502:
636:
713:
4013:
776:
513:
collected a wealth of data on the non-literary languages of the
Himalayas and northeast India, noting that many of these were related to Tibetan and Burmese. Others identified related languages in the highlands of Southeast Asia and south-west China. The name "Tibeto-Burman" was first applied to this
622:
Most of the Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in remote mountain areas, which has hampered their study. Many lack a written standard. It is generally easier to identify a language as Tibeto-Burman than to determine its precise relationship with other languages of the group. The subgroupings that
1045:
Shafer's tentative classification took an agnostic position and did not recognize Tibeto-Burman, but placed
Chinese (Sinitic) on the same level as the other branches of a Sino-Tibetan family. He retained Tai–Kadai (Daic) within the family, allegedly at the insistence of colleagues, despite his
307:
597:
The Tai languages have not been included in most
Western accounts of Sino-Tibetan since the Second World War, though many Chinese linguists still include them. The link between Tibeto-Burman and Chinese is now accepted by most linguists, with a few exceptions such as
2512:
Source: United States
Central Intelligence Agency, 1983. The map shows the distribution of ethnolinguistic groups according to the historical majority ethnic groups by region. Note this is different from the current distribution due to ongoing internal migration and
1256:, which was actually written around 1941. Like Shafer's work, this drew on the data assembled by the Sino-Tibetan Philology Project, which was directed by Shafer and Benedict in turn. Benedict envisaged Chinese as the first family to branch off, followed by Karen.
1773:
Matisoff makes no claim that the families in the
Kamarupan or Himalayish branches have a special relationship to one another other than a geographic one. They are intended rather as categories of convenience pending more detailed comparative work.
606:. More recent controversy has centred on the proposed primary branching of Sino-Tibetan into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman subgroups. In spite of the popularity of this classification, first proposed by Kuhn and Conrady, and also promoted by
1786:
Since
Benedict (1972), many languages previously inadequately documented have received more attention with the publication of new grammars, dictionaries, and wordlists. This new research has greatly benefited comparative work, and
466:, which also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail.
3332:
2297:, both of which were only described in the 2010s. New Tibeto-Burman languages continue to be recognized, some not closely related to other languages. Distinct languages only recognized in the 2010s include
1777:
Matisoff also notes that
Jingpho–Nungish–Luish is central to the family in that it contains features of many of the other branches, and is also located around the center of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking area.
4425:
4416:
901:
include most of the Tibeto-Burman languages of
Arunachal Pradesh and adjacent areas of Tibet. The remaining languages of Arunachal Pradesh are much more diverse, belonging to the small
720:
The Tibeto-Burman languages of south-west China have been heavily influenced by
Chinese over a long period, leaving their affiliations difficult to determine. The grouping of the
3116:
1624:
proposes a modification of
Benedict that demoted Karen but kept the divergent position of Sinitic. Of the 7 branches within Tibeto-Burman, 2 branches (Baic and Karenic) have
2046:
3656:; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (2019), "Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan",
728:
of northern Yunnan is usually included in Lolo-Burmese, though other scholars prefer to leave it unclassified. The hills of northwestern Sichuan are home to the small
509:
During the 18th century, several scholars noticed parallels between Tibetan and Burmese, both languages with extensive literary traditions. In the following century,
3810:
3306:
3740:
673:, an intensively studied and well-defined group comprising approximately 100 languages spoken in Myanmar and the highlands of Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and
3267:——— (2003), "Tibeto-Burman Phylogeny and Prehistory: Languages, Material Culture and Genes", in Bellwood, Peter; Renfrew, Colin (eds.),
650:, spoken by three million people on both sides of the Burma–Thailand border. They differ from all other Tibeto-Burman languages (except Bai) in having a
623:
have been established with certainty number several dozen, ranging from well-studied groups of dozens of languages with millions of speakers to several
709:
songs, transcribed in Chinese characters in the 1st century, appear to record words from a Lolo-Burmese language, but arranged in Chinese order.
724:, with one million speakers in Yunnan, is particularly controversial, with some workers suggesting that it is a sister language to Chinese. The
669:, the national language of Myanmar, with over 32 million speakers and a literary tradition dating from the early 12th century. It is one of the
921:(or Mishmic) groups. These groups have relatively little Tibeto-Burman vocabulary, and Bench and Post dispute their inclusion in Sino-Tibetan.
3639:
3617:
3598:
3295:
3276:
3257:
3212:
3190:
3171:
3149:
3102:
3083:
3061:
878:
is spoken in an area from eastern Nepal to western Bhutan. Most of the languages of Bhutan are Bodish, but it also has three small isolates,
830:
Many diverse Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. Sizable groups that have been identified are the
3803:
705:
in Yunnan, northern Myanmar and northern Thailand. All languages of the Loloish subgroup show significant Austroasiatic influence. The
3125:
501:
854:(Nepal Bhasa) of central Nepal has a million speakers and literature dating from the 12th century, and nearly a million people speak
3493:
627:, some only discovered in the 21st century but in danger of extinction. These subgroups are here surveyed on a geographical basis.
4012:
4655:
4537:
2318:
924:
The greatest variety of languages and subgroups is found in the highlands stretching from northern Myanmar to northeast India.
159:
3796:
1138:
1652:
Tibeto-Burman is then divided into several branches, some of them geographic conveniences rather than linguistic proposals:
3045:
Pan-Asiatic Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, January 8–10, 1996
469:
Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some
458:. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages. The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages,
4665:
578:
were included on the basis of vocabulary and typological features shared with Chinese. Jean Przyluski introduced the term
4542:
4198:
2097:
1665:
979:
182:
174:
4595:
1629:
1625:
651:
80:
4243:
3881:
932:
4660:
4588:
4165:
2448:
Blench and Post believe the remaining languages with these substratal characteristics are more clearly Sino-Tibetan:
2003:
1744:
1467:
3480:
3318:
540:
2148:
4488:
3935:
3856:
2378:
2165:
1833:
1340:
1334:
1095:
831:
145:
141:
3985:
863:
4569:
4172:
3159:
2473:
2160:
1808:
1788:
1707:
1295:
574:
in 1896, described an "Indo-Chinese" family consisting of two branches, Tibeto-Burman and Chinese-Siamese. The
482:
200:
122:
4233:
2479:
2137:
1890:
1676:
1226:
1065:
944:
655:
378:
4349:
3768:
3040:
659:
603:
535:
225:
4316:
3181:——— (2002), "The Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman", in Beckwith, Chris; Blezer, Henk (eds.),
747:
Two historical languages are believed to be Tibeto-Burman, but their precise affiliation is uncertain. The
4609:
4602:
4382:
3819:
3414:
3394:
2390:
2328:, in northeastern India, that might have non-Tibeto-Burman substrates, or could even be non-Tibeto-Burman
2250:
1181:
1018:
670:
635:
510:
447:
443:
63:
3203:(2003), "The Tibeto-Burman languages of northeast India", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.),
4552:
4502:
4058:
3015:
DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)."
