20:
253:
2159:
92:
492:
the Hebrew/Aramaic root sat.ah/sete' ('to deviate from the right path, to go astray, to be unfaithful'). In other words, his mother Miriam was also called 'Stada' because she was a sotah, a woman suspected, or rather convicted, of adultery." A few of the references explicitly name Jesus ("Yeshu") as the "son of
Pandera": these explicit connections are found in the
234:. However, it is also possible that Pantera was ethnically (and/or religiously) Jewish, given his birthplace. Zeichmann points out that the name Abdes is "commonly attested among Jews and others in the Levant" and has direct adaptations in Greek, Hebrew, and several other languages, many of which are Semitic.
483:
It is taught that Rabbi
Eliezer said to the Wise, "Did not Ben Stada bring spells from Egypt in a cut in his flesh?" They said to him, "He was a fool, and they do not bring evidence from a fool." Ben Stada is Ben Pantera. Rabbi Hisda said, "The husband was Stada, the lover was Pantera." The husband
491:
explains this passage as a commentary designed to clarify the multiple names used to refer to Jesus, concluding with the explanation that he was the son of his mother's lover "Pantera", but was known as "son of Stada", because this name was given to his mother, being "an epithet which derives from
371:
claimed that
Tiberius Pantera could have been serving in the region at the time of Jesus's conception, but more recent scholarship has shown this claim to be greatly doubtful. Christopher Zeichmann goes so far as to say: "Where precisely Pantera's unit was located during the years leading up to
273:
later showed with certainty that it was a common name at the time, and that it was especially common among Roman soldiers, which would also fit the name
Pantera, because the standard bearer of a Roman unit wore an animal fur on official occasions. In this case this would have been the fur of a
546:
suggests that Celsus' information about Jesus' paternity is correct, and argues that
Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera's career places him in Judea as a young man around the time of Jesus' conception, so he may have been Jesus' father. This has not gained a wide consensus. Biblical scholar
573:
states that the literary origins of
Toledot Yeshu cannot be traced with any certainty, and given that it is unlikely to have been written before the 4th century, it is far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus. The nature of the Toledot Yeshu as a parody of the Christian
260:
Pantera is not an unusual name, and its use goes back at least to the 2nd century. Prior to the end of the 19th century, at various times in history, scholars had hypothesized that the name
Pantera was an uncommon or even a fabricated name; however, in 1891, French archaeologist
379:
Tabor's hypothesis is considered highly unlikely by mainstream scholars given that there is little other evidence to support
Pantera's paternity outside of some texts. Some scholars and religious figures postulate Pantera was a Roman ancestor of Jesus but not his father.
413:
Let us return, however, to the words put into the mouth of the Jew, where "the mother of Jesus" is described as having been "turned out by the carpenter who was betrothed to her, as she had been convicted of adultery and had a child by a certain soldier named
561:
state that the
Toledot Yeshu consists primarily of fictitious anti-Christian stories based on the ongoing attempt of the Jews to discredit Jesus as their long-awaited Messiah, and that it offers no value to historical research on Jesus.
484:
was "actually" Pappos ben Judah, the mother was Stada. The mother was Miriam "Mary" the dresser of women's hair. As we say in
Pumbeditha, "She has been false to "satath da" her husband." (b. Shabbat 104b)
1384:
301:
invasion of Judea. Within the text itself he is cited as receiving his name from the act of strangling panthers with his bare hands. This name and personage also appears in the text of the Ethiopian
367:
and a renowned Roman figure in a time of great upheaval. He said that for this reason she was "accused of adultery but had the child by the leader named Panthera". Biblical scholar
114:
in Germany, tombstones for nine Roman soldiers were accidentally discovered. One of the tombstones was that of Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera and is currently kept in the
2213:
1744:
551:
rejected Tabor's hypothesis and states that Tabor has presented no evidence for Pantera's presence in the region, a conclusion affirmed by Christopher Zeichmann.
19:
1739:
1734:
2218:
2183:
1844:
363:
Celsus' work was lost but, in Origen's account of it, Jesus was depicted as the result of an affiliation (non-consensual or consensual) between his
277:
At that time, Roman army enlistments were for 25 years and Pantera served 40 years in the army until his death at 62. Pantera was most likely the
2188:
1415:
1792:
1356:
1306:
1267:
1030:
936:
695:
670:
441:
around the time of Jesus' birth. The "common legionary name" Panthera could have arisen from a satirical connection between the Greek words
1772:
1516:
2097:
566:
states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity.
