727:. Canals, dykes and dams were built routing the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around the marshes, instead of allowing water to move slowly through the marshland. After part of the Euphrates was dried up due to re-routing its water to the sea, a dam was built so water could not back up from the Tigris and sustain the former marshland. Some marshlands were burned and pipes buried underground helped to carry away water for quicker drying.
507:
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547:, which support numerous species. Areas around the Tigris and the Euphrates are very fertile. Marshy land is home to water birds, some stopping here while migrating, and some spending the winter in these marshes living off the lizards, snakes, frogs, and fish. Other animals found in these marshes are
643:
This visualization shows variations in total water storage from normal, in millimeters, in the Tigris and
Euphrates river basins, from January 2003 through December 2009. Reds represent drier conditions, while blues represent wetter conditions. The effects of the seasons are evident, as is the major
813:
on water for the three nations for better water resources management. Turkey, Iraq and Syria signed a memorandum of understanding on
September 3, 2009, in order to strengthen communication within the Tigris–Euphrates Basin and to develop joint water-flow-monitoring stations. On September 19, 2009,
805:
flows. Although the drought affected Turkey, Syria and Iran as well, Iraq complained regularly about reduced water flows. Iraq particularly complained about the
Euphrates River because of the large number of dams on the river. Turkey agreed to increase the flow several times, beyond its means in
764:
are also a threat. Climate change and human interaction have directly impacted the Tigris-Euphrates river system, leading to a negative trend in water storage capabilities in the river basin. The combination of diminishing water levels in the Tigris-Euphrates river system and rising sea levels
281:. The high mountains in the upper watershed receive more rain and snow than the lower watershed, which has a hot and arid subtropical climate. Annual snow melt from the mountains brings spring floods, and sustains permanent and seasonal marshes in the lowlands.
265:
in earnest, water disputes have regularly occurred in addition to the associated dam's effects on the environment. In addition, Syrian and
Iranian dam construction has also contributed to political tension within the basin, particularly during drought.
609:
and the ending of a four-year drought that same year, the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery. The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50% of pre-1970s levels, with a remarkable regrowth of the
369:), some of which can reach up to two meters in length. Some species have been important food sources for residents for thousands of years. Many species move seasonally between the river and the marshes for spawning, feeding, and overwintering. The
806:
order to supply Iraq with extra water. Iraq has seen significant declines in water storage and crop yields because of the drought. To make matters worse, Iraq's water infrastructure has suffered from years of conflict and neglect.
604:
extended this work in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as part of ecological warfare against the Marsh Arabs, a rebellious group of people in
Baathist Iraq. However, with the breaching of the dikes by local communities after the
635:
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between Turkey and Syria was more problematic, the GAP project was also perceived as a threat by Iraq. The tension between Turkey and Iraq about the issue was increased by the effect of Syria and Turkey's participation in the
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723:, between 84% and 90% of the marshes have been destroyed since the 1970s. In 1994, 60 percent of the wetlands were destroyed by Hussein's regime – drained to permit military access and greater political control of the native
639:
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687:, which developed over thousands of years in the Tigris–Euphrates basin and once covered 15–20,000 square kilometers. In the 1980s, this ecoregion was put in grave danger during the
377:) is an important food fish that lives in the coastal waters and spawns in the lower reaches of the basin. Other ocean species occasionally visit the lower reaches of the rivers;
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249:
The Tigris–Euphrates Basin is shared between Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. Many tributaries of the Tigris river originate in Iran, and the Shatt al-Arab, formed by the
335:
Some of the first civilizations emerged from the confluence of the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. From ancient times empires arose and fell in the river basin, including
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1385:
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The issue of water rights became a point of contention for Iraq, Turkey and Syria beginning in the 1960s when Turkey implemented a public-works project (the
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initiated a drainage project on these marshes, leading to degradation of ecosystem services that caused economic and social issues for civilians. The
2143:
1492:
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The
Euphrates-Tigris Basin, covering areas in five countries (Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Kuwait), is a major water resource of the Middle East.