2464:
2403:
2230:
1840:
1823:
1689:
1314:
1085:
816:
733:
3730:
736:
groups of languages, which preserve many archaic features. The most easterly Tibeto-Burman language is
3630:(2003), "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.),
3166:, Papers in South East Asian linguistics, vol. 14, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 1–71,
2555:
Guillaume, Jacques (2012). "The Tangut Kinship System in Qiangic Perspective". In Hill, Nathan (ed.).
712:
4364:
4210:
4156:
2439:
2428:
2419:
1909:
1886:
1683:
983:
748:
515:
192:
169:
4547:
4137:
3964:
3895:
3398:
3222:
3052:——— (2002), "The Sino-Tibetan problem", in Beckwith, Chris; Blezer, Henk (eds.),
2384:
2210:
1915:
1857:
1560:
1526:
1505:
1408:
1118:
999:
867:
567:
470:
416:
1029:
There have been two milestones in the classification of Sino-Tibetan and Tibeto-Burman languages,
4388:
3997:
3863:
3697:
3527:
3467:
3357:
3349:
3226:
2586:
2339:
2298:
2180:
2109:
1818:
1322:
1144:
1077:
839:
527:
137:
3418:
998:, the main language of Manipur with 1.4 million speakers, is sometimes linked with the 50 or so
775:
3286:——— (2007), "South Asia and the Middle East", in Moseley, Christopher (ed.),
4496:
4456:
4434:
4399:
4393:
4358:
4296:
4290:
4270:
4064:
4052:
4035:
3943:
3889:
3869:
3685:
3653:
3635:
3613:
3594:
3489:
3447:
3291:
3272:
3253:
3208:
3186:
3167:
3145:
3098:
3079:
3057:
2458:
2398:
2325:
2262:
2237:
2225:
2206:
2197:
2041:
1972:
1960:
1946:
1861:
1846:
1827:
1813:
1732:
1719:
1701:
1542:
1517:
1501:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1370:
1361:
1353:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1191:
1169:
1128:
1114:
1099:
1089:
1081:
1057:
928:
906:
902:
891:
855:
847:
820:
812:
808:
729:
678:
599:
531:
490:
474:
463:
439:
369:
340:
331:
322:
266:
256:
252:
233:
229:
153:
132:
3434:——— (1858), "The West-Himalaic or Tibetan tribes of Asam, Burma and Pegu",
3271:, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, pp. 233–249,
4517:
4477:
4447:
4421:
4371:
4329:
4238:
4215:
4108:
4095:
4088:
4045:
3970:
3833:
3772:
3675:
3665:
3548:
3519:
3459:
3382:
3341:
3245:
3071:
3020:
3000:
2977:
2362:
2329:
2294:
2290:
2285:
is difficult due to extensive borrowing. Other unclassified Tibeto-Burman languages include
2185:
2170:
2143:
2116:
2078:
2071:
2029:
1950:
1900:
1894:
1865:
1727:
1600:
1588:
1579:
1536:
1451:
1442:
1434:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1214:
1197:
1159:
1107:
995:
948:
936:
918:
887:
879:
871:
835:
824:
751:
of central Myanmar in the first centuries is known from inscriptions using a variant of the
741:
666:
624:
607:
459:
387:
248:
149:
127:
105:
93:
858:, but the rest have small speech communities. Other isolates and small groups in Nepal are
4509:
4463:
4322:
4204:
4143:
3977:
3924:
3915:
3901:
3627:
3200:
2468:
2415:
2408:
2220:
2175:
2127:
2013:
1991:
1954:
1941:
1935:
1919:
1802:
1753:
1711:
1511:
1438:
1430:
1357:
1237:
1206:
1154:
1149:
910:
883:
875:
843:
784:
756:
674:
647:
583:
551:
522:
in 1858. Charles Forbes viewed the family as uniting the Gangetic and Lohitic branches of
519:
407:
261:
210:
187:
111:
99:
58:
2032:
rejects the primary split of Sinitic, making Tibeto-Burman synonymous with Sino-Tibetan.
2587:"A shared suppletive pattern in the pronominal systems of Chang Naga and Southern Qiang"
815:
dating from the 8th century. The Tibetic languages are usually grouped with the smaller
306:
4579:
4557:
4471:
4440:
4376:
4336:
4310:
4284:
4261:
4184:
4130:
4102:
4071:
3949:
3875:
3680:
3649:
3250:
Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region
3138:"Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of North East Indian languages"
2424:
2344:
2314:
2308:
2286:
2282:
2255:
2242:
2192:
2122:
2103:
2084:
2066:
1986:
1923:
1869:
1853:
1763:
1697:
1693:
1671:
1621:
1596:
1490:
1423:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1164:
1134:
1103:
991:
987:
914:
898:
851:
737:
697:, with two million speakers in southern Yunnan, eastern Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam, and
611:
571:
398:
360:
349:
270:
238:
215:
205:
196:
116:
43:
4649:
4303:
4225:
3991:
3956:
3908:
3778:
3735:
3386:
3361:
2433:
2371:
2367:
2304:
2202:
2132:
1977:
1905:
1880:
1737:
1554:
1495:
1458:
1404:
1122:
940:
859:
764:
725:
702:
698:
694:
690:
575:
559:
545:
523:
164:
3399:"On the Indo-Chinese Borderers and their connexion with the Himálayans and Tibetans"
2983:
2311:
of Tibeto-Burman, based on morphological evidence, but this is not widely accepted.
