363:
406:
393:
352:
339:
241:
375:
327:
218:
315:
207:
229:
291:
419:
774:(ISF) in January 1976, coupled by the massive influx of Israeli military aid, allowed NLP militia units to re-equip themselves with modern small-arms, sophisticated mobile communications equipment, and military vehicles seized from LAF barracks and ISF Police stations or supplied by the Israelis. Additional weapons and other military equipments were procured in the international
258:
36:
1405:
Ruthless fighters with a reputation of aggressiveness, often initiating hostilities with the opposition side, aggravated by lack of discipline and restraint, they were involved in several acts of sectarian violence. On
December 16, 1975 despite a ceasefire established the previous day, the NLP Tigers
1891:
from August to late
October 1980. The Free Tigers are believed to have been responsible for some bomb and guerrilla attacks in East Beirut, including an ambush with combined rocket- and small-arms' fire on the U.S. ambassador's motorcade in August that year (intended to discredit the LF), followed
1945:, before being driven out by local LF units the following day; the Free Tigers returned to Zahlé on December 20 and managed to seize by force the former NLP party offices' but they were resisted by the LF and subsequently forced to withdraw from the town on December 22 under
1468:
coalition strained the relationship between the NLP Tigers' and their erstwhile
Christian allies, leading them to violent confrontation with the Phalangists and the Guardians of the Cedars. The Tigers' even battled these two factions in May 1979 for control of the
3805:
1941:
to engage in a gunfight, so that the Syrian troops would become involved. On 14 December 1980, Hannache and 50 Free Tigers' militiamen stormed and seized the Hoch el-Oumara suburb of
1597:
1804:
to revive the Tigers militia in 1983–84 proved less successful. The small force of only 100 or so lightly equipped fighters they gathered proved incapable of competing with the
591:
militia, they were nonetheless capable of aligning 3,500 men and women, though other sources list a total of 4,000, which included civilian recruits and deserters from the
2573:
1764:, the militia was officially disbanded on Camille's orders in late August. Soon afterwards, the Phalangists seized nearly all of the Tigers' positions in and outside
2171:
3848:
595:. However, some unconfirmed sources advance an even higher number, about 15,000. Their 500 full-time fighters and 3,000 part-time reservists were organized into
3833:
1911:
and forced out in mid-November of their last remaining strongholds at Ain El
Rammaneh by the LF, Hannache and a number of its dissident Tigers fled across the
3531:, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550–24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989).
3828:
2010:
1588:
PLO allies, being heavily committed in several battles in and outside the Beirut area. In
October 1975, they supported their Phalangist allies of the
2246:
1749:
that claimed up to 500 lives, including civilians and 80 of Dany's men (other source states that the dead toll amounted to 150 Tigers' fighters).
718:
militias – played a key part in the formation on 21 October 1976 of the
Israeli-backed informal "Army for the Defense of South Lebanon" or ADSL (
3517:
632:
57:
44:
2651:
Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux
1768:, including the vital Naas and Adma training camps. The remaining 3,000 or so demoralised militiamen either surrendered their weapons to the
643:
militants of the NLP and trained in-country at clandestine facilities; first set up by the NLP in 1966 these training centres were located at
3782:
3764:
3728:
3709:
3690:
3671:
3612:
3574:
3546:
3480:
3429:
3415:
3401:
3387:
3372:
3345:
3315:
3296:
3234:
3215:
3165:
3148:
3130:
3100:
2020:
1698:
troops. The fall of this important stronghold was a severe blow to the NLP and the Tigers (coupled by the death in action of their commander
537:– meaning "Tiger" in Arabic. Initially just 500 men strong, the BLT was organized, trained, and led by the "defence secretary" of the NLP,
900:
1362:
provided covert funding, weapons, ammunition, training and other non-lethal assistance. Most of it entered towards the illegal ports of
1292:
1098:
343:
245:
1158:
583:, and although the Chamouns never achieved with their own militia the same level of organizational efficiency displayed by the rival
3648:
3510:
3495:
3462:
3268:
3252:
3201:
3183:
1680:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1218:
1214:
405:
397:
392:
1957:
Since 2002, several former NLP Tigers' commanders known for their right-wing, nationalist leanings, rallied in support of
General
1631:, seizing heavy weapons and enrolling defectors into their ranks. The Tigers later joined in March that year the allied Christian
2015:
1820:
1797:
628:
498:
1741:. Dany's adamant refusal of allowing the Tigers to be incorporated led to a Phalangist assault on his militia's headquarters in
3526:
3522:, American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53.
3080:
1949:
protection. The Free Tigers seemed to have remained operational until 1981, though very little was heard from them afterwards.
1300:
1981:, which strives to rally what is left of the Tigers' legacy. They remain staunch supporters of former President Michel Aoun.
1102:
366:
1915:
into the Muslim-controlled western sector of the
Lebanese Capital. There they placed themselves under the protection of the
1288:
627:
branches. The Tigers' own chain of command was predominantly
Maronite, though the rank-and-file were drawn from the 150,000
95:
3843:
1454:
356:
272:
1722:
903:, Bulgarian AKK/AKKS and former East German MPi-KMS-72 assault rifles). Several models of handguns were used, including
3438:, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11–79, June 1979.
1010:
machine guns being employed as platoon and company weapons. Grenade launchers and portable anti-tank weapons comprised
1934:
1676:
1581:
1109:
995:
955:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
319:
362:
3445:, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical memorandum 8-86, 1986.
2000:
1868:
1867:, were a dissident splinter group of the NLP Tigers formed soon after the forcible merger of the latter into the
1805:
1777:
1773:
1734:
1687:
1387:
1245:
1194:
1190:
410:
143:
1729:, opposed it. Fearing that its own party's militia was getting out of his control, Camille tacitly allowed its
1691:
1589:
1450:
1383:
1335:
771:
588:
232:
1717:
Relations between the NLP political board and the Tigers' military command soured after the former, headed by
1330:
and direct fire supporting roles. In addition to field artillery and AA autocannons, the Tigers also employed
2574:
1/35 scale model photos of a
Lebanese Tigers Militia AA QF Bofors 40mm gun mounted on a BTR-152 APC, c. 1976.
