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topographically uniform elevated flatland that it is today. The
Tibetan Plateau's mean elevation continued to vary since its initial uplift in the Eocene; isotopic records show the plateau's altitude was around 3,000 metres above sea level around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary and that it fell by 900 metres between 25.5 and 21.6 million years ago, attributable to tectonic unroofing from eastâwest extension or to erosion from climatic weathering. The plateau subsequently rose by 500 to 1,000 metres between 21.6 and 20.4 million years ago.
1071:
1176:. The pressure anomaly then causes a steady wind to blow toward the land, which brings the moist air over the ocean surface with it. Rainfall is then increased by the presence of the moist ocean air. The rainfall is stimulated by a variety of mechanisms, such as low-level air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows near the surface. When such lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces
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1413:(sometimes known as "the Third Pole"), also has an extensive permafrost area. It is warming at twice the global average rate, and 40% of it is already considered "warm" permafrost, making it particularly unstable. QinghaiâTibet Plateau has a population of over 10 million people â double the population of permafrost regions in the Arctic â and over 1 million m of buildings are located in its permafrost area, as well as 2,631 km of
804:, enabling biotic interchange across Tibet. The age of eastâwest grabens in the Lhasa and Himalaya terranes suggests that the plateau's elevation was close to its modern altitude by around 14 to 8 million years ago. Erosion rates in Tibet decreased significantly around 10 million years ago. The Indo-Australian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to move upwards; the plateau is still
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1421:, around 60% of the current infrastructure would be at high risk by 2090 and simply maintaining it would cost $ 6.31 billion, with adaptation reducing these costs by 20.9% at most. Holding the global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F) would reduce these costs to $ 5.65 billion, and fulfilling the optimistic
823:
of topographic depressions that occurred at already high elevations. The current tectonics of the plateau are also debated. The best-regarded explanations are provided by the block model and the alternative continuum model. According to the former, the crust of the plateau is formed of several blocks
1162:
Monsoons are caused by the different amplitudes of surface temperature seasonal cycles between land and oceans. This differential warming occurs because heating rates differ between land and water. Ocean heating is distributed vertically through a "mixed layer" that may be 50 meters deep through the
653:
region in the northwestern part of the plateau. Here the average altitude exceeds 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) and winter temperatures can drop to â40 °C (â40 °F). As a result of this extremely inhospitable environment, the
Changtang region (together with the adjoining Kekexili region) is
2848:
See chapter entitled: "Reconstruction of an approximately complete
Quaternary Tibetan Inland Glaciation between the Mt. Everest and Cho Oyu Massifs and the Aksai Chin. â A new glaciogeomorphological southeast-northwest diagonal profile through Tibet and its consequences for the glacial isostasy and
1191:
In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean maintains the heat longer. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling. Monsoons are similar to
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of liquid water is significantly greater than that of most materials that make up land. Together, these factors mean that the heat capacity of the layer participating in the seasonal cycle is much larger over the oceans than over land, with the consequence that the land warms and cools faster than
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by raising livestock rather than crops, which are unsuitable to the terrain. Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest human occupation of the plateau occurred between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. Since colonization of the
Tibetan Plateau, Tibetan culture has adapted and flourished in the
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Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China, and the
Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world. In the short term, this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows. In the long run, the glaciers are vital lifelines for
2427:
Lia, Jijun; Ma, Zhenhua; Li, Xiaomiao; Peng, Tingjiang; Guo, Benhong; Zhang, Jun; Song, Chunhui; Liu, Jia; Hui, Zhengchuang; Yu, Hao; Ye, Xiyan; Liu, Shanpin; Wang Xiuxi (2017). "Late
Miocene-Pliocene geomorphological evolution of the Xiaoshuizi peneplain in the Maxian Mountains and its tectonic
593:
The
Tibetan Plateau is bounded in the north by a broad escarpment where the altitude drops from around 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) over a horizontal distance of less than 150 kilometres (93 mi). Along the escarpment is a range of mountains. In the west, the
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target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) would save a further $ 1.32 billion. In particular, fewer than 20% of railways would be at high risk by 2100 under 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), yet this increases to 60% at 2 °C (3.6 °F), while under SSP5-8.5, this level of risk is met by
777:
that fringed its edges. Since these sediments were light, they crumpled into mountain ranges rather than sinking to the floor. During this early stage of its formation in the Late
Palaeogene, Tibet consisted of a deep palaeovalley bounded by multiple mountain ranges rather than the more
1200:
of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale, stronger and seasonal. The seasonal monsoon wind shift and weather associated with the heating and cooling of the
Tibetan plateau is the strongest such monsoon on Earth.
2924:
Zhong, Zhi-Ping; Tian, Funing; Roux, Simon; GazitĂșa, M. Consuelo; Solonenko, Natalie E.; Li, Yueh-Fen; Davis, Mary E.; Van Etten, James L.; Mosley-Thompson, Ellen; Rich, Virginia I.; Sullivan, Matthew B.; Thompson, Lonnie G. (20 July 2021).
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Ran, Youhua; Cheng, Guodong; Dong, Yuanhong; Hjort, Jan; Lovecraft, Amy Lauren; Kang, Shichang; Tan, Meibao; Li, Xin (13 October 2022). "Permafrost degradation increases risk and large future costs of infrastructure on the Third Pole".
2509:
Werhahn, Geraldine; Senn, Helen; Ghazali, Muhammad; Karmacharya, Dibesh; Sherchan, Adarsh Man; Joshi, Jyoti; Kusi, Naresh; López-Bao, José Vincente; Rosen, Tanya; Kachel, Shannon; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; MacDonald, David W. (2018).
2119:
Su, T.; Farnsworth, A.; Spicer, R. A.; Huang, J.; Wu, F.-X.; Liu, J.; Li, S.-F.; Xing, Y.-W.; Huang, Y.-J.; Deng, W.-Y.-D.; Tang, H.; Xu, C.-L.; Zhao, F.; Strivastava, G.; Valdes, P. J.; Deng, T.; Zhou, Z.-K. (6 March 2019).
3022:
Liu, Yongqin; Ji, Mukan; Yu, Tao; Zaugg, Julian; Anesio, Alexandre M.; Zhang, Zhihao; Hu, Songnian; Hugenholtz, Philip; Liu, Keshao; Liu, Pengfei; Chen, Yuying; Luo, Yingfeng; Yao, Tandong (September 2022).
1417:, and 580 km of railways. There are also 9,389 km of roads, and around 30% are already sustaining damage from permafrost thaw. Estimates suggest that under the scenario most similar to today,
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road. To the west are short ranges called the Danghe, Yema, Shule, and Tulai
Nanshans. The easternmost range is the Qilian Mountains. The line of mountains continues east of the plateau as the
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glaciers and is particularly vulnerable to global warming. Over the past five decades, 80% of the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau have retreated, losing 4.5% of their combined areal coverage.