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and discharge into the
Persian Gulf. The rivers and their tributaries drain an area of 879,790 km, including almost the entire area of
992:
716:
708:
597:
1278:"The Impacts of Interannual Climate Variability on the Declining Trend in Terrestrial Water Storage over the Tigris–Euphrates River Basin"
587:
1834:
1485:
970:
715:
in 2003, drought, intensive dam construction and irrigation schemes upstream have caused them to dry up once more. According to the
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drought that hit the region in 2007. The majority of the water lost was due to reductions in groundwater caused by human activities.
1440:
Hussein, Omar Ahmed, and
Khadijah Mohamed. "Legal Rights of International Water Resources: A Case of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers."
2268:
2225:
492:. It had not been observed since 1974 and was feared extinct until a 2021 expedition netted 14 fish living above the Batman Dam.
1410:
Adamo, Nasrat, Nadhir Al-Ansari, and
Varoujan K. Sissakian. "Global climate change impacts on Tigris-Euphrates Rivers basins."
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2138:
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1317:"Effects of upstream activities of Tigris-Euphrates River Basin on water and soil resources of Shatt al-Arab Border River"
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586:) are endemic to the Mesopotamian Marshes. The Basra reed warbler is endangered. Another wetland endemic species,
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Al-Ansari, Nadhir, et al. "Water Quality and its Environmental Implications within Tigris and Euphrates Rivers."
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810:
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777:) aimed at harvesting the water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through the construction of 22 dams, for
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2011:
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798:. However, the issue had never become as significant as the water dispute between Turkey and Syria.
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to the east. The rivers flow in a south-easterly direction through the central plain and combine at
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due in large part to thousands of years of agricultural activity. Water and plant life are sparse.
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militant activity in their border region. One of Turkey's last large GAP dams on the Tigris – the
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Montazeri, Amirhossein; Mazaheri, Mehdi; Morid, Saeed; Mosaddeghi, Mohammad Reza (2023-02-01).
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and Ambar rivers, Turkish tributaries of the Tigris. The species is endangered by drought,
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The Tigris-Euphrates-Shatt al Arab is shared between Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait and Turkey.
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1033:"Hydrological response of past and future climate changes in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin"
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One-third of the fish species in the upper watersheds are endemic, including species of
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Greene, Graeme (2021) "Batman loach returns: fish feared extinct found in Turkey".
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regime. The destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's
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Turkey formally agreed to increase the flow of the Euphrates River to 450 to 500
261:
being part of its delta. Since the 1960s and in the 1970s, when Turkey began the
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2001:
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of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper
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There is a large floodplain in the lower basin where the Euphrates, Tigris, and
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The 2008 drought in Iraq sparked new negotiations between Iraq and Turkey over
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rich waters that fertilized surrounding soils; 52 native fish species; the
1014:
464:), are endemic to cave systems in Iran's upper Karun River watershed. The
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indicates the potential for rapid seawater intrusion in the river basin.
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began in the 1950s, to reclaim land for agriculture and oil exploration.
559:
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388:
1951:
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Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth
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of central Iraq. Other tributaries join the Tigris from sources in the
1477:
1072:
Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq
39:
1699:
1649:
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826:– is strongly opposed by Iraq and is the source of political strife.
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Rivers of the Sultan: The Tigris and Euphrates in the Ottoman Empire
1013:
Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team (February 3, 2003).
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east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting streams and rivers.
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populations. There are also inadequate supplies of potable water.
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944:, UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Accessed 30 June 2020.
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of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, makes up a portion of the
962:
Design and impact of water treaties: Managing climate change
1442:
International Journal of Law, Government and Communication
730:
The drying of the marshes led to the disappearance of the
711:. Although they had started to recover after the fall of
527:
in southern Iraq were historically the largest wetland
1422:
Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering
1412:
Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering
1355:
GÜVENSİZLİK ÜÇGENİ: TÜRKİYE, SURİYE, IRAK VE SU SORUNU
809:
In 2008, Turkey, Iraq and Syria agreed to restart the
1215:"Climate Change and Vulnerability in the Middle East"
1098:"Late Holocene development of Bubiyan Island, Kuwait"
233:
The region has historical importance as part of the
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1932:
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292:, it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban
1368:"Turkey lets more water out of dams to Iraq: MP"
385:) used to swim up the Tigris as far as Baghdad.
