2264:
31:
256:
403:
504:
5989:
51:
149:. When one of the bodies reaches a state where there is no longer any net change in its rotation rate over the course of a complete orbit, it is said to be tidally locked. The object tends to stay in this state because leaving it would require adding energy back into the system. The object's orbit may migrate over time so as to undo the tidal lock, for example, if a giant planet perturbs the object.
2306:
267:
4854:
367:, which is the point of strongest tidal interaction between the two objects. If the orbiting object has a companion, this third body can cause the rotation rate of the parent object to vary in an oscillatory manner. This interaction can also drive an increase in orbital eccentricity of the orbiting object around the primary – an effect known as eccentricity pumping.
2334:
2278:
247:
the bulge on the A-facing side is closer to A than the back bulge by a distance of approximately B's diameter, and so experiences a slightly stronger gravitational force and torque. The net resulting torque from both bulges, then, is always in the direction that acts to synchronize B's rotation with its orbital period, leading eventually to tidal locking.
2320:
227:. (For the solid Earth, these bulges can reach displacements of up to around 0.4 m or 1 ft 4 in.) When B is not yet tidally locked, the bulges travel over its surface due to orbital motions, with one of the two "high" tidal bulges traveling close to the point where body A is overhead. For large astronomical bodies that are nearly
2292:
243:
vantage point in space, the points of maximum bulge extension are displaced from the axis oriented toward A. If B's rotation period is shorter than its orbital period, the bulges are carried forward of the axis oriented toward A in the direction of rotation, whereas if B's rotation period is longer, the bulges instead lag behind.
46:, this results in the Moon keeping the same face turned toward Earth, as seen in the left figure. If the Moon were not rotating at all, it would alternately show its near and far sides to Earth, while moving around Earth in orbit, as shown in the right figure. The Moon is shown in polar view, and is not drawn to scale.
301:
The tidal locking effect is also experienced by the larger body A, but at a slower rate because B's gravitational effect is weaker due to B's smaller mass. For example, Earth's rotation is gradually being slowed by the Moon, by an amount that becomes noticeable over geological time as revealed in the
246:
Because the bulges are now displaced from the A–B axis, A's gravitational pull on the mass in them exerts a torque on B. The torque on the A-facing bulge acts to bring B's rotation in line with its orbital period, whereas the "back" bulge, which faces away from A, acts in the opposite sense. However,
2017:
The most successful detection methods of exoplanets (transits and radial velocities) suffer from a clear observational bias favoring the detection of planets near the star; thus, 85% of the exoplanets detected are inside the tidal locking zone, which makes it difficult to estimate the true incidence
242:
The material of B exerts resistance to this periodic reshaping caused by the tidal force. In effect, some time is required to reshape B to the gravitational equilibrium shape, by which time the forming bulges have already been carried some distance away from the A–B axis by B's rotation. Seen from a
152:
There is ambiguity in the use of the terms 'tidally locked' and 'tidal locking', in that some scientific sources use it to refer exclusively to 1:1 synchronous rotation (e.g. the Moon), while others include non-synchronous orbital resonances in which there is no further transfer of angular momentum
557:
was in synchronous rotation with the Sun. This was because whenever
Mercury was best placed for observation, the same side faced inward. Radar observations in 1965 demonstrated instead that Mercury has a 3:2 spin–orbit resonance, rotating three times for every two revolutions around the Sun, which
544:
of its orbit: this allows up to about 6° more along its perimeter to be seen from Earth. Parallax is a geometric effect: at the surface of Earth observers are offset from the line through the centers of Earth and Moon; this accounts for about a 1° difference in the Moon's surface which can be seen
259:
In (1), a satellite orbits in the same direction as (but slower than) its parent body's rotation. The nearer tidal bulge (red) attracts the satellite more than the farther bulge (blue), slowing the parent's rotation while imparting a net positive force (dotted arrows showing forces resolved into
282:
angular momentum is boosted by a similar amount (there are also some smaller effects on A's rotation). This results in a raising of B's orbit about A in tandem with its rotational slowdown. For the other case where B starts off rotating too slowly, tidal locking both speeds up its rotation, and
2043:
Based on comparison between the likely time needed to lock a body to its primary, and the time it has been in its present orbit (comparable with the age of the Solar System for most planetary moons), a number of moons are thought to be locked. However their rotations are not known or not known
157:
case, the planet completes three rotations for every two revolutions around the Sun, a 3:2 spin–orbit resonance. In the special case where an orbit is nearly circular and the body's rotation axis is not significantly tilted, such as the Moon, tidal locking results in the same hemisphere of the
389:(especially the close-in ones) are expected to be in spin–orbit resonances higher than 1:1. A Mercury-like terrestrial planet can, for example, become captured in a 3:2, 2:1, or 5:2 spin–orbit resonance, with the probability of each being dependent on the orbital eccentricity.
