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topographically uniform elevated flatland that it is today. The
Tibetan Plateau's mean elevation continued to vary since its initial uplift in the Eocene; isotopic records show the plateau's altitude was around 3,000 metres above sea level around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary and that it fell by 900 metres between 25.5 and 21.6 million years ago, attributable to tectonic unroofing from eastâwest extension or to erosion from climatic weathering. The plateau subsequently rose by 500 to 1,000 metres between 21.6 and 20.4 million years ago.
1060:
1165:. The pressure anomaly then causes a steady wind to blow toward the land, which brings the moist air over the ocean surface with it. Rainfall is then increased by the presence of the moist ocean air. The rainfall is stimulated by a variety of mechanisms, such as low-level air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows near the surface. When such lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces
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1402:(sometimes known as "the Third Pole"), also has an extensive permafrost area. It is warming at twice the global average rate, and 40% of it is already considered "warm" permafrost, making it particularly unstable. QinghaiâTibet Plateau has a population of over 10 million people â double the population of permafrost regions in the Arctic â and over 1 million m of buildings are located in its permafrost area, as well as 2,631 km of
793:, enabling biotic interchange across Tibet. The age of eastâwest grabens in the Lhasa and Himalaya terranes suggests that the plateau's elevation was close to its modern altitude by around 14 to 8 million years ago. Erosion rates in Tibet decreased significantly around 10 million years ago. The Indo-Australian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to move upwards; the plateau is still
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1410:, around 60% of the current infrastructure would be at high risk by 2090 and simply maintaining it would cost $ 6.31 billion, with adaptation reducing these costs by 20.9% at most. Holding the global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F) would reduce these costs to $ 5.65 billion, and fulfilling the optimistic
812:
of topographic depressions that occurred at already high elevations. The current tectonics of the plateau are also debated. The best-regarded explanations are provided by the block model and the alternative continuum model. According to the former, the crust of the plateau is formed of several blocks
1151:
Monsoons are caused by the different amplitudes of surface temperature seasonal cycles between land and oceans. This differential warming occurs because heating rates differ between land and water. Ocean heating is distributed vertically through a "mixed layer" that may be 50 meters deep through the
642:
region in the northwestern part of the plateau. Here the average altitude exceeds 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) and winter temperatures can drop to â40 °C (â40 °F). As a result of this extremely inhospitable environment, the
Changtang region (together with the adjoining Kekexili region) is
2837:
See chapter entitled: "Reconstruction of an approximately complete
Quaternary Tibetan Inland Glaciation between the Mt. Everest and Cho Oyu Massifs and the Aksai Chin. â A new glaciogeomorphological southeast-northwest diagonal profile through Tibet and its consequences for the glacial isostasy and
1180:
In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean maintains the heat longer. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling. Monsoons are similar to
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of liquid water is significantly greater than that of most materials that make up land. Together, these factors mean that the heat capacity of the layer participating in the seasonal cycle is much larger over the oceans than over land, with the consequence that the land warms and cools faster than
1111:
by raising livestock rather than crops, which are unsuitable to the terrain. Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest human occupation of the plateau occurred between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. Since colonization of the
Tibetan Plateau, Tibetan culture has adapted and flourished in the
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Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China, and the
Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world. In the short term, this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows. In the long run, the glaciers are vital lifelines for
2416:
Lia, Jijun; Ma, Zhenhua; Li, Xiaomiao; Peng, Tingjiang; Guo, Benhong; Zhang, Jun; Song, Chunhui; Liu, Jia; Hui, Zhengchuang; Yu, Hao; Ye, Xiyan; Liu, Shanpin; Wang Xiuxi (2017). "Late
Miocene-Pliocene geomorphological evolution of the Xiaoshuizi peneplain in the Maxian Mountains and its tectonic
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The
Tibetan Plateau is bounded in the north by a broad escarpment where the altitude drops from around 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) over a horizontal distance of less than 150 kilometres (93 mi). Along the escarpment is a range of mountains. In the west, the
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target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) would save a further $ 1.32 billion. In particular, fewer than 20% of railways would be at high risk by 2100 under 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), yet this increases to 60% at 2 °C (3.6 °F), while under SSP5-8.5, this level of risk is met by
766:
that fringed its edges. Since these sediments were light, they crumpled into mountain ranges rather than sinking to the floor. During this early stage of its formation in the Late
Palaeogene, Tibet consisted of a deep palaeovalley bounded by multiple mountain ranges rather than the more
1189:
of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale, stronger and seasonal. The seasonal monsoon wind shift and weather associated with the heating and cooling of the
Tibetan plateau is the strongest such monsoon on Earth.
2913:
Zhong, Zhi-Ping; Tian, Funing; Roux, Simon; GazitĂșa, M. Consuelo; Solonenko, Natalie E.; Li, Yueh-Fen; Davis, Mary E.; Van Etten, James L.; Mosley-Thompson, Ellen; Rich, Virginia I.; Sullivan, Matthew B.; Thompson, Lonnie G. (20 July 2021).
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3070:
Ran, Youhua; Cheng, Guodong; Dong, Yuanhong; Hjort, Jan; Lovecraft, Amy Lauren; Kang, Shichang; Tan, Meibao; Li, Xin (13 October 2022). "Permafrost degradation increases risk and large future costs of infrastructure on the Third Pole".
2498:
Werhahn, Geraldine; Senn, Helen; Ghazali, Muhammad; Karmacharya, Dibesh; Sherchan, Adarsh Man; Joshi, Jyoti; Kusi, Naresh; López-Bao, José Vincente; Rosen, Tanya; Kachel, Shannon; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; MacDonald, David W. (2018).
2108:
Su, T.; Farnsworth, A.; Spicer, R. A.; Huang, J.; Wu, F.-X.; Liu, J.; Li, S.-F.; Xing, Y.-W.; Huang, Y.-J.; Deng, W.-Y.-D.; Tang, H.; Xu, C.-L.; Zhao, F.; Strivastava, G.; Valdes, P. J.; Deng, T.; Zhou, Z.-K. (6 March 2019).
3011:
Liu, Yongqin; Ji, Mukan; Yu, Tao; Zaugg, Julian; Anesio, Alexandre M.; Zhang, Zhihao; Hu, Songnian; Hugenholtz, Philip; Liu, Keshao; Liu, Pengfei; Chen, Yuying; Luo, Yingfeng; Yao, Tandong (September 2022).
1406:, and 580 km of railways. There are also 9,389 km of roads, and around 30% are already sustaining damage from permafrost thaw. Estimates suggest that under the scenario most similar to today,
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road. To the west are short ranges called the Danghe, Yema, Shule, and Tulai
Nanshans. The easternmost range is the Qilian Mountains. The line of mountains continues east of the plateau as the
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1376:
glaciers and is particularly vulnerable to global warming. Over the past five decades, 80% of the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau have retreated, losing 4.5% of their combined areal coverage.