4277:
4193:
4149:
4078:
3553:
3503:
3112:
2490:
2356:
2350:
2267:
2091:
2007:
1981:
1758:
1604:
1186:
1014:
975:
752:
721:
614:, Tibeto-Burman has not been demonstrated to be a valid subgroup in its own right.
587:
563:
178:
951:, spoken in an area stretching from northern Myanmar through the Indian states of
473:
criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any
763:
of northern China is preserved in numerous texts written in the Chinese-inspired
4623:
3838:
2040:
The internal structure of Tibeto-Burman is tentatively classified as follows by
760:
3720:
3658:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3162:(1997), "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification", in Bradley, David (ed.),
2608:
DeLancey, Scott (2013). "The origins of Sinitic". In Zhuo, Jing-Schmidt (ed.).
3729:
3345:
3024:
1007:
555:
455:
51:
3744:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 928–929.
850:
of eastern Nepal. The remaining groups are small, with several isolates. The
17:
4638:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
4616:
4257:
4022:
3829:
3670:
956:
788:
554:
had noted in 1823 that Burmese, Tibetan and Chinese all shared common basic
478:
451:
293:
279:
47:
3689:
2324:
Roger Blench and Mark Post (2011) list a number of divergent languages of
285:
3371:"What is Sino-Tibetan? Snapshot of a Field and a Language Family in Flux"
967:
952:
706:
3788:
3353:
3043:(1996), "The Morphological Argument for the Existence of Sino-Tibetan",
570:
were quite different. Several authors, including Ernst Kuhn in 1883 and
4118:
3539:
Shafer, Robert (1955), "Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages",
3531:
1252:
A very influential, although also tentative, classification is that of
1003:
971:
960:
682:
640:
3471:
2538:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019).
1284:
The Tibeto-Burman family is then divided into seven primary branches:
4031:
3846:
804:
800:
792:
686:
3523:
3488:, STEDT Monograph, vol. 3, University of California, Berkeley,
3327:
2997:
Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Database Software
1037:, which were actually produced in the 1930s and 1940s respectively.
530:, a huge family consisting of all the Eurasian languages except the
3463:
3370:
3004:
4027:
3842:
3760:
3137:
1748:
796:
774:
711:
634:
500:
486:
3698:"Origin of Sino-Tibetan language family revealed by new research"
3333:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
2995:
Bruhn, Daniel; Lowe, John; Mortensen, David; Yu, Dominic (2015).
3792:
3118:(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconsidering the evidence
1934:(perhaps a residual group, not actually related to each other.
963:, and are often considered to include the Jingpho–Luish group.
3755:
779:
Language families of South Asia, with Tibeto-Burman in orange
3783:
2610:
Increased Empiricism: Recent advances in Chinese Linguistics
2539:
313:
582:(Sino-Tibetan) as the title of his chapter on the group in
3756:
Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT)
3047:, Bangkok: Mahidol University at Salaya, pp. 812–826.
3724:. Unpublished thesis. Arlington: The University of Texas.
2876:
2874:
2765:
2763:
1628:-order languages, whereas all the other 5 branches have
716:
Language families of China, with Tibeto-Burman in orange
2568:
2566:
744:
on the borders of Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou and Chongqing.
3721:
A phonological reconstruction of Proto Northern Burmic
2979:
The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus
3136:———; ——— (2013),
2622:
2044:(2015: xxxii, 1123–1127) in the final release of the
3450:(1974), "Sino-Tibetan: Inspection of a Conspectus",
939:
with nearly a million speakers. The Brahmaputran or
4578:
4530:
4487:
4415:
4348:
4256:
4224:
4182:
4117:
4020:
3934:
3827:
3541:
Word (Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York)
3482:
Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages
3269:
Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis
505:
A model of dispersal of the Sino-Tibetan languages.
292:
278:
86:
76:
57:
37:
32:
3436:Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia
3423:Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia
2544:(22nd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
2321:of Tibeto-Burman based on morphological evidence.
2047:Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus
3140:, in Hill, Nathan W.; Owen-Smith, Thomas (eds.),
665:The most widely spoken Tibeto-Burman language is
538:) and Chinese languages. The third volume of the
3307:"Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar"
3288:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
3093:Bielmeier, Roland; Haller, Felix, eds. (2007),
3144:, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 71–104,
544:was devoted to the Tibeto-Burman languages of
446:, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the
3804:
8:
1791:(2002) incorporates much of the newer data.
1046:personal belief that they were not related.
4484:
4345:
4179:
3931:
3811:
3797:
3789:
3097:, Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter,
2880:
2769:
974:and western Myanmar are home to the small
3679:
3669:
3552:
3078:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2841:
2694:
2682:
27:Group of the Sino-Tibetan language family
3452:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3403:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
3164:Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas
2916:
2892:
2829:
2817:
2793:
2781:
2742:
2730:
1508:apart from Qiang and Gyarung themselves)
1253:
1034:
3207:, London: Routledge, pp. 169–191,
3095:Linguistics of the Himalayas and Beyond
3017:Cahiers de linguistique – Asie oriental
2982:. Berkeley: University of California. (
2964:
2952:
2928:
2904:
2865:
2853:
2634:
2530:
2505:
1345:(Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi, Byangsi)
681:, with two million speakers in western
654:word order, attributed to contact with
2940:
2805:
2754:
2718:
2670:
2591:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale
2572:
1030:
927:Northern Myanmar is home to the small
890:and a larger community of speakers of
811:. There is an extensive literature in
29:
3762:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
3610:Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 5)
3591:Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 4)
3582:Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 3)
3573:Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 2)
3564:Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 1)
2706:
2658:
2646:
85:
7:
3779:Sino-Tibetan Branches Project (STBP)
3634:, London: Routledge, pp. 3–21,
3234:Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies
990:groups of languages, as well as the
3227:"A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs"
2557:Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV
846:with one million speakers, and the
3784:Tibeto-Burman bibliography website
3419:"The Maruwi of the Baniak Islands"
2541:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
1017:is spoken by a small group in the
631:Southeast Asia and southwest China
25:
783:Over eight million people in the
311:Major branches of Tibeto-Burman:
4011:
3612:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz,
3593:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz,
3387:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00061.x
3375:Language and Linguistics Compass
3183:Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages
3054:Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages
1021:between Bangladesh and Myanmar.
