:
541:
510:
353:, and northern
244:
221:
217:
202:
172:
123:
99:
75:
48:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6868:
6866:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6817:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6749:
6744:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6611:
6609:
6602:
6598:Biogeographic
6594:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6337:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6244:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6194:Boreal Forests
6191:
6186:
6175:
6174:External links
6172:
6170:
6169:
6163:
6148:
6142:
6124:
6118:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6084:(8): 421–428.
6073:
6063:(2): 288–305.
6052:
6023:
5997:(1): 200–215.
5986:
5968:(4): 561–583.
5957:
5931:(3): 540–541.
5920:
5903:
5897:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5873:Jasinski, 561.
5866:
5857:
5848:
5836:
5827:
5815:
5803:
5772:
5741:
5710:
5685:
5671:
5622:
5609:
5593:
5580:
5553:
5528:
5503:
5493:. American.edu
5482:
5461:
5440:
5414:
5363:
5334:
5266:
5211:
5152:
5105:
5064:
5007:
4982:
4957:
4924:(7): 2370–84.
4904:
4879:
4830:
4783:
4734:
4674:
4619:
4560:
4541:(9): 467–471.
4521:
4448:
4411:(6): 395–402.
4399:(2017-05-31).
4390:
4358:(15): L15715.
4338:
4309:
4294:
4241:
4198:
4165:Quaternary Res
4148:
4099:
4072:
4029:
4007:
3977:
3962:
3953:
3932:
3903:
3878:
3853:
3828:
3816:
3792:
3762:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3701:
3689:
3668:
3632:
3619:
3606:
3581:
3560:
3539:
3516:
3495:
3470:
3445:
3420:
3392:
3367:
3349:
3324:
3299:
3278:
3268:. Marietta.edu
3257:
3250:
3224:
3203:
3178:
3150:
3125:
3098:(3): 540–541.
3082:
3055:
3030:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2930:
2927:Ecology portal
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2857:
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2850:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2433:spruce budworm
2415:
2412:
2352:
2349:
2318:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:The effect of
2274:
2271:
2261:spruce budworm
2230:
2227:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2052:
2051:Climate change
2049:
2010:lodgepole pine
1913:
1910:
1874:great gray owl
1812:Siberian tiger
1776:Mongolian wolf
1752:European otter
1523:Arctic lamprey
1511:lake whitefish
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1263:photosynthesis
1241:Larix laricina
1217:Abies balsamea
1145:partridgeberry
1060:Dahurian larch
993:
990:
923:
920:
919:
918:
911:
904:
902:
891:
884:
830:
827:
807:Manchurian fir
727:
724:
701:mean that the
665:growing season
644:
643:Growing season
641:
637:Siberian larch
631:climate zones
540:
537:
509:
506:
468:Climate change
420:mammoth steppe
337:, some of the
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
173:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
136:
134:
130:
129:
125:
124:
122:
121:
118:
114:
112:
106:
105:
101:
100:
90:, between the
85:
77:
76:
63:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6867:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6595:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6568:Demersal zone
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6365:Alpine tundra
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:Polar/montane
6341:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6307:
6305:
6300:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6160:
6156:
6155:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5898:0-89886-085-7
5894:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5870:
5867:
5864:Payette, 289.
5861:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5834:Johnson, 212.
5831:
5828:
5825:Nilsson, 421.
5822:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5773:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5745:
5742:
5730:on 2012-02-29
5729:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5711:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5591:13(3):333–36.
5590:
5584:
5581:
5570:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5543:on 2008-12-02
5542:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5518:on 2011-06-06
5517:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5409:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5364:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5008:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4983:
4972:on 2012-01-19
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4894:on 2011-07-27
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4754:(1): 014007.
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4391:
4380:on 2011-10-03
4379:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4339:
4333:
4332:10.3133/b963D
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4214:(3): 229–53.
4213:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4171:(3): 444–64.
4170:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:(4): 469–76.
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:(3): 329–82.
4044:
4040:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3996:(4): 405–13.