1215:, an approximately 2,400,000 square kilometres (930,000 sq mi) ice sheet covered the plateau. Due to its great extent, this glaciation in the subtropics was an important element of
900:
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above sea level, with an area of 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi). With an average elevation exceeding 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) and being surrounded by imposing
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2320:
Tremblay, Marissa M.; Fox, Matthew; Schmidt, Jennifer L.; Tripathy-Lang, Alka; Wielicki, Matthew M.; Harrison, T. Mark; Zeitler, Peter K.; Shuster, David L. (14 September 2015).
3299:
2216:
Liu, Jia; Su, Tao; Spicer, Robert A.; Tang, He; Deng, Wei-Yu-Dong; Wu, Fei-Xiang; Srivastava, Gaurav; Spicer, Teresa; Do, Truong Van; Deng, Tao; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (15 June 2019).
634:. The southern and eastern edges of the steppe have grasslands that can sustainably support populations of nomadic herdsmen, although frost occurs for six months of the year.
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the ocean. In turn, air over the land warms faster and reaches a higher temperature than does air over the ocean. The warmer air over land tends to rise, creating an area of
1325:
in those 15,000-year-old samples, it had taken around 5 years of research to extract 33 viruses, of which 28 were new to science. None had survived the extraction process.
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occurs over extensive parts of the plateau. Proceeding to the north and northwest, the plateau becomes progressively higher, colder, and drier, until reaching the remote
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418:. It stretches approximately 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) north to south and 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) east to west. It is the world's highest and largest
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Kuhle, M. (1999). "Tibet and High Asia V. Results of Investigations into High Mountain Geomorphology, Paleo-Glaciology and Climatology of the Pleistocene".
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Much of the Tibetan Plateau is of relatively low relief. The cause of this is debated among geologists. Some argue that the Tibetan Plateau is an uplifted
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937:
1116:, is generally too high and cold to support permanent population. One of the most notable civilizations to have developed on the Tibetan Plateau is the
2765:
Kuhle, Matthias (1998). "Reconstruction of the 2.4 Million km Late Pleistocene Ice Sheet on the Tibetan Plateau and its Impact on the Global Climate".
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Development in Quaternary Science 2c (Quaternary Glaciation â Extent and Chronology, Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica)
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Zhang, X. L.; Ha, B. B.; Wang, S. J.; Chen, Z. J.; Ge, J. Y.; Long, H.; He, W.; Da, W.; Nian, X. M.; Yi, M. J.; Zhou, X. Y. (30 November 2018).
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1219:. With a much lower latitude, the ice in Tibet reflected at least four times more radiation energy per unit area into space than ice at higher
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are the remainders of nomadic practices historically once widespread in Asia and Africa. Pastoral nomads constitute about 40% of the ethnic
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3341:-The true history of any region cannot be fully understood without knowing the basic characteristics of a region and of its inhabitants
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cover the southeastern and eastern parts of the plateau and are generally rainier than the other high-altitude Tibetan Plateau regions
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Kuhle, M (2004). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in High and Central Asia". In Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L. (eds.).
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Ice of the plateau provides a valuable window to the past. In 2015, researchers studying the Plateau reached the top of the Guliya
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Kuhle, Matthias (2001). "The Tibetan Ice Sheet; its Impact on the Palaeomonsoon and Relation to the Earth's Orbital Variations".
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539:. To the east and southeast the plateau gives way to the forested gorge and ridge geography of the mountainous headwaters of the
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and clay from the glaciers accumulated in these lakes; when the lakes dried at the end of the ice age, the silt and clay were
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1156:, whereas the land surface conducts heat slowly, with the seasonal signal penetrating only a meter or so. Additionally, the
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and the Kunluns, by convention, continue somewhat to the south. In the 'V' formed by this split is the western part of the
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1407:
1317:, with ice thickness of 310 m (1,020 ft), and drilled to a depth of 50 m (160 ft) in order to recover
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the least populous region in Asia and the third least populous area in the world after Antarctica and northern Greenland.
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2170:"Paleoelevation of Tibetan Lunpola basin in the OligoceneâMiocene transition estimated from leaf wax lipid dual isotopes"
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population. The presence of nomadic peoples on the plateau is predicated on their adaptation to survival on the world's
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The geological history of the Tibetan Plateau is closely related to that of the Himalayas. The Himalayas belong to the
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at a rate of approximately 5 mm (0.2 in) per year (although erosion reduces the actual increase in height).
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evidence indicates that the Nujiang Suture Zone and the Yarlung-Zangpo Suture Zone remained tropical or subtropical
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1087:) lived on the Tibetan plateau from around 200,000 to 40,000 years ago. this is according to a study published in
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Contemporary lifestyle and language learning center from Tibet lhasa, the official language of Tibetan. podcast.
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1223:. Thus, while the modern plateau heats the overlying atmosphere, during the Last Ice Age it helped to cool it.
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reach up mountain valleys in the southern plateau and contain some of the highest altitude forests in the world
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Detailed map of QinghaiâTibet Plateau infrastructure at risk from permafrost thaw under the SSP2-4.5 scenario.
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cover the eastern edges of the plateau and are the densest forests to be found anywhere on the Tibetan Plateau
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is generally reduced on the plateau due to the elevation and low precipitation. The Tibetan Plateau hosts the
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Kuhle, M. (1988). "The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages â An Autocycle Hypothesis".
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Xu, Qiang; Ding, Lin; Zhang, Liyun; Cai, Fulong; Lai, Qingzhou; Yang, Di; Liu-Zeng, Jing (15 January 2013).
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817:. In the latter, the plateau is affected by distributed deformation resulting from flow within the crust.
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2638:"The earliest human occupation of the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau 40 thousand to 30 thousand years ago"
2501:"The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high-altitudes and consequences for conservation"
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lakes. Annual precipitation ranges from 100 to 300 millimetres (3.9 to 11.8 in) and falls mainly as
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separate the plateau from the Tarim Basin. About halfway across the Tarim the bounding range becomes the
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Hjort, Jan; Streletskiy, Dmitry; Doré, Guy; Wu, Qingbai; Bjella, Kevin; Luoto, Miska (11 January 2022).
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The location where ice core was taken, and the age of the dead microorganisms found at different depths.
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2007:"Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau"
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The Tibetan Plateau contains the world's third-largest store of ice. Qin Dahe, the former head of the
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2018:
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cover the mountain valleys that reach 500 km (310 mi) into the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
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and are therefore among the younger mountain ranges on the planet, consisting mostly of uplifted
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2322:"Erosion in southern Tibet shut down at ~10 Ma due to enhanced rock uplift within the Himalaya"
754:. About 50 million years ago, this fast-moving Indo-Australian plate had completely closed the
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2083:"The Yamdrok Tso Hydropower Plant in Tibet: A Multi-facetted and Highly Controversial Project"
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Liu, Xiaodong; Chen (2000). "Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades".