1540:
507:
Libration causes variability in the portion of the Moon visible from Earth. This is an artificial animation of one lunar orbit; in reality, the visible hemisphere would go through phases of dark and light as the Moon rotates with respect to the
88:
over the course of a complete orbit. In the case where a tidally locked body possesses synchronous rotation, the object takes just as long to rotate around its own axis as it does to revolve around its partner. For example, the same side of the
565:
to Earth is equal to 5.001444 Venusian solar days, making approximately the same face visible from Earth at each close approach. Whether this relationship arose by chance or is the result of some kind of tidal locking with Earth is unknown.
3243:
Ortiz, J. L.; Cikota, A.; Cikota, S.; Hestroffer, D.; Thirouin, A.; Morales, N.; Duffard, R.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Santos-Sanz, P.; De La Cueva, I. (2010). "A mid-term astrometric and photometric study of trans-Neptunian object (90482) Orcus".
5965:
726:
558:
results in the same positioning at those observation points. Modeling has demonstrated that
Mercury was captured into the 3:2 spin–orbit state very early in its history, probably within 10–20 million years after its formation.
3930:"The following satellites seem to corotate: Phobos and Deimos, Amalthea, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Janus, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Japetus, Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon."
1764:. More importantly, they may be inapplicable to viscous binaries (double stars, or double asteroids that are rubble), because the spin–orbit dynamics of such bodies is defined mainly by their viscosity, not rigidity.
3189:
Szakáts, R.; Kiss, Cs.; Ortiz, J. L.; Morales, N.; Pál, A.; Müller, T. G.; et al. (2023). "Tidally locked rotation of the dwarf planet (136199) Eris discovered from long-term ground based and space photometry".
1228:
302:
fossil record. Current estimations are that this (together with the tidal influence of the Sun) has helped lengthen the Earth day from about 6 hours to the current 24 hours (over about 4.5 billion years). Currently,
105:
is tidally locked to the larger body. However, if both the difference in mass between the two bodies and the distance between them are relatively small, each may be tidally locked to the other; this is the case for
5912:
4633:
306:
show that Earth's day lengthens, on average, by about 2.3 milliseconds per century. Given enough time, this would create a mutual tidal locking between Earth and the Moon. The length of Earth's
188:
If the tidal bulges on a body (green) are misaligned with the major axis (red), the tidal forces (blue) exert a net torque on that body that twists the body toward the direction of realignment.
532:
Despite the Moon's rotational and orbital periods being exactly locked, about 59 percent of the Moon's total surface may be seen with repeated observations from Earth, due to the phenomena of
415:
378:, rather than being tidally locked. Here, the ratio of the rotation period of a body to its own orbital period is some simple fraction different from 1:1. A well known case is the rotation of
512:
Earth's Moon's rotation and orbital periods are tidally locked with each other, so no matter when the Moon is observed from Earth, the same hemisphere of the Moon is always seen. Most of the
5870:
4486:
861:
1308:
4655:
Gillon, Michaël; Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.; Demory, Brice-Olivier; Jehin, Emmanuël; Agol, Eric; Deck, Katherine M.; Lederer, Susan M.; de Wit, Julien; Burdanov, Artem (2017-02-23).
1436:
3589:
1428:
529:
When Earth is observed from the Moon, Earth does not appear to move across the sky. It remains in the same place while showing nearly all its surface as it rotates on its axis.