3838:
2040:
1962:
1702:), depriving them of their main recruiting area along with their local training infrastructure, chiefly the
1652:
1458:
1390:
brought the ports under their control. The NLP and its military wing did edit their own official newspaper,
1116:
715:
577:
384:
277:
266:
250:
49:
3323:
Female Fighters and Militants During the Lebanese Civil War: Individual Profiles, Pathways, and Motivations
1430:
1284:
1127:
971:
959:
482:
458:
3090:
Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban: Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens
1904:
1880:
1872:
1769:
1695:
1616:
1608:
1536:
1411:
1327:
1077:
1054:
1050:
1011:
896:
767:
739:
711:
640:
592:
295:
211:
3361:
L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985)
2843:
L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975–1985)
2160:
L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975–1985)
1675:
The Tigers' involvement in these campaigns, however, cost them the loss of the Iqlim al-Kharrub to the
1912:
1776:
and returned home or found themselves being consolidated by the end of October of that year into the
1660:
1648:
1601:
1442:
1354:
collected in the areas under their control, though they also received outside support. Conservative
1058:
852:
848:
221:
1542:
3587:, Trucks & Tracks Magazine No. 5, December 2007–January 2008, Caraktère, Marseille, pp. 48–67.
3240:
3085:, area handbook series, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550–24), Washington D.C. 1989.
1970:
1824:
1434:
1339:
1323:
1241:
1154:
1065:
644:
549:
153:
1699:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1531:
1494:
538:
111:
2035:
1995:
1916:
1819:– who had succeeded his late father at the NLP's presidency in October 1987 – the last remaining
1765:
1703:
1683:
1644:
1585:
1580:
Upon the outbreak of the civil war in April 1975, the NLP Tigers immediately engaged the leftist
1422:
1379:
1226:
1143:
1080:
727:
652:
612:
560:, a boat marina and tourist beach resort located 25 km north of the Lebanese capital in the
502:
436:
330:
282:
3592:
1966:
1871:
in July 1980. Defying the official orders to disband, about 200 Tigers' militiamen commanded by
1526:
1426:
3778:
3760:
3724:
3705:
3686:
3667:
3644:
3627:
3608:
3588:
3570:
3542:
3506:
3491:
3476:
3458:
3425:
3411:
3397:
3383:
3368:
3341:
3311:
3301:
3292:
3264:
3248:
3230:
3221:
3211:
3197:
3179:
3161:
3144:
3126:
3096:
1974:
1656:
1547:
1371:
1351:
1272:
1260:
1230:
1202:
1178:
1091:
975:
940:
687:
668:
561:
3702:
Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces
3536:
3305:
3108:
2537:
Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces
1977:). In 2015 Jean Eid, Georges Aaraj, Nabil Nassif and others founded a new organization named
3743:
3326:
3118:
1930:
1789:
1470:
1407:
1210:
1076:
The Tigers' own armoured corps was created in early 1976, equipped with an assortment of ex-
1061:
1034:
1019:
991:
944:
805:
691:
656:
636:
596:
3596:
3278:
1990:
1908:
1884:
1852:
1801:
1718:
1612:
1482:
1474:
1415:
1350:
Financing for the NLP Tigers' came at first from both Chamoun's personal fortune and from
1120:
1113:
979:
726:
or ADLS), later to become known as the "Free Lebanese Army" (FLA), the predecessor of the
719:
679:
624:
518:
494:
474:
450:
514:
1815:
Upon the end of the civilian strife in October 1990 and the subsequent assassination of
766:
in 1976–77, who provided weapons and heavy equipment. In addition, the collapse of the
2045:
2030:
2005:
1793:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1632:
1593:
1465:
1206:
1003:
664:
580:
557:
379:
165:
139:
3338:
The Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers, and American Bunglers
2612:
The Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers, and American Bunglers
2197:
The Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers, and American Bunglers
1879:'Hannache') went underground to wage a guerrilla war against the LF, operating in the
1410:, a Muslim village southeast of Beirut, in the predominantly Maronite neighborhood of
326:
217:
3822:
3173:
2025:
1640:
1636:
1611:(LAF) enabled the Tigers to take over Army barracks and depots located at Achrafieh,
1304:
1234:
1182:
1135:
1131:
841:
790:
743:
703:
683:
648:
183:
179:
2251:
1923:
1816:
1761:
1726:
1506:
1500:
1189:(Iranian-produced unlicensed version of the Land-Rover long wheelbase series III),
1166:
1046:
928:
833:
825:
798:
775:
747:
699:
584:
573:
542:
119:
115:
3330:
3800:
3452:
3359:
3258:
3112:
2172:
Chamussy (René) – Chronique d'une guerre: Le Liban 1975–1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978
1690:
units on 20–22 January 1976, which they failed to defend despite being backed by
17:
3448:
1958:
1946:
1888:
1664:
1628:
1438:
1355:
1334:
68mm (2.7-inch) unguided rocket projectiles fired from locally-built eight-tube
1311:
1307:
1252:
1237:
1222:
1198:
1124:
1087:
999:
892:
856:
801:
794:
675:
423:
228:
175:
3624:
Un Siècle d'Armement Mondial: Armes à feu d'infanterie de petit calibre, tome 4
2280:
Un Siècle d'Armement Mondial: Armes à feu d'infanterie de petit calibre, tome 4
1929:
Believed to have become an agent of the Syrian regime, Hannache instigated the
3325:, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2018.
1106:
1095:
947:. FN FAL, HK G3 and M16A1 assault rifles equipped with telescopic sights, and
876:
821:
817:
707:
3631:
3160:, Collection "Comprendre le Moyen-Orient", Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris 1993.
2247:"Military rifle cartridges of Lebanon Part 2: from independence to Hezbollah"
3079:
Afaf Sabeh McGowan, John Roberts, As'ad Abu Khalil, and Robert Scott Mason,
1897:
1809:
1446:
1375:
1150:
1038:
932:
872:
845:
829:
620:
608:
553:
261:
257:
157:
3747:
35:
3777:, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021.
3122:
1374:, set up in early 1976 and administered by Joseph Abboud, former personal
3740:
Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond
3396:, Alternative Histories, Edinburgh University Press, 2020 (1st edition).