1241:. February 24, 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
363:The most abundant fishes are species of barbs (
300:. For this reason, it is often described as a "
315:, which include permanent lakes, marshes, and
1493:
1191:Iraqi Marshlands: Steady Progress to Recovery
1096:Reinink-Smith, Linda; Carter, Robert (2022).
570:and several other mammals. The wetland birds
284:The plain between the two rivers is known as
8:
1357:, MÜLKİYELİLER BİRLİĞİ DERGİSİ, 162, p.47-52
1058:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 December 2017.
190:From their sources and upper courses in the
2088:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
1276:Chang, Li-Ling; Niu, Guo-Yue (2023-03-21).
922:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 December 2017
1730:
1521:
1500:
1486:
1478:
1219:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
273:is characterized by two large rivers, the
1075:. Stanford University Press. p. 60.
82:879,790 km (339,690 sq mi)
1141:
1139:
629:
505:
391:fish species in the lower basin include
69:temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands
911:
96:
1473:BBC: Iraq marshes' recovery 'in doubt'
1031:Deniz Bozkurt; Omer Lutfi Sen (2012).
29:
1386:"Turkey to up Euphrates flow to Iraq"
1050:
1048:
1008:
1006:
660:'s government water-control projects
7:
1239:"Iraq marshes face grave new threat"
1026:
1024:
987:
985:
954:
952:
717:United Nations Environmental Program
1392:. 19 September 2009. Archived from
1162:Freshwater Ecoregions of the World
1147:Freshwater Ecoregions of the World
683:were an extensive natural wetland
535:. The aquatic vegetation includes
403:, and as well as two cave fishes,
25:
662:drained the inhabited marsh areas
588:Bunn's short-tailed bandicoot rat
2226:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
1717:
1434:(Oxford University Press, 2021)
1321:Science of The Total Environment
1160:"Upper Tigris & Euphrates".
1145:"Lower Tigris & Euphrates".
995:. feow.org. 2013. Archived from
940:"Euphrates–Tigris River Basin".
857:
38:
1333:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159751
1056:"Tigris-Euphrates river system"
519:in the marshes of southern Iraq
27:River system in the Middle East
1783:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
1778:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
993:"Lower Tigris & Euphrates"
703:, which were inhabited by the
566:and small animals such as the
448:. Two blind fish species, the
311:rivers converge to create the
1:
2165:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
1562:Tigris–Euphrates river system
1017:– via Internet Archive.
844:Zaman, The Man From The Reeds
488:from the construction of the
470:Paraschistura chrysicristinae
175:. Its primary rivers are the
165:Tigris–Euphrates river system
33:Tigris–Euphrates river system
18:Tigris-Euphrates river system
476:fish species endemic to the
417:), from a cave habitat near
241:civilization first emerged.
2231:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
2113:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
2108:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
1282:Journal of Hydrometeorology
167:is a large river system in
2325:
2236:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
811:Joint Trilateral Committee
721:AMAR Charitable Foundation
499:
394:Glyptothorax steindachneri
1715:
1257:climatechangeinturkey.com
1164:. Accessed 30 June 2020.
1149:. Accessed 30 June 2020.
965:. Springer. p. 144.
709:almost completely drained
668:were displaced under the
618:and some recovery of the
400:Hemigrammocapoeta elegans
37:
1454:(Springer Nature, 2021)
959:Matthew Zentner (2012).
758:Climate change in Turkey
732:salt-tolerant vegetation
594:), is possibly extinct.
288:. As part of the larger
2269:Drainage basins of Asia
1294:10.1175/JHM-D-22-0026.1
792:UN embargo against Iraq
785:purposes. Although the
235:Fertile Crescent region
218:as well as portions of
2068:Babylonian mathematics
1444:6.22 (2021): 130–137.
762:climate change in Iraq
754:of the marsh habitat.
645:
576:Acrocephalus griseldis
520:
462:Eidinemacheilus smithi
415:Typhlogarra widdowsoni
302:Cradle of Civilization
2309:Palearctic ecoregions
2304:Freshwater ecoregions
1450:Jawad, Laith A., ed.