1226:, an approximately 2,400,000 square kilometres (930,000 sq mi) ice sheet covered the plateau. Due to its great extent, this glaciation in the subtropics was an important element of
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above sea level, with an area of 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi). With an average elevation exceeding 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) and being surrounded by imposing
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Tremblay, Marissa M.; Fox, Matthew; Schmidt, Jennifer L.; Tripathy-Lang, Alka; Wielicki, Matthew M.; Harrison, T. Mark; Zeitler, Peter K.; Shuster, David L. (14 September 2015).
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2227:
Liu, Jia; Su, Tao; Spicer, Robert A.; Tang, He; Deng, Wei-Yu-Dong; Wu, Fei-Xiang; Srivastava, Gaurav; Spicer, Teresa; Do, Truong Van; Deng, Tao; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (15 June 2019).
645:. The southern and eastern edges of the steppe have grasslands that can sustainably support populations of nomadic herdsmen, although frost occurs for six months of the year.
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the ocean. In turn, air over the land warms faster and reaches a higher temperature than does air over the ocean. The warmer air over land tends to rise, creating an area of
1336:
in those 15,000-year-old samples, it had taken around 5 years of research to extract 33 viruses, of which 28 were new to science. None had survived the extraction process.
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occurs over extensive parts of the plateau. Proceeding to the north and northwest, the plateau becomes progressively higher, colder, and drier, until reaching the remote
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429:. It stretches approximately 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) north to south and 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) east to west. It is the world's highest and largest
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Kuhle, M. (1999). "Tibet and High Asia V. Results of Investigations into High Mountain Geomorphology, Paleo-Glaciology and Climatology of the Pleistocene".
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Much of the Tibetan Plateau is of relatively low relief. The cause of this is debated among geologists. Some argue that the Tibetan Plateau is an uplifted
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1127:, is generally too high and cold to support permanent population. One of the most notable civilizations to have developed on the Tibetan Plateau is the
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Kuhle, Matthias (1998). "Reconstruction of the 2.4 Million km Late Pleistocene Ice Sheet on the Tibetan Plateau and its Impact on the Global Climate".
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Development in Quaternary Science 2c (Quaternary Glaciation â Extent and Chronology, Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica)
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Zhang, X. L.; Ha, B. B.; Wang, S. J.; Chen, Z. J.; Ge, J. Y.; Long, H.; He, W.; Da, W.; Nian, X. M.; Yi, M. J.; Zhou, X. Y. (30 November 2018).
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1230:. With a much lower latitude, the ice in Tibet reflected at least four times more radiation energy per unit area into space than ice at higher
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are the remainders of nomadic practices historically once widespread in Asia and Africa. Pastoral nomads constitute about 40% of the ethnic
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3352:-The true history of any region cannot be fully understood without knowing the basic characteristics of a region and of its inhabitants
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cover the southeastern and eastern parts of the plateau and are generally rainier than the other high-altitude Tibetan Plateau regions
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Kuhle, M (2004). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in High and Central Asia". In Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L. (eds.).
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Ice of the plateau provides a valuable window to the past. In 2015, researchers studying the Plateau reached the top of the Guliya
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Kuhle, Matthias (2001). "The Tibetan Ice Sheet; its Impact on the Palaeomonsoon and Relation to the Earth's Orbital Variations".
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550:. To the east and southeast the plateau gives way to the forested gorge and ridge geography of the mountainous headwaters of the
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and clay from the glaciers accumulated in these lakes; when the lakes dried at the end of the ice age, the silt and clay were
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1167:, whereas the land surface conducts heat slowly, with the seasonal signal penetrating only a meter or so. Additionally, the
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and the Kunluns, by convention, continue somewhat to the south. In the 'V' formed by this split is the western part of the
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1328:, with ice thickness of 310 m (1,020 ft), and drilled to a depth of 50 m (160 ft) in order to recover
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the least populous region in Asia and the third least populous area in the world after Antarctica and northern Greenland.
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2181:"Paleoelevation of Tibetan Lunpola basin in the OligoceneâMiocene transition estimated from leaf wax lipid dual isotopes"
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population. The presence of nomadic peoples on the plateau is predicated on their adaptation to survival on the world's
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The geological history of the Tibetan Plateau is closely related to that of the Himalayas. The Himalayas belong to the
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at a rate of approximately 5 mm (0.2 in) per year (although erosion reduces the actual increase in height).
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evidence indicates that the Nujiang Suture Zone and the Yarlung-Zangpo Suture Zone remained tropical or subtropical
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1098:) lived on the Tibetan plateau from around 200,000 to 40,000 years ago. this is according to a study published in
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Contemporary lifestyle and language learning center from Tibet lhasa, the official language of Tibetan. podcast.
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1234:. Thus, while the modern plateau heats the overlying atmosphere, during the Last Ice Age it helped to cool it.
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reach up mountain valleys in the southern plateau and contain some of the highest altitude forests in the world
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Detailed map of QinghaiâTibet Plateau infrastructure at risk from permafrost thaw under the SSP2-4.5 scenario.
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cover the eastern edges of the plateau and are the densest forests to be found anywhere on the Tibetan Plateau
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is generally reduced on the plateau due to the elevation and low precipitation. The Tibetan Plateau hosts the
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Kuhle, M. (1988). "The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages â An Autocycle Hypothesis".
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Xu, Qiang; Ding, Lin; Zhang, Liyun; Cai, Fulong; Lai, Qingzhou; Yang, Di; Liu-Zeng, Jing (15 January 2013).
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828:. In the latter, the plateau is affected by distributed deformation resulting from flow within the crust.
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2649:"The earliest human occupation of the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau 40 thousand to 30 thousand years ago"
2512:"The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high-altitudes and consequences for conservation"
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lakes. Annual precipitation ranges from 100 to 300 millimetres (3.9 to 11.8 in) and falls mainly as
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separate the plateau from the Tarim Basin. About halfway across the Tarim the bounding range becomes the
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Hjort, Jan; Streletskiy, Dmitry; Doré, Guy; Wu, Qingbai; Bjella, Kevin; Luoto, Miska (11 January 2022).
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The location where ice core was taken, and the age of the dead microorganisms found at different depths.
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2018:"Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau"
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The Tibetan Plateau contains the world's third-largest store of ice. Qin Dahe, the former head of the
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cover the mountain valleys that reach 500 km (310 mi) into the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
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and are therefore among the younger mountain ranges on the planet, consisting mostly of uplifted
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2333:"Erosion in southern Tibet shut down at ~10 Ma due to enhanced rock uplift within the Himalaya"
765:. About 50 million years ago, this fast-moving Indo-Australian plate had completely closed the
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2094:"The Yamdrok Tso Hydropower Plant in Tibet: A Multi-facetted and Highly Controversial Project"
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Liu, Xiaodong; Chen (2000). "Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades".
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1977:"A Simulation of Biomes on the Tibetan Plateau and Their Responses to Global Climate Change"
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This region is also liable to suffer damages from permafrost thaw caused by climate change.