3394:
Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory
3275:
Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain
3038:
Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory
2947:
Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory
2856:
Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory
2638:
Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory
2564:(1979), pp. 16–21, 32–36, 52; Appendix A, A-10, Table 3; Appendix D, D-5.
1942:
1938:
1893:
1624:
1296:
1186:
1042:
786:
Tigers' militiamen were provided with a variety of small arms, including
695:
604:
600:
1185:(Spanish-produced version of the Land-Rover long wheelbase series III),
1363:
1319:
1248:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1139:
1023:
1015:
813:
616:
314:
206:
3310:, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition).
3284:, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007.
3279:"Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux"
1840:
1757:
1730:
1707:
1620:
1478:
1395:
1367:
1359:
1084:
987:
880:
868:
864:
860:
809:
787:
759:
751:
660:
290:
161:
3424:(World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.
710:, where their local militants – after merging with other Christian,
556:
quarter in Beirut, the Tigers' military HQ was relocated in 1978 to
3810:
1760:
after handling over the command of the Tigers to his elder brother
1283:
They also fielded a powerful artillery corps equipped with British
94:
27:
Lebanese Christian–dominated militia active during the Lebanese War
3470:
La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional
3436:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975–1978
1919:
1753:
1711:
1031:
1027:
967:
963:
948:
936:
884:
763:
755:
418:
3607:. Princeton Series on the Middle East. Princeton: Markus Wiener.
1386:
activities on the behalf of the NLP until October 1980, when the
541:; after his death in action in January 1976, he was succeeded by
521:
at his own home town of Es-Sa'adiyat, originally under the title
3742:. Modern Conflicts Profile Guide. Vol. II. AK Interactive.
3194:
By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer
1903:
Defeated after a four-day street battle despite being backed by
1331:
1007:
576:, the Tigers had become by 1978 the second largest force in the
3683:
Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II: PPD-40, PPSh-41 and PPS
3505:, Men-at-arms series 194, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London, 1988.
3490:, Men-at-arms series 165, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London ,1985.
2493:
2491:
2429:
2427:
2267:
Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II: PPD-40, PPSh-41 and PPS
1961:
and went on to occupy various key positions within the Aounist
3775:
Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981
2599:
Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981
2524:
Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981
1933:
by deliberately provoking the LF militia forces defending the
1823:' paramilitary organization was disarmed on orders of the new
1315:
1142:
APCs, later joined by two M41A3 light tanks captured from the
983:
888:
837:
29:
3795:
3806:
NLP Tigers M42 Duster SPAAG and AMX-13 tank at Tel al-Zaatar
1922:
intelligence service before moving to the Syrian-controlled
1464:
Towards the end of the 1970s, however, rivalries within the
3353:
The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s
2999:
The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s
1812:
for the NLP political leaders for the remainer of the war.
3704:. New Vanguard series 257. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
2421:, Trucks & Tracks Magazine (2007–2008), pp. 62–63; 65.
2513:, Steelmasters Magazine, June–July 2005 issue, pp. 18–22.
1808:' military might, being relegated to the role of a mere
1402:), but they never set up a radio or television service.
1037:, whilst crew-served and indirect fire weapons included
832:(or its Italian-produced copy, the Beretta Model 1952),
513:
The NLP militia was first raised in October 1968 by the
2765:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2586:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
2562:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
2389:
2387:
2385:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2306:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
2210:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
3811:
Histoire militaire de l'armée libanaise de 1975 à 1990
2116:
2114:
2112:
1752:
While their leader Dany was rushed to exile, first to
1796:
in September that year brought the resurgence of the
738:
The Tigers received covert support not only from the
564:, where it remained until the militia's dissolution.
3605:
Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions
3340:, Just World Books, Charlottesville, Virginia 2012.
3208:
Fire in Beirut: Israel's War in Lebanon with the PLO
3117:. Middle East in Focus. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
2690:
Fire in Beirut: Israel's War in Lebanon with the PLO
863:(variants included the Israeli-produced 'lightened'
3759:. Weapon series 68. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
3723:. Weapon series 57. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
3685:. Weapon series 33. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
3457:, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001).
3382:, Caravan Books Inc., New York 2005 (3rd edition).
1655:(TTC), put a spirited defence of the Achrafieh and
1326:and transport trucks), which were employed in both
432:
305:
197:
189:
171:
149:
135:
125:
107:
79:
1800:into the political scene, although the efforts by
1149:The NLP militia also raised a mechanized force of
1130:. These were bolstered by twenty Israeli-supplied
3434:Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price,
548:Initially allocated in the NLP party offices' at
517:(political boss) and former President of Lebanon
3626:(in French). Chaumont: Crépin-Leblond éditions.
3486:Samuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel, and Ron Volstad,
3223:Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943–1990
1378:and hunting partner of Camille Chamoun, who run
1240:. For logistical support, the Tigers relied on
3585:T17E1 Staghound Armored Car – Le char sur roues
3260:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967–1976
2893:McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason,
2828:McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason,
2662:McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason,
2419:T17E1 Staghound Armored Car – Le char sur roues
2063:McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason,
1723:Syria's military intervention in June that year
2497:
2433:
2405:
2347:
1907:troops sent upon request of the NLP president
3666:] (in French). Chyah: Trebia Publishing.
1725:whereas the latter, now led by Camille's son
1421:In July–August 1976 they participated in the
552:in the Nasra (Nazareth) neighbourhood of the
8:
3141:The Emergence of South Lebanon Security Belt
2447:The Emergence of South Lebanon Security Belt
2240:
2238:
2093:(2003), p. 44, Table 1: War Period Militias.
1965:(FPM) hierarchy, ranging from political (Dr
1406:forcibly displaced all the 450 residents of
891:assault rifles (other variants included the
702:, at the south in the Iqlim al-Kharrub, the
83:
3289:A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
1651:in February 1978 the Tigers, backed by the
3738:Sex, Zachary; Abi-Chahine, Bassel (2021).
3721:US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320
3410:, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980.
3380:Crossroads to Civil War: Lebanon 1958–1976
3175:Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon
3143:, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1984.