642:
607:2003 invasion of Iraq
509:
486:habitat fragmentation
474:Critically Endangered
183:, along with smaller
2294:Ecoregions of Turkey
2063:Babylonian astronomy
1542:Mesopotamian Marshes
1424:9.4 (2019): 57–108.
1414:10.1 (2020): 49–98.
1396:on 31 December 2010.
1069:Dan Caldwel (2011).
942:AQUASTAT Survey 2008
890:Mesopotamian Marshes
803:trans-boundary river
783:hydroelectric energy
701:Mesopotamian Marshes
525:Mesopotamian Marshes
502:Mesopotamian Marshes
496:Mesopotamian Marshes
454:Iranocypris typhlops
313:Mesopotamian Marshes
171:that flows into the
2299:Geography of Kuwait
2289:Ecoregions of Syria
2144:Destruction by ISIL
2098:Sumerian literature
2073:Akkadian literature
1509:Ancient Mesopotamia
1114:2022QuRes.109...16R
1102:Quaternary Research
878:Mountains of Ararat
695:, Iraq's President
482:habitat destruction
383:Carcharhinus leucas
2284:Ecoregions of Iraq
2279:Ecoregions of Iran
2274:Ecoregions of Asia
2180:Mesopotamian myths
1468:Persian Gulf image
1196:2011-06-08 at the
1122:10.1017/qua.2022.3
873:Armenian highlands
648:Iraq suffers from
646:
626:Ecological threats
572:Basra reed warbler
521:
466:Batman River loach
458:Zagros blind loach
421:on the Euphrates.
406:Caecocypris basimi
192:Armenian Highlands
2244:
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2195:Ziggurat (Temple)
2170:Sumerian religion
1928:
1927:
1875:Middle Babylonian
1817:Kish civilization
1713:
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1537:Lower Mesopotamia
1532:Upper Mesopotamia
1179:9 December 2021.
1082:978-0-8047-7749-0
920:"Euphrates River"
837:Dawn of the World
691:. After the 1991
640:
584:Argya altirostris
353:Abbasid Caliphate
161:
160:
131:empties into the
16:(Redirected from
2316:
2093:Sumerian cuisine
2083:Warfare in Sumer
2078:Economy of Sumer
1731:
1721:
1605:Fertile Crescent
1589:Sinjar Mountains
1584:Hamrin Mountains
1579:Zagros Mountains
1557:Taurus Mountains
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1430:Husain, Faisal.
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317:riparian forests
290:Fertile Crescent
257:, with Kuwait's
255:Iran–Iraq border
204:Zagros Mountains
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1997:Middle Persian
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697:Saddam Hussein
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598:Their drainage
592:Nesokia bunnii
500:Main article:
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1038:. p. 1.
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1015:"Mesopotamia"
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885:Soil salinity
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2264:Tigris River
2246:
2118:Royal titles
2043:Architecture
1880:Neo-Assyrian
1727:(Pre)history
1561:
1547:Persian Gulf
1451:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1394:the original
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
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1349:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1247:
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1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1186:
1177:The Guardian
1176:
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1071:
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997:the original
976:
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936:
924:. Retrieved
914:
846:, film, 2003
843:
835:
808:
800:
772:
756:
729:
678:
647:
596:
591:
583:
580:Iraq babbler
575:
522:
514:
469:
461:
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431:Glyptothorax
425:
423:
414:
404:
398:
392:
387:
382:
374:
364:
362:
334:
325:Persian Gulf
306:
294:civilization
283:
268:
248:
239:Mesopotamian
232:
210:to form the
189:
173:Persian Gulf
169:Western Asia
164:
162:
133:Persian Gulf
2221:Hittitology
2211:Assyriology
2132:Archaeology
2002:Old Persian
1812:Jemdet Nasr
926:17 December
775:GAP project
752:water birds
725:Marsh Arabs
705:Marsh Arabs
531:of Western
511:Marsh Arabs
379:bull sharks
298:Uruk period
286:Mesopotamia
263:GAP project
194:of eastern
185:tributaries
151:Greater Zab
2253:Categories
2185:Divination
1895:Achaemenid
1860:Isin-Larsa
1753:Trialetian
1748:Mousterian
1735:Prehistory
1327:: 159751.
