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little reason to alter the nation's basic charter. Earlier constituent assemblies had written thirteen constitutions (only ten of which had entered into force), and the latest had been adopted in 1924. The handpicked
Constituent Assembly of 1936 incorporated thirty of the articles of the 1924 document into the 1936 constitution. The major changes were the elimination of the prohibition on immediate reelection of a president and vice president and the extension of the presidential term from four to six years. Other changes included restoration of the
63:
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contributed soldiers and marines to the ranks, also the Force. Honduran Air patrolled the coasts of the
Caribbean Sea near Mexico in search of German submarines; Apart from this, the Doctor and General Carías Andino "did not tremble" to expel the German consul Christian Zinsser from Honduras, considering him "the fifth column in Central America and with ties to the Gestapo." The value of the ties between the Carías government and nearby dictatorial regimes became somewhat questionable in 1944 when popular revolts in
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electricity, water or enough food and their work was a condition of near slavery and more than plantation centers and miners they were more similar to concentration camps or forced labor. as some prisoners were also sent to these areas to work as an alternative option instead of staying in penal centers. Also, much of the country's infrastructure was built with the labor of prisoners, mostly political and civil opponents.
319:
Andrés Ramírez, Manuel
Cartagena, Jeremías Cobos, Pedro Martínez, Atilio Sánchez, Albino Santos, Jesús Erazo, Vicente Vega, Vicente Maldonado, Luciano Casaca, Porfirio Santos, Gregorio Bautista, Ramón Tabora, Maximiliano B. Rosales, Manuel Zepeda, Leopoldo F. Orellana, Manuel Chávez, Federico Castro, Francisco González. On 26 May 1912, the said organization was renamed the Copaneca Workers' Society. In 1912 General
694:, trying to overcome years of inactivity and division, nominated Ángel Zúñiga, the same individual whom Carías had defeated in 1932. The Liberals rapidly became convinced that they had no chance to win and, charging the government with manipulation of the electoral process, boycotted the elections. This act gave Gálvez a virtually unopposed victory, and in January 1949 he assumed the presidency.
334:. During this time he would be promoted to the rank of general. During the "vindicating revolution" in 1924 he would lead several military offensives. After the Second Civil War had the presidency of Honduras for a very short time, however General Carias Andino would be appointed as "Chief of the revolution" would assume for the second time the brief power between 24 March to 28 April 1924.
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Provisional
President, under whose regime General Gregorio Ferrera took up arms. Once the civil wars were over, he already had a great military experience on the battlefield, this led to an important position in the government of Honduras, he would run for president of Honduras for the rest of the decade without any victory, although that would not stop him from trying to reach power.
323:, assumed the presidency of Honduras for the second time, although with identical ideologies they were adversaries with Carias. in 1914, the candidate of the National Party of Honduras was Francisco Bertrand Barahona and the national writer: Alberto de Jesús Membreño, a position he assumed as provisional between 1915 and 1916, upon the retirement of President Barahona.
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Reina, Doctor
Vicente Mejía Colindres, Carlos Gauggel, a German citizen, Engineer Manuel Bueso Pineda, Monsignor Emilio Morales Roque, Doctor Julio C. Bueso Cáceres. The Hospital succeeded thanks to activities and economic contributions from both the public and private donors until in 1940 there was a study by the Executive Branch to take charge of health care.
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674:, demanding the release of political prisoners. Despite strong government measures, tension continued to grow and Carías was ultimately forced to release some prisoners. This gesture failed to satisfy the opposition and anti-government demonstrations continued to spread. In July several demonstrators were killed by troops in
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Evaluating the Carías presidency is a difficult task. His tenure in office provided the nation with a badly needed period of relative peace and order. The country's fiscal situation improved steadily, education improved slightly, the road network expanded, and the armed forces were modernized. At the
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massacre that occurred in 1937 against the Garífuna population, ordered by Carías himself, stands out. Another highly remembered crime was the so-called "San Pedro Sula massacre" that occurred on 6 July 1944, after the military forces repressed unarmed citizens of San Pedro with acts of brutality who
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Eager to curb further disorders in the region, the United States began to urge Carías to step aside and allow free elections when his current term in office expired. Carías, who by then was in his early seventies, ultimately yielded to these pressures and announced
October 1948 elections, in which he
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Project until the completion of its building. Among the personalities that volunteered to work in the realization of this
Hospital Center were: Ramón López Cobos, Ciro Mora, Francisco Bueso Cuéllar, Doctor Filadelfo Bueso, Doctor JJ Jones, Doctor Ramón López Cobos, Doctor Jesús H. Medina, Jerónimo J.