1125:
211:
The gravitational force from object A upon B will vary with distance, being greatest at the nearest surface to A and least at the most distant. This creates a gravitational
1430:, and it is sensible to guess one revolution every 12 hours in the initial non-locked state (most asteroids have rotational periods between about 2 hours and about 2 days)
270:
If rotational frequency is larger than orbital frequency, a small torque counteracting the rotation arises, eventually locking the frequencies (situation depicted in green)
1151:
325:
For bodies of similar size the effect may be of comparable size for both, and both may become tidally locked to each other on a much shorter timescale. An example is the
5905:
3305:
753:
141:
slows a body's rotation until it becomes tidally locked. Over many millions of years, the interaction forces changes to their orbits and rotation rates as a result of
1762:
1692:
1255:
1030:
1000:
1331:
1357:), so that any calculated locking times obtained are expected to be inaccurate, even to factors of ten. Further, during the tidal locking phase the semi-major axis
1084:
892:
185:
1664:
1583:
1563:
4576:
Makarov, V. V.; Berghea, C. & Efroimsky, M. (2012). "Dynamical
Evolution and Spin–Orbit Resonances of Potentially Habitable Exoplanets: The Case of GJ 581d".
4554:
966:
939:
818:
783:
4456:
1777:
All the bodies below are tidally locked, and all but
Mercury are moreover in synchronous rotation. (Mercury is tidally locked, but not in synchronous rotation.)
1712:
1644:
1614:
1375:
1057:
912:
158:
revolving object constantly facing its partner. Regardless of which definition of tidal locking is used, the hemisphere that is visible changes slightly due to
382:, which is locked to its own orbit around the Sun in a 3:2 resonance. This results in the rotation speed roughly matching the orbital speed around perihelion.
3554:
1384:
Because the uncertainty is so high, the above formulas can be simplified to give a somewhat less cumbersome one. By assuming that the satellite is spherical,
4435:
633:
5898:
5545:
3162:
219:
shape slightly. The body of object B will become elongated along the axis oriented toward A, and conversely, slightly reduced in dimension in directions
4629:
318:, about 47 times the length of the Earth day at present. However, Earth is not expected to become tidally locked to the Moon before the Sun becomes a
3724:
5479:
179:
4141:
607:
that have been found to orbit their primaries extremely closely are also thought to be tidally locked to them. An unusual example, confirmed by
5877:
4494:
3994:
1159:
2263:
4135:
2851:
2819:
4524:
1722:, which orbits at a greater distance, is. However, this is not clear cut because Hyperion also experiences strong driving from the nearby
3619:
3532:
2671:
2537:
3822:
3373:
3335:
3092:
2633:
4234:
Cartwright, Richard J.; et al. (November 2018), "Red material on the large moons of Uranus: Dust from the irregular satellites?",
3581:
2870:
Michaely, Erez; et al. (February 2017), "On the
Existence of Regular and Irregular Outer Moons Orbiting the Pluto–Charon System",
2440:
5884:
4747:
2767:
2665:
2627:
2531:
1619:
For the locking of a primary body to its satellite as in the case of Pluto, the satellite and primary body parameters can be swapped.
3816:
3397:
Noyelles, Benoit; Frouard, Julien; Makarov, Valeri V. & Efroimsky, Michael (2014). "Spin–orbit evolution of
Mercury revisited".
3367:
3086:
2925:
Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Boué, Gwenaël; Laskar, Jacques (January 2012), "Pumping the
Eccentricity of Exoplanets by Tidal Effect",
1729:
The above formulae for the timescale of locking may be off by orders of magnitude, because they ignore the frequency dependence of
2734:
580:, is almost certainly tidally locked, expressing either synchronized rotation or a 3:2 spin–orbit resonance like that of Mercury.
5943:
5928:
2347:
444:
are an extreme example of a tidal lock. Charon is a relatively large moon in comparison to its primary and also has a very close
5350:
4320:
F. J. Ballesteros; A. Fernandez-Soto; V. J. Martinez (2019). "Title: Diving into
Exoplanets: Are Water Seas the Most Common?".
2784:
262:
In (2) with the rotation reversed, the net force opposes the satellite's direction of orbit, lowering it (tidal deceleration).
5502:
5495:
5472:
4782:
3297:
2361:
278:
of the whole A–B system is conserved in this process, so that when B slows down and loses rotational angular momentum, its
5163:
4968:
942:
6014:
5531:
3022:
Makarov, Valeri V. (June 2012), "Conditions of
Passage and Entrapment of Terrestrial Planets in Spin–orbit Resonances",
2412:
239:
that is elongated along its major axis. Smaller bodies also experience distortion, but this distortion is less regular.