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river Valley, where most of the permanent human population on the Tibetan Plateau lives
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3209:
Brantingham, P. J. & Xing, G. (2006). "Peopling of the northern Tibetan Plateau".
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2229:"Biotic interchange through lowlands of Tibetan Plateau suture zones during Paleogene"
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Today, Tibet is an important heating surface of the atmosphere. However, during the
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contain the largest reserve of fresh water outside the polar regions. The impact of
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858:-like environment, other areas feature monsoon-influenced shrublands and forests.
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1641:"In Little Tibet, a story of how displaced people rebuilt life in a distant land"
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on the Indian subcontinent. Animals responded to this shift in climate, with the
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western, southern, and eastern regions of the plateau. The northern portion, the
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The Tibetan Plateau supports a variety of ecosystems, most of them classified as
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is one of the four largest lakes in Tibet. All four lakes are considered sacred
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2467:"Active tectonics of the GanziâYushu fault in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Jia, Guodong; Bai, Yang; Ma, Yongjia; Sun, Jimin; Peng, Ping'an (March 2015).
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Jones, J.A.; Liu, Changming; Woo, Ming-Ko; Kung, Hsiang-Te (6 December 2012).
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2285:"Paleogene high elevations in the Qiangtang Terrane, central Tibetan Plateau"
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The Himalayas as seen from space looking south from over the Tibetan Plateau.
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off the Plateau. These airborne fine grains produced the enormous amount of
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1119:
1111:
1095:
1010:
942:
889:
812:
797:
650:
575:
527:
507:
362:
217:
3126:
3056:
2962:
2690:
2378:
2165:
2147:
941:
covers most of the central portions of the Tibetan Plateau and the eastern
2891:. Tibet and High-Asia I. Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I).
904:
covers the western end of the Tibetan Plateau where it transitions to the
815:
formed at low altitude, while others argue that the low relief stems from
5462:
4967:
3929:
3508:
2466:
2042:
2017:
1789:
1384:
1329:
1231:
1216:
984:
covering parts of the mountain ranges in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
871:
607:
414:
386:
213:
155:
63:
3159:
1962:
10.1002/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1729::aid-joc556>3.0.co;2-y
934:
on the edges mountains bordering the extreme west of the Tibetan Plateau
5476:
5131:
5000:
4944:
4928:
4861:
4397:
4351:
4266:
3558:
2880:
2546:
1786:
Contractional and Extensional Tectonics During the India-Asia Collision
1440:
1333:
1325:
1250:
1242:
1157:
851:
816:
793:
774:
735:
615:
579:
567:
559:
489:
481:
430:
374:
370:
350:
147:
143:
3277:
3245:
1183:
5376:
4276:
3925:
3808:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
3803:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
3568:
3192:
Trespassers on the Roof of the World: The Secret Exploration of Tibet
2393:
1548:
1379:. Once they vanish, water supplies in those regions will be in peril.
1376:
1254:
1021:
925:
886:, that can live at elevations of over 6,500 metres (21,300 ft).
761:, moving at about 15 cm (6 in) per year, collided with the
634:
611:
563:
555:
485:
469:
461:
398:
390:
260:
196:
176:
151:
4554:
2395:
Land of the seven rivers : a brief history of India's geography
1598:
River Morphodynamics and Stream Ecology of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
1596:
Wang, Zhaoyin; Li, Zhiwei; Xu, Mengzhen; Yu, Guoan (30 March 2016).
522:
The Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by the massive mountain ranges of
4641:
1435:
1237:
This cooling had multiple effects on regional climate. Without the
1143:
NASA satellite image of the south-eastern area of Tibetan Plateau.
4601:
4462:
4281:
4271:
4144:
3833:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
3386:
2588:"Extinct humans survived on the Tibetan plateau for 160,000 years"
2465:
Shi, F.; He, H.; Densmore, A.L.; Li, A.; Yang, X.; Xu, X. (2016).
1817:
World regions in global context: peoples, places, and environments
1562:
1434:
1392:
1372:
1341:
1315:
1305:
1210:
1182:
1138:
1107:
1077:
1069:
1015:
875:
844:
835:
780:
661:
465:
418:
378:
247:
172:
159:
135:
3355:
3283:
Leaf morphology and the timing of the rise of the Tibetan Plateau
2927:"Glacier ice archives nearly 15,000-year-old microbes and phages"
4008:
4003:
3503:
3340:"Roof of the Earth" Offers Clues About How Our Planet Was Shaped
3266:"Roof of the Earth" Offers Clues About How Our Planet Was Shaped
1627:"à€čà€żà€źà€Ÿà€Čà€Żà„ à€à„à€·à„à€€à„à€° à€źà„à€ à€à„à€”à€š à€Żà€Ÿà€Șà€š à€Șà€° à€°à€żà€žà€°à„à€ à€à€°à„à€à€à„ à€
à€źà„à€°à€żà€à€Ÿ à€à€° à€à€Ÿà€°à€€"
991:
covering a swath of the central and northeastern Tibetan Plateau
914:
covers the northwestern limits of the Tibetan Plateau along the
642:
473:
5380:
4645:
4558:
3359:
4239:
2758:
676:
1292:, despite the strong evaporation caused by the low latitude.
586:
originates in the western Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of
1813:
Marston, Sallie A.; Paul L. Knox, Diana M. Liverman (2002).
1009:
cover the southern Tibetan Plateau on the north side of the
2977:"15,000-year-old viruses discovered in Tibetan glacier ice"
1994:
10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0080:ASOBOT]2.0.CO;2
1726:
Encyclopedia of Prehistory: East Asia and Oceania, Volume 3
1695:"The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (Christopher Beckwith)"
492:
and other geographical and ecological features serve as a "
442:
3250:
3246:
ON THINNER ICE ćŠć±„èć° (by GRIP, Asia Society and MediaStorm)
1054:
cover the southeasternmost mountain valleys on the plateau
514:
on the Tibetan Plateau is of ongoing scientific interest.
757:
period about 70 million years ago, when the north-moving
924:
covers the westernmost parts of the Tibetan Plateau and
1724:
Peregrine, Peter Neal & Melvin Ember, etc. (2001).
693:
622:
from Sichuan. North of the mountains runs the Gansu or
3858:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
3843:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
3324:"North Tibetan Plateau-Kunlun Mountains alpine desert"
3007:. Agence France-Presse. 18 August 2009. Archived from
1045:
Nujiang Lancang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests
785:
Natural-colour satellite image of the Tibetan Plateau.
3127:"Impacts of permafrost degradation on infrastructure"
3076:
3074:
1615:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 360.
1449:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
1383:
The Tibetan Plateau contains the largest area of low-
3005:"Global warming benefits to Tibet: Chinese official"
2428:
significance for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau".