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deposed Ubico and Hernández. For a time, it seemed as if revolutionary contagion might spread to
Honduras as well. A plot, involving some military officers as well as opposition civilians, had already been discovered and crushed in late 1943. In May 1944, a group of women began demonstrating outside
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abroad. At the end of 1935, however, stressing the need for peace and internal order, Carías began to crack down on the opposition press and political activities. Meanwhile, the
National Party, at the president's direction, began a propaganda campaign stressing that only the continuance of Carías in
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Tiburcio Carias Andino was born in the
Republic of Honduras on 15 March 1876. His parents were Calixto Carias Galindo and Sara Francisca Andino Rivera. During his childhood Tiburcio Carias Andino is appointed Director of the Boys' School, and professor at the "El Porvenir" institute, where he taught
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to women. Finally, the new constitution included an article specifying that the incumbent president and vice president would remain in office until 1943. But Carías, by then a virtual dictator, wanted even more, so in 1939 the legislature, now completely controlled by the National Party, obediently
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Paralero to this Fausto Dávila former minister of the López Gutiérrez government, he would continue with the administration for a week. Later, on the cruise ship "USS Denver" negotiations began between the revolutionaries and the government, after which General Vicente Tosta Carrasco was appointed
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Another aspect was the torture at the hands of the military in the different prisons to prisoners, most of whom were political opponents, who became saturated with prisoners at one point during his mandate. Many of the workers in the plantations and mines lived in subhuman conditions with little
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The method chosen by Carías to extend his term of office was to call a constituent assembly that would write a new constitution and select the individual to serve for the first presidential term under that document. Except for the president's desire to perpetuate himself in office, there seemed
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On 5 April 1908, the Society of Craftsmen "El Porvenir" was founded by Carias, who served as its president. The co-founders included Ramón Hernández, Salvador Lara, Benjamín Escobar, Juan Castrillo, Antonio Selva, Abraham Mejía, Coronado Ramírez, José Francisco Urquía Tabora, Francisco Barnica,
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was declared illegal, but the Liberal Party continued to function and the leaders of the 1935 revolt, who were asylum seekers. Abroad, they were offered free passages to return to the country by means of air flights if they so wished, however by the end of 1935, trying to appease the political
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in 1941. Thus, Honduras was known as one of the Latin American countries allied to the United States of America. In 1941 after the Japanese attack on the US bases stationed in Pearl Harbor, the northern country declared war on the "German-Japanese Axis", as would its Honduran friend, who also
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after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Reich and the Republic of Honduras were normalized in 1936. In the same way he did to the Japanese emperor Hirohito in 1937. Similar to fascist movements in the European context, Carias sought to create a national identity based on a
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As months passed, Carías moved slowly but steadily to strengthen his hold on power. He gained the support of the banana companies through opposition to strikes and other labor disturbances. He strengthened his position with domestic and foreign financial circles through conservative economic
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and other opponents of the government reacted to these changes by attempting to overthrow Carías. Numerous efforts were made in 1936 and 1937, but all were successful only in further weakening the National Party's opponents. By the end of the 1930s, the National Party was the only organized
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in its history. El Cariato was characterized mainly by heavy censorship in the media as the government supervised the press and radio and brutality against unarmed civilians by the armed forces. One of the ethnic groups most affected by the policies imposed during this period was the
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were abandoned, and thousands of Hondurans were thrown out of work. By 1937 a means of controlling the disease had been found, but many of the affected areas remained out of production because a significant share of the market formerly held by Honduras had shifted to other nations.
441:, and crushed the uprising in short order. Most of Carías's first term in office was devoted to efforts to avoid financial collapse, improve the military, engage in a limited program of road building, and lay the foundations for prolonging his own hold on power.
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Carías had made efforts to improve the military even before he became president. Once in office, both his capacity and his motivation to continue and to expand such improvements increased. He gave special attention to the fledgling air force, founding the
498:(Partido Comunista de Honduras—PCH) was outlawed, but the Liberal Party continued to function, and even the leaders of a small uprising in 1935 were later offered free air transportation should they wish to return to Honduras from their
563:. Relations were particularly close with Ubico, who helped Carías reorganize his secret police and also captured and shot the leader of a Honduran uprising who had made the mistake of crossing into Guatemalan territory. Relations with
701:, the incumbent President Gálvez had intended to step aside and allow a free and fair contest. Carías intended to return to the presidency, but his candidacy caused a split in the ruling National Party. The Liberal candidate
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same time, nascent democratic institutions withered, opposition and labor activities were suppressed and national interests at times were sacrificed to benefit supporters and relatives of Carías or major foreign interests.