2739:Crossroads to Civil War: Lebanon 1958–1976
2726:Crossroads to Civil War: Lebanon 1958–1976
2319:US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320
2308:(1979), p. 7; Appendix A, tables A-3; A-8.
1900:quarter that left 10 dead and 62 wounded.
76:
3475:, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris, 1994.
3153:Boutros Labaki & Khalil Abou Rjeily,
3114:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis
2011:List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
1792:, coupled by the death of the LF supremo
1477:districts in Beirut, and for the town of
533:), allegedly taken from his middle name,
3641:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon
2509:Miguel "Mig" Jimenez & Jorge Lopez,
1827:. The NLP Tigers are no longer active.
1790:Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982
742:in the pre-war years, but also from the
60:of all important aspects of the article.
3660:Véhicules Militaires au Liban 1975–1981
2056:
1322:23mm AA autocannons (mostly mounted on
1273:Volkswagen Type 2 Transporter minibuses
1219:Chevrolet C-20 Scottsdale light pickups
949:Enfield L42A1 (military version) rifles
3664:Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975-1981
3155:Bilan des guerres du Liban (1975–1990)
2817:Bilan des guerres du Liban (1975–1990)
2712:
2548:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2393:
2376:
2359:
2335:
2120:
1733:rivals to absorb the Tigers' into the
1370:, both located north of Beirut in the
1253:Toyota U10-series route vans (minibus)
1047:120-PM-38 (M-1938) 120mm heavy mortars
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
3849:Military wings of nationalist parties
3503:Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2
3196:, St. Martin's Press, New York 1990.
2625:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon
2184:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon
2104:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon
2078:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon
1647:(LAA) 'Spring Offensive'. During the
674:NLP militia units operated mainly in
7:
3834:Lebanese factions allied with Israel
3535:Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1985).
1607:In January 1976 the collapse of the
1571:The Tigers in the Lebanese civil war
523:Brigade of the Lebanese Tigers – BLT
3567:Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks
3247:, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
1745:on July 7, 1980, which resulted in
1310:. The latter consisted of Yugoslav
1301:Bofors 40mm L/60 anti-aircraft guns
1293:M1954 (M-46) 130mm towed field guns
526:
478:
454:
84:
3829:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
3516:Samir Makdisi and Richard Sadaka,
3355:, Conflict Quarterly, Winter 1985.
3210:, Stein & Day, New York 1984.
2021:People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)
1346:Illegal activities and controversy
1275:were used as military ambulances.
25:
3519:The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990
3206:Dan Bavly & Eliahu Salpeter,
3192:Claire Hoy and Victor Ostrovsky,
3064:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban
3025:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban
2986:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban
2973:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban
2960:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban
2934:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban
2091:The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990
1784:Revival and disbandment 1983–1990
1269:GMC C7500 heavy-duty cargo trucks
901:Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965
545:, Camille Chamoun's younger son.
398:Palestine Liberation Organization
3541:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
3501:Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad,
2763:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
2584:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
2560:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
2304:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
2208:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
2016:National Liberal Party (Lebanon)
1602:Hotels district in centre Beirut
1598:Nasserite Correctionist Movement
1297:AZP S-60 57mm anti-aircraft guns
417:
404:
391:
373:
361:
350:
337:
325:
313:
289:
256:
239:
227:
216:
205:
93:
34:
3773:Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler,
3454:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
3229:, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2005.
2804:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
2588:(1979), Appendix A, table A-11.
1671:Reversals and decline 1978–1980
1635:militias in the defense of the
1576:Early expansion phase 1975–1977
1285:QF Mk III 25-Pounder field guns
1207:Dodge D series (3rd generation)
1072:Armoured and transport vehicles
497:, was the military wing of the
48:may be too short to adequately
3307:The War for Lebanon, 1970–1985
1855:, also known variously as the
1289:Mle 1950 BF-50 155mm howitzers
1169:(or its civilian version, the
531:Katibat al-Numur al-Lubnaniyya
367:Popular Nasserist Organization
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
3331:10.1080/1057610X.2018.1529353
3245:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92
1643:against the combined LNM-PLO-
1600:(NCM) for the control of the
1497:(October 1968 – January 1976)
1489:List of NLP Tigers commanders
1314:20mm triple-barreled, Soviet
1223:Toyota Dyna U10-series trucks
724:Armée de Défense du Liban-Sud
694:, but also had a presence at
273:Lebanese Youth Movement (MKG)
3291:, Pluto Press, London 2012.
3263:, I.B. Tauris, London 2000.
3095:, Albin Michel, Paris 2004.
2245:Scarlata, Paul (July 2009).
1706:camp, and the port towns of
1659:districts in support of the
1514:NLP Tigers junior commanders
1441:and Dbayeh, allied with the
1265:GMC C4500 medium-duty trucks
1215:Chevrolet C-10/C-15 Cheyenne
956:Chatellerault FM Mle 1924/29
667:in the northern mountainous
3719:Rottman, Gordon L. (2017).
3603:Harris, William W. (1997).
3569:. Sidon: Blue Steel books.
3565:El-Assad, Moustafa (2008).
3367:, Lulu.com, Beyrouth 2012.
3178:. Boulder: Westview Press.
2867:Katz, Russel, and Volstad,
1110:Armoured personnel carriers
954:Squad weapons consisted of
925:Smith & Wesson Model 19
921:Smith & Wesson Model 17
917:Smith & Wesson Model 15
913:Smith & Wesson Model 14
909:Smith & Wesson Model 13
905:Smith & Wesson Model 10
3865:
3321:Jennifer Philippa Eggert,
2815:Labaki & Abou Rjeily,
2498:Sex & Abi-Chahine 2021
2434:Sex & Abi-Chahine 2021
2406:Sex & Abi-Chahine 2021
2348:Sex & Abi-Chahine 2021
1592:(KRF) militia against the
1582:Lebanese National Movement
1503:(January 1976 – July 1980)
1257:Chevrolet C-50 medium-duty
1242:Range Rover 1st generation
568:Structure and organization
320:Lebanese National Movement
131:October 1968 – August 1980
3488:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84
3111:. In Rubin, Barry (ed.).