305:
3731:"Tibeto-Burman Languages"
3584:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
3575:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
3566:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
3305:——— (2011a),
3290:, Routledge, pp. 283–347,
3074:(1972), Matisoff, J. A. (ed.),
3608:——— (1974),
3589:——— (1970),
3580:——— (1968),
3571:——— (1967),
3562:——— (1966),
3554:10.1080/00437956.1955.11659552
3326:Forbes, Charles James (1878),
3019:44(2):122–149. December 2015.
2999:. Software, UC Berkeley Dash.
677:. Major languages include the
646:The southernmost group is the
450:("Zomia") as well as parts of
1:
3704:(Press release). May 6, 2019.
3311:Himalayan Linguistics Journal
2612:. John Benjamins. p. 74.
2060:Northeast Indian areal group
807:speak one of several related
485:to show that they comprise a
3328:"On Tibeto-Burman languages"
842:of western Nepal, including
444:Sino-Tibetan language family
3142:Trans-Himalayan Linguistics
3056:, BRILL, pp. 113–158,
2585:Guillaume, Jacques (2007).
1299:(a.k.a. Bodish–Himalayish)
4682:
3718:Mann, Noel Walter (1998).
3317:(1): 31–39, archived from
3185:, BRILL, pp. 73–112,
3076:Sino-Tibetan: A conspectus
2436:(Sajolang, Dimai, Dhimmai)
882:("Black Mountain Monpa"),
787:and neighbouring areas in
541:Linguistic Survey of India
4633:
4009:
3479:Namkung, Ju, ed. (1996),
3346:10.1017/s0035869x00016956
3025:10.1163/19606028-00442p02
2976:Matisoff, James A. 2015.
2427:(Aka) – Thrizino Circle,
1113:West Central Himalayish (
832:West Himalayish languages
304:
59:Linguistic classification
3769:Himalayan languages site
3041:Beckwith, Christopher I.
2881:Blench & Post (2011)
2856:, pp. 178, 180–181.
2353:(Sherdukpen) of Shergaon
966:The border highlands of
4656:Tibeto-Burman languages
3741:Encyclopædia Britannica
3671:10.1073/pnas.1817972116
3395:Hodgson, Brian Houghton
1662:Kamarupan (geographic)
933:Jingpho–Luish languages
838:and western Nepal, the
660:Austroasiatic languages
436:Tibeto-Burman languages
3632:Sino-Tibetan Languages
3205:Sino-Tibetan Languages
2625:, p. 10319–10320.
2281:The classification of
1942:Adi–Galo–Mishing–Nishi
1724:Jingpho–Nungish–Luish
1019:Chittagong Hill Tracts
931:group, as well as the
780:
717:
671:Lolo-Burmese languages
643:
511:Brian Houghton Hodgson
506:
448:Southeast Asian Massif
4538:Central Tibeto-Burman
3512:Modern Language Notes
3115:; Post, Mark (2011),
2832:, pp. 17, 19–20.
2484:Monpa of Mago-Thingbu
943:include at least the
817:East Bodish languages
778:
715:
639:Language families of
638:
504:
4666:Languages of Myanmar
3728:Konow, Sten (1911).
3508:Les Langues du Monde
3369:Handel, Zev (2008),
2623:Sagart et al. (2019)
2429:West Kameng District
2420:East Kameng District
2359:(Sherdukpen) of Rupa
1938:may also fit here.)
771:Tibet and South Asia
759:of the 12th century
604:Christopher Beckwith
592:Les Langues du Monde
471:historical linguists
4596:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
3664:(21): 10317–10322,
2931:, pp. 182–189.
2907:, pp. 174–178.
2868:, pp. 178–182.
2757:, pp. 424–432.
2697:, pp. 341–342.
1506:Jiarongic languages
1457:(perhaps including
1000:Kuki-Chin languages
652:subject–verb–object
81:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
4661:Languages of Tibet
4589:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
4531:Proposed groupings
3654:Jacques, Guillaume
3448:Miller, Roy Andrew
2480:Monpa of Zemithang
2474:Monpa of Kalaktang
2317:(2015) proposed a
2307:(2003) proposed a
2247:Lolo-Burmese–Naxi
2166:Western Himalayish
1632:-order languages.
1543:Tripuri (Kokborok)
1323:Murmi & Gurung
840:Tamangic languages
781:
718:
644:
507:
475:shared innovations
4643:
4642:
4526:
4525:
4411:
4410:
4252:
4251:
4007:
4006:
3641:978-0-7007-1129-1
3619:978-3-447-01559-2
3600:978-3-447-01286-7
3506:(1925), "Review:
3297:978-0-7007-1197-0
3278:978-1-902937-20-5
3259:978-90-04-12062-4
3246:van Driem, George
3214:978-0-7007-1129-1
3192:978-90-04-12424-0
3173:978-0-85883-456-9
3151:978-3-11-031083-2
3104:978-3-11-019828-7
3085:978-0-521-08175-7
3072:Benedict, Paul K.
3063:978-90-04-12424-0
2919:, pp. 12–14.
2895:, pp. 11–12.