1331:
1207:
1158:
1128:
1100:
993:
969:
886:
862:
823:
751:
726:
542:
states that the story of Panthera is a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence.
2208:
1973:
1931:
1872:
2238:
1944:
1767:
1608:
1235:
902:
527:
as an anti-Christian satirical chronicle of Jesus. It also refers to the name Pantera, or Pandera. The book accuses Jesus of
262:
126:
569:
Throughout the centuries, both Christian and Jewish scholars have generally only paid minor attention to the Toledot Yeshu.
1650:
1511:
1375:
1053:
2139:
1901:
1440:
1045:
1070:
2243:
2228:
2193:
531:
as the son of Pandera, and of heretical and at times violent activities along with his followers during his ministry.
2233:
1884:
1787:
1717:
1478:
1408:
1065:
63:
383:
Historically, the names Pantera and Yeshu were not unusual in the region and were in use among Jews and Gentiles.
1916:
1819:
719:
Light From the Ancient East: The New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Graeco Roman World
1966:
1839:
1640:
1578:
203:. The names Tiberius Julius are acquired names and were probably given to him in recognition of serving in the
1198:
Horbury, William (2003). "The Depiction of Judeo-Christians in the Toledot Yeshu". In Tomson, Peter J. (ed.).
1894:
1533:
528:
853:
The Jesus Dynasty: A New Historical Investigation of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity
2198:
2134:
2061:
1727:
1496:
714:
270:
242:
2016:
1949:
1854:
1834:
1829:
1669:
1583:
1473:
1401:
409:, who considered it a fabricated story. Celsus' claim is only known from Origen's reply. Origen writes:
405:, wrote that Jesus's father was a Roman soldier named Panthera. The views of Celsus drew responses from
364:
321:
has long been hypothesized by some scholars, based on the claim of an ancient Greek philosopher named
1983:
1978:
1754:
1645:
1506:
1010:
600:
570:
433:
parentage of Jesus might derive from the memory of Roman military operations suppressing a revolt at
422:
1380:
1954:
1625:
1544:
1540:
1450:
497:
470:
1202:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 280–285.
2203:
2144:
2129:
2124:
2011:
1990:
1811:
1801:
1674:
1618:
1598:
793:
773:
293:
A soldier by the name of Pantos/Pantera also appears twice in Ethiopian church documents. In the
1174:
1228:
Mary in the New Testament: A Collaborative Assessment by Protestant and Roman Catholic Scholars
928:
2092:
2039:
1911:
1777:
1697:
1588:
1573:
1568:
1528:
1483:
1468:
1352:
1327:
1302:
1263:
1231:
1203:
1154:
1124:
1096:
1026:
1022:
989:
965:
961:
932:
882:
858:
819:
747:
722:
691:
666:
505:
318:
208:
1782:
1762:
1603:
1593:
1561:
1556:
1521:
1501:
1435:
1385:"Yeshua Ben Panthera: l'origine du nom. Status quaestionis et nouvelles investigations", in
1286:
1223:
1014:
953:
920:
785:
595:
539:
501:
488:
402:
33:
2107:
2070:
1657:
1635:
1490:
1297:
Cook, Michael J. (2011). "Jewish Perspectives on Jesus". In Burkett, Delbert Royce (ed.).
1075:
278:
252:
2223:
2162:
2102:
1961:
1862:
1722:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1255:
1006:
583:
582:
pretended to be Christian so he could separate them from the Jews and its portrayal of
558:
212:
192:
111:
96:
71:
2177:
1921:
1906:
1684:
1662:
1630:
1455:
1061:
1015:
954:
921:
851:
797:
618:
611:
579:
554:
548:
512:
466:
353:
348:
342:
330:
119:
309:), where he is remembered along with his brothers in the canon of Ethiopian saints.
2044:
2022:
1995:
1867:
1824:
1463:
479:, in which Jesus is widely understood to be the figure referred to as "Ben Stada":
430:
256:
Portrayal of a Roman standard bearer with the fur of a predatory cat on his head.
2028:
1889:
1879:
1613:
846:
543:
516:
418:
368:
91:
2049:
1549:
923:
Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching
789:
605:
475:
The story that Jesus was the son of a man named Pantera is referred to in the
302:
204:
1283:
1200:
The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian literature
2114:
586:
as a hero who posed as a disciple of Jesus in order to stop the Christians.