912:
North Tibetan PlateauâKunlun Mountains alpine desert
824:
with little internal deformation separated by major
5275:
5244:
5207:
5085:
5076:
5034:
4986:
4847:
4722:
4715:
4377:
4213:
4177:
4143:
4037:
3996:
3881:
3790:
3633:
3437:
3406:
3397:
606:. The Altyn-Tagh ends near the Dangjin pass on the
445:, the Tibetan Plateau is often referred to as "the
292:
123:
104:
96:
88:
80:
75:
34:
3025:"A genome and gene catalog of glacier microbiomes"
1906:
1814:
854:grasslands. While parts of the plateau feature an
117:Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas above 1600 m
3251:The Third Pole: Understanding Asia's Water Crisis
2234:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3309:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1613:Regional Hydrological Response to Climate Change
1038:Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
892:found on the Tibetan Plateau, as defined by the
769:, the existence of which has been determined by
1368:
932:Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
878:, cranes, vultures, hawks, geese, snakes, and
526:. The plateau is bordered to the south by the
5392:
5252:Geographic data and information organizations
4657:
4570:
3775:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
3371:
3318:Protected areas of the Tibetan Plateau region
3291:. Archived from the original on 19 March 2006
1241:pressure caused by the heating, there was no
1196:, a term usually referring to the localized,
989:Tibetan Plateau alpine shrublands and meadows
437:that harbor the world's two highest summits,
46:
40:
8:
1131:from the 7th century to the 9th century AD.
1052:Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests
922:KarakoramâWest Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
637:interspersed with mountain ranges and large
472:. This includes the three longest rivers in
2122:"No high Tibetan Plateau until the Neogene"
1366:, issued the following assessment in 2009:
1276:In addition, the glaciers in Tibet created
977:in the northernmost portions of the plateau
100:2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi)
5399:
5385:
5377:
5082:
4719:
4664:
4650:
4642:
4577:
4563:
4555:
4217:
4183:
4043:
3891:
3887:
3403:
3378:
3364:
3356:
1007:Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
949:Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
31:
5303:National Council for Geographic Education
3158:
2952:
2942:
2729:
2727:
2672:
2545:
2535:
2368:
2358:
2155:
2041:
1992:
1951:
1340:analysis suggests those viruses infected
3278:Plateau Perspectives (international NGO)
2900:
2898:
2733:Oracle Thinkquest Education Foundation.
626:which was the main silk-road route from
574:). In the west, the curve of the rugged
1899:"Tibet: life on the climate front line"
1588:
1500:
951:covers the southwestern plateau in the
27:Plateau in Central, South and East Asia
3532:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
3302:
3131:Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
3084:Communications Earth & Environment
1784:Webb, Andrew Alexander Gordon (2007).
1759:. Heinemann-Raintree Library. p.
1205:Glaciology: the Ice Age and at present
1163:action of wind and buoyancy-generated
542:, which separate the plateau from the
3613:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
939:Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
62:The Tibetan Plateau lies between the
7:
5557:
5347:
3740:1938â1939 German expedition to Tibet
1932:International Journal of Climatology
773:settled on the ocean floor, and the
633:The plateau is a high-altitude arid
5359:
3289:"Weather in the eastern Chang Tang"
2568:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2290:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1656:(1986) Rand McNally & Company.
1364:China Meteorological Administration
730:. Their formation is a result of a
181:Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
3718:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3673:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2092:Petra Seibert and Lorne Stockman.
2016:Cheng, Guodong; Wu (8 June 2007).
1332:samples. Due to the extremely low
1110:on the Tibetan Plateau and in the
971:Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows
47:
25:
3755:Protests and uprisings since 1950
3745:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
2562:"Wild China: The Tibetan Plateau"
1981:Mountain Research and Development
1031:Southeast Tibet shrub and meadows
452:The Tibetan Plateau contains the
5556:
5544:
5533:
5532:
5519:
5358:
5346:
5334:
5323:
5322:
5298:International Geography Olympiad
3863:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
3853:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
2392:Sanyal, Sanjeev (10 July 2013).
1877:education.nationalgeographic.org
1402:This section is an excerpt from
1059:QionglaiâMinshan conifer forests
982:Qilian Mountains conifer forests
680:
496:" storing water and maintaining
278:
265:
253:
240:
223:
206:
165:
128:
111:
56:
3838:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
3261:Long Rivers and Distant Sources
2710:. University of Chicago Press.
2516:Global Ecology and Conservation
2207:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.12.007
2065:Yang, Qinye; Zheng, Du (2004).
2022:Journal of Geophysical Research
1261:, more dust deposited into the
1080:and houses outside the town of
966:on the northern Tibetan Plateau
353:located at the intersection of
70:to the north. (Composite image)
5615:Landforms of Jammu and Kashmir
5011:Geographic information science
4093:Patron and priest relationship
4059:Central Tibetan Administration
3868:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
2452:10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.07.024
1897:Leslie Hook (30 August 2013).
1654:Illustrated Atlas of the World
1553:
1459:Central Tibetan Administration
1358:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1249:. This lack of monsoon caused
902:Pamir alpine desert and tundra
658:Geology and geological history
538:, and to the northeast by the
1:
5117:Geographic information system
4458:Historical and cultural sites
3823:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
2794:10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00008-6
2735:monsoons: causes of monsoons.
1020:Pastoral nomads camping near
673:sites in the local tradition.
534:, which separate it from the
500:. It is sometimes termed the
84:2,500 km (1,600 mi)
5044:Environmental social science
3798:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
2614:"Nomads of Tibet and Bhutan"
2255:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.022
1371:Asian rivers, including the
884:high-altitude jumping spider
882:. One notable animal is the
488:). Its tens of thousands of
3818:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
3708:British expedition to Tibet
3698:Nepal-Tibet War (1855â1856)
3668:Battle of the Salween River
2707:A Historical Atlas of Tibet
2635:In pictures: Tibetan nomads
2537:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00455
2496:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.03.036
2186:Global and Planetary Change
1404:Permafrost § Infrastructure
996:Yarlung Tsangpo arid steppe
753:The collision began in the
92:1,000 km (620 mi)
66:range to the south and the
5671:
4191:Postage and postal history
3643:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
3151:10.1038/s43017-021-00247-8
3104:10.1038/s43247-022-00568-6
3041:10.1038/s41587-022-01367-2
2944:10.1186/s40168-021-01106-w
2311:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.058
2068:A Unique Geographical Unit
1873:"Asia: Physical Geography"
1484:Tibetan sovereignty debate
1401:
1351:
1155:
1087:
894:World Wide Fund for Nature
711:
582:embraces the plateau. The
136:People's Republic of China
5625:Landforms of Central Asia
5528:
5517:
5414:
5318:
5159:Global Positioning System
4682:
4592:
4521:
4220:
4186:
4046:
3894:
3890:
3653:Mongol invasions of Tibet
3256:The End of Earth's Summer
3223:10.1080/00438240600813301
2744:Retrieved on 22 May 2008.
1964:– via Academia.edu.
1544:
1511:
1354:Effects of climate change
1344:or other microorganisms.