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1977:
1966:"A Simulation of Biomes on the Tibetan Plateau and Their Responses to Global Climate Change"
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This region is also liable to suffer damages from permafrost thaw caused by climate change.
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river Valley, where most of the permanent human population on the Tibetan Plateau lives
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423:
3198:
Brantingham, P. J. & Xing, G. (2006). "Peopling of the northern Tibetan Plateau".
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2218:"Biotic interchange through lowlands of Tibetan Plateau suture zones during Paleogene"
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Today, Tibet is an important heating surface of the atmosphere. However, during the
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contain the largest reserve of fresh water outside the polar regions. The impact of
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847:-like environment, other areas feature monsoon-influenced shrublands and forests.
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1630:"In Little Tibet, a story of how displaced people rebuilt life in a distant land"
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on the Indian subcontinent. Animals responded to this shift in climate, with the
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western, southern, and eastern regions of the plateau. The northern portion, the
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The Tibetan Plateau supports a variety of ecosystems, most of them classified as
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is one of the four largest lakes in Tibet. All four lakes are considered sacred
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2456:"Active tectonics of the GanziâYushu fault in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Jia, Guodong; Bai, Yang; Ma, Yongjia; Sun, Jimin; Peng, Ping'an (March 2015).
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Jones, J.A.; Liu, Changming; Woo, Ming-Ko; Kung, Hsiang-Te (6 December 2012).
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2274:"Paleogene high elevations in the Qiangtang Terrane, central Tibetan Plateau"
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The Himalayas as seen from space looking south from over the Tibetan Plateau.
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off the Plateau. These airborne fine grains produced the enormous amount of
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999:
931:
878:
801:
786:
639:
564:
516:
496:
351:
206:
3115:
3045:
2951:
2679:
2367:
2154:
2136:
930:
covers most of the central portions of the Tibetan Plateau and the eastern
2880:. Tibet and High-Asia I. Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I).
893:
covers the western end of the Tibetan Plateau where it transitions to the
804:
formed at low altitude, while others argue that the low relief stems from
5451:
4956:
3918:
3497:
2455:
2031:
2006:
1778:
1373:
1318:
1220:
1205:
973:
covering parts of the mountain ranges in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
860:
596:
403:
375:
202:
144:
52:
3148:
1951:
10.1002/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1729::aid-joc556>3.0.co;2-y
923:
on the edges mountains bordering the extreme west of the Tibetan Plateau
5465:
5120:
4989:
4933:
4917:
4850:
4386:
4340:
4255:
3547:
2869:
2535:
1775:
Contractional and Extensional Tectonics During the India-Asia Collision
1429:
1322:
1314:
1239:
1231:
1146:
840:
805:
782:
763:
724:
604:
568:
556:
548:
478:
470:
419:
363:
359:
339:
136:
132:
3266:
3234:
1172:
5365:
4265:
3914:
3797:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
3792:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
3557:
3181:
Trespassers on the Roof of the World: The Secret Exploration of Tibet
2382:
1537:
1368:. Once they vanish, water supplies in those regions will be in peril.
1365:
1243:
1010:
914:
875:, that can live at elevations of over 6,500 metres (21,300 ft).
750:, moving at about 15 cm (6 in) per year, collided with the
623:
600:
552:
544:
474:
458:
450:
387:
379:
249:
185:
165:
140:
4543:
2384:
Land of the seven rivers : a brief history of India's geography
1587:
River Morphodynamics and Stream Ecology of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
1585:
Wang, Zhaoyin; Li, Zhiwei; Xu, Mengzhen; Yu, Guoan (30 March 2016).
511:
The Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by the massive mountain ranges of
4630:
1424:
1226:
This cooling had multiple effects on regional climate. Without the
1132:
NASA satellite image of the south-eastern area of Tibetan Plateau.
4590:
4451:
4270:
4260:
4133:
3822:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
3375:
2577:"Extinct humans survived on the Tibetan plateau for 160,000 years"
2454:
Shi, F.; He, H.; Densmore, A.L.; Li, A.; Yang, X.; Xu, X. (2016).
1806:
World regions in global context: peoples, places, and environments
1551:
1423:
1381:
1361:
1330:
1304:
1294:
1199:
1171:
1127:
1096:
1066:
1058:
1004:
864:
833:
824:
769:
650:
454:
407:
367:
236:
161:
148:
124:
3344:
3272:
Leaf morphology and the timing of the rise of the Tibetan Plateau
2916:"Glacier ice archives nearly 15,000-year-old microbes and phages"
3997:
3992:
3492:
3329:"Roof of the Earth" Offers Clues About How Our Planet Was Shaped
3255:"Roof of the Earth" Offers Clues About How Our Planet Was Shaped
1616:"à€čà€żà€źà€Ÿà€Čà€Żà„ à€à„à€·à„à€€à„à€° à€źà„à€ à€à„à€”à€š à€Żà€Ÿà€Șà€š à€Șà€° à€°à€żà€žà€°à„à€ à€à€°à„à€à€à„ à€
à€źà„à€°à€żà€à€Ÿ à€à€° à€à€Ÿà€°à€€"
980:
covering a swath of the central and northeastern Tibetan Plateau
903:
covers the northwestern limits of the Tibetan Plateau along the
631:
462:
5369:
4634:
4547:
3348:
4228:
2747:
665:
1281:, despite the strong evaporation caused by the low latitude.
575:
originates in the western Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of
1802:
Marston, Sallie A.; Paul L. Knox, Diana M. Liverman (2002).
998:
cover the southern Tibetan Plateau on the north side of the
2966:"15,000-year-old viruses discovered in Tibetan glacier ice"
1983:
10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0080:ASOBOT]2.0.CO;2
1715:
Encyclopedia of Prehistory: East Asia and Oceania, Volume 3
1684:"The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (Christopher Beckwith)"
481:
and other geographical and ecological features serve as a "
431:
3239:
3235:
ON THINNER ICE ćŠć±„èć° (by GRIP, Asia Society and MediaStorm)
1043:
cover the southeasternmost mountain valleys on the plateau
503:
on the Tibetan Plateau is of ongoing scientific interest.
746:
period about 70 million years ago, when the north-moving
913:
covers the westernmost parts of the Tibetan Plateau and
1713:
Peregrine, Peter Neal & Melvin Ember, etc. (2001).
682:
611:
from Sichuan. North of the mountains runs the Gansu or
3847:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
3832:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
3313:"North Tibetan Plateau-Kunlun Mountains alpine desert"
2996:. Agence France-Presse. 18 August 2009. Archived from
1034:
Nujiang Lancang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests
774:
Natural-colour satellite image of the Tibetan Plateau.
3116:"Impacts of permafrost degradation on infrastructure"
3065:
3063:
1604:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 360.
1438:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
1372:
The Tibetan Plateau contains the largest area of low-
2994:"Global warming benefits to Tibet: Chinese official"
2417:
significance for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau".