2770:van Driem (2011a)
2330:language isolates
2326:Arunachal Pradesh
856:Magaric languages
848:Kiranti languages
821:Arunachal Pradesh
813:Classical Tibetan
809:Tibetic languages
679:Loloish languages
610:(1972) and later
600:Roy Andrew Miller
514:group in 1856 by
491:phylogenetic tree
464:Tibetic languages
432:
431:
426:
425:
16:(Redirected from
4673:
4485:
4346:
4180:
4015:
3932:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3790:
3773:George van Driem
3745:
3733:
3705:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3645:
3628:Thurgood, Graham
3623:
3604:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3535:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3443:
3430:
3410:
3390:
3365:
3322:
3301:
3282:
3263:
3241:
3231:
3223:Coblin, W. South
3218:
3201:Burling, Robbins
3196:
3177:
3155:
3132:
3130:
3124:, archived from
3123:
3108:
3089:
3067:
3048:
3027:
3013:
3007:
2993:
2987:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2842:van Driem (2007)
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2695:van Driem (2001)
2692:
2686:
2683:van Driem (2001)
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2514:
2510:
2295:Chamdo languages
2142:Northern Naga /
2030:George van Driem
1592:(a.k.a. Kukish)
1582:" a.k.a. Konyak)
949:Konyak languages
919:Digaro languages
836:Himachal Pradesh
742:Wuling Mountains
740:, spoken in the
414:
405:
396:
385:
376:
367:
358:
347:
338:
329:
320:
314:
309:
288:
30:
21:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4580:Proto-languages
4574:
4522:
4489:Greater Siangic
4483:
4420:
4407:
4344:
4248:
4220:
4178:
4122:
4113:
4025:
4016:
4003:
3936:Greater Magaric
3930:
3857:West Himalayish
3837:
3823:
3817:
3752:
3727:
3715:
3713:Further reading
3710:
3696:
3650:Sagart, Laurent
3648:
3642:
3626:
3620:
3607:
3601:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3538:
3524:10.2307/2914102
3502:
3496:
3485:
3478:
3446:
3433:
3415:Logan, James R.
3413:
3393:
3368:
3325:
3304:
3298:
3285:
3279:
3266:
3260:
3244:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3199:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3158:
3152:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3111:
3105:
3092:
3086:
3070:
3064:
3051:
3039:
3030:
3014:
3010:
2994:
2990:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2917:Thurgood (2003)
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2893:Thurgood (2003)
2891:
2887:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2830:Thurgood (2003)
2828:
2824:
2818:Thurgood (2003)
2816:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2796:, pp. 8–9.
2794:Thurgood (2003)
2792:
2788:
2782:Thurgood (2003)
2780:
2776:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2743:Beckwith (2002)
2741:
2737:
2731:Beckwith (1996)
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2469:Tawang District
2465:Monpa of Tawang
2446:
2279:
2277:Other languages
2274:
2149:Jingpho–Asakian
2038:
2036:Matisoff (2015)
2027:
2022:
1809:Tibetan–Kanauri
1784:
1771:
1672:Abor–Miri–Dafla
1650:
1619:
1617:Matisoff (1978)
1614:
1578:(Perhaps also "
1424:Abor–Miri–Dafla
1296:Tibetan–Kanauri
1282:
1254:Benedict (1972)
1250:
1248:Benedict (1972)
1245:
1129:East Himalayish
1096:West Himalayish
1043:
1035:Benedict (1972)
1027:
909:(or Kamengic),
785:Tibetan Plateau
773:
757:Tangut language
675:southwest China
648:Karen languages
633:
620:
584:Antoine Meillet
552:Julius Klaproth
499:
442:members of the
428:
427:
419:
412:
410:
403:
401:
394:
390:
383:
381:
374:
372:
365:
363:
356:
352:
345:
343:
336:
334:
327:
325:
318:
284:
146:Greater Magaric
142:West Himalayish
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4679:
4677:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4648:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4570:Tibeto-Kanauri
4567:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4543:Kuki-Chin–Naga
4540:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4493:
4491:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4431:
4429:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4391:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4354:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4264:
4262:Southeast Asia
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4201:
4199:Angami–Pochuri
4196:
4190:
4188:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4124:
4123:Burmese border
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4041:
4039:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3974:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3850:
3825:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3766:
3758:
3751:
3750:External links
3748:
3747:
3746:
3736:Chisholm, Hugh
3725:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3646:
3640:
3624:
3618:
3605:
3599:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3536:
3518:(6): 373–375,
3500:
3494:
3476:
3464:10.2307/600891
3458:(2): 195–209,
3444:
3431:
3411:
3391:
3381:(3): 422–441,
3366:
3340:(2): 210–227,
3336:, New Series,
3323:
3321:on 2012-01-12.
3302:
3296:
3283:
3277:
3264:
3258:
3242:
3219:
3213:
3197:
3191:
3178:
3172:
3160:Bradley, David
3156:
3150:
3133:
3131:on 2013-05-26.
3109:
3103:
3090:
3084:
3068:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3029:
3028:
3008:
3005:10.6078/D1159Q
2988:
2969:
2965:Bradley (2002)
2957:
2955:, p. 455.
2953:Namkung (1996)
2945:
2933:
2929:Burling (2003)
2921:
2909:
2905:Burling (2003)
2897:
2885:
2870:
2866:Burling (2003)
2858:
2854:Burling (2003)
2846:
2844:, p. 296.
2834:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2685:, p. 334.
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2635:Hodgson (1853)
2627:
2615:
2600:
2577:
2575:, p. 431.
2562:
2559:. p. 215.
2547:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2462:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2334:
2319:Central branch
2315:Scott DeLancey
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2161:Tibeto-Kanauri
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2098:Angami–Pochuri
2095:
2090:Central Naga (
2087:" areal group
2081:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:"North Assam"
2052:
2037:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1944:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1793:
1783:
1782:Bradley (2002)
1780:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:(unclassified)
1761:
1756:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1708:Tibeto-Kanauri
1705:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1666:Kuki-Chin–Naga
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1622:James Matisoff
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1595:(perhaps also
1585:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:(perhaps also
1514:
1509:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1429:(perhaps also
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:(perhaps also
1411:
1402:
1385:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1352:(perhaps also
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1131:
1126:
1111:
1093:
1069:
1061:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1026:
1025:Classification
1023:
1002:are spoken in
992:Karbi language
980:Angami–Pochuri
899:Tani languages
852:Newar language
819:of Bhutan and
772:
769:
695:Hani languages
632:
629:
619:
616:
612:James Matisoff
572:August Conrady
498:
495:
430:
429:
424:
423:
417:Kuki-Chin-Mizo
411:
402:
393:
391:
382:
373:
364:
355:
353:
344:
335:
326:
317:
312:
310:
302:
301:
296:
290:
289:
282:
276:
275:
274:
273:
242:
219:
201:Kuki-Chin-Mizo
183:Angami–Pochuri
175:Kuki-Chin–Naga
156:
119:
88:
84:
83:
78:
77:Proto-language
74:
73:
72:
71:
61:
55:
54:
44:Southeast Asia
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4678:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4610:Proto-Karenic
4607:
4605:
4604:
4603:Proto-Loloish
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4564:Tibeto-Burman
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4350:Burmo-Qiangic
4347:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4244:Jingpho–Luish
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3882:Baram–Thangmi
3880:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3547:(1): 94–111,
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3504:Sapir, Edward
3501:
3497:
3495:0-944613-28-4
3491:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3113:Blench, Roger
3110:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2941:Shafer (1955)
2937:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2820:, p. 20.