454:
434:
238:
1151:
Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research
1260:
A New Eusebius: Documents Illustrating the History of the Church to AD 337
438:
298:
294:
282:
200:
1093:
Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence
2055:
1939:
520:
493:
446:
246:
75:
1226:; Donfried, Karl P.; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Reumann, John, eds. (1978).
1017:
The First Christmas: What the Gospels Really Teach About Jesus's Birth
2119:
2075:
1692:
1251:
575:
524:
476:
426:
406:
398:
392:
326:
322:
266:
227:
818:. Vol. 1. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Victor Books. p. 146.
372:
Jesus' conception is uncertain, but it is beyond doubt that it was
1424:
624:
338:
251:
231:
196:
67:
879:
The First Book of Ethiopian Maccabees: With additional commentary
774:"Jesus 'ben Pantera': An Epigraphic and Military-Historical Note"
1397:
1153:. New Testament Tools and Studies. Leiden: Brill. p. 450.
1123:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 15–24.
688:
Jesus and His World: An Archaeological and Cultural Dictionary
51:
16:
Roman soldier of the Cohors I Sagittariorum (c. 22 BC - AD 40)
1322:
Friedländer, Saul; et al. (1994). Beck, Wolfgang (ed.).
1054:
1046:
881:. Translated by Curtin, D.P. Barnes & Noble Press. 2018.
237:
Pantera was from Sidonia, which is identified with Sidon in
199:
in the inscription. It was perhaps his last name, and means
131:
54:
110:
In October 1859, during the construction of a railroad in
39:
1393:
816:
The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew-Luke
1326:. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press. p. 31.
297:
he is listed as one of three brothers who resists the
230:, a Phoenician god of healing and the tutelary god of
218:
The meaning of the name Abdes is up for speculation. "
665:. Springfield, Mo.: Moon City Press. pp. 15–17.
42:
1262:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic. p. 133.
129:
XIII 7514) on the tombstone of Abdes Pantera reads:
48:
36:
2085:
2004:
1930:
1853:
1810:
1753:
1683:
1449:
721:. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Pub. pp. 73–74.
45:
850:
960:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
1114:
1112:
481:
411:
241:, and joined the Cohors I Sagittariorum (first
1745:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
1351:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. p. 417.
1149:Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A., eds. (1998).
1409:
1230:. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. p. 262.
1144:
1142:
1140:
778:Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus
709:
707:
317:A historical connection from this soldier to
265:showed that it was a name that was in use in
23:Tiberius Pantera's tombstone in Bad Kreuznach
8:
1324:The Jews in European History: Seven Lectures
1086:
1084:
690:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. p. 225.
429:towards Christianity, his suggestion of the
1254:(2013). "Contra Celsum". In Stevenson, J.;
914:
912:
313:Hypothesis concerning a connection to Jesus
1740:New Testament places associated with Jesus
1735:Historical background of the New Testament
1416:
1402:
1394:
1193:
1191:
744:The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337: A Sourcebook
172:served 40 years, former standard bearer(?)
99:, Germany, as illustrated when published.
841:
839:
837:
835:
661:Whitehead, James; Burns, Michael (2008).
222:" in Phoenician means "servant of", and "
2067:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)
986:The Apology of Origen in Reply to Celsus
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
90:
18:
2214:Early Christianity-related inscriptions
809:
807:
636:
148:stipen(diorum) XXXX miles exs(ignifer?)
952:Origen (1980). Chadwick, Henry (ed.).
686:Rousseau, John J.; Arav, Rami (1995).
163:
134:
1177:. Princeton Program in Judaic Studies
346:), was the author of a work entitled
325:, who, according to Christian writer
7:
767:
765:
763:
578:is manifested by the claim that the
1349:The Historical Jesus of the Gospels
425:state that given the antagonism of
289:Ethiopian ecclesiastical literature
2058:(traditional maternal grandfather)
2052:(traditional maternal grandmother)
1301:. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.
927:. London: T&T Clark. pp.
857:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
445:meaning "panther, various spotted
14:
1387:Judaïsme ancien / Ancient Judaism
1095:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans.
295:First Book of Ethiopian Maccabees
138:Tib(erius) Iul(ius) Abdes Pantera
2219:Historical perspectives on Jesus
2184:1st-century BC Phoenician people
2158:
2157:
1299:The Blackwell Companion to Jesus
717:; Strachan, Lionel R.M. (2003).