5244:
5674:
5237:
5223:
5179:
4464:
2385:
3896:
Nobili, A. M. (April 1978), "Secular effects of tidal friction on the planet–satellite systems of the solar system",
4173:
Dougherty, Michele K.; Spilker, Linda J. (June 2018), "Review of Saturn's icy moons following the
Cassini mission",
4018:
Correia, Alexandre C. M. (October 2009), "Secular Evolution of a Satellite by Tidal Effect: Application to Triton",
5343:
5336:
4991:
4885:
4871:
4819:
4427:
3558:
184:
5154:
2464:
Clouse, Christopher; et al. (May 2022), "Spin-orbit gravitational locking-an effective potential approach",
492:
418:
are tidally locked with their primaries, because they orbit very closely and tidal force increases rapidly (as a
138:
2563:
Heller, R.; Leconte, J.; Barnes, R. (April 2011). "Tidal obliquity evolution of potentially habitable planets".
5568:
5428:
406:
Due to tidal locking, the inhabitants of the central body will never be able to see the satellite's green area.
30:
3115:
448:. This results in Pluto and Charon being mutually tidally locked. Pluto's other moons are not tidally locked;
336:. They have already reached a state where Charon is visible from only one hemisphere of Pluto and vice versa.
1535:{\displaystyle t_{\text{lock}}\approx 6\ {\frac {a^{6}R\mu }{m_{s}m_{p}^{2}}}\times 10^{10}\ {\text{years}},}
1345:
Even knowing the size and density of the satellite leaves many parameters that must be estimated (especially
822:
5891:
5522:
5396:
5136:
4826:
4803:
1262:
5435:
5066:
4840:
4796:
4740:
4322:
3843:
Efroimsky, M. (2015). "Tidal Evolution of Asteroidal Binaries. Ruled by Viscosity. Ignorant of Rigidity".
2379:
1666:), a large moon will lock faster than a smaller moon at the same orbital distance from the planet because
969:
216:
3678:
627:
An estimate of the time for a body to become tidally locked can be obtained using the following formula:
6024:
5972:
5488:
5458:
5186:
5170:
5101:
4112:
1387:
4111:
Burns, Joseph A.; et al. (2004), Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B. (eds.),
5801:
5787:
5605:
5554:
5108:
4678:
4595:
4398:
4295:
4253:
4182:
4123:
4080:
4037:
3968:
3945:
3905:
3862:
3762:
3700:
3659:
3508:
3459:
3416:
3263:
3209:
3130:
3041:
2987:
2944:
2889:
2708:
2582:
2483:
2370: – Dynamical phenomenon affecting the orbit of a binary system perturbed by a distant third body
541:
477:
371:
345:
A widely spread misapprehension is that a tidally locked body permanently turns one side to its host.
4546:
2244:
is almost certainly captured either into the 2:1 or the 3:2 spin–orbit resonance with the same star.
1089:
5584:
5421:
4765:
4490:
3986:
2339:
1997:
469:
423:
115:
1130:
5769:
5621:
5389:
5290:
5037:
4975:
4933:
4668:
4611:
4585:
4516:
4388:
4357:
4269:
4243:
4216:
4053:
4027:
3921:
3878:
3852:
3716:
3690:
3649:
3524:
3498:
3432:
3406:
3279:
3253:
3225:
3199:
3154:
3057:
3031:
3005:
2960:
2934:
2907:
2879:
2598:
2572:
2499:
2473:
2406:
2325:
2311:
1378:
573:
260:
their components) in the direction of orbit, lifting it into a higher orbit (tidal acceleration).