2819:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:Coblin (1979)
2802:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2784:, p. 18.
2783:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:Handel (2008)
2751:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2719:Miller (1974)
2715:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:Forbes (1878)
2667:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2573:Handel (2008)
2569:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2513:assimilation.
2509:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:Randy LaPolla
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:Tangut-Qiang
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:Tibeto-Burman
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:South-Eastern
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:North-Eastern
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:Northern Naga
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:Tibeto-Burman
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:(geographic)
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:Tibeto-Burman
1656:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1644:Tibeto-Burman
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:Sino-Tibetan
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:Tibeto-Burman
1288:
1287:
1285:
1275:
1274:Tibeto-Burman
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:Tibeto-Karen
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:Sino-Tibetan
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1041:Shafer (1955)
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:Shafer (1955)
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:Sal languages
938:
934:
930:
925:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
777:
770:
768:
766:
765:Tangut script
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:Naxi language
723:
714:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:Akha language
688:
685:and northern
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
642:
637:
630:
628:
626:
617:
615:
613:
609:
608:Paul Benedict
605:
601:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:sino-tibétain
577:
576:Tai languages
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
546:British India
543:
542:
537:
536:Indo-European
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
503:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
422:
418:
409:
400:
392:
389:
380:
371:
362:
354:
351:
342:
333:
324:
316:
315:
308:
303:
300:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
241:
240:
235:
231:
227:
226:Burmo-Qiangic
223:
220:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
120:
118:
114:
113:
108:
107:
102:
101:
96:
95:
91:
90:
89:
82:
79:
75:
70:
69:Tibeto-Burman
67:
66:
65:
62:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
42:
36:
33:Tibeto-Burman
31:
19:
18:Tibeto-Burman
4635:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4563:
4562:
4508:
4501:
4476:
4462:
4455:
4446:
4439:
4398:
4383:Lolo-Burmese
4381:
4357:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4203:
4171:
4164:
4155:
4148:
4136:
4129:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4051:
4044:
3996:
3990:
3976:
3969:
3955:
3948:
3923:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3888:
3874:
3862:
3855:
3820:Sino-Tibetan
3761:
3739:
3719:
3702:ScienceDaily
3701:
3661:
3657:
3631:
3609:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3544:
3540:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3481:
3455:
3451:
3442:(1): 68–114.
3439:
3435:
3426:
3422:
3406:
3402:
3378:
3374:
3337:
3331:
3319:the original
3314:
3310:
3287:
3268:
3249:
3237:
3233:
3204:
3182:
3163:
3141:
3126:the original
3117:
3094:
3075:
3053:
3044:
3033:Bibliography
3032:
3031:
3016:
3011:
2996:
2991:
2978:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2707:Sapir (1925)
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2659:Logan (1858)
2654:
2647:Logan (1856)
2642:
2630:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2556:
2550:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2508:
2455:East Bodish
2447:
2323:
2313:
2303:
2280:
2251:Lolo-Burmese
2055:
2045:
2039:
2028:
2004:Burmese–Lolo
1998:
1967:
1931:
1879:
1796:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1745:Lolo–Burmese
1668:(geographic)
1657:
1651:
1643:
1620:
1587:
1525:
1491:Kanburi Lawa
1474:Burmese–Maru
1468:Burmese–Lolo
1466:
1450:
1422:
1392:Rungchenbung
1369:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1273:
1251:
1236:
1221:
1176:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1052:Sino-Tibetan
1051:
1044:
1028:
1015:Mru language
1012:
1010:of Myanmar.
965:
935:, including
926:
923:
896:
829:
782:
753:Gupta script
749:Pyu language
746:
722:Bai language
719:
664:
645:
621:
596:
591:
588:Marcel Cohen
579:
550:
539:
518:, who added
508:
468:
438:are the non-
435:
433:
420:
298:
260:
244:
237:
221:
214:
204:
186:
168:
158:
131:
121:
110:
104:
98:
92:
87:Subdivisions
68:
64:Sino-Tibetan
40:distribution
4624:Proto-Hakka
4553:Mahakiranti
4059:East Bodish
3839:Uttarakhand
2418:(Sulung) –
2381:(Digarish)
2309:Rung branch
2231:rGyalrongic
2157:Himalayish
1801:Western (=
1690:Mahakiranti
1371:Bahing–Vayu
1330:Himalayish
1196:Katśinish (
761:Western Xia
734:Rgyalrongic
558:, but that
534:, "Aryan" (
516:James Logan
4650:Categories
4518:Idu–Taraon
4472:Miju–Meyor
4365:Gyalrongic
4211:Tangkhulic
3986:Raji–Raute
3429:(1): 1–42.
3409:(1): 1–25.
3240:: 179–216.