901:
North Tibetan PlateauâKunlun Mountains alpine desert
813:
with little internal deformation separated by major
5264:
5233:
5196:
5074:
5065:
5023:
4975:
4836:
4711:
4704:
4366:
4202:
4166:
4132:
4026:
3985:
3870:
3779:
3622:
3426:
3395:
3386:
595:. The Altyn-Tagh ends near the Dangjin pass on the
434:, the Tibetan Plateau is often referred to as "the
281:
112:
93:
85:
77:
69:
64:
23:
3014:"A genome and gene catalog of glacier microbiomes"
1895:
1803:
843:grasslands. While parts of the plateau feature an
106:Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas above 1600 m
3240:The Third Pole: Understanding Asia's Water Crisis
2223:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3298:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1602:Regional Hydrological Response to Climate Change
1027:Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
881:found on the Tibetan Plateau, as defined by the
758:, the existence of which has been determined by
1357:
921:Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
867:, cranes, vultures, hawks, geese, snakes, and
515:. The plateau is bordered to the south by the
5381:
5241:Geographic data and information organizations
4646:
4559:
3764:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
3360:
3307:Protected areas of the Tibetan Plateau region
3280:. Archived from the original on 19 March 2006
1230:pressure caused by the heating, there was no
1185:, a term usually referring to the localized,
978:Tibetan Plateau alpine shrublands and meadows
426:that harbor the world's two highest summits,
35:
29:
8:
1120:from the 7th century to the 9th century AD.
1041:Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests
911:KarakoramâWest Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
626:interspersed with mountain ranges and large
461:. This includes the three longest rivers in
2111:"No high Tibetan Plateau until the Neogene"
1355:, issued the following assessment in 2009:
1265:In addition, the glaciers in Tibet created
966:in the northernmost portions of the plateau
89:2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi)
5388:
5374:
5366:
5071:
4708:
4653:
4639:
4631:
4566:
4552:
4544:
4206:
4172:
4032:
3880:
3876:
3392:
3367:
3353:
3345:
996:Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
938:Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
20:
5292:National Council for Geographic Education
3147:
2941:
2931:
2718:
2716:
2661:
2534:
2524:
2357:
2347:
2144:
2030:
1981:
1940:
1329:analysis suggests those viruses infected
3267:Plateau Perspectives (international NGO)
2889:
2887:
2722:Oracle Thinkquest Education Foundation.
615:which was the main silk-road route from
563:). In the west, the curve of the rugged
1888:"Tibet: life on the climate front line"
1577:
1489:
940:covers the southwestern plateau in the
16:Plateau in Central, South and East Asia
3521:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
3291:
3120:Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
3073:Communications Earth & Environment
1773:Webb, Andrew Alexander Gordon (2007).
1748:. Heinemann-Raintree Library. p.
1194:Glaciology: the Ice Age and at present
1152:action of wind and buoyancy-generated
531:, which separate the plateau from the
3602:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
928:Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
51:The Tibetan Plateau lies between the
7:
5546:
5336:
3729:1938â1939 German expedition to Tibet
1921:International Journal of Climatology
762:settled on the ocean floor, and the
622:The plateau is a high-altitude arid
5348:
3278:"Weather in the eastern Chang Tang"
2557:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2279:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1645:(1986) Rand McNally & Company.
1353:China Meteorological Administration
719:. Their formation is a result of a
170:Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
3707:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3662:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2081:Petra Seibert and Lorne Stockman.
2005:Cheng, Guodong; Wu (8 June 2007).
1321:samples. Due to the extremely low
1099:on the Tibetan Plateau and in the
960:Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows
36:
14:
3744:Protests and uprisings since 1950
3734:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
2551:"Wild China: The Tibetan Plateau"
1970:Mountain Research and Development
1020:Southeast Tibet shrub and meadows
441:The Tibetan Plateau contains the
5545:
5533:
5522:
5521:
5508:
5347:
5335:
5323:
5312:
5311:
5287:International Geography Olympiad
3852:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
3842:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
2381:Sanyal, Sanjeev (10 July 2013).
1866:education.nationalgeographic.org
1391:This section is an excerpt from
1048:QionglaiâMinshan conifer forests
971:Qilian Mountains conifer forests
669:
485:" storing water and maintaining
267:
254:
242:
229:
212:
195:
154:
117:
100:
45:
3827:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
3250:Long Rivers and Distant Sources
2699:. University of Chicago Press.
2505:Global Ecology and Conservation
2196:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.12.007
2054:Yang, Qinye; Zheng, Du (2004).
2011:Journal of Geophysical Research
1250:, more dust deposited into the
1069:and houses outside the town of
955:on the northern Tibetan Plateau
342:located at the intersection of
59:to the north. (Composite image)
5604:Landforms of Jammu and Kashmir
5000:Geographic information science
4082:Patron and priest relationship
4048:Central Tibetan Administration
3857:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
2441:10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.07.024
1886:Leslie Hook (30 August 2013).
1643:Illustrated Atlas of the World
1542:
1448:Central Tibetan Administration
1347:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1238:. This lack of monsoon caused
891:Pamir alpine desert and tundra
647:Geology and geological history
527:, and to the northeast by the
1:
5106:Geographic information system
4447:Historical and cultural sites
3812:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
2783:10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00008-6
2724:monsoons: causes of monsoons.
1009:Pastoral nomads camping near
662:sites in the local tradition.
523:, which separate it from the
489:. It is sometimes termed the
73:2,500 km (1,600 mi)
5033:Environmental social science
3787:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
2603:"Nomads of Tibet and Bhutan"
2244:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.022
1360:Asian rivers, including the
873:high-altitude jumping spider
871:. One notable animal is the
477:). Its tens of thousands of
3807:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
3697:British expedition to Tibet
3687:Nepal-Tibet War (1855â1856)
3657:Battle of the Salween River
2696:A Historical Atlas of Tibet
2624:In pictures: Tibetan nomads
2526:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00455
2485:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.03.036
2175:Global and Planetary Change
1393:Permafrost § Infrastructure
985:Yarlung Tsangpo arid steppe
742:The collision began in the
81:1,000 km (620 mi)
55:range to the south and the
5660:
4180:Postage and postal history
3632:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
3140:10.1038/s43017-021-00247-8
3093:10.1038/s43247-022-00568-6
3030:10.1038/s41587-022-01367-2
2933:10.1186/s40168-021-01106-w
2300:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.058
2057:A Unique Geographical Unit
1862:"Asia: Physical Geography"
1473:Tibetan sovereignty debate
1390:
1340:
1144:
1076:
883:World Wide Fund for Nature
700:
571:embraces the plateau. The
125:People's Republic of China
5614:Landforms of Central Asia
5517:
5506:
5403:
5307:
5148:Global Positioning System
4671:
4581:
4510:
4209:
4175:
4035:
3883:
3879:
3642:Mongol invasions of Tibet
3245:The End of Earth's Summer
3212:10.1080/00438240600813301
2733:Retrieved on 22 May 2008.