1688:Palestine Liberation Army
1584:(LNM) militias and their
1336:Multiple rocket launchers
1316:ZPU (ZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4)
1246:Toyota Land Cruiser (J42)
1211:GMC Sierra Custom K25/K30
1195:Toyota Land Cruiser (J45)
1191:Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)
988:FN MAG light machine guns
659:coastal enclave south of
411:Palestine Liberation Army
92:
3801:NLP Tigers Facebook page
3796:NLP Tigers official site
3755:Thompson, Leroy (2019).
3528:Lebanon: a country study
3109:"Lebanon's Militia Wars"
3082:Lebanon: a country study
2895:Lebanon: a country study
2830:Lebanon: a country study
2677:Lebanon: a country study
2664:Lebanon: a country study
2065:Lebanon: a country study
1590:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
1451:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
1179:Land-Rover series II-III
1136:M3/M9 Zahlam half-tracks
996:Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal
772:Internal Security Forces
758:since 1973, followed by
589:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
233:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
100:NLP Tigers militia patch
3700:Neville, Leigh (2018).
3643:. Beirut: Elite Group.
3378:Kamal Suleiman Salibi,
2601:(2021), p. 16; Plate i.
2526:(2021), p. 16; Plate i.
2041:Tyous Team of Commandos
1963:Free Patriotic Movement
1653:Tyous Team of Commandos
1459:Guardians of the Cedars
1455:Lebanese Youth Movement
1431:Tel al-Zaatar Massacres
1121:Staghound armoured cars
972:Heckler & Koch HK21
960:Bren Mk. I .303 (7.7mm)
951:were used for sniping.
505:between 1975 and 1990.
385:Tyous Team of Commandos
267:Tyous Team of Commandos
251:Guardians of the Cedars
3658:Kassis, Samer (2012).
3639:Kassis, Samer (2003).
3525:Thomas Collelo (ed.),
3408:The Lebanese Civil War
3351:Joseph A. Kechichian,
2688:Bavly & Salpeter,
2597:Cooper & Sandler,
2522:Cooper & Sandler,
2134:The Lebanese Civil War
1892:on 10 November by two
1865:"Lionceaux d'Hannache"
1560:(a.k.a. 'Abou Antoun')
1261:Dodge F600 medium-duty
1203:Dodge Power Wagon W200
1012:M203 grenade launchers
527:كتيبة النمور اللبنانية
499:National Liberal Party
471:Tigers of the Liberals
3681:McNab, Chris (2014).
3123:10.1057/9780230622432
3107:Badran, Tony (2009).
2282:(1981), page unknown.
1609:Lebanese Armed Forces
1167:Willys M38A1 MD jeeps
1159:M151A1 utility trucks
1114:Bravia V-200 Chaimite
1043:82-PM-41 82mm mortars
1000:Browning M2HB .50 Cal
853:Heckler & Koch G3
849:semi-automatic rifles
768:Lebanese Armed Forces
734:Weapons and equipment
572:Under the command of
487:Numur al-Liybiraliyyn
296:Israel Defense Forces
3844:Lebanese nationalism
3538:Israel's Lebanon War
3172:Brynen, Rex (1990).
3012:Civil War in Lebanon
2921:Civil War in Lebanon
2778:Civil War in Lebanon
2752:Civil War in Lebanon
2511:M41 Bulldog au Liban
2199:(2012), pp. 200–201.
2089:Makdisi and Sadaka,
1661:Army of Free Lebanon
1443:Army of Free Lebanon
1435:Palestinian refugees
1081:M41A3 Walker Bulldog
1016:88.9mm Instalaza M65
992:Besa Mark III 7.92mm
222:Army of Free Lebanon
3757:The G3 Battle Rifle
3622:Huon, Jean (1981).
3443:The battle of Zahle
3420:Matthew S. Gordon,
3051:The battle of Zahle
2908:By Way of Deception
2906:Hoy and Ostrovsky,
2806:(2001), pp. 99-100.
2293:The G3 Battle Rifle
2147:The War for Lebanon
1861:"Hannache's Tigers"
1825:Lebanese government
822:SIG SG 543 carbines
172:Active regions
3558:Background sources
3336:Jonathan Randall,
3287:Fawwaz Traboulsi,
3273:Fawwaz Traboulsi,
3139:Beate Hamizrachi,
3073:General references
2988:(2004), pp. 55-56.
2936:(2004), pp. 53-54.
2653:(2007), parte III.
2449:(1984), pp. 55–89.
2408:, pp. 62, 65.
2212:(1979), pp. 42–45.
2136:(1980), pp. 25–28.
2036:South Lebanon Army
1996:Lebanese Civil War
1896:explosions on the
1873:Elias El-Hannouche
1663:(AFL) against the
1645:Lebanese Arab Army
1537:Elias El-Hannouche
1509:(July–August 1980)
1352:protection rackets
1227:heavy machine guns
1187:Morattab Series IV
1183:Santana Series III
1144:Lebanese Arab Army
1064:(often mounted on
1004:SG-43/SGM Goryunov
802:bolt-action rifles
728:South Lebanon Army
688:Keserwan Districts
503:Lebanese Civil War
437:Lebanese Civil War
331:Lebanese Arab Army
283:South Lebanon Army
127:Dates of operation
3783:978-1-914059-04-9
3766:978-1-4728-2862-0
3730:978-1-4728-1952-9
3711:978-1-4728-2251-2
3692:978-1-78200-794-4
3673:978-9953-0-2372-4
3614:978-1-55876-115-5
3576:978-9953-0-1256-8
3548:978-0-671-60216-1
3481:978-2-86537-499-1
3430:978-1-55546-834-7
3416:978-0-03-039701-1
3402:978-1-4744-7417-7
3388:978-0-88206-010-1
3373:978-1-291-03660-2
3346:978-1-935982-16-6
3316:978-0-8014-9313-3
3302:Itamar Rabinovich
3297:978-0-7453-3274-1
3235:978-2-213-61521-9
3216:978-0-8128-2924-2
3166:978-2-7384-1525-7
3149:978-0-275-92854-4
3132:978-1-349-37326-0
3101:978-2-226-12127-1
3088:Alain Menargues,
2869:Armies in Lebanon
1821:National Liberals
1798:National Liberals
1649:Hundred Days' War
1372:Keserwan District
1231:recoilless rifles
1132:M50 Super Sherman
1062:recoilless rifles
945:MAB PA-15 pistols
816:submachine guns,
669:Keserwan District
562:Keserwan District
501:(NLP) during the
479:نمور الليبراليين
465:), also known as
443:
442:
75:
74:
18:Tigers Resistance
16:(Redirected from
3856:
3815:
3770:
3751:
3734:
3715:
3696:
3677:
3654:
3635:
3618:
3583:Ludovic Fortin,
3580:
3552:
3474:
3441:R. D. Mclaurin,
3366:
3358:Joseph Hokayem,
3283:
3257:Farid El-Kazen,
3241:Edgar O'Ballance
3228:
3189:
3159:
3136:
3094:
3067:
3060:
3054:
3053:(1986), pp. 6-7.