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had started a protest in the streets of the city demanding their resignation. More than 70 deaths were registered and a still unknown number of hundreds of wounded by military repression, among them the elderly and women.
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candidate, Carías, won the election by a margin of some 20,000 votes. On 16 November 1932, Carías assumed office, beginning what was to be the longest period of continuous rule by an individual in Honduran history.
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of the Liberal Party. He accepted the result, as the election had been comparatively free and fair, marking a then-rare peaceful transfer of power between the two major parties. He was the President of
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Lacking, however, was any immediate indication that the Carías administration was destined to survive any longer than most of its predecessors. Shortly before Carías's inauguration,
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policies. Even in the height of the depression, he continued to make regular payments on the Honduran debt, adhering strictly to the terms of the arrangement with the British
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were somewhat more strained as a result of the continuing border dispute, but Carías and Somoza managed to keep this dispute under control throughout the 1930s and 1940s.
256:, briefly in 1924 as constitutional president and later in the form of a dictatorial regime from 1933 until 1949. He was elected president of Honduras in the midst of the
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activities against their government and maintain the internal peace of the country, brutally repressed and censored newspapers, journalists, and political leaders.
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functioning political party in the nation. Numerous opposition leaders had been imprisoned, and some had reportedly been chained and put to work in the streets of
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against the divided Liberals, but only won a plurality of the vote. The resulting deadlock was followed by disturbances, and elections the following year saw
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in the faculty of jurisprudence and political science at the Central University of Honduras. During 15 February 1905. Tiburcio Carias Andino, was part of the
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would refrain from being a candidate. He continued, however, to find ways to use his power. The National Party nominated Carías's choice for president,
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607:, to the extent that both regimes served as patrons for his government from 1938 onwards. Carias was not shy about sending letters to the dictator
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seized power in a coup, abruptly ending three decades of stable government in Honduras, of which Carías had been president for 16 of those years.
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Political control was institutionalized little by little under the command of Carías, there was a great anti-communist campaign and therefore the
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in the banana-producing areas. Within a year, most of the country's production was threatened. Large areas, including most of those around
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On 1 February 1933 he became President of Honduras again, this time for 16 years. Despite growing unrest and severe economic strains, the
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The economic situation remained extremely bad throughout the 1930s. In addition to the dramatic drop in banana exports caused by the
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won a plurality, but short of a majority (a result echoing the elections of 1902 and 1923), resulting in a deadlock. Vice President
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office could give the nation continued peace and order. The constitution, however, prohibited immediate reelection of presidents.
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but were unsuccessful in their efforts to topple the government. The military remained loyal and Carías continued in office.
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of the National Party elected, although Carías was able to exercise a degree of influence during Barahona's presidency. In
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During his presidency, Carías cultivated close relations with his fellow Central American dictators, generals
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Haggerty, Richard; Millet, Richard (1995). "The Era of Tiburcio Carias Andino". In Merrill, Tim (ed.).
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Cuéllar assumed the presidency of the republic and appointed Carias, as Governor of the
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and also satisfying other creditors. Two small loans were paid off completely in 1935.
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Carias would become famous as a military leader during the Honduran civil wars of
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community, being constantly silenced and attacked by the military forces. The
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Despite the fact that the general maintained diplomatic relations with
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by opposing strikes, strongly aligned its government with that of the
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In 1935, political controls were instituted slowly under Carías. The
1050:"Dictadura cariista: corrupción y narcotráfico - Diario El Heraldo"
1104:"LA MASACRE DE SAN PEDRO SULA. 6 DE JULIO 1944 » Criterio.hn"
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in 1934 and arranging for a United States colonel to serve as its
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Mathematics classes. After graduating from high school he studied
1064:"Carta de Hitler al Presidente Carías Andino - Nacer en Honduras"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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The dictatorship of General Carias Andino, like other regimes in
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mythical and idealized past, in this case extolling the Honduran
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In 1907, Carias fought alongside the liberal forces and in the “
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272:, and kept the country in strict adherence to debt payments.
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extended his term in office by another six years (to 1949).
1036:"La pasión por Tiburcio Carías Andino - Diario El Heraldo"
366:, Carías was the National Party's candidate but lost to
678:. In October a group of exiles invaded Honduras from
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1078:"LA MASACRE DE GARÍFUNAS EN SAN JUAN EN TELA, 1937"
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1127:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Editorial Guaymuras.