3995:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3922:on 2013-02-09
3921:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3893:on 2011-05-26
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3868:on 2011-01-03
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3843:on 2011-01-03
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3738:Sayre, 12–13.
3735:
3732:
3729:Sayre, 19–20.
3726:
3723:
3712:. Physorg.com
3711:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3596:on 2011-04-10
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3485:on 2011-07-24
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3460:on 2011-04-10
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3435:on 2011-05-05
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3409:
3408:Enr.gov.nt.ca
3402:
3396:
3393:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3339:on 2011-06-09
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3251:9780521472999
3247:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3225:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3045:on 2018-09-14
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3020:on 2019-06-20
3019:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:Drunken trees
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:United States
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:United States
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:United States
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:United States
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:United States
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2280:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2154:Other threats
2153:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:balsam poplar
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:fire rotation
1943:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:American mink
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:Eurasian lynx
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:mountain hare
1698:
1697:snowshoe hare
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:bighorn sheep
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:northern pike
1488:
1483:
1481:
1480:Canadian toad
1477:
1476:American toad
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1267:transpiration
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:Picea mariana
1231:
1227:
1224:(of northern
1223:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:middle boreal
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:North America
1007:
1003:
998:
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
948:
944:
936:
932:
928:
921:
915:
908:
903:
899:
895:
888:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
815:Pacific Ocean
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
790:and adjacent
789:
784:
783:forest steppe
780:
772:
768:
763:
759:
757:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:precipitation
726:Precipitation
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
712:Arctic Circle
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
687:
685:
681:
677:
672:
668:
666:
658:
654:
649:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
546:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
518:
514:
507:
503:
502:United States
499:
495:
492:taiga in the
491:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
439:alpine tundra
435:
433:
429:
425:
422:or under the
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
382:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Pacific Ocean
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:boreal forest
253:
249:
248:
239:
215:
211:
203:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
175:
168:
165:
162:
160:United States
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
135:
131:
126:
119:
116:
115:
113:
111:
107:
102:
97:
93:
89:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
39:
33:
19:
6735:Subdivisions
6625:Australasian
6615:Afrotropical
6577:Other biomes
6553:Benthic zone
6548:Pelagic zone
6543:Neritic zone
6533:Kelp forests
6405:Tropical and
6354:
6228:Terraformers
6153:
6132:
6108:
6081:
6077:
6060:
6056:
6031:
6027:
5994:
5990:
5965:
5961:
5928:
5924:
5911:
5888:
5869:
5860:
5851:
5846:Johnson, 200
5830:
5794:. Retrieved
5790:the original
5785:
5775:
5763:. Retrieved
5759:the original
5754:
5744:
5732:. Retrieved
5728:the original
5724:Toronto Star
5723:
5713:
5701:. Retrieved
5697:
5688:
5674:
5639:
5635:
5625:
5617:
5612:
5604:
5588:
5583:
5572:. Retrieved
5568:
5556:
5545:. Retrieved
5541:the original