3047:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2380:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2242:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2061:
1931:Battle of Zahleh
1857:"Hannache Group"
1849:Lionceaux Libres
1519:Freddy Nasrallah
1471:Furn esh Shebbak
1092:Charioteer tanks
1035:rocket launchers
1020:RL-83 Blindicide
806:Carl Gustaf m/45
657:Iqlim al-Kharrub
528:
480:
456:
433:Battles and wars
422:
421:
409:
408:
396:
395:
378:
377:
376:
365:
355:
354:
353:
342:
341:
340:
329:
318:
317:
294:
293:
260:
244:
243:
242:
231:
220:
210:
209:
128:
97:
88:
87:
86:
77:
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3792:
3787:
3767:
3754:
3737:
3731:
3718:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3680:
3674:
3657:
3651:
3638:
3621:
3615:
3602:
3577:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3534:
3472:
3364:
3281:
3226:
3220:Denise Ammoun,
3186:
3171:
3157:
3133:
3106:
3092:
3075:
3070:
3061:
3057:
3048:
3044:
3040:(2020), p. 160.
3035:
3031:
3022:
3018:
3014:(1998), p. 103.
3009:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2949:(2020), p. 142.
2944:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2923:(1998), p. 100.
2918:
2914:
2910:(1990), p. 302.
2905:
2901:
2897:(1989), p. 240.
2892:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2862:
2858:(2020), p. 143.
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2832:(1989), p. 158.
2827:
2823:
2814:
2810:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2741:(2005), p. 152.
2736:
2732:
2728:(2005), p. 149.
2723:
2719:
2711:
2696:
2687:
2683:
2679:(1989), p. 240.
2674:
2670:
2666:(1989), p. 240.
2661:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2640:(2020), p. 142.
2635:
2631:
2627:(2000), p. 304.
2622:
2618:
2614:(2012), p. 125.
2609:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2244:
2243:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2186:(2000), p. 304.
2181:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2110:
2106:(2000), p. 304.
2101:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2080:(2000), p. 304.
2075:
2071:
2067:(1989), p. 240.
2062:
2058:
2054:
2001:Lebanese Forces
1991:Damour massacre
1987:
1973:) to security (
1955:
1909:Camille Chamoun
1885:Ain El Remmaneh
1869:Lebanese Forces
1845:Noumour Al-Horr
1843:: نومور الحر |
1833:
1831:The Free Tigers
1806:Lebanese Forces
1802:Camille Chamoun
1786:
1780:within the LF.
1778:Damouri Brigade
1774:Lebanese Forces
1735:Lebanese Forces
1719:Camille Chamoun
1673:
1639:region and the
1613:Ain El Remmaneh
1578:
1573:
1516:
1491:
1483:Byblos District
1475:Ain El Remmaneh
1416:Baabda District
1388:Lebanese Forces
1384:arms contraband
1348:
1281:
1251:light pickups,
1074:
1039:M2 60mm mortars
990:, with heavier
784:
736:
625:military police
570:
519:Camille Chamoun
511:
491:PNL "Lionceaux"
428:
416:
403:
390:
374:
372:
351:
349:
344:Lebanese Forces
338:
336:
312:
301:
288:
246:Lebanese Forces
240:
238:
204:
144:Lebanese Forces
126:
103:
82:
81:
80:Tigers militia
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3839:Lebanese Front
3836:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3791:
3790:External links
3788:
3786:
3785:
3771:
3765:
3752:
3735:
3729:
3716:
3710:
3697:
3691:
3678:
3672:
3655:
3649:
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3619:
3613:
3600:
3581:
3575:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3547:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3499:
3484:
3468:Samir Kassir,
3466:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3418:
3404:
3392:Makram Rabah,
3390:
3376:
3356:
3349:
3334:
3319:
3299:
3285:
3271:
3255:
3238:
3218:
3204:
3190:
3184:
3169:
3151:
3137:
3131:
3104:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3066:(2004), p. 57.
3055:
3042:
3029:
3027:(2004), p. 56.
3016:
3003:
3001:(1985), p. 25.
2990:
2977:
2975:(2004), p. 55.
2964:
2962:(2004), p. 54.
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2884:(1988), p. 58.
2873:
2860:
2847:
2845:(2012), p. 21.
2834:
2821:
2819:(1993), p. 57.
2808:
2795:
2793:(1988), p. 50.
2782:
2780:(1998), p. 29.
2769:
2756:
2754:(1998), p. 90.
2743:
2730:
2717:
2694:
2692:(1984), p. 52.
2681:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2577:
2566:
2553:
2541:
2539:(2018), p. 14.
2528:
2515:
2502:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2438:
2423:
2410:
2398:
2381:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2323:
2321:(2017), p. 22.
2310:
2297:
2295:(2019), p. 29.
2284:
2271:
2269:(2014), p. 68.
2258:
2214:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2164:
2162:(2012), p. 43.
2151:
2149:(1989), p. 65.
2138:
2125:
2108:
2095:
2082:
2069:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2046:Zahliote Group
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:Safra massacre
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Lebanese Front
2003:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1954:
1951:
1935:Greek-Catholic
1832:
1829:
1794:Bachir Gemayel
1785:
1782:
1739:Bachir Gemayel
1672:
1669:
1633:Lebanese Front
1594:Al-Mourabitoun
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1543:Nouhad Chelhot
1540:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1487:
1466:Lebanese Front
1380:drug-smuggling
1356:Arab countries
1347:
1344:
1280:
1277:
1271:; a number of
1157:', comprising
1146:in July 1976.