564:The Blackwell Companion to Jesus
32:
2064:(paternal grandfather per Luke)
1021:. New York: HarperOne. p.
772:Zeichmann, Christopher (2020).
461:Jewish usage in the Middle Ages
226:" is perhaps short for Eshmoun/
70:, whose tombstone was found in
1768:Quest for the historical Jesus
1091:Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000).
175:of the first cohort of archers
1:
2189:1st-century Phoenician people
1376:The tombstone and inscription
903:"Origen, Against Celsus 1.32"
663:The Panther: Posthumous Poems
166:Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera
101:Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera
28:Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera
387:2nd-century usage by Celsus
2262:
1718:Five Discourses of Matthew
1055:
1047:
464:
390:
329:in his "Against Celsus" (
62:; c. 22 BC – AD 40) was a
2153:
1431:
1347:Keener, Craig S. (2009).
790:10.1163/17455197-01802001
746:. Routledge. p. 37.
195:, although it appears in
169:from Sidon, aged 62 years
153:coh(orte) I sagittariorum
1945:In comparative mythology
814:Evans, Craig A. (2003).
95:The Roman tombstones in
2098:Interactions with women
1119:Schafer, Peter (2009).
1071:A Greek–English Lexicon
919:Casey, Maurice (2011).
742:Campbell, J.B. (1994).
2209:Ancient Roman soldiers
2108:Mary, sister of Martha
1728:Oral gospel traditions
486:
416:
263:C. S. Clermont-Ganneau
257:
143:Sidonia ann(orum) LXII
107:
24:
2239:Virgin birth of Jesus
1835:Life of Christ Museum
1830:Life of Christ in art
1062:Liddell, Henry George
1011:Crossan, John Dominic
255:
94:
22:
1651:Sayings on the cross
1609:Entry into Jerusalem
1389:2, 2014, p. 157-207.
601:Historicity of Jesus
571:Robert E. Van Voorst
535:Scholarly assessment
423:John Dominic Crossan
397:In the 2nd century,
376:Judaea or Galilee."
269:by other people and
191:The name Pantera is
2140:Race and appearance
2078:(traditional uncle)
1984:Jesus the Splendour
1626:Agony in the Garden
1541:Sermon on the Mount
1121:Jesus in the Talmud
471:Jesus in the Talmud
213:honorable discharge
158:h(ic) s(itus) e(st)
2244:Genealogy of Jesus
2229:Latin inscriptions
2194:1st-century Romans
2125:Rejection of Jesus
1802:Christ myth theory
1619:Farewell Discourse
529:illegitimate birth
258:
108:
25:
2234:People from Sidon
2171:
2170:
2093:Language of Jesus
2040:Brothers of Jesus
1912:Session of Christ
1788:Mara bar Serapion
1589:Great Commandment
1484:Flight into Egypt
1358:978-0-8028-6292-1
1308:978-1-4443-2794-6
1269:978-0-281-04268-5
1224:Brown, Raymond E.
1032:978-0-06-143070-1
938:978-0-567-64517-3
697:978-0-8006-2903-8
672:978-0-913785-12-6
506:Babylonian Talmud
504:, but not in the
403:Greek philosopher
319:Jesus of Nazareth
285:) of his cohort.
215:from the Legion.
209:Roman citizenship
184:
183:
125:The inscription (
2251:
2161:
2160:
2036:(alleged father)
1890:Person of Christ
1763:Historical Jesus
1594:Olivet Discourse
1522:Great Commission
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1363:
1362:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1135:
1134:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1088:
1079:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1020:
1003:
997:
982:
976:
975:
959:
949:
943:
942:
926:
916:
907:
906:
899:
893:
892:
875:
869:
868:
856:
843:
830:
829:
811:
802:
801:
769:
758:
757:
739:
733:
732:
715:Deissmann, Adolf
711:
702:
701:
683:
677:
676:
658:
596:Historical Jesus
540:Raymond E. Brown
519:and appeared in
502:Jerusalem Talmud
132:
106:s is on the left
105:
66:soldier born in
64:Roman-Phoenician
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
41:
38:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2149:
2081:
2000:
1932:In other faiths
1926:
1849:
1845:Transfiguration
1806:
1749:
1679:
1579:Transfiguration
1453:
1445:
1427:
1422:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1175:"Toledot Yeshu"
1173:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1076:Perseus Project
1044:
1040:
1033:
1005:
1004:
1000:
983:
979:
972:
951:
950:
946:
939:
918:
917:
910:
901:
900:
896:
889:
877:
876:
872:
865:
847:Tabor, James D.