5531:
5520:. Retrieved
5516:the original
5506:
5495:. Retrieved
5485:
5474:. Retrieved
5464:
5453:. Retrieved
5443:
5431:. Retrieved
5426:
5417:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5354:. Retrieved
5350:
5304:10871/131584
5286:
5282:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5081:
5077:
5067:
5024:
5020:
5010:
4999:. Retrieved
4995:
4985:
4974:. Retrieved
4970:the original
4960:
4949:. Retrieved
4921:
4917:
4907:
4896:. Retrieved
4892:the original
4882:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4692:
4688:
4677:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4471:
4465:
4451:
4408:
4404:
4393:
4382:. Retrieved
4378:the original
4355:
4351:
4341:
4322:
4312:
4303:
4297:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4211:
4208:Ecol. Monogr
4207:
4201:
4168:
4164:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4023:
3993:
3989:
3971:
3965:
3956:
3945:. Retrieved
3935:
3924:. Retrieved
3920:the original
3916:Parks Canada
3915:
3906:
3895:. Retrieved
3891:the original
3881:
3870:. Retrieved
3866:the original
3856:
3845:. Retrieved
3841:the original
3831:
3808:. Retrieved
3804:
3795:
3784:. Retrieved
3775:
3765:
3749:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3714:. Retrieved
3704:
3681:. Retrieved
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3652:the original
3647:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3613:A.P. Sayre,
3609:
3598:. Retrieved
3594:the original
3590:"The Arctic"
3584:
3573:. Retrieved
3563:
3552:. Retrieved
3542:
3531:. Retrieved
3519:
3508:. Retrieved
3498:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:the original
3473:
3462:. Retrieved
3458:the original
3448:
3437:. Retrieved
3433:the original
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3407:
3395:
3384:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3359:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3327:
3316:. Retrieved
3311:
3302:
3291:. Retrieved
3281:
3270:. Retrieved
3260:
3235:
3227:
3216:. Retrieved
3214:. Wilds.m.ca
3206:
3195:. Retrieved
3193:. 2021-05-18
3190:
3181:
3170:. Retrieved
3166:
3142:. Retrieved
3138:
3128:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3074:. Retrieved
3070:
3047:. Retrieved
3043:the original
3033:
3022:. Retrieved
3018:the original
2975:Agafia Lykov
2646:
2454:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2393:
2374:
2359:Peat bog in
2344:white spruce
2327:
2308:
2276:
2264:
2257:larch sawfly
2234:
2232:
2219:Soviet Union
2208:
2173:
2148:
2137:
2134:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2038:
2034:black spruce
2021:
2002:
1998:
1973:black spruce
1969:white spruce
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1926:Black spruce
1902:capercaillie
1862:golden eagle
1820:
1816:Amur leopard
1792:grizzly bear
1764:Asian badger
1736:least weasel
1713:
1654:
1643:
1640:plains bison
1586:in Eurasia;
1579:
1571:
1562:
1503:white sucker
1484:
1433:
1414:
1380:
1350:
1333:Russia, the
1331:
1272:
1260:
1256:biochemistry
1246:
1239:
1233:
1215:
1181:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1107:sparse taiga
1106:
1102:
1090:
1088:
1057:
1039:trees, like
1010:
963:forest floor
956:
940:
849:(especially
832:
796:
776:
748:
729:
716:midnight sun
707:solar energy
696:
688:
673:
669:
662:
628:
624:
618:
613:
609:
601:
599:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
567:Taiga has a
566:
542:
522:
494:Alaska Range
490:White spruce
466:
451:
436:
413:
403:, pines and
393:Scandinavian
390:
263:
259:
213:
209:
208:
177:Climate type
6645:Neotropical
6635:Indomalayan
6608:Terrestrial
6538:Coral reefs
6407:subtropical
6334:Terrestrial
5796:17 February
5027:(1): 3213.
4113:J. Veg. Sci
3571:. Nhptv.org
3413:28 February
3364:(in French)
3191:Bellona.org
2340:chlorophyll
2192:Yellowknife
2180:Arkhangelsk
2077:forest loss
2041:floodplains
2026:paper birch
1942:fire regime
1825:have their
1772:timber wolf
1720:Canada lynx
1709:hibernation
1572:Alces alces
1565:herbivorous
1535:chum salmon
1531:brook trout
1429:decomposers
1425:pollinators
1165:lingonberry
1122:high boreal
1002:Lake Baikal
894:Verkhoyansk
861:Yukon River
839:depressions
803:Jezo spruce
799:Korean pine
751:evaporation
720:polar night
539:Temperature
349:, northern
329:), much of
264:snow forest
6819:Categories
6752:Ecoregions
6747:Bioregions
6655:Palearctic
6563:Cold seeps
6523:Intertidal
6212:Greenpeace
5620:12:189–95.
5574:2022-02-28
5547:2011-02-21
5522:2011-02-21
5497:2011-02-21
5476:2011-02-21
5455:2011-02-21
5390:2301.09998
5001:2012-01-14
4976:2012-01-14
4951:2012-01-14
4898:2011-03-25
4384:2012-01-14
4088:: 220–27.