1125:Panhard AML-90
1107:Panhard M3 VTT
1073:
1070:
783:
780:
770:(LAF) and the
735:
732:
633:Greek-Orthodox
581:Lebanese Front
569:
566:
510:
507:
483:transliterated
463:Numur al-Ahrar
459:transliterated
447:Tigers militia
441:
440:
434:
430:
429:
427:
426:
414:
401:
388:
382:
380:Al-Mourabitoun
370:
359:
347:
334:
323:
309:
307:
303:
302:
300:
299:
286:
280:
278:Marada Brigade
275:
270:
264:
254:
248:
236:
225:
214:
201:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
173:
169:
168:
151:
147:
146:
140:Lebanese Front
137:
133:
132:
129:
123:
122:
109:
105:
104:
98:
90:
89:
73:
72:
66:September 2022
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3861:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3748:8435568306073
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3650:9953-0-0705-5
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3511:0-85045-800-5
3508:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:0-85045-602-9
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:0-19-280130-9
3460:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:Marius Deeb,
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3269:0-674-08105-6
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3253:0-333-72975-7
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:0-9717595-0-2
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3185:0-86187-123-5
3181:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2871:(1985), p. 8.
2870:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2767:(1979), p. 6.
2766:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2715:, p. 39.
2714:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2551:, p. 67.
2550:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2500:, p. 61.
2499:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2485:, p. 62.
2484:
2479:
2476:
2473:, p. 53.
2472:
2467:
2464:
2461:, p. 51.
2460:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2436:, p. 81.
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2396:, p. 56.
2395:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2379:, p. 24.
2378:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2362:, p. 25.
2361:
2356:
2353:
2350:, p. 62.
2349:
2344:
2341:
2338:, p. 58.
2337:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2123:, p. 38.
2122:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Phoenicianism
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:Georges Aaraj
1968:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:Lebanese Army
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:districts of
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:nom de guerre
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:Lebanese Army
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:Lebanese Army
1693:
1689:
1686:supported by
1685:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:Aley District
1638:
1637:Mount Lebanon
1634:
1630:
1627:districts of
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:"The Battles"
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1338:installed on
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:anti-aircraft
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:anti-aircraft
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:armoured cars
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:armoured cars
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:Lebanese Army
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:Tokarev TT-33
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:CETME Model C
854:
850:
847:
843:
842:Beretta BM 59
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
791:Karabiner 98k
789:
781:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:United States
741:
740:Lebanese Army
733:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Aley District
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:Matn District
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Lebanese Army
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:Sodeco Square
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
524:
520:
516:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
452:
448:
438:
435:
431:
425:
420:
415:
412:
407:
402:
399:
394:
389:
386:
383:
381:
371:
368:
364:
360:
358:
357:Amal Movement
348:
345:
335:
332:
328:
324:
321:
316:
311:
310:
308:
304:
297:
292:
287:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
268:
265:
263:
259:
255:
252:
249:
247:
237:
234:
230:
226:
223:
219:
215:
213:
212:Lebanese Army
208:
203:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
184:South Lebanon
181:
180:Mount Lebanon
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Sodeco Square
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
124:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
101:
96:
91:
78:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3774:
3756:
3739:
3720:
3701:
3682:
3663:
3659:
3640:
3623:
3604:
3584:
3566:
3537:
3527:
3518:
3502:
3487:
3469:
3453:
3442:
3435:
3422:The Gemayels
3421:
3407:
3393:
3379:
3360:
3352:
3337:
3322:
3306:
3288:
3274:
3259:
3244:
3222:
3207:
3193:
3174:
3154:
3140:
3113:
3089:
3081:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3011:
3010:O'Ballance,
3006:
2998:
2997:Kechichian,
2993:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2919:O'Ballance,
2915:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2882:The Gemayels
2881:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2803:
2798:
2791:The Gemayels
2790:
2785:
2777:
2776:O'Ballance,
2772:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2750:O'Ballance,
2746:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2446:
2445:Hamizrachi,
2441:
2418:
2413:
2401:
2355:
2343:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2252:Shotgun News