591:was characterized as a highly nationalistic and
1776:Presidents of the National Congress of Honduras
42: and the second or maternal family name is
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822:"Presidentes del Congreso Nacional 1900–2014"
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350:during the Second Civil War in 1924. In the
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375:from 1926 to 1929, and from 1930 to 1931.
91:16 Novembro 1932 – 1 January 1949
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386:was surprising because the onset of the
240:(5 March 1876 – 23 December 1969) was a
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382:were relatively peaceful and fair. The
27:President of Honduras from 1933 to 1949
1786:National Party of Honduras politicians
1124:Tiburcio Carías: Anatomía de una época
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528:. Others, including the leader of the
147:27 April 1924 – 30 April 1924
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974:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
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616:identity as heir people of the
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1084:(in Spanish). 20 October 2018
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252:. He served as the 38th
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731:human rights violations
599:and had admiration for
536:, had fled into exile.
412:José Ángel Zúñiga Huete
368:Vicente Mejía Colindres
321:Manuel Bonilla Chirinos
114:Vicente Mejía Colindres
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654:attack on Pearl Harbor
260:. He strengthened the
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55:Tiburcio Carías Andino
18:Tiburcio Carias Andino
1206:President of Honduras
1170:President of Honduras
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549:Maximiliano Hernández
292:Hospital de Occidente
254:president of Honduras
217:Tegucigalpa, Honduras
133:President of Honduras
79:President of Honduras
67:Carías Andino in 1936
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766:History of Honduras
668:Presidential Palace
414:. As a result, the
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1216:Juan Manuel Gálvez
1150:Political offices
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618:Mayan civilization
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126:Juan Manuel Gálvez
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309:Miguel R. Dávila
305:Battle of Lizapa
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195:5 March 1876
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1766:1876 births
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1452:Castellanos
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680:El Salvador
672:Tegucigalpa
663:El Salvador
553:El Salvador
541:Jorge Ubico
526:Tegucigalpa
484:bondholders
439:El Salvador
410:candidate,
198:Tegucigalpa
153:Preceded by
109:Preceded by
1755:Categories
1718:Micheletti
1667:Paz García
1652:Cruz Uclés
1567:M. Bonilla
1547:M. Bonilla
1532:P. Bonilla
1292:Bustamante
772:References
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644:, and the
573:El Cariato
476:commandant
400:democratic
281:Early life
191:1876-03-05
1735:Hernández
1467:Inestroza
1442:Guardiola
1375:1839–1982
1265:1821–1839
1088:5 October
659:Guatemala
626:El Puente
571:Begin of
565:Nicaragua
561:Nicaragua
545:Guatemala
424:dissident
392:overthrow
276:Biography
143:In office
87:In office
1723:Disputed
1693:Callejas
1572:Bertrand
1562:Bertrand
1258:Honduras
1157:General
1082:El Pulso
998:31434665
832:14 March
760:See also
736:Garífuna
692:Liberals
521:Liberals
463:Trujillo
427:Liberals
242:Honduran
202:Honduras
30:In this
1577:Aguirre
1527:Vásquez
1437:Aguilar
1427:Cabañas
1397:Ferrera
1387:Ferrera
1347:Herrera
1327:Marquez
1317:Morazán
1307:Morazán
1297:Morazán
1282:Bendaña
1272:Herrera
666:of the
628:began.
614:mestizo
597:fascism
589:Cariato
348:general
36:surname
1740:Castro
1713:Zelaya
1708:Maduro
1703:Flores
1688:Azcona
1662:Melgar
1627:Gálvez
1587:Bográn
1557:Dávila
1552:Oquelí
1537:Sierra
1517:Bográn
1502:Medina
1477:Medina
1462:Medina
1457:Montes
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1407:Chávez
1337:Rivera
1163:Acting
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713:Crimes
575:regime
555:, and
44:Andino
40:Carías
1698:Reina
1607:Tosta
1597:Bueso
1522:Leiva
1497:Gómez
1492:Mejía
1487:Leiva
1482:Arias
1432:Bueso
1422:Gómez
1417:Lindo
1322:Valle
1277:Milla
1179:1924
632:1940s
622:Copán
500:exile
445:1930s
437:from
77:38th
1730:Lobo
1507:Soto
1472:Cruz
1357:Lino
1129:ISBN
1090:2021
1022:link
994:OCLC
984:ISBN
834:2021
740:Tela
699:1954
661:and
650:Axis
624:and
603:and
519:The
457:and
435:arms
364:1928
332:1924
330:and
328:1919
208:Died
185:Born
1173:as
697:In
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