3960:Sayre, 28.
3947:2011-02-21
3926:2012-12-11
3897:2011-02-21
3872:2011-02-21
3847:2011-02-21
3826:Sayre, 23.
3810:2018-02-04
3786:2013-11-27
3716:2012-01-14
3699:Sayre, 19.
3683:2011-02-21
3600:2011-02-21
3575:2011-02-21
3554:2011-02-21
3533:2011-02-21
3510:2011-02-21
3489:2011-02-21
3464:2011-02-21
3439:2011-02-21
3386:2011-02-21
3343:2011-02-21
3318:2011-02-21
3293:2011-02-21
3272:2011-02-21
3218:2011-02-21
3197:2021-06-04
3172:2022-05-31
3144:2021-06-04
3076:2023-05-04
3049:2016-12-26
3024:2019-05-12
2996:References
2650:ecoregions
2458:ecoregions
2452:Palearctic
2369:Scots pine
2363:, Sweden.
2351:Protection
2304:angiosperm
1965:balsam fir
1950:fire cycle
1906:crossbills
1882:barred owl
1808:polar bear
1788:Arctic fox
1636:wood bison
1620:snow sheep
1570:, such as
1525:, various
1440:amphibians
1401:Brown bear
1335:Scots pine
1295:herbaceous
1184:coniferous
1161:bunchberry
1153:cloudberry
1115:ice-pruned
829:Glaciation
347:Kazakhstan
313:, much of
272:coniferous
6845:Subarctic
6630:Holarctic
6620:Antarctic
6528:Mangroves
6374:Temperate
5607:33:15–22.
5569:Fs.fed.us
5433:22 August
5356:2 October
5329:252161375
5313:0036-8075
5261:251494296
5172:(1): 31.
5147:226959320
5100:196649104
5084:: 36–46.
4825:234744857
4778:158470300
4498:0027-8424
4193:129118655
4039:Quat. Res
2331:acid rain
2311:deciduous
2273:Pollution
2188:Anchorage
2121:grassland
2045:peatlands
2006:jack pine
1938:ecosystem
1878:snowy owl
1760:wolverine
1689:lagomorph
1628:wild boar
1547:lake chub
1529:species,
1464:wood frog
1409:omnivores
1311:jack pine
1307:wildfires
1252:deciduous
1248:Evergreen
1149:cranberry
1084:grassland
1037:deciduous
971:evergreen
877:Mackenzie
699:latitudes
657:Minnesota
458:tree line
443:Krummholz
381:ecoregion
133:Countries
128:Geography
88:latitudes
6777:See also
6650:Oceanian
6640:Nearctic
6518:Littoral
6491:Mangrove
6481:Riparian
6250:Archived
6237:Archived
6130:(1999).