1312:Frozen biological samples
1308:in the Chinese lowlands.
1084:, on the Tibetan Plateau.
331:
109:
55:
41:
39:
4051:Tibet Autonomous Region
3813:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
3765:1987â1989 Tibetan unrest
3335:Photos of Tibetan nomads
2778:Quaternary International
1851:"Natural World: Deserts"
1265:, and a lowering of the
960:Qaidam Basin semi-desert
714:Geology of the Himalayas
51:, QinghaiâTibet Plateau)
5655:Geology of the Himalaya
5650:Physiographic provinces
5635:Landforms of South Asia
5267:National mapping agency
5232:Survey (human research)
5174:Participant observation
4158:TAR People's Government
4118:Serfs' Emancipation Day
3658:TibetâLadakhâMughal war
3271:31 October 2012 at the
2836:10.1023/A:1007039510460
2761:Weather. Archived from
2674:10.1126/science.aat8824
2360:10.1073/pnas.1515652112
2303:2013E&PSL.362...31X
1676:(1998 ) HarperCollins.
1539:: áááááșááŻááșážááŒááșááŒáá·áș;
1469:Geology of the Himalaya
1443:and surrounding fields.
1409:Outside of the Arctic,
1135:Impact on other regions
843:valley to the north of
367:Tibet Autonomous Region
5630:Landforms of East Asia
5257:Geographical societies
5054:Landscape architecture
4631:Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau
3828:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
3782:Special Frontier Force
3330:. World Wildlife Fund.
3328:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2148:10.1126/sciadv.aav2189
2071:. äșæŽČäŒ æćșç瀟. p. 6.
1674:Atlas of World History
1444:
1398:
1381:
1321:
1273:migrating into India.
1219:
1188:
1169:specific heat capacity
1148:
1147:is in the lower right.
1085:
1025:
847:
786:
674:
618:, which separates the
530:, to the north by the
5049:Environmental studies
5021:Statistical geography
4902:Environmental science
4201:QinghaiâTibet railway
4196:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
4163:TAR People's Congress
4135:IndiaâTibet relations
4108:Independence movement
3760:1959 Tibetan uprising
3648:Battle of Dafei River
3496:Era of Fragmentation
2740:16 April 2009 at the
2704:Ryavec, Karl (2015).
1753:Morris, Neil (2007).
1438:
1411:QinghaiâTibet Plateau
1396:
1319:
1214:
1186:
1142:
1073:
1019:
839:
784:
759:Indo-Australian Plate
744:Indo-Australian Plate
732:continental collision
665:
528:inner Himalayan range
365:covering most of the
349:, is a vast elevated
343:QinghaiâTibet Plateau
288:(Southern Kyrgyzstan)
5605:Plateaus of Pakistan
5262:Geoscience societies
5227:Interview (research)
5199:Land change modeling
5100:Computer cartography
5078:Techniques and tools
4936:Earth system science
4509:Traditional medicine
3723:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3544:Relations with Ming
3514:Relations with Song
3486:Relations with Tang
3424:European exploration
3029:Nature Biotechnology
2566:The Nature of Things
2043:10.1029/2006JF000631
1224:Last Glacial Maximum
1194:sea and land breezes
562:rivers in northwest
275:(Eastern Tajikistan)
5620:Landforms of Ladakh
5419:Atmospheric science
5308:Spatial citizenship
5293:Geographers on Film
5283:Geography education
4893:Atmospheric science
4153:Regional Government
4130:CIA Tibetan program
4113:Serfdom controversy
3997:Traditional regions
3848:Simla Accord (1914)
3770:2008 Tibetan unrest
3594:List of Qing ambans
3539:Phagmodrupa dynasty
3143:2022NRvEE...3...24H
3096:2022ComEE...3..238R
3011:on 23 January 2010.
2873:1988GeoJo..17..581K
2786:1998QuInt..45...71K
2765:on 1 November 2004.
2755:"The Asian Monsoon"
2665:2018Sci...362.1049Z
2659:(6418): 1049â1051.
2528:2018GEcoC..1600455W
2488:2016Tectp.676..112S
2444:2017Geomo.295..393L
2351:2015PNAS..11212030T
2345:(39): 12030â12035.
2247:2019PPP...524...33L
2199:2015GPC...126...14J
2140:2019SciA....5.2189S
2034:2007JGRF..112.2S03C
1944:2000IJCli..20.1729L
1911:on 10 December 2022
1861:on 12 January 2006.
1855:National Geographic
1756:North and East Asia
1643:. 18 February 2020.
1257:, expansion of the
1247:Indian subcontinent
1180:and precipitation.
740:convergent boundary
312: /
5610:Landforms of Tibet
5511:Quaternary science
5408:Physical geography
5189:Statistical survey
5139:Geologic modelling
4978:Quaternary science
4467:(ceremonial scarf)
4438:Dzong architecture
4255:Imperial Preceptor
4125:Sovereignty debate
4071:Etymology of Tibet
3683:Lhasa riot of 1750
3678:Jinchuan campaigns
3663:Battle of Dartsedo
3581:Qing dynasty rule
3524:Yuan dynasty rule
3498:(9thâ13th century)
2881:10.1007/BF00209444
2811:. pp. 175â99.
1792:LLC. p. 137.
1714:Hopkirk 1983, p. 1
1464:Geography of Tibet
1445:
1399:
1322:
1251:extensive rainfall
1220:
1189:
1149:
1086:
1026:
896:, are as follows:
848:
826:strike-slip faults
787:
692:. You can help by
675:
578:range of northern
572:Hengduan Mountains
524:high-mountain Asia
373:, western half of
5600:Plateaus of India
5595:Plateaus of China
5572:
5571:
5506:Landscape ecology
5450:Coastal geography
5374:
5373:
5240:
5239:
5072:
5071:
5059:Landscape ecology
4879:Coastal geography
4639:
4638:
4614:Mongolian Plateau
4586:Plateaus of China
4552:
4551:
4517:
4516:
4209:
4208:
4173:
4172:
4076:Foreign relations
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
3877:
3876:
3733:QinghaiâTibet War
3703:Sikkim expedition
3693:DograâTibetan War
3688:Sino-Nepalese War
3623:political leaders
3601:Post-Qing to 1950
3554:Rinpungpa dynasty
3465:(7thâ9th century)
3211:World Archaeology
3201:978-0-87477-257-9
3194:. J. P. Tarcher.
2780:. 45/46: 71â108.
2405:978-0-14-342093-4
2398:. Penguin Books.
2078:978-7-5085-0665-4
2028:(F2): F02S64755.
1975:Ni, Jian (2000).
1938:(14): 1729â1742.