66:
of Pluto's system lies outside of Pluto; thus, Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered to be a
503:
491:
is largely unknown, but closely orbiting binaries are expected to be tidally locked, as well as
4630:"NASA Telescope Reveals Largest Batch of Earth-Size, Habitable-Zone Planets Around Single Star"
737:
255:
5951:
5410:
5368:
4862:
4853:
4733:
4712:
4694:
4349:
4208:
4131:
3963:
Rivoldini, A.; et al. (September 2010), "Past and present tidal dissipation in Mercury",
3812:
3781:(See pages 169–170 of this article. Formula (9) is quoted here, which comes from S. J. Peale,
3615:
3486:
3363:
3146:
3082:
2847:
2835:
2815:
2763:
2661:
2655:
2623:
2527:
2521:
2400:
2373:
2084:
1893:
1885:
864:
759:
604:
315:
296:
102:
84:
occurs when one of the objects reaches a state where there is no longer any net change in its
81:
3806:
3357:
3327:
3076:
2617:
1732:
1669:
1239:
1007:
977:
5847:
5511:
5313:
5129:
5122:
5082:
4924:
4878:
4702:
4686:
4603:
4406:
4339:
4331:
4303:
4299:
4261:
4198:
4190:
4088:
4045:
3913:
3909:
3870:
3770:
3708:
3704:
3516:
3467:
3424:
3271:
3267:
3217:
3213:
3138:
3049:
2995:
2952:
2897:
2726:
2716:
2590:
2586:
2491:
2432:
2283:
2118:
1905:
1796:
1315:
608:
577:
554:
516:
was not seen until 1959, when photographs of most of the far side were transmitted from the
379:
275:
232:
154:
1062:
870:
545:
around the sides of the Moon when comparing observations made during moonrise and moonset.
6019:
5854:
5591:
5444:
5207:
2367:
2177:
2133:
2113:
2098:
2002:
1865:
1861:
1845:
1841:
1715:
1649:
1568:
1548:
786:
513:
473:
457:
434:), which orbit much farther away than the large well-known moons, are not tidally locked.
193:
142:
119:
2026:
950:
923:
802:
767:
616:
4682:
4599:
4402:
4257:
4186:
4127:
4084:
4041:
3972:
3949:
3866:
3766:
3663:
3512:
3463:
3420:
3134:
3045:
2991:
2948:
2893:
2712:
2487:
27:
Situation in which an astronomical object's orbital period matches its rotational period
5614:
5538:
5403:
5320:
5297:
4707:
4657:"Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1"
4656:
2269:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2148:
2143:
2103:
2074:
2064:
2059:
2054:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1933:
1917:
1909:
1889:
1719:
1697:
1629:
1599:
1360:
1042:
897:
588:
419:
314:
would also increase. Earth's sidereal day would eventually have the same length as the
2956:
2693:
721:{\displaystyle t_{\text{lock}}\approx {\frac {\omega a^{6}IQ}{3Gm_{p}^{2}k_{2}R^{5}}}}
6008:
5992:
5958:
5840:
5734:
5667:
5276:
5216:
5053:
4998:
4984:
4961:
4607:
4273:
4092:
4049:
3940:
Peale, S. J. (1988), "The rotational dynamics of Mercury and the state of its core",
3925:
3882:
3874:
3528:
3471:
3229:
3158:
3061:
3053:
2964:
2911:
2602:
2503:
2397: – Orbital radius at which a satellite might break up due to gravitational force
2128:
2123:
2108:
2079:
2019:
1989:
1977:
1961:
1913:
1857:
1825:
1821:
612:
488:
441:
431:
360:
333:
163:
111:
85:
67:
59:
4361:
4057:
3720:
3679:"MOST detects variability on tau Bootis possibly induced by its planetary companion"
3450:
Gold, T.; Soter, S. (1969). "Atmospheric tides and the resonant rotation of Venus".