6048:17586608
6019:86749540
5666:18006417
5321:36074831
5253:35948640
5206:34642849
5059:30097584
4946:86357569
4874:35199413
4817:33993581
4729:27956624
4669:25403205
4661:26136379
4614:22308340
4516:23236159
4443:28861124
4289:46218641
4281:17799777
4067:18430692
3801:"Forest"
3780:Archived
3755:Archived
3661:19 April
3548:"Tundra"
2913:See also
2644:Nearctic
2604:Mongolia
2385:peatland
2381:wetlands
2315:conifers
2300:conifers
2176:Murmansk
2106:SSP2-4.5
2030:tamarack
1977:tamarack
1844:to this
1716:raccoons
1669:chipmunk
1665:squirrel
1612:muskoxen
1608:roe deer
1592:Cervidae
1584:reindeer
1527:grayling
1436:reptiles
1343:Mongolia
1230:Labrador
1157:bilberry
1095:fireweed
978:spodosol
779:isotherm
680:Plesetsk
517:Siberian
460:and the
441:through
416:Holocene
359:Hokkaidō
351:Mongolia
142:Mongolia
94:and the
6830:Forests
6504:Aquatic
6486:Wetland
6011:1936682
5991:Ecology
5970:Bibcode
5953:1931768
5933:Bibcode
5925:Ecology
5765:25 June
5734:25 June
5703:25 June
5657:2387060
5395:Bibcode
5283:Science
5233:Bibcode
5197:8513374
5174:Bibcode
5127:Bibcode
5050:6086880
5029:Bibcode
4926:Bibcode
4865:9303657
4756:Bibcode
4720:5206510
4697:Bibcode
4641:Bibcode
4605:3289349
4582:Bibcode
4543:Bibcode
4507:3535627
4476:Bibcode
4434:5572641
4413:Bibcode
4360:Bibcode
4261:Bibcode
4252:Science
4236:1948439
4216:Bibcode
4173:Bibcode
4143:3237261
4121:Bibcode
4047:Bibcode
3648:113.139
3454:"Taiga"
3120:1931768
3100:Bibcode
3092:Ecology
2580:Finland
2508:Iceland
2396:logging
2361:Dalarna
2323:sulphur
2229:Insects
2211:Siberia
2184:Yakutsk
2138:cooling
2073:Landsat
2071:A 2018
2004:forest—
1971:, with
1940:is its
1858:raptors
1854:carrion
1850:insects
1846:habitat
1842:migrate
1827:nesting
1784:red fox
1677:lemming
1588:caribou
1568:mammals
1495:walleye
1421:insects
1417:mammals
1327:lichens
1319:Grasses
1137:berries
1025:species
1017:Eurasia
986:lichens
974:needles
947:profile
931:Tukulan
869:Yenisei
788:Siberia
692:ecotone
592:in the
560:in the
552:Alaska-
476:emitted
397:Finnish
343:Iceland
335:Estonia
327:Siberia
319:Karelia
311:Finland
303:Eurasia
287:larches
283:spruces
275:forests
266:, is a
252:Russian
157:Finland
154:Iceland
104:Ecology
6676:Arctic
6664:Marine
6600:realms
6506:biomes
6460:Steppe
6350:Tundra
6336:biomes
6326:Biomes
6161:
6140:
6116:
6046:
6017:
6009:
5951:
5895:
5664:
5654:
5327:
5319:
5311:
5259:
5251:
5225:Nature
5204:
5194:
5145:
5098:
5057:
5047:
4944:
4872:
4862:
4823:
4815:
4776:
4727:
4717:
4667:
4659:
4612:
4602:
4514:
4504:
4496:
4441:
4431:
4405:Nature
4287:
4279:
4234:
4191:
4141:
4065:
3628:et al.
3248:
3118:
2905:Canada
2893:Canada
2864:France
2860:Canada
2848:Canada
2836:Canada
2824:Canada
2812:Canada
2800:Canada
2788:Canada
2776:Canada
2760:Canada
2748:Canada
2736:Canada
2700:Canada
2632:Russia
2620:Russia
2608:Russia
2592:Sweden
2588:Russia
2584:Norway
2568:Russia
2556:Russia
2544:Russia
2532:Russia
2520:Russia
2496:Russia
2400:mining
2377:carbon
2259:; the
2251:; the
2215:lumber
2202:, and
2196:Tromsø
2143:albedo