1953:– via Academia.edu.
1533:
1500:
1343:Effects of climate change
1333:or other microorganisms.
1301:Frozen biological samples
1297:in the Chinese lowlands.
1073:, on the Tibetan Plateau.
320:
98:
44:
30:
28:
4040:Tibet Autonomous Region
3802:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
3754:1987â1989 Tibetan unrest
3324:Photos of Tibetan nomads
2767:Quaternary International
1840:"Natural World: Deserts"
1254:, and a lowering of the
949:Qaidam Basin semi-desert
703:Geology of the Himalayas
40:, QinghaiâTibet Plateau)
5644:Geology of the Himalaya
5639:Physiographic provinces
5624:Landforms of South Asia
5256:National mapping agency
5221:Survey (human research)
5163:Participant observation
4147:TAR People's Government
4107:Serfs' Emancipation Day
3647:TibetâLadakhâMughal war
3260:31 October 2012 at the
2825:10.1023/A:1007039510460
2750:Weather. Archived from
2663:10.1126/science.aat8824
2349:10.1073/pnas.1515652112
2292:2013E&PSL.362...31X
1665:(1998 ) HarperCollins.
1528:: áááááșááŻááșážááŒááșááŒáá·áș;
1458:Geology of the Himalaya
1432:and surrounding fields.
1398:Outside of the Arctic,
1124:Impact on other regions
832:valley to the north of
356:Tibet Autonomous Region
5619:Landforms of East Asia
5246:Geographical societies
5043:Landscape architecture
4620:Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau
3817:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
3771:Special Frontier Force
3319:. World Wildlife Fund.
3317:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2137:10.1126/sciadv.aav2189
2060:. äșæŽČäŒ æćșç瀟. p. 6.
1663:Atlas of World History
1433:
1387:
1370:
1310:
1262:migrating into India.
1208:
1177:
1158:specific heat capacity
1137:
1136:is in the lower right.
1074:
1014:
836:
775:
663:
607:, which separates the
519:, to the north by the
5038:Environmental studies
5010:Statistical geography
4891:Environmental science
4190:QinghaiâTibet railway
4185:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
4152:TAR People's Congress
4124:IndiaâTibet relations
4097:Independence movement
3749:1959 Tibetan uprising
3637:Battle of Dafei River
3485:Era of Fragmentation
2729:16 April 2009 at the
2693:Ryavec, Karl (2015).
1742:Morris, Neil (2007).
1427:
1400:QinghaiâTibet Plateau
1385:
1308:
1203:
1175:
1131:
1062:
1008:
828:
773:
748:Indo-Australian Plate
733:Indo-Australian Plate
721:continental collision
654:
517:inner Himalayan range
354:covering most of the
338:, is a vast elevated
332:QinghaiâTibet Plateau
277:(Southern Kyrgyzstan)
5594:Plateaus of Pakistan
5251:Geoscience societies
5216:Interview (research)
5188:Land change modeling
5089:Computer cartography
5067:Techniques and tools
4925:Earth system science
4498:Traditional medicine
3712:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3533:Relations with Ming
3503:Relations with Song
3475:Relations with Tang
3413:European exploration
3018:Nature Biotechnology
2555:The Nature of Things
2032:10.1029/2006JF000631
1213:Last Glacial Maximum
1183:sea and land breezes
551:rivers in northwest
264:(Eastern Tajikistan)
5609:Landforms of Ladakh
5408:Atmospheric science
5297:Spatial citizenship
5282:Geographers on Film
5272:Geography education
4882:Atmospheric science
4142:Regional Government
4119:CIA Tibetan program
4102:Serfdom controversy
3986:Traditional regions
3837:Simla Accord (1914)
3759:2008 Tibetan unrest
3583:List of Qing ambans
3528:Phagmodrupa dynasty
3132:2022NRvEE...3...24H
3085:2022ComEE...3..238R
3000:on 23 January 2010.
2862:1988GeoJo..17..581K
2775:1998QuInt..45...71K
2754:on 1 November 2004.
2744:"The Asian Monsoon"
2654:2018Sci...362.1049Z
2648:(6418): 1049â1051.
2517:2018GEcoC..1600455W
2477:2016Tectp.676..112S
2433:2017Geomo.295..393L
2340:2015PNAS..11212030T
2334:(39): 12030â12035.
2236:2019PPP...524...33L
2188:2015GPC...126...14J
2129:2019SciA....5.2189S
2023:2007JGRF..112.2S03C
1933:2000IJCli..20.1729L
1900:on 10 December 2022
1850:on 12 January 2006.
1844:National Geographic
1745:North and East Asia
1632:. 18 February 2020.
1246:, expansion of the
1236:Indian subcontinent
1169:and precipitation.
729:convergent boundary
301: /
5599:Landforms of Tibet
5500:Quaternary science
5397:Physical geography
5178:Statistical survey
5128:Geologic modelling
4967:Quaternary science
4456:(ceremonial scarf)
4427:Dzong architecture
4244:Imperial Preceptor
4114:Sovereignty debate
4060:Etymology of Tibet
3672:Lhasa riot of 1750
3667:Jinchuan campaigns
3652:Battle of Dartsedo
3570:Qing dynasty rule
3513:Yuan dynasty rule
3487:(9thâ13th century)
2870:10.1007/BF00209444
2800:. pp. 175â99.
1781:LLC. p. 137.
1703:Hopkirk 1983, p. 1
1453:Geography of Tibet
1434:
1388:
1311:
1240:extensive rainfall
1209:
1178:
1138:
1075:
1015:
885:, are as follows:
837:
815:strike-slip faults
776:
681:. You can help by
664:
567:range of northern
561:Hengduan Mountains
513:high-mountain Asia
362:, western half of
5589:Plateaus of India
5584:Plateaus of China
5561:
5560:
5495:Landscape ecology
5439:Coastal geography
5363:
5362:
5229:
5228:
5061:
5060:
5048:Landscape ecology
4868:Coastal geography
4628:
4627:
4603:Mongolian Plateau
4575:Plateaus of China
4541:
4540:
4506:
4505:
4198:
4197:
4162:
4161:
4065:Foreign relations
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
3866:
3865:
3722:QinghaiâTibet War
3692:Sikkim expedition
3682:DograâTibetan War
3677:Sino-Nepalese War
3612:political leaders
3590:Post-Qing to 1950
3543:Rinpungpa dynasty
3454:(7thâ9th century)
3200:World Archaeology
3190:978-0-87477-257-9
3183:. J. P. Tarcher.
2769:. 45/46: 71â108.
2394:978-0-14-342093-4
2387:. Penguin Books.
2067:978-7-5085-0665-4
2017:(F2): F02S64755.
1964:Ni, Jian (2000).
1927:(14): 1729â1742.