845:
844:
833:
826:
813:
812:
805:
771:
770:
761:
754:
741:
740:
736:
729:
713:
712:
705:
698:
685:
684:
680:
673:
660:
659:
638:
633:
592:
537:
473:
465:Main articles:
463:
395:
389:
315:
291:
279:standard bearer
274:predatory cat.
271:Adolf Deissmann
207:as he obtained
189:
103:
89:
84:
35:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:Mary Magdalene
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2025:(legal father)
2020:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1770:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1723:Gospel harmony
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1441:List of topics
1438:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:Thierry Murcia
1378:
1371:
1370:External links
1368:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1339:
1332:
1314:
1307:
1289:
1275:
1268:
1243:
1236:
1215:
1208:
1187:
1166:
1159:
1136:
1129:
1108:
1101:
1080:
1038:
1031:
998:
984:Patrick, John
977:
970:
944:
937:
908:
894:
887:
870:
863:
831:
824:
803:
784:(2): 141–155.
759:
752:
734:
727:
703:
696:
678:
671:
635:
634:
632:
629:
628:
627:
622:
615:
608:
603:
598:
591:
588:
584:Judas Iscariot
559:Craig A. Evans
536:
533:
498:Qohelet Rabbah
462:
459:
419:Marcus J. Borg
388:
385:
356:Λόγος Ἀληθής,
314:
311:
290:
287:
188:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
162:
161:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
88:
85:
83:
80:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:20s BC births
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Mental health
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:In the Talmud
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1922:Cosmic Christ
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Second Coming
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:Pre-existence
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1685:New Testament
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:Lord's Prayer
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Unknown years
1495:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Date of birth
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1333:0-87820-212-9
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Frend, W.H.C.
1253:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1209:3-16-148094-5
1205:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1160:90-04-11142-5
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:9781400827619
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:0-8028-4368-9
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:Scott, Robert
1063:
1059:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
996:, pages 22–24
995:
994:1-110-13388-X
991:
987:
981:
978:
973:
971:0-521-29576-9
967:
963:
958:
957:
956:Contra Celsum
948:
945:
940:
934:
930:
925:
924:
915:
913:
909:
904:
898:
895:
890:
888:9781987019636
884:
880:
874:
871:
866:
864:0-7432-8723-1
860:
855:
854:
848:
842:
840:
838:
836:
832:
827:
825:0-7814-3868-3
821:
817:
810:
808:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
766:
764:
760:
755:
753:0-415-07173-9
749:
745:
738:
735:
730:
728:0-7661-7406-9
724:
720:
716:
710:
708:
704:
699:
693:
689:
682:
679:
674:
668:
664:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
637:
630:
626:
623:
621:
620:
619:Toledot Yeshu
616:
614:
613:
612:The True Word
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
585:
581:
580:Apostle Peter
577:
572:
567:
565:
560:
556:
555:Bruce Chilton
552:
550:
549:Maurice Casey
545:
541:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:dates to the
514:
513:Toledot Yeshu
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
489:Peter Schäfer
485:
480:
478:
472:
468:
467:Toledot Yeshu
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
394:
386:
384:
381:
377:
375:
370:
366:
361:
359:
358:Logos Alēthēs
355:
351:
350:
349:The True Word
345:
344:
343:Contra Celsum
340:
336:
333:Κατὰ Κέλσου,
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
288:
286:
284:
280:
275:
272:
268:
264:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
186:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
133:
130:
128:
123:
121:
120:Bad Kreuznach
117:
113:
102:
98:
93:
86:
81:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
59:
29:
21:
2045:Holy Kinship
2033:
1996:Master Jesus
1974:Baháʼí Faith
1868:Christianity
1855:Christianity
1825:Christ Child
1820:Bibliography
1670:Resurrection
1584:Homelessness
1493:(apocryphal)
1474:Virgin birth
1464:Annunciation
1456:Jesus's life
1386:
1348:
1342:
1323:
1317:
1298:
1292:
1278:
1259:
1246:
1227:
1218:
1199:
1179:. Retrieved
1169:
1150:
1120:
1092:
1069:
1041:
1016:
1007:Borg, Marcus
1001:
985:
980:
955:
947:
922:
897:
878:
873:
852:
815:
781:
777:
743:
737:
718:
687:
681:
662:
617:
610:
568:
563:
553:
538:
510:
487:
482:
474:
450:
442:
417:
412:
396:
382:
378:
373:
362:
357:
347:
341:
334:
316:
306:
292:
276:
259:
236:
223:
219:
217:
190:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
124:
115:
109:
100:
27:
26:
2071:Descendants
2029:Holy Family
2012:Genealogies
1979:Manichaeism
1885:Incarnation
1880:Christology
1873:1st century
1755:Historicity
1646:Crucifixion
1614:Last Supper
1282:Also cited
544:James Tabor
523:as well as
517:Middle Ages
369:James Tabor
365:mother Mary
335:Kata Kelsou
122:, Germany.