1836:978-0-13-022484-2
1799:978-0-549-50627-0
1770:978-1-4034-9898-4
1739:978-0-306-46257-3
1559:Himalayan Plateau
1554:QÄ«ngâZĂ ng GÄoyuĂĄn
1474:Tibet (1912â1951)
1267:biotic life zones
1228:radiative forcing
1215:Midui Glacier in
1145:Brahmaputra River
866:, and species of
860:Species diversity
796:until the latest
771:sedimentary rocks
710:
709:
447:Roof of the World
347:QingâZang Plateau
341:, also known as
335:
334:
294:Range coordinates
193:Arunachal Pradesh
183:, North and East
68:Taklamakan Desert
48:QÄ«ngâZĂ ng GÄoyuĂĄn
16:(Redirected from
5662:
5590:Plateaus of Asia
5560:
5559:
5548:
5536:
5535:
5523:
5441:Paleoclimatology
5401:
5394:
5387:
5378:
5362:
5361:
5350:
5349:
5338:
5326:
5325:
5154:Geovisualization
5083:
5026:Spatial analysis
4911:Paleoclimatology
4720:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4643:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4556:
4537:
4530:
4468:
4245:Tibetan Buddhism
4218:
4184:
4054:
4044:
3892:
3888:
3750:Battle of Chamdo
3728:Sino-Tibetan War
3584:
3547:
3527:
3517:
3499:
3489:
3476:List of emperors
3466:
3448:
3429:Historical money
3404:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3357:
3331:
3314:
3308:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3234:
3205:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3035:(9): 1341â1348.
3019:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2946:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2751:
2745:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2676:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2539:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2471:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2362:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2127:Science Advances
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2100:on 5 August 2007
2096:. Archived from
2089:
2083:
2082:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1905:. Archived from
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1857:. Archived from
1847:
1841:
1840:
1820:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1671:
1665:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1546:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1505:
1489:Tibetan diaspora
1439:The old town of
1152:Role in monsoons
1094:Extinct humans (
1090:History of Tibet
1075:Tibetan Buddhist
975:Qilian Mountains
916:Kunlun Mountains
755:Upper Cretaceous
728:metamorphic rock
705:
702:
684:
677:
596:Kunlun Mountains
588:Lake Manasarovar
540:Qilian Mountains
532:Kunlun Mountains
411:Gilgit-Baltistan
407:Himachal Pradesh
403:Lahaul and Spiti
327:
326:
324:
323:
322:
317:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
284:
282:
281:
271:
269:
268:
259:
257:
256:
250:(Northern Nepal)
246:
244:
243:
229:
227:
226:
212:
210:
209:
185:Himachal Pradesh
171:
169:
168:
134:
132:
131:
115:
60:
50:
44:
43:
32:
21:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5645:Montane ecology
5640:Regions of Asia
5585:Tibetan Plateau
5575:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5524:
5515:
5445:Palaeogeography
5410:
5405:
5375:
5370:
5314:
5271:
5236:
5203:
5122:Distributed GIS
5068:
5030:
4982:
4915:Palaeogeography
4843:
4711:
4678:
4670:
4640:
4635:
4626:Tibetan Plateau
4619:Bashang Plateau
4588:
4583:
4553:
4548:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4513:
4466:
4373:
4205:
4169:
4139:
4052:
4025:
3992:
3969:Tibetan Plateau
3964:Rongbuk Glacier
3950:Yarlung Tsangpo
3873:
3786:
3713:Batang uprising
3635:
3629:
3582:
3576:Khoshut Khanate
3564:Ganden Phodrang
3559:Tsangpa dynasty
3545:
3525:
3515:
3497:
3487:
3464:
3458:Yarlung dynasty
3446:
3433:
3393:
3384:
3350:Tibetan History
3322:
3301:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3273:Wayback Machine
3242:
3237:
3208:
3202:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:Ice Age cycle".
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2742:Wayback Machine
2732:
2725:
2718:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2611:
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2606:
2596:
2594:
2586:
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2581:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2469:
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2463:
2459:
2426:
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2421:
2406:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2134:(3): eaav2189.
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1953:10.1.1.669.5900
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1903:Financial Times
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
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1692:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1479:Tibetan culture
1454:Bayan Har block
1433:
1428:
1427:
1423:Paris Agreement
1407:
1360:
1350:
1314:
1278:meltwater lakes
1207:
1160:
1154:
1137:
1092:
1068:
1000:Yarlung Tsangpo
962:located in the
906:Pamir Mountains
834:
790:Palaeobotanical
716:
706:
700:
697:
690:needs expansion
660:
520:
468:in surrounding
460:of most of the
458:drainage basins
435:mountain ranges
417:, northwestern
339:Tibetan Plateau
320:
318:
314:
311:
306:
303:
301:
299:
298:
279:
277:
276:
266:
264:
263:
254:
252:
251:
241:
239:
238:
235:Wakhan Corridor
224:
222:
221:
207:
205:
204:
166:
164:
163:
129:
127:
119:
118:
71:
35:Tibetan Plateau
28:
23:
22:
18:Tibetan plateau
15:
12:
11:
5:
5668:
5666:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
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5597:
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5566:
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5542:
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5525:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5456:
5447:
5434:
5432:Phytogeography
5425:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5381:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5332:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5279:
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5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5248:
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5242:
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5238:
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5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5184:Remote sensing
5181:
5179:Photogrammetry
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Geomathematics
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5091:
5089:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5064:Time geography
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5006:Geoinformatics
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4961:
4952:
4947:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4922:
4917:
4904:
4899:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4867:Phytogeography
4864:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4646:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4607:Wuzhang Plains
4604:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4482:
4470:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4416:wall paintings
4413:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4347:Tibetan people
4344:
4342:Social classes
4339:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4242:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3979:Nature Reserve
3966:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3618:PRC annexation
3610:
3609:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:List of rulers
3416:
3410:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3320:
3315:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3240:External links
3238:
3236:
3235:
3217:(3): 387â414.
3206:
3200:
3188:Hopkirk, Peter
3183:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3117:
3070:
3014:
2996:
2985:. 20 July 2021
2968:
2916:
2907:Polarforschung
2894:
2851:
2830:(1â2): 3â276.
2814:
2799:
2768:
2746:
2723:
2716:
2696:
2639:
2627:
2612:David Miller.
2604:
2579:
2553:
2501:
2475:Tectonophysics
2457:
2419:
2404:
2384:
2323:
2275:
2219:
2171:
2111:
2084:
2077:
2057:
2008:
1967:
1922:
1889:
1864:
1842:
1835:
1805:
1798:
1776:
1769:
1745:
1738:
1732:. p. 32.
1716:
1707:
1686:
1666:
1646:
1632:
1618:
1603:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1529:
1523:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1432:
1429:
1408:
1400:
1349:
1348:Climate change
1346:
1313:
1310:
1302:downslope wind
1206:
1203:
1156:Main article:
1153:
1150:
1136:
1133:
1129:Tibetan Empire
1088:Main article:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1014:
1013:
1003:
992:
985:
978:
967:
956:
945:
935:
928:
918:
908:
833:
830:
763:Eurasian Plate
748:Eurasian Plate
720:Alpine Orogeny
712:Main article:
708:
707:
687:
685:
659:
656:
519:
516:
512:climate change
395:Indian regions
333:
332:
329:
328:
296:
290:
289:
125:
121:
120:
116:
110:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
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82:
78:
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73:
72:
61:
53:
52:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5667:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5565:
5564:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5522:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:Geostatistics
5485:
5483:
5482:Geomorphology
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5367:
5366:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Geostatistics
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Geochronology
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:Geomorphology
4939:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4903:
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2867:(4): 581â96.