3436:
3283:
2403: – Orbit of an astronomical body equal to that body’s average rotational period
1377:
may have been significantly different from that observed nowadays due to subsequent
402:
374:
and the tidal effect is relatively weak, the smaller body may end up in a so-called
5826:
5642:
5561:
5382:
5260:
5075:
4915:
4789:
4220:
3009:
2843:
2788:
2297:
2209:
2172:
2138:
2069:
2023:
1949:
1929:
1921:
1901:
1897:
1881:
1849:
1837:
1723:
517:
481:
465:
461:
427:
411:
326:
303:
50:
4615:
3275:
3221:
2694:"Impact of solid Earth tide models on GPS coordinate and tropospheric time series"
2594:
4265:
3712:
3428:
540:. Librations are primarily caused by the Moon's varying orbital speed due to the
5935:
5919:
5861:
5833:
5819:
5794:
5685:
5635:
5306:
5044:
5023:
4810:
4071:
Burns, J. A. (1978), "The dynamical evolution and origin of the Martian moons",
2394:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2205:
2153:
1925:
1033:
915:
600:
449:
311:
224:
205:
146:
4194:
2902:
2495:
603:
throughout the universe are expected to be tidally locked with each other, and
5748:
5327:
5253:
5230:
5193:
5147:
5089:
4908:
3520:
2389:
2376: – Regular and periodic mutual gravitational influence of orbiting bodies
2364: – Method for the stabilization and the orientation of various spacecraft
2356:
2259:
2248:
2237:
2158:
1877:
789:
of the motion of the satellite around the planet (given by the average of the
453:
228:
220:
167:
63:
4698:
5755:
5741:
5727:
5711:
5704:
5653:
5375:
5283:
5007:
4947:
4901:
4833:
1853:
790:
584:
570:
533:
386:
364:
319:
236:
159:
98:
43:
4716:
4353:
4212:
4203:
3775:
3746:
3150:
2350: – Conserved physical quantity; rotational analogue of linear momentum
4335:
17:
5762:
5720:
5697:
5575:
4940:
4411:
4376:
4286:
Stooke, Philip J. (January 1994), "The Surfaces of Larissa and Proteus",
2721:
1223:{\displaystyle k_{2}\approx {\frac {1.5}{1+{\frac {19\mu }{2\rho gR}}}},}
794:
537:
356:
212:
4690:
4344:
3142:
2978:
Colombo, G. (November 1965), "Rotational Period of the Planet Mercury",
5200:
4954:
4307:
3917:
1968:
1832:
484:
might also be mutually tidally locked, but the data is not conclusive.
266:
201:
196:
necessary to tidally lock body B to the larger body A is caused by the
2730:
101:
because the Moon's orbit is not perfectly circular. Usually, only the
3000:
1940:
1872:
756:
522:
197:
4377:"Masses and densities of dwarf planet satellites measured with ALMA"
62:
are tidally locked to each other. Charon is massive enough that the
4673:
4393:
4248:
3857:
3503:
3204:
3116:"Resonant interactions and chaotic rotation of Pluto's small moons"
2884:
2478:
2291:
591:, which in turn are divided into "hot" and "cold" eyeball planets.
5628:
5451:
5269:
4892:
4590:
4032:
3695:
3654:
3582:"Eyeball Planets Might Exist, And They're as Creepy as They Sound"
3411:
3258:
3036:
2939:
2577:
1984:
1804:
1153:(perhaps conservatively, giving overestimated locking times), and
562:
502:
445:
437:
401:
329:
265:
231:
due to self-gravitation, the tidal distortion produces a slightly
183:
107:
94:
78:
55:
39:
38:
rotating about its axis in about the same time it takes to orbit
5660:
5016:
4756:
3640:
Singal, Ashok K. (May 2014). "Life on a tidally-locked planet".
3555:"Forget "Earth-Like"—We'll First Find Aliens on Eyeball Planets"
1816:
1809:
1333:
is the rigidity of the satellite. This can be roughly taken as 3
90:
35:
4729:
1086:
are generally very poorly known except for the Moon, which has
1002:
is the mass of the planet (i.e., the object being orbited), and
561:
The 583.92-day interval between successive close approaches of
355:
For orbits that do not have an eccentricity close to zero, the
192:
Consider a pair of co-orbiting objects, A and B. The change in
1791:
307:
1381:, and the locking time is extremely sensitive to this value.
2558:
2556:
2554:
2409: – Natural phenomenon due to which tidal locking occurs
1714:. A possible example of this is in the Saturn system, where
3298:"Oct. 7, 1959 – Our First Look at the Far Side of the Moon"
2382: – Known extent to which a planet is suitable for life
1596:
There is an extremely strong dependence on semi-major axis
422:) with decreasing distance. On the other hand, most of the
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4725:
4487:"Gliese 581g the most Earth like planet yet discovered"
3793:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 87–112.
2388:– a near synchronization of revolution and rotation at
2352:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
619:. If so, the tidal locking is almost certainly mutual.