112:Bingerbrück
97:Bingerbrück
78:, in 1859.
72:Bingerbrück
2178:Categories
1917:Son of God
1812:Depictions
1550:Beatitudes
1507:Temptation
1451:Chronology
1237:0800613457
1181:2020-05-03
631:References
606:Julia gens
500:, and the
414:Panthera".
391:See also:
307:Tahisas 25
303:Synaxarion
205:Roman army
118:museum in
116:Römerhalle
2204:40 deaths
2145:Sexuality
2130:Criticism
2115:Christmas
1991:Mandaeism
1967:Ahmadiyya
1675:Ascension
1599:Anointing
1534:Disciples
1517:Selecting
798:219649698
453:meaning "
451:parthenos
435:Sepphoris
239:Phoenicia
178:lies here
87:Discovery
82:Tombstone
2163:Category
2034:Panthera
2019:(mother)
1778:Josephus
1631:Betrayal
1574:Miracles
1569:Parables
1529:Ministry
1512:Apostles
1469:Nativity
1258:(eds.).
1056:παρθένος
1013:(2007).
849:(2006).
590:See also
439:Nazareth
299:Seleucid
283:signifer
187:Analysis
2086:Related
2056:Joachim
1950:Judaism
1940:Jesuism
1840:Statues
1793:Gospels
1783:Tacitus
1773:Sources
1698:Matthew
1693:Gospels
1604:Passion
1557:Prayers
1502:Baptism
1491:Infancy
1436:Outline
1074:at the
576:gospels
521:Aramaic
494:Tosefta
449:" and
447:Felidae
443:panthēr
247:archers
211:on his
201:panther
76:Germany
2120:Easter
2076:Clopas
2023:Joseph
2005:Family
1902:Relics
1863:Christ
1658:Burial
1636:Arrest
1355:
1330:
1305:
1266:
1252:Origen
1234:
1206:
1157:
1127:
1099:
1048:πάνθηρ
1029:
992:
968:
935:
931:-154.
885:
861:
822:
796:
750:
725:
694:
669:
525:Hebrew
496:, the
477:Talmud
455:virgin
427:Celsus
407:Origen
399:Celsus
393:Celsus
327:Origen
323:Celsus
267:Iudaea
243:cohort
228:Eshmun
2224:Julii
1962:Islam
1641:Trial
1545:Plain
1425:Jesus
988:2009
794:S2CID
625:Yeshu
437:near
431:Roman
354:Greek
339:Latin
331:Greek
232:Sidon
197:Latin
193:Greek
104:'
68:Sidon
2062:Heli
2050:Anne
2017:Mary
1713:John
1708:Luke
1703:Mark
1663:Tomb
1353:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1285:and
1264:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1027:ISBN
990:ISBN
966:ISBN
933:ISBN
883:ISBN
859:ISBN
820:ISBN
748:ISBN
723:ISBN
692:ISBN
667:ISBN
557:and
511:The
469:and
421:and
401:, a
1454:of
1023:104
929:153
786:doi
457:".
374:not
360:).
249:).
245:of
220:Abd
127:CIL
2180::
1383:,
1190:^
1139:^
1111:^
1083:^
1068:;
1064:;
1060:.
1052:,
1025:.
1009:;
964:.
962:32
911:^
834:^
806:^
792:.
782:18
780:.
776:.
762:^
706:^
639:^
508:.
337:;
224:es
74:,
52:ɛr
1543:/
1417:e
1410:t
1403:v
1361:.
1336:.
1311:.
1272:.
1240:.
1212:.
1184:.
1163:.
1133:.
1105:.
1078:.
1035:.
974:.
941:.
905:.
891:.
867:.
828:.
800:.
788::
756:.
731:.
700:.
675:.
352:(
305:(
281:(
58:/
55:ə
49:t
46:ˈ
43:n
40:æ
37:p
34:/
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