2521:References
2476:(Tshangla)
2461:(Zakhring)
2110:Tangkhulic
1824:East Bodic
1710:(includes
1692:(includes
1684:Himalayish
1580:Naked Naga
1341:Himalayish
1335:Himalayish
1203:Tśairelish
1133:Newarish (
1008:Chin State
984:Tangkhulic
864:Raji–Raute
568:Vietnamese
556:vocabulary
524:Max MĂĽller
483:morphology
456:South Asia
193:Tangkhulic
52:South Asia
38:Geographic
4617:Proto-Min
4548:Macro-Bai
4426:Arunachal
4419:(possible
4234:Boro–Garo
4138:Kuki-Chin
4121:and Indo-
4036:Arunachal
4023:Himalayas
3998:Tandrange
3965:Chepangic
3896:Dhimalish
3830:Himalayas
3765:(journal)
3362:163329316
3252:, BRILL,
2299:Koki Naga
2181:Tamangish
2144:Konyakian
2138:Boro–Garo
2079:Kuki-Chin
2050:(STEDT).
2025:van Driem
1916:Kuki-Chin
1891:Boro–Garo
1852:Western (
1845:Eastern (
1841:Himalayan
1677:Boro–Garo
1589:Kuki–Naga
1527:Boro-Garo
1500:Hsi-fan (
1484:Northern
1478:Southern
1170:Dzorgaish
1165:Miśingish
1160:Dhimalish
957:Meghalaya
945:Boro–Garo
872:Dhimalish
868:Chepangic
789:Baltistan
656:Tai–Kadai
594:in 1924.
479:phonology
452:East Asia
379:Bodo–Garo
294:Glottolog
280:ISO 639-5
48:East Asia
4422:isolates
4389:Mondzish
4317:Cai–Long
4065:Tshangla
4021:Eastern
3864:Tamangic
3834:Himachal
3828:Western
3822:branches
3690:31061123
3417:(1856),
3397:(1853),
3354:25196796
3248:(2001),
3225:(1979),
2393:(Digaru)
2340:Kamengic
2289:and the
2121:Mikir /
2042:Matisoff
1951:Digarish
1901:Jinghpaw
1569:Saraniya
1563:(Lalung)
1376:Bahing (
1339:"minor"
1333:"major"
1150:MidĹşuish
1145:Digarish
1100:Kinnauri
1082:Tshangla
1076:Bodish (
1006:and the
968:Nagaland
953:Nagaland
892:Tshangla
707:Pai-lang
625:isolates
618:Overview
528:Turanian
462:and the
138:Tamangic
133:Tshangla
4636:Italics
4497:Siangic
4478:Songlin
4457:Kho-Bwa
4435:Hrusish
4417:Dubious
4400:Loloish
4394:Burmish
4359:Qiangic
4330:Longjia
4297:Karenic
4291:Nungish
4271:Sinitic
4157:Hkongso
4119:Myanmar
4089:Gongduk
4053:Tibetic
3971:Chepang
3944:Magaric
3890:Kiranti
3870:Newaric
3738:(ed.).
3681:6534992
3532:2914102
2597:(1): 2.
2399:Siangic
2387:(Luoba)
2363:Sartang
2347:(Khowa)
2291:Songlin
2263:Karenic
2226:Qiangic
2211:Chepang
2198:Kiranti
2117:Meithei
2006:(incl.
1973:Qiangic
1932:Central
1920:Meithei
1918:(incl.
1908:(incl.
1866:Thangmi
1858:Chepang
1847:Kiranti
1834:Kanauri
1828:Tsangla
1826:(incl.
1814:Tibetic
1789:Bradley
1754:Karenic
1733:Nungish
1728:Jingpho
1720:Qiangic
1702:Kiranti
1640:Chinese
1601:Meithei
1575:Thengal
1572:Sonowal
1502:Qiangic
1409:Chepang
1388:Sampang
1382:Khaling
1378:Sunuwar
1354:Dzorgai
1319:Tsangla
1311:Gyarung
1307:Tibetic
1302:Bodish
1264:Chinese
1238:Karenic
1198:Jingpho
1192:Nungish
1182:Burmish
1155:Hrusish
1119:Chepang
1108:Thangmi
1098:(incl.
1090:Tibetic
1086:Gyarong
1058:Sinitic
1004:Mizoram
996:Meithei
972:Manipur
961:Tripura
937:Jingpho
929:Nungish
907:Kho-Bwa
903:Siangic
888:Gongduk
827:group.
823:as the
730:Qiangic
683:Sichuan
667:Burmese
641:Myanmar
532:Semitic
497:History
489:of the
460:Burmese
440:Sinitic
341:Karenic
332:Burmish
323:Tibetic
267:Siangic
257:Kho-Bwa
253:Hrusish
234:Nungish
230:Karenic
222:Eastern
160:Central
154:Kiranti
150:Newaric
123:Western
94:Gongduk
4510:Milang
4464:Puroik
4448:Mijiic
4372:Ersuic
4323:Caijia
4239:Konyak
4205:Meitei
4109:Chamdo
4046:Bodish
4032:Bhutan
3978:Bhujel
3925:Lepcha
3916:Lhokpu
3902:Dhimal
3847:Sikkim
3688:
3678:
3638:
3616:
3597:
3530:
3492:
3472:600891
3470:
3360:
3352:
3294:
3275:
3256:
3211:
3189:
3170:
3148:
3101:
3082:
3060:
2489:Tani:
2416:Puroik
2409:Milang
2391:Taraon
2379:Mishmi
2238:Nungic
2221:Tangut
2186:Dhimal
2176:Lepcha
2094:group)
1992:Tangut
1961:Rawang
1947:Mishmi
1936:Lepcha
1819:Gurung
1712:Lepcha
1566:Sutiya
1553:Rava (
1547:Dimasa
1537:A·chik
1535:Garo (
1512:Tangut
1452:Kachin
1443:Dhimal
1441:, and
1435:Digaro
1398:, and
1362:Magari
1358:Lepcha
1231:Nagish
1227:Barish
1215:Kukish
1187:Mruish
1177:Burmic
1139:Pahari
1078:Gurung
986:, and
959:, and
884:Lhokpu
876:Lepcha
844:Tamang
825:Bodish
805:Bhutan
801:Sikkim
793:Ladakh
755:. The
689:, the