1825:978-0-13-022484-2
1788:978-0-549-50627-0
1759:978-1-4034-9898-4
1728:978-0-306-46257-3
1548:Himalayan Plateau
1543:QÄ«ngâZĂ ng GÄoyuĂĄn
1463:Tibet (1912â1951)
1256:biotic life zones
1217:radiative forcing
1204:Midui Glacier in
1134:Brahmaputra River
855:, and species of
849:Species diversity
785:until the latest
760:sedimentary rocks
699:
698:
436:Roof of the World
336:QingâZang Plateau
330:, also known as
324:
323:
283:Range coordinates
182:Arunachal Pradesh
172:, North and East
57:Taklamakan Desert
37:QÄ«ngâZĂ ng GÄoyuĂĄn
5651:
5579:Plateaus of Asia
5549:
5548:
5537:
5525:
5524:
5512:
5430:Paleoclimatology
5390:
5383:
5376:
5367:
5351:
5350:
5339:
5338:
5327:
5315:
5314:
5143:Geovisualization
5072:
5015:Spatial analysis
4900:Paleoclimatology
4709:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4632:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4545:
4526:
4519:
4457:
4234:Tibetan Buddhism
4207:
4173:
4043:
4033:
3881:
3877:
3739:Battle of Chamdo
3717:Sino-Tibetan War
3573:
3536:
3516:
3506:
3488:
3478:
3465:List of emperors
3455:
3437:
3418:Historical money
3393:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3320:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3223:
3194:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3024:(9): 1341â1348.
3008:
3002:
3001:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2740:
2734:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2665:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2528:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2460:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2116:Science Advances
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2089:on 5 August 2007
2085:. Archived from
2078:
2072:
2071:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1894:. Archived from
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1846:. Archived from
1836:
1830:
1829:
1809:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1660:
1654:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1535:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1494:
1478:Tibetan diaspora
1428:The old town of
1141:Role in monsoons
1083:Extinct humans (
1079:History of Tibet
1064:Tibetan Buddhist
964:Qilian Mountains
905:Kunlun Mountains
744:Upper Cretaceous
717:metamorphic rock
694:
691:
673:
666:
585:Kunlun Mountains
577:Lake Manasarovar
529:Qilian Mountains
521:Kunlun Mountains
400:Gilgit-Baltistan
396:Himachal Pradesh
392:Lahaul and Spiti
316:
315:
313:
312:
311:
306:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
273:
271:
270:
260:
258:
257:
248:
246:
245:
239:(Northern Nepal)
235:
233:
232:
218:
216:
215:
201:
199:
198:
174:Himachal Pradesh
160:
158:
157:
123:
121:
120:
104:
49:
39:
33:
32:
21:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5634:Montane ecology
5629:Regions of Asia
5574:Tibetan Plateau
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5513:
5504:
5434:Palaeogeography
5399:
5394:
5364:
5359:
5303:
5260:
5225:
5192:
5111:Distributed GIS
5057:
5019:
4971:
4904:Palaeogeography
4832:
4700:
4667:
4659:
4629:
4624:
4615:Tibetan Plateau
4608:Bashang Plateau
4577:
4572:
4542:
4537:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4502:
4455:
4362:
4194:
4158:
4128:
4041:
4014:
3981:
3958:Tibetan Plateau
3953:Rongbuk Glacier
3939:Yarlung Tsangpo
3862:
3775:
3702:Batang uprising
3624:
3618:
3571:
3565:Khoshut Khanate
3553:Ganden Phodrang
3548:Tsangpa dynasty
3534:
3514:
3504:
3486:
3476:
3453:
3447:Yarlung dynasty
3435:
3422:
3382:
3373:
3339:Tibetan History
3311:
3290:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3262:Wayback Machine
3231:
3226:
3197:
3191:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2838:Ice Age cycle".
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2731:Wayback Machine
2721:
2714:
2707:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2395:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2123:(3): eaav2189.
2107:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1942:10.1.1.669.5900
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1892:Financial Times
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1468:Tibetan culture
1443:Bayan Har block
1422:
1417:
1416:
1412:Paris Agreement
1396:
1349:
1339:
1303:
1267:meltwater lakes
1196:
1149:
1143:
1126:
1081:
1057:
989:Yarlung Tsangpo
951:located in the
895:Pamir Mountains
823:
779:Palaeobotanical
705:
695:
689:
686:
679:needs expansion
649:
509:
457:in surrounding
449:of most of the
447:drainage basins
424:mountain ranges
406:, northwestern
328:Tibetan Plateau
309:
307:
303:
300:
295:
292:
290:
288:
287:
268:
266:
265:
255:
253:
252:
243:
241:
240:
230:
228:
227:
224:Wakhan Corridor
213:
211:
210:
196:
194:
193:
155:
153:
152:
118:
116:
108:
107:
60:
24:Tibetan Plateau
17:
12:
11:
5:
5657:
5655:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5566:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5543:
5531:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5445:
5436:
5423:
5421:Phytogeography
5414:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5345:
5333:
5321:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5173:Remote sensing
5170:
5168:Photogrammetry
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5133:Geomathematics
5130:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5080:
5078:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5053:Time geography
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4995:Geoinformatics
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4950:
4941:
4936:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4911:
4906:
4893:
4888:
4874:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4856:Phytogeography
4853:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4596:Wuzhang Plains
4593:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4471:
4459:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4405:wall paintings
4402:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4336:Tibetan people
4333:
4331:Social classes
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4231:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3968:Nature Reserve
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3607:PRC annexation
3599:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:List of rulers
3405:
3399:
3397:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3309:
3304:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3229:External links
3227:
3225:
3224:
3206:(3): 387â414.
3195:
3189:
3177:Hopkirk, Peter
3172:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3106:
3059:
3003:
2985:
2974:. 20 July 2021
2957:
2905:
2896:Polarforschung
2883:
2840:
2819:(1â2): 3â276.
2803:
2788:
2757:
2735:
2712:
2705:
2685:
2628:
2616:
2601:David Miller.
2593:
2568:
2542:
2490:
2464:Tectonophysics
2446:
2408:
2393:
2373:
2312:
2264:
2208:
2160:
2100:
2073:
2066:
2046:
1997:
1956:
1911:
1878:
1853:
1831:
1824:
1794:
1787:
1765:
1758:
1734:
1727:
1721:. p. 32.
1705:
1696:
1675:
1655:
1635:
1621:
1607:
1592:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1518:
1512:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1421:
1418:
1397:
1389:
1338:
1337:Climate change
1335:
1302:
1299:
1291:downslope wind
1195:
1192:
1145:Main article:
1142:
1139:
1125:
1122:
1118:Tibetan Empire
1077:Main article:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1003:
1002:
992:
981:
974:
967:
956:
945:
934:
924:
917:
907:
897:
822:
819:
752:Eurasian Plate
737:Eurasian Plate
709:Alpine Orogeny
701:Main article:
697:
696:
676:
674:
648:
645:
508:
505:
501:climate change
384:Indian regions
322:
321:
318:
317:
285:
279:
278:
114:
110:
109:
105:
99:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
50:
42:
41:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5656:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5554:
5553:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5511:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5476:Geostatistics
5474:
5472:
5471:Geomorphology
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5386:
5384:
5379:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5356:
5355:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Geostatistics
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:Geochronology
5099:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4930:Geomorphology
4928:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4877:Earth science
4875:
4873:
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2856:(4): 581â96.