2250:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2145:Rabinovich,
2141:
2133:
2128:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2059:
1978:
1956:
1928:
1924:Beqaa Valley
1902:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1817:Dany Chamoun
1814:
1787:
1762:Dory Chamoun
1756:and then to
1751:
1727:Dany Chamoun
1721:, supported
1716:
1700:Naim Berdkan
1674:
1606:
1579:
1564:Tony Chamoun
1558:Toufic Nehme
1553:Nabil Nassif
1532:Georges Araj
1507:Dory Chamoun
1501:Dany Chamoun
1495:Naim Berdkan
1463:
1420:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1349:
1282:
1163:VIASA MB-CJ6
1148:
1096:M42A1 Duster
1075:
953:
929:Colt M1911A1
785:
776:black market
737:
723:
700:Beqaa Valley
673:
574:Dany Chamoun
571:
547:
543:Dany Chamoun
539:Naim Berdkan
534:
530:
522:
512:
490:
486:
470:
466:
462:
455:نمور الأحرار
446:
444:
150:Headquarters
120:Dory Chamoun
116:Dany Chamoun
112:Naim Berdkan
99:
85:نمور الأحرار
63:
47:
45:lead section
3814:(in French)
3473:(in French)
3449:Robert Fisk
3365:(in French)
3282:(in French)
3227:(in French)
3158:(in French)
3093:(in French)
3062:Menargues,
3023:Menargues,
2984:Menargues,
2971:Menargues,
2958:Menargues,
2932:Menargues,
2713:Badran 2009
2649:Traboulsi,
2549:Kassis 2012
2483:Kassis 2012
2471:Kassis 2003
2459:Badran 2009
2394:Kassis 2012
2377:Kassis 2003
2360:Kassis 2003
2336:Kassis 2012
2121:Badran 2009
1959:Michel Aoun
1947:Syrian Army
1917:Palestinian
1889:East Beirut
1837:Free Tigers
1766:East Beirut
1737:(LF) under
1704:Es-Saadiyat
1665:Syrian Army
1629:East Beirut
1586:Palestinian
1439:East Beirut
1328:air defense
1318:14.5mm and
1312:Zastava M55
1308:autocannons
1238:autocannons
1225:armed with
1199:Peugeot 404
1088:light tanks
1059:M40A1 106mm
927:revolvers,
899:, Romanian
893:Zastava M70
795:Lee-Enfield
712:Shia Muslim
676:East Beirut
653:Es-Saadiyat
439:(1975–1990)
424:Syrian Army
176:East Beirut
102:(1968–1980)
3823:Categories
3049:Mclaurin,
2623:El-Kazen,
2291:Thompson,
2182:El-Kazen,
2102:El-Kazen,
2076:El-Kazen,
1979:Al-Noumour
1967:Naji Hayek
1913:Green Line
1747:a massacre
1694:units and
1527:Naji Hayek
1427:Al-Masklah
1340:Technicals
1324:technicals
1299:, British
1155:technicals
1151:gun trucks
1066:technicals
1055:B-11 107mm
895:, Chinese
877:SIG SG 542
782:Small arms
708:Jabal Amel
467:NLP Tigers
3632:419742583
3593:1957-4193
2841:Hokayem,
2675:Collelo,
2610:Randall,
2535:Neville,
2317:Rottman,
2195:Randall,
2158:Hokayem,
2052:Citations
1898:Achrafieh
1810:bodyguard
1522:Bob Azzam
1447:Al-Tanzim
1423:Karantina
1376:chauffeur
1295:, Soviet
1291:, Soviet
1287:, French
1279:Artillery
1171:Jeep CJ-5
1051:B-10 82mm
830:M1 Garand
621:logistics
609:artillery
578:Christian
554:Achrafieh
525:(Arabic:
306:Opponents
262:Al-Tanzim
158:Achrafieh
50:summarize
2880:Gordon,
2789:Gordon,
2737:Salibi,
2724:Salibi,
2417:Fortin,
1985:See also
1975:Jean Eid
1937:town of
1894:car-bomb
1684:alliance
1657:Fayadieh
1625:Hazmiyeh
1596:and the
1548:Jean Eid
1457:and the
1358:such as
706:and the
629:Maronite
605:infantry
601:commando
597:armoured
585:Phalange
136:Group(s)
3036:Rabah,
2945:Rabah,
2854:Rabah,
2636:Rabah,
2265:McNab,
1772:or the
1566:(Zahle)
1539:(الحنش)
1481:in the
1400:Ma'arik
1364:Tabarja
1320:ZU-23-2
1249:hardtop
1175:UAZ-469
1140:BTR-152
1134:Tanks,
1049:, plus
1024:M72 LAW
897:Type 56
814:PPSh-41
730:(SLA).
698:in the
692:Tripoli
663:and at
655:in the
647:in the
641:Shi'ite
617:medical
613:signals
509:Origins
108:Leaders
3781:
3763:
3746:
3727:
3708:
3689:
3670:
3647:
3630:
3611:
3597:French
3591:
3573:
3545:
3509:
3494:
3479:
3461:
3428:
3414:
3400:
3386:
3371:
3344:
3314:
3295:
3267:
3251:
3233:
3214:
3200:
3182:
3164:
3147:
3129:
3099:
2802:Fisk,
2278:Huon,
2132:Deeb,
1953:Legacy
1881:Hadath
1853:French
1841:Arabic
1758:Europe
1731:Kataeb
1708:Damour
1623:, and
1621:Baabda
1617:Hadath
1479:Akoura
1412:Hadath
1408:Sebnay
1396:Arabic
1368:Dbayeh
1360:Jordan
1233:, and
1221:, and
1123:, and
1099:SPAAGs
1085:AMX-13
941:FN P35
881:Vz. 58
869:FN CAL
861:FN FAL
834:Vz. 52
826:MAS-49
810:MAT-49
799:MAS-36
788:Mauser
760:Israel
752:Jordan
720:French
680:Byblos
678:, the
661:Beirut
495:French
475:Arabic
451:Arabic
346:(1980)
198:Allies
162:Beirut
3662:[
1943:Zahlé
1939:Zahlé
1920:Fatah
1847:) or
1754:Syria
1743:Safra
1712:Jiyeh
1153:and '
1032:RPG-7
1028:RPG-2
1008:DShKM
976:AA-52
968:MG 42
964:MG 34
937:CZ 75
885:AK-47
873:M16A1
865:ROMAT
764:Syria
756:Egypt
716:Druze
696:Zahlé
637:Druze
558:Safra
515:za'im
489:) or
413:(PLA)
400:(PLO)
387:(TTC)
369:(PNO)
333:(LAA)
322:(LNM)
298:(IDF)
285:(SLA)
269:(TTC)
253:(GoC)
235:(KRF)
224:(AFL)
193:3,500
166:Safra
3779:ISBN
3761:ISBN
3725:ISBN
3706:ISBN
3687:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3645:ISBN
3628:OCLC
3609:ISBN
3595:(in
3589:ISSN
3571:ISBN
3543:ISBN
3507:ISBN
3492:ISBN
3477:ISBN
3459:ISBN
3426:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3369:ISBN
3342:ISBN
3312:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3265:ISBN
3249:ISBN
3231:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3180:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3145:ISBN
3127:ISBN
3097:ISBN
1969:and
1883:and
1835:The
1788:The
1710:and
1525:Dr.
1473:and
1429:and
1382:and
1366:and
1332:SNEB
1303:and
1267:and
1244:and
1217:and
1165:and
1138:and
1105:and
1103:M113
1083:and
1057:and
1045:and
1030:and
1006:and
986:and
943:and
923:and
887:and
844:and
820:and
812:and
797:and
762:and
754:and
748:Iran
714:and
690:and
686:and
684:Matn
665:Adma
645:Naas
639:and
623:and
535:Nimr
445:The
190:Size
3744:EAN
3327:doi
3304:,
3119:doi
1863:or
1851:in
1692:ISF
1681:PLO
1677:LNM
1437:in
1433:of
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984:RPK
980:RPD
889:AKM
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838:SKS
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