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2616:. asinart.com
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2431:Geomorphology
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2019:
2012:
2009:
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1682:0-7230-1025-0
1679:
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1662:0-528-83190-9
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1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:diurnal cycle
1195:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1132:
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1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1066:Human history
1065:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
986:
983:
979:
976:
973:covering the
972:
968:
965:
961:
957:
954:
953:Garuda Valley
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
917:
913:
909:
907:
903:
899:
898:
897:
895:
891:
887:
885:
881:
880:water buffalo
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:alpine tundra
853:
846:
842:
838:
831:
829:
827:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
802:Early Miocene
799:
795:
791:
783:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
715:
704:
695:
691:
688:This section
686:
683:
679:
678:
672:
668:
664:
657:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
630:to the West.
629:
625:
624:Hexi Corridor
621:
620:Ordos Plateau
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:Hexi Corridor
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
439:Mount Everest
436:
432:
428:
425:and southern
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:) as well as
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Western China
381:provinces in
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
330:
325:
297:
295:
291:
287:
274:
262:
249:
236:
232:
219:
215:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
126:
122:
114:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
69:
65:
59:
54:
49:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5561:
5549:
5537:
5459:Soil science
5454:Oceanography
5428:Biogeography
5363:
5351:
5339:
5327:
5288:Geo-literacy
5245:Institutions
5127:Internet GIS
5087:Quantitative
4964:Soil science
4883:Oceanography
4872:Zoogeography
4857:Biogeography
4732:Agricultural
4625:
4484:
4477:
4463:
4411:sand mandala
4403:
4396:
4337:Sinicization
4309:Panchen Lama
4304:Lhamo La-tso
4287:Ganden Tripa
4081:Human rights
3968:
3955:Grand Canyon
3935:Namcha Barwa
3928: /
3606:Tibetan Army
3504:Guge kingdom
3327:
3293:. Retrieved
3214:
3210:
3191:
3160:10138/344541
3137:(1): 24â38.
3134:
3130:
3120:
3087:
3083:
3032:
3028:
3017:
3009:the original
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2982:ScienceDaily
2980:
2971:
2934:
2931:Microbiology
2930:
2919:
2913:(1/2): 1â13.
2910:
2906:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2777:
2771:
2763:the original
2749:
2705:
2699:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2592:ScienceDaily
2591:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2565:
2556:
2519:
2515:
2504:
2479:
2473:
2460:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2394:
2387:
2342:
2336:
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2294:
2288:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2238:
2232:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2190:
2184:
2174:
2131:
2125:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:the original
2087:
2067:
2060:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1987:(1): 80â89.
1984:
1980:
1970:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1902:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1859:the original
1854:
1845:
1816:
1808:
1785:
1779:
1755:
1748:
1725:
1719:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1689:
1673:
1669:
1653:
1649:
1635:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1600:. CRC Press.
1597:
1591:
1569:
1558:
1557:; or as the
1552:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1503:
1426:mid-century.
1389:
1382:
1369:
1361:
1338:Phylogenetic
1323:
1282:Qaidam Basin
1275:
1236:
1221:
1208:
1190:
1178:condensation
1174:low pressure
1161:
1106:
1099:
1093:
964:Qaidam Basin
888:
868:snow leopard
864:Tibetan wolf
849:
810:
788:
767:Tethys Ocean
752:
742:between the
717:
701:January 2011
698:
694:adding to it
689:
667:Yamdrok Lake
632:
628:China proper
604:Qaidam Basin
592:
566:and western
521:
506:because its
501:
451:
346:
342:
338:
336:
29:
5437:Climatology
5423:Meteorology
5365:WikiProject
5217:Ethnography
5209:Qualitative
5169:Map algebra
5164:Hydrography
5105:Web mapping
5095:Cartography
4907:Climatology
4897:Meteorology
4752:Development
4421:wall murals
4325:Catholicism
3909:Environment
3583:(1720â1912)
3546:(1368â1644)
3526:(1270â1350)
3447:(Neolithic)
3445:Prehistory
2620:10 February
2547:10651/50748
2482:: 112â124.
2438:: 393â405.
2316:13 December
2212:24 December
1915:1 September
1700:19 February
1520:bod sa mtho
1415:power lines
1290:Gobi Desert
1286:Tarim Basin
1263:Arabian Sea
1259:Thar Desert
1239:thermal low
832:Environment
724:sedimentary
584:Indus River
548:Gobi Desert
536:Tarim Basin
518:Description
494:water tower
385:, southern
377:, Southern
319: /
231:Afghanistan
195:, Northern
191:, Northern
189:Uttarakhand
154:, Southern
150:, Northern
5579:Categories
5492:Glaciology
5472:Geobiology
5467:Edaphology
5222:Geopoetics
5036:Integrated
4972:Edaphology
4950:Glaciology
4925:Geophysics
4920:Geobiology
4807:Settlement
4797:Population
4767:Historical
4737:Behavioral
4697:Philosophy
4504:Tibetology
4473:Literature
4292:Dalai Lama
4145:Government
4103:Tibet Area
4098:Golden Urn
4064:Parliament
3589:Lifan Yuan
3516:(960â1279)
3453:Zhangzhung
3438:Chronology
3090:(1): 238.
2937:(1): 160.
2861:GeoJournal
2824:GeoJournal
2522:: e00455.
2268:6 November
1825:. p.
1664:pp. 164â65
1578:References
1512:àœàœŒàœàŒàœŠàŒàœàœàœŒàŒ
1352:See also:
1288:, and the
1271:Javan rusa
1165:turbulence
1096:Denisovans
890:Ecoregions
841:Yangbajain
738:along the
671:pilgrimage
647:Permafrost
600:Altyn-Tagh
508:ice fields
503:Third Pole
454:headwaters
427:Kyrgyzstan
423:Tajikistan
421:, eastern
369:, most of
286:Kyrgyzstan
273:Tajikistan
201:Darjeeling
187:, Norther
158:, Western
146:, Western
76:Dimensions
5501:Limnology
5497:Hydrology
5276:Education
5194:Surveying
5016:Geomatics
4996:Geodesign
4988:Technical
4959:Limnology
4955:Hydrology
4834:Strategic
4817:Transport
4792:Political
4782:Marketing
4742:Cognitive
4673:Geography
4486:Chronicle
4448:Festivals
4260:Dpon-chen
4230:Languages
4225:Education
3974:Changtang
3916:Mountains
3883:Geography
3791:Documents
3636:conflicts
3488:(618â907)
3407:Overviews
3169:245917456
3112:252849121
3065:250091380
3049:1546-1696
2989:14 August
2889:129234912
2844:128089823
2683:0036-8075
2414:855957425
2297:: 31â42.