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2605:. asinart.com
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2420:Geomorphology
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2016:
2012:
2008:
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1998:
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1989:
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1967:
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1812:Prentice Hall
1808:
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1671:0-7230-1025-0
1668:
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1651:0-528-83190-9
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1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:diurnal cycle
1184:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:
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1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
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1091:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1055:Human history
1054:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
968:
965:
962:covering the
961:
957:
954:
950:
946:
943:
942:Garuda Valley
939:
935:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
906:
902:
898:
896:
892:
888:
887:
886:
884:
880:
876:
874:
870:
869:water buffalo
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:alpine tundra
842:
835:
831:
827:
820:
818:
816:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
791:Early Miocene
788:
784:
780:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
704:
693:
684:
680:
677:This section
675:
672:
668:
667:
661:
657:
653:
646:
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
619:to the West.
618:
614:
613:Hexi Corridor
610:
609:Ordos Plateau
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:Hexi Corridor
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
428:Mount Everest
425:
421:
417:
414:and southern
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:) as well as
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:Western China
370:provinces in
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
314:
286:
284:
280:
276:
263:
251:
238:
225:
221:
208:
204:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
115:
111:
103:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
27:
22:
19:
5550:
5538:
5526:
5448:Soil science
5443:Oceanography
5417:Biogeography
5352:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5277:Geo-literacy
5234:Institutions
5116:Internet GIS
5076:Quantitative
4953:Soil science
4872:Oceanography
4861:Zoogeography
4846:Biogeography
4721:Agricultural
4614:
4473:
4466:
4452:
4400:sand mandala
4392:
4385:
4326:Sinicization
4298:Panchen Lama
4293:Lhamo La-tso
4276:Ganden Tripa
4070:Human rights
3957:
3944:Grand Canyon
3924:Namcha Barwa
3917: /
3595:Tibetan Army
3493:Guge kingdom
3316:
3282:. Retrieved
3203:
3199:
3180:
3149:10138/344541
3126:(1): 24â38.
3123:
3119:
3109:
3076:
3072:
3021:
3017:
3006:
2998:the original
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2971:ScienceDaily
2969:
2960:
2923:
2920:Microbiology
2919:
2908:
2902:(1/2): 1â13.
2899:
2895:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2766:
2760:
2752:the original
2738:
2694:
2688:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2581:ScienceDaily
2580:
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2554:
2545:
2508:
2504:
2493:
2468:
2462:
2449:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2383:
2376:
2331:
2325:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2283:
2277:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2227:
2221:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2179:
2173:
2163:
2120:
2114:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2087:the original
2076:
2056:
2049:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1976:(1): 80â89.
1973:
1969:
1959:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1897:the original
1891:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1848:the original
1843:
1834:
1805:
1797:
1774:
1768:
1744:
1737:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1678:
1662:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1624:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1589:. CRC Press.
1586:
1580:
1558:
1547:
1546:; or as the
1541:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1492:
1415:mid-century.
1378:
1371:
1358:
1350:
1327:Phylogenetic
1312:
1271:Qaidam Basin
1264:
1225:
1210:
1197:
1179:
1167:condensation
1163:low pressure
1150:
1095:
1088:
1082:
953:Qaidam Basin
877:
857:snow leopard
853:Tibetan wolf
838:
799:
777:
756:Tethys Ocean
741:
731:between the
706:
690:January 2011
687:
683:adding to it
678:
656:Yamdrok Lake
621:
617:China proper
593:Qaidam Basin
581:
555:and western
510:
495:because its
490:
440:
335:
331:
327:
325:
18:
5426:Climatology
5412:Meteorology
5354:WikiProject
5206:Ethnography
5198:Qualitative
5158:Map algebra
5153:Hydrography
5094:Web mapping
5084:Cartography
4896:Climatology
4886:Meteorology
4741:Development
4410:wall murals
4314:Catholicism
3898:Environment
3572:(1720â1912)
3535:(1368â1644)
3515:(1270â1350)
3436:(Neolithic)
3434:Prehistory
2609:10 February
2536:10651/50748
2471:: 112â124.
2427:: 393â405.
2305:13 December
2201:24 December
1904:1 September
1689:19 February
1509:bod sa mtho
1404:power lines
1279:Gobi Desert
1275:Tarim Basin
1252:Arabian Sea
1248:Thar Desert
1228:thermal low
821:Environment
713:sedimentary
573:Indus River
537:Gobi Desert
525:Tarim Basin
507:Description
483:water tower
374:, southern
366:, Southern
308: /
220:Afghanistan
184:, Northern
180:, Northern
178:Uttarakhand
143:, Southern
139:, Northern
5568:Categories
5481:Glaciology
5461:Geobiology
5456:Edaphology
5211:Geopoetics
5025:Integrated
4961:Edaphology
4939:Glaciology
4914:Geophysics
4909:Geobiology
4796:Settlement
4786:Population
4756:Historical
4726:Behavioral
4686:Philosophy
4493:Tibetology
4462:Literature
4281:Dalai Lama
4134:Government
4092:Tibet Area
4087:Golden Urn
4053:Parliament
3578:Lifan Yuan
3505:(960â1279)
3442:Zhangzhung
3427:Chronology
3079:(1): 238.
2926:(1): 160.
2850:GeoJournal
2813:GeoJournal
2511:: e00455.
2257:6 November
1814:. p.
1653:pp. 164â65
1567:References
1501:àœàœŒàœàŒàœŠàŒàœàœàœŒàŒ
1341:See also:
1277:, and the
1260:Javan rusa
1154:turbulence
1085:Denisovans
879:Ecoregions
830:Yangbajain
727:along the
660:pilgrimage
636:Permafrost
589:Altyn-Tagh
497:ice fields
492:Third Pole
443:headwaters
416:Kyrgyzstan
412:Tajikistan
410:, eastern
358:, most of
275:Kyrgyzstan
262:Tajikistan
190:Darjeeling
176:, Norther
147:, Western
135:, Western
65:Dimensions
5490:Limnology
5486:Hydrology
5265:Education
5183:Surveying
5005:Geomatics
4985:Geodesign
4977:Technical
4948:Limnology
4944:Hydrology
4823:Strategic
4806:Transport
4781:Political
4771:Marketing
4731:Cognitive
4662:Geography
4475:Chronicle
4437:Festivals
4249:Dpon-chen
4219:Languages
4214:Education
3963:Changtang
3905:Mountains
3872:Geography
3780:Documents
3625:conflicts
3477:(618â907)
3396:Overviews
3158:245917456
3101:252849121
3054:250091380
3038:1546-1696
2978:14 August
2878:129234912
2833:128089823
2672:0036-8075
2403:855957425
2286:: 31â42.