1262:2021-02-19
1224:2024-09-27
906:References
779:irrigation
681:marshlands
490:Batman Dam
456:) and the
371:Hilsa shad
351:, and the
251:confluence
155:Lesser Zab
58:Palearctic
2259:Euphrates
2058:Cuneiform
1934:Languages
1743:Acheulean
1630:Babylonia
1567:Euphrates
1517:Geography
1341:0048-9697
1302:1525-7541
1253:"Climate"
1130:248250022
1108:: 16–38.
824:Ilisu Dam
740:wild boar
685:ecosystem
670:Ba'athist
560:antelopes
558:species,
529:ecosystem
513:poling a
445:Schistura
345:Babylonia
321:hydrology
279:Euphrates
271:ecoregion
245:Geography
208:Al-Qurnah
181:Euphrates
147:Euphrates
87:Countries
74:Geography
2204:Academia
2158:Religion
2027:Urartian
2022:Sumerian
2007:Parthian
1942:Akkadian
1915:Sasanian
1905:Parthian
1900:Seleucid
1850:Simurrum
1840:Akkadian
1773:Khiamian
1763:Natufian
1675:Simurrum
1660:Kassites
1655:Hittites
1610:Adiabene
1194:Archived
851:See also
830:In media
796:Gulf War
736:plankton
719:and the
693:Gulf War
674:wildlife
564:gazelles
439:Orthrias
427:Aphanius
409:and the
237:, where
2190:Prayers
2175:Deities
2139:Looting
1982:Kassite
1977:Hurrian
1972:Hittite
1962:Elamite
1957:Eblaite
1952:Aramaic
1947:Amorite
1870:Kassite
1845:Gutians
1827:History
1792:Samarra
1788:Hassuna
1758:Zarzian
1680:Subartu
1670:Mitanni
1635:Chaldea
1625:Assyria
1598:Ancient
1372:Reuters
1110:Bibcode
820:Kurdish
748:buffalo
744:red fox
707:, were
553:endemic
545:papyrus
533:Eurasia
516:mashoof
472:) is a
435:Cobitis
419:Haditha
389:Endemic
359:Ecology
349:Assyria
331:History
296:in the
47:Ecology
2017:Sutean
1992:Median
1987:Luwian
1967:Gutian
1855:Ur III
1768:Nemrik
1705:Cities
1700:Urartu
1650:Hamazi
1645:Gutium
1620:Armani
1572:Tigris
1525:Modern
1456:online
1446:online
1426:online
1416:online
1339:
1300:
1128:
1079:
969:
734:; the
612:Hammar
578:) and
568:jerboa
556:rodent
551:, two
543:, and
541:rushes
484:, and
478:Batman
442:, and
366:Barbus
319:. The
275:Tigris
226:, and
220:Turkey
196:Turkey
177:Tigris
143:Tigris
139:Rivers
119:Kuwait
99:Turkey
2103:Music
2053:Akitu
1910:Roman
1802:Ubaid
1797:Halaf
1695:Tukri
1690:Sumer
1685:Suhum
1665:Media
1615:Akkad
1126:S2CID
1036:(PDF)
537:reeds
341:Akkad
337:Sumer
309:Karun
224:Syria
104:Syria
65:Biome
53:Realm
2149:Tell
1807:Uruk
1640:Elam
1337:ISSN
1298:ISSN
1202:UNEP
1077:ISBN
967:ISBN
928:2017
781:and
760:and
750:and
679:The
652:and
614:and
562:and
523:The
397:and
277:and
269:The
228:Iran
216:Iraq
179:and
163:The
114:Iran
109:Iraq
93:List
79:Area
2048:Art
1390:AFP
1329:doi
1325:858
1290:doi
1118:doi
1106:109
816:m/s
355:.
304:".
2255::
1388:.
1370:.
1335:.
1323:.
1319:.
1296:.
1286:24
1284:.
1280:.
1255:.
1217:.
1138:^
1124:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