615:, a star that is probably tidally locked by its planet
122:. Alternative names for the tidal locking process are
1735:
1700:
1672:
1652:
1632:
1602:
1571:
1551:
1439:
1390:
1363:
1318:
1265:
1242:
1162:
1133:
1092:
1065:
1045:
1010:
980:
953:
926:
900:
873:
825:
805:
770:
740:
636:
223:
to this axis. The elongated distortions are known as
5811:
5779:
5684:
5601:
5521:
5360:
5063:
4861:
4772:
4106:
4104:
4102:
3811:. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 99.
2459:
2457:
1545:with masses in kilograms, distances in meters, and
1127:. For a really rough estimate it is common to take
3749:Synchronous Locking of Tidally Evolving Satellites
1756:
1706:
1686:
1658:
1638:
1608:
1577:
1557:
1534:
1422:
1369:
1325:
1302:
1249:
1222:
1145:
1119:
1078:
1051:
1024:
994:
960:
933:
906:
886:
855:
812:
777:
747:
720:
4457:"Astronomers Find Most Earth-like Planet to Date"
4120:Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere
4122:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 241–262,
153:over the course of one orbit (e.g. Mercury). In
137:The effect arises between two bodies when their
3392:
3390:
3114:Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P. (June 2015).
2865:
2863:
2787:. IERS Special Bureau for Tides. Archived from
343:
4375:Brown, Michael E.; Butler, Bryan (July 2023).
4013:
4011:
3184:
3182:
4741:
2515:
2513:
8:
3783:Rotation histories of the natural satellites
3609:
3607:
2022:is known to be locked to the close-orbiting
3808:Planetary Habitability And Stellar Activity
3491:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
2814:. Cambridge University Press. p. 184.
2810:Murray, C. D.; Dermott, Stanley F. (1999).
2236:may be tidally locked to their parent star
1726:, which forces its rotation to be chaotic.
468:due to the influence of Charon. Similarly,
4748:
4734:
4726:
3081:. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
1718:is not tidally locked, whereas the larger
1694:grows as the cube of the satellite radius
832:
4706:
4672:
4632:(Press release). NASA. 22 February 2017.
4589:
4410:
4392:
4343:
4247:
4202:
4031:
3856:
3774:
3694:
3653:
3502:
3410:
3257:
3203:
3035:
2999:
2938:
2901:
2883:
2720:
2657:Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System
2622:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2576:
2477:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1699:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1651:
1631:
1601:
1570:
1550:
1524:
1515:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1466:
1459:
1444:
1438:
1407:
1395:
1389:
1362:
1322:
1317:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1264:
1246:
1241:
1188:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1132:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1070:
1064:
1044:
1021:
1015:
1009:
991:
985:
979:
957:
952:
930:
925:
899:
878:
872:
847:
837:
824:
809:
804:
774:
769:
744:
739:
709:
699:
689:
684:
660:
650:
641:
635:
4493:, UK. September 30, 2010. Archived from
3965:European Planetary Science Congress 2010
3944:, University of Arizona Press: 461–493,
1779:
583:One form of hypothetical tidally locked
254:
180:Centers of gravity in non-uniform fields
54:A side view of the Pluto–Charon system.
49:
29:
3616:"Role Reversal: Planet Controls a Star"
3487:"Tidal locking of habitable exoplanets"
2424:
2251:system are likely to be tidally locked.
1310:is the surface gravity of the satellite
856:{\displaystyle \approx 0.4\;m_{s}R^{2}}
576:discovered in 2016 which orbits around
3677:Walker, G. A. H.; et al. (2008).
2785:"Ocean Tides and the Earth's Rotation"
2692:Watson, C.; et al. (April 2006).
2526:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 248.
755:is the initial spin rate expressed in
215:across object B that will distort its
2523:Formation and Evolution of Exoplanets
1303:{\displaystyle g\approx Gm_{s}/R^{2}}
359:rate tends to become locked with the
7:
4463:. September 29, 2010. Archived from
4428:"Out of our world: Earthlike planet"
2660:. Academic Press. pp. 242–243.
3592:from the original on 6 January 2020
3362:. Springer London. pp. 47–50.
3328:"When Will Earth Lock to the Moon?"
2433:"When Will Earth Lock to the Moon?"
1768:List of known tidally locked bodies
1589:10 N/m for rocky objects and 4
1337:10 N/m for rocky objects and 4
310:would increase and the length of a
4557:from the original on 6 August 2023
3580:Starr, Michelle (5 January 2020).
1423:{\displaystyle k_{2}