687:Yunnan
421:
415:
413:
408:Meitei
406:
404:
397:
395:
388:Konyak
386:
384:
377:
375:
368:
366:
359:
357:
348:
346:
339:
337:
330:
328:
321:
319:
262:Puroik
249:Digaro
245:Others
188:Meitei
128:Bodish
112:Lepcha
100:Lhokpu
4441:Hruso
4337:Luren
4311:Kathu
4285:Tujia
4173:Taman
4144:Mruic
4131:Karbi
4072:Basum
4028:Tibet
3950:Magar
3876:Newar
3843:Nepal
3734:. In
3528:JSTOR
3486:(PDF)
3468:JSTOR
3358:S2CID
3350:JSTOR
3230:(PDF)
3129:(PDF)
3122:(PDF)
2526:Notes
2500:Notes
2459:Meyor
2425:Hruso
2345:Bugun
2287:Basum
2283:Tujia
2243:Tujia
2207:Magar
2193:Newar
2171:Bodic
2123:Karbi
2106:group
2100:group
2014:Karen
1987:Tujia
1955:Keman
1924:Karbi
1906:Luish
1887:Baric
1870:Baram
1862:Magar
1854:Newar
1803:Bodic
1764:Tujia
1738:Luish
1698:Magar
1694:Newar
1597:Karbi
1459:Luish
1415:Newar
1400:Limbu
1396:Yakha
1315:Takpa
1270:Karen
1222:Baric
1211:Taman
1207:Luish
1135:Newar
1115:Magar
1104:Baram
1072:Bodic
911:Hruso
797:Nepal
738:Tujia
520:Karen
487:clade
370:Qiang
239:Tujia
211:Mruic
206:Karbi
4558:Rung
4503:Koro
4377:Naic
4304:Gong
4260:and
4258:East
4216:Zeme
4185:Naga
4103:Tani
4096:ĘĽOle
3992:Dura
3957:Kham
3909:Toto
3771:(by
3686:PMID
3636:ISBN
3614:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3490:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3187:ISBN
3168:ISBN
3146:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3080:ISBN
3058:ISBN
2440:Miju
2434:Miji
2404:Koro
2372:Lish
2370:and
2368:Chug
2293:and
2256:Naxi
2203:Kham
2104:Zeme
2085:Naga
2072:Deng
2067:Tani
1978:Naxi
1953:and
1922:and
1759:Baic
1749:Naxi
1561:Tiwa
1555:Koch
1550:Mech
1532:Boro
1518:Nung
1504:and
1496:Moso
1486:Lolo
1480:Lolo
1439:Miju
1405:Vayu
1123:Hayu
1066:Daic
1033:and
1013:The
988:Zeme
947:and
917:and
915:Miju
897:The
886:and
880:'Ole
870:and
860:Dura
803:and
732:and
703:Lahu
701:and
699:Lisu
693:and
658:and
602:and
586:and
566:and
560:Thai
454:and
434:The
399:Naga
361:Tani
350:Rung
299:None
271:Miju
216:Miju
209:),
197:Zeme
117:Tani
106:'Ole
4424:) (
4278:Bai
4226:Sal
4166:Pyu
4150:Mru
4079:Nam
3676:PMC
3666:doi
3662:116
3549:doi
3520:doi
3510:",
3460:doi
3383:doi
3342:doi
3021:doi
3001:doi
2984:PDF
2491:Nah
2385:Idu
2357:Mey
2351:Mey
2268:Bai
2133:Sal
2128:Mru
2008:Mru
1982:Bai
1910:Pyu
1881:Sal
1630:SOV
1626:SVO
1605:Mru
1431:Aka
1063:??
834:of
590:'s
564:Mon
526:'s
481:or
477:in
286:tbq
170:Pyu
165:Sal
4652::
4194:Ao
4034:,
4030:,
3845:,
3841:,
3700:.
3684:,
3674:,
3660:,
3652:;
3545:11
3543:,
3526:,
3516:40
3514:,
3466:,
3456:94
3454:,
3438:,
3425:,
3421:,
3407:22
3405:,
3401:,
3377:,
3373:,
3356:,
3348:,
3330:,
3315:10
3313:,
3309:,
3238:12
3236:,
3232:,
2873:^
2762:^
2595:36
2593:.
2589:.
2565:^
2467:–
2332::
2301:.
2092:Ao
1868:,
1864:,
1860:,
1856:,
1805:)
1700:,
1696:,
1603:,
1599:,
1437:,
1433:,
1394:,
1390:,
1380:,
1360:,
1356:,
1321:,
1317:,
1313:,
1309:,
1137:,
1121:,
1117:,
1106:,
1102:,
1088:,
1084:,
1080:,
994:.
982:,
978:,
976:Ao
970:,
955:,
913:,
905:,
894:.
874:.
866:,
862:,
799:,
795:,
791:,
767:.
662:.
562:,
548:.
493:.
269:,
265:,
259:,
255:,
251:,
247::
236:,
232:,
228:,
224::
213:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
185:,
181:,
179:Ao
173:,
167:,
163::
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
130:,
126::
115:,
109:,
103:,
97:,
50:,
46:,
4428:)
4187:"
4183:"
4082:?
4038:)
4026:(
3995:–
3849:)
3836:,
3832:(
3812:e
3805:t
3798:v
3775:)
3692:.
3668::
3644:.
3622:.
3603:.
3557:.
3551::
3534:.
3522::
3498:.
3474:.
3462::
3440:2
3427:1
3389:.
3385::
3379:2
3364:.
3344::
3338:X
3300:.
3281:.
3262:.
3217:.
3195:.
3176:.
3154:.
3107:.
3088:.
3066:.
3023::
3003::
2986:)
2967:.
2943:.
2883:.
2808:.
2772:.
2745:.
2733:.
2721:.
2709:.
2673:.
2661:.
2649:.
2637:.
2209:-
2205:-
2083:"
2010:)
1980:–
1957:)
1949:(
1926:)
1912:)
1897:)
1893:–
1889:(
1872:)
1849:)
1830:)
1747:–
1714:)
1704:)
1607:)
1557:)
1539:)
1520:)
1461:)
1445:)
1417:)
1407:–
1384:)
1364:)
1325:)
1305:(
1200:)
1141:)
1125:)
1110:)
1092:)
177:(
20:)
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