2129:tundra
1898:grouse
1837:, and
1814:, and
1780:coyote
1768:fisher
1673:marmot
1661:beaver
1657:rodent
1630:, and
1606:, and
1478:, and
1379:Moss (
1323:mosses
1315:morels
1289:, and
1287:willow
1226:Quebec
1192:spruce
1111:lichen
1099:lupine
1053:poplar
1051:, and
1049:willow
1011:Since
1006:Russia
982:podzol
941:Taiga
898:Russia
875:, and
851:muskeg
805:, and
771:Narvik
767:fjords
756:Steppe
545:tundra
529:Sweden
498:Alaska
462:tundra
454:Canada
401:spruce
331:Norway
315:Russia
307:Sweden
299:Alaska
295:Canada
285:, and
256:тайга́
163:Canada
151:Sweden
148:Norway
139:Russia
92:tundra
73:Russia
69:Kolyma
6355:Taiga
6154:Taiga
6109:Taiga
6044:S2CID
6015:S2CID
6007:JSTOR
5949:JSTOR
5916:72–78
5565:(PDF)
5385:arXiv
5325:S2CID
5257:S2CID
5143:S2CID
5096:S2CID
4942:S2CID
4821:S2CID
4774:S2CID
4665:S2CID
4285:S2CID
4232:JSTOR
4189:S2CID
4139:JSTOR
4063:S2CID
3655:(PDF)
3644:(PDF)
3615:Taiga
3528:(PDF)
3404:(PDF)
3116:JSTOR
2285:on CO
2253:aspen
2241:Yukon
2239:) in
2200:Luleå
2014:aspen
1982:soils
1928:taiga
1894:raven
1823:birds
1740:sable
1728:stoat
1705:bears
1596:maral
1576:moose
1543:lenok
1507:cisco
1391:Fauna
1347:larch
1303:ramps
1299:ferns
1291:rowan
1283:aspen
1279:birch
1188:larch
1068:maple
1045:alder
1041:birch
1033:genus
992:Flora
969:from
967:Acids
922:Soils
843:lakes
769:near
714:have
697:High
678:near
554:Yukon
549:biome
519:taiga
405:birch
385:biome
355:Japan
317:from
291:biome
279:pines
268:biome
214:tayga
210:Taiga
145:Japan
120:humid
110:Biome
53:Taiga
45:Tiger
38:Tayga
18:Tiaga
6513:Pond
6243:NASA
6159:ISBN
6138:ISBN
6114:ISBN
5893:ISBN
5798:2010
5767:2012
5736:2012
5705:2012
5662:PMID
5435:2023
5358:2022
5317:PMID
5309:ISSN
5249:PMID
5202:PMID
5055:PMID
4870:PMID
4813:PMID
4725:PMID
4657:PMID
4610:PMID
4512:PMID
4494:ISSN
4439:PMID
4277:PMID
3663:2018
3630:1995
3415:2022
3246:ISBN
2383:and
2365:Bogs
2333:(at
2204:Oulu
1991:The
1975:and
1933:Fire
1920:The
1912:Fire
1904:and
1892:and
1890:crow
1699:and
1693:pika
1685:vole
1683:and
1616:Amur
1545:and
1438:and
1341:and
1325:and
1228:and
1200:pine
1198:and
1163:and
1151:and
1143:and
1097:and
1076:lime
1074:and
1058:The
1015:and
959:moss
943:soil
873:Lena
847:bogs
845:and
740:snow
736:rain
710:the
663:The
627:and
588:and
395:and
368:The
333:and
6469:Wet
6443:Dry
6086:doi
6065:doi
6036:doi
5999:doi
5978:doi
5941:doi
5652:PMC
5644:doi
5640:363
5403:doi
5299:hdl
5291:doi
5287:377
5241:doi
5229:608
5192:PMC
5182:doi
5135:doi
5086:doi
5045:PMC
5037:doi
4934:doi
4860:PMC
4852:doi
4805:doi
4764:doi
4715:PMC
4705:doi
4693:113
4649:doi
4600:PMC
4590:doi
4578:109
4551:doi
4502:PMC
4484:doi
4472:109
4429:PMC
4421:doi
4368:doi
4327:doi
4269:doi
4257:147
4224:doi
4181:doi
4129:doi
4090:doi
4055:doi
3998:doi
3108:doi
2247:in
2102:RCP
2024:),
1600:elk
1196:fir
1105:or
1072:elm
1064:oak
1004:in
744:fog
742:or
703:sun
629:Dwd
625:Dfd
614:Dwb
610:Dfb
602:Cfc
590:Dwd
586:Dfd
582:Dsc
578:Dwc
574:Dfc
474:or
372:of
361:).
262:or
247:-gə
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