2263:135460949
2241:: 33â40.
2193:: 14â22.
2003:128916992
1948:CiteSeerX
1583:Citations
1253:over the
1245:over the
1232:latitudes
1125:Changtang
1120:grassland
1112:Himalayas
1011:Himalayas
943:Changtang
813:peneplain
798:Oligocene
775:volcanoes
651:Changtang
576:Karakoram
363:East Asia
316:33°N 88°E
218:Baltistan
105:Geography
64:Himalayan
5539:Category
5463:Pedology
5329:Category
4968:Pedology
4849:Physical
4812:Regional
4802:Religion
4787:Military
4777:Language
4772:Internet
4757:Economic
4747:Cultural
4716:Branches
4687:Glossary
4544:Category
4428:Calendar
4362:Diaspora
4235:Religion
4039:Politics
3940:Tanggula
3930:Changtse
3634:Wars and
3509:Tsongkha
3471:Timeline
3414:Timeline
3391:articles
3305:cite web
3269:Archived
3231:13534630
3190:(1983).
3057:35760913
2963:34281625
2738:Archived
2691:30498126
2637:BBC News
2572:21 March
2379:26371325
2166:30854430
2052:14450823
1882:7 August
1790:ProQuest
1730:Springer
1431:See also
1419:SSP2-4.5
1385:latitude
1375:and the
1330:ice core
1217:Nyingchi
876:wild ass
872:wild yak
794:lowlands
746:and the
639:brackish
608:Dunhuang
490:glaciers
415:Pakistan
387:Xinjiang
214:Pakistan
156:Xinjiang
124:Location
5563:Commons
5477:Geology
5353:Commons
5132:Web GIS
5001:Geodesy
4945:Geology
4929:Geodesy
4862:Ecology
4839:Tourism
4707:Outline
4692:History
4528:Outline
4492:writers
4433:Cuisine
4398:thangka
4379:Culture
4352:Changpa
4267:Nyingma
4214:Society
4179:Economy
4014:Ă-Tsang
3988:Valleys
3946:Rivers
3921:Kailash
3481:Lönchen
3463:Empire
3399:History
3180:Sources
3139:Bibcode
3092:Bibcode
2954:8290583
2869:Bibcode
2782:Bibcode
2661:Bibcode
2653:Science
2524:Bibcode
2484:Bibcode
2440:Bibcode
2370:4593086
2347:Bibcode
2299:Bibcode
2243:Bibcode
2195:Bibcode
2157:6402856
2136:Bibcode
2104:29 June
2030:Bibcode
1940:Bibcode
1541:Chinese
1537:Burmese
1508:Tibetan
1441:Gyantse
1334:biomass
1326:glacier
1300:by the
1280:in the
1243:monsoon
1158:Monsoon
1116:Tibetan
998:in the
852:montane
817:erosion
736:orogeny
616:Qinling
580:Kashmir
568:Sichuan
560:Yangtze
552:Salween
482:Yangtze
470:regions
462:streams
456:of the
431:plateau
375:Sichuan
371:Qinghai
355:Central
351:plateau
148:Sichuan
144:Qinghai
5551:Portal
5341:Portal
4829:Social
4762:Health
4676:topics
4479:Annals
4443:Emblem
4405:tsakli
4277:Jonang
3926:Lhotse
3870:(2008)
3569:Kashag
3389:
3229:
3198:
3167:
3110:
3063:
3055:
3047:
2961:
2951:
2887:
2842:
2714:
2689:
2681:
2597:6 July
2412:
2402:
2377:
2367:
2261:
2164:
2154:
2075:
2050:
2001:
1950:
1833:
1796:
1767:
1736:
1680:
1660:
1551::
1549:pinyin
1543::
1377:Ganges
1342:plants
1284:, the
1255:Sahara
1108:Nomads
1101:Nature
1022:Namtso
955:region
926:Ladakh
821:infill
806:rising
635:steppe
612:Golmud
564:Yunnan
558:, and
556:Mekong
486:Mekong
484:, and
478:Yellow
466:rivers
399:Ladakh
393:, the
391:Bhutan
361:, and
321:33; 88
283:
270:
261:Bhutan
258:
245:
228:
211:
197:Sikkim
177:Ladakh
170:
152:Yunnan
133:
81:Length
4822:Urban
4724:Human
4702:Index
4602:Hetao
4535:Index
4499:Music
4464:Khata
4367:Names
4357:Yolmo
4330:Islam
4282:Gelug
4272:Kagyu
4250:Sakya
4053:(TAR)
4019:Ngari
3904:Fauna
3899:Flora
3387:Tibet
3295:9 May
3227:S2CID
3165:S2CID
3108:S2CID
3061:S2CID
2885:S2CID
2840:S2CID
2470:(PDF)
2259:S2CID
2048:S2CID
1999:S2CID
1684:p. 39
1563:India
1516:Wylie
1495:Notes
1373:Indus
1306:loess
1298:blown
1082:Ngawa
1078:stupa
845:Lhasa
570:(the
476:(the
419:Nepal
379:Gansu
359:South
248:Nepal
173:India
160:Gansu
140:Tibet
89:Width
4453:Flag
4392:rugs
4314:list
4297:list
4086:LGBT
4009:Kham
4004:Amdo
3311:link
3297:2006
3196:ISBN
3053:PMID
3045:ISSN
2991:2023
2959:PMID
2712:ISBN
2687:PMID
2679:ISSN
2622:2008
2599:2024
2574:2013
2410:OCLC
2400:ISBN
2375:PMID
2318:2022
2270:2022
2214:2022
2162:PMID
2106:2007
2073:ISBN
1917:2013
1884:2024
1831:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1702:2009
1678:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1545:éèé«ć
1356:and
1294:Silt
1057:The
1050:The
1043:The
1036:The
1029:The
1005:The
994:The
987:The
980:The
969:The
958:The
947:The
937:The
930:The
920:The
910:The
900:The
819:and
726:and
643:hail
546:and
498:flow
474:Asia
464:and
441:and
401:and
345:and
337:The
307:88°E
304:33°N
97:Area
42:éèé«ć
4387:Art
4240:Bon
3219:doi
3155:hdl
3147:doi
3100:doi
3037:doi
2949:PMC
2939:doi
2877:doi
2832:doi
2790:doi
2759:BBC
2669:doi
2657:362
2542:hdl
2532:doi
2492:doi
2480:676
2448:doi
2436:295
2365:PMC
2355:doi
2343:112
2307:doi
2295:362
2251:doi
2239:524
2203:doi
2191:126
2152:PMC
2144:doi
2038:doi
2026:112
1989:doi
1958:doi
1827:430
1561:in
1104:.
800:or
734:or
696:.
449:".
413:in
397:of
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