2252:135460949
2230:: 33â40.
2182:: 14â22.
1992:128916992
1937:CiteSeerX
1572:Citations
1242:over the
1234:over the
1221:latitudes
1114:Changtang
1109:grassland
1101:Himalayas
1000:Himalayas
932:Changtang
802:peneplain
787:Oligocene
764:volcanoes
640:Changtang
565:Karakoram
352:East Asia
305:33°N 88°E
207:Baltistan
94:Geography
53:Himalayan
5528:Category
5452:Pedology
5318:Category
4957:Pedology
4838:Physical
4801:Regional
4791:Religion
4776:Military
4766:Language
4761:Internet
4746:Economic
4736:Cultural
4705:Branches
4676:Glossary
4533:Category
4417:Calendar
4351:Diaspora
4224:Religion
4028:Politics
3929:Tanggula
3919:Changtse
3623:Wars and
3498:Tsongkha
3460:Timeline
3403:Timeline
3380:articles
3294:cite web
3258:Archived
3220:13534630
3179:(1983).
3046:35760913
2952:34281625
2727:Archived
2680:30498126
2626:BBC News
2561:21 March
2368:26371325
2155:30854430
2041:14450823
1871:7 August
1779:ProQuest
1719:Springer
1420:See also
1408:SSP2-4.5
1374:latitude
1364:and the
1319:ice core
1206:Nyingchi
865:wild ass
861:wild yak
783:lowlands
735:and the
628:brackish
597:Dunhuang
479:glaciers
404:Pakistan
376:Xinjiang
203:Pakistan
145:Xinjiang
113:Location
5552:Commons
5466:Geology
5342:Commons
5121:Web GIS
4990:Geodesy
4934:Geology
4918:Geodesy
4851:Ecology
4828:Tourism
4696:Outline
4681:History
4517:Outline
4481:writers
4422:Cuisine
4387:thangka
4368:Culture
4341:Changpa
4256:Nyingma
4203:Society
4168:Economy
4003:Ă-Tsang
3977:Valleys
3935:Rivers
3910:Kailash
3470:Lönchen
3452:Empire
3388:History
3169:Sources
3128:Bibcode
3081:Bibcode
2943:8290583
2858:Bibcode
2771:Bibcode
2650:Bibcode
2642:Science
2513:Bibcode
2473:Bibcode
2429:Bibcode
2359:4593086
2336:Bibcode
2288:Bibcode
2232:Bibcode
2184:Bibcode
2146:6402856
2125:Bibcode
2093:29 June
2019:Bibcode
1929:Bibcode
1530:Chinese
1526:Burmese
1497:Tibetan
1430:Gyantse
1323:biomass
1315:glacier
1289:by the
1269:in the
1232:monsoon
1147:Monsoon
1105:Tibetan
987:in the
841:montane
806:erosion
725:orogeny
605:Qinling
569:Kashmir
557:Sichuan
549:Yangtze
541:Salween
471:Yangtze
459:regions
451:streams
445:of the
420:plateau
364:Sichuan
360:Qinghai
344:Central
340:plateau
137:Sichuan
133:Qinghai
5540:Portal
5330:Portal
4818:Social
4751:Health
4665:topics
4468:Annals
4432:Emblem
4394:tsakli
4266:Jonang
3915:Lhotse
3859:(2008)
3558:Kashag
3378:
3218:
3187:
3156:
3099:
3052:
3044:
3036:
2950:
2940:
2876:
2831:
2703:
2678:
2670:
2586:6 July
2401:
2391:
2366:
2356:
2250:
2153:
2143:
2064:
2039:
1990:
1939:
1822:
1785:
1756:
1725:
1669:
1649:
1540::
1538:pinyin
1532::
1366:Ganges
1331:plants
1273:, the
1244:Sahara
1097:Nomads
1090:Nature
1011:Namtso
944:region
915:Ladakh
810:infill
795:rising
624:steppe
601:Golmud
553:Yunnan
547:, and
545:Mekong
475:Mekong
473:, and
467:Yellow
455:rivers
388:Ladakh
382:, the
380:Bhutan
350:, and
310:33; 88
272:
259:
250:Bhutan
247:
234:
217:
200:
186:Sikkim
166:Ladakh
159:
141:Yunnan
122:
70:Length
4811:Urban
4713:Human
4691:Index
4591:Hetao
4524:Index
4488:Music
4453:Khata
4356:Names
4346:Yolmo
4319:Islam
4271:Gelug
4261:Kagyu
4239:Sakya
4042:(TAR)
4008:Ngari
3893:Fauna
3888:Flora
3376:Tibet
3284:9 May
3216:S2CID
3154:S2CID
3097:S2CID
3050:S2CID
2874:S2CID
2829:S2CID
2459:(PDF)
2248:S2CID
2037:S2CID
1988:S2CID
1673:p. 39
1552:India
1505:Wylie
1484:Notes
1362:Indus
1295:loess
1287:blown
1071:Ngawa
1067:stupa
834:Lhasa
559:(the
465:(the
408:Nepal
368:Gansu
348:South
237:Nepal
162:India
149:Gansu
129:Tibet
78:Width
4442:Flag
4381:rugs
4303:list
4286:list
4075:LGBT
3998:Kham
3993:Amdo
3300:link
3286:2006
3185:ISBN
3042:PMID
3034:ISSN
2980:2023
2948:PMID
2701:ISBN
2676:PMID
2668:ISSN
2611:2008
2588:2024
2563:2013
2399:OCLC
2389:ISBN
2364:PMID
2307:2022
2259:2022
2203:2022
2151:PMID
2095:2007
2062:ISBN
1906:2013
1873:2024
1820:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1691:2009
1667:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1534:éèé«ć
1345:and
1283:Silt
1046:The
1039:The
1032:The
1025:The
1018:The
994:The
983:The
976:The
969:The
958:The
947:The
936:The
926:The
919:The
909:The
899:The
889:The
808:and
715:and
632:hail
535:and
487:flow
463:Asia
453:and
430:and
390:and
334:and
326:The
296:88°E
293:33°N
86:Area
31:éèé«ć
4376:Art
4229:Bon
3208:doi
3144:hdl
3136:doi
3089:doi
3026:doi
2938:PMC
2928:doi
2866:doi
2821:doi
2779:doi
2748:BBC
2658:doi
2646:362
2531:hdl
2521:doi
2481:doi
2469:676
2437:doi
2425:295
2354:PMC
2344:doi
2332:112
2296:doi
2284:362
2240:doi
2228:524
2192:doi
2180:126
2141:PMC
2133:doi
2027:doi
2015:112
1978:doi
1947:doi
1816:430
1550:in
1093:.
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723:or
685:.
438:".
402:in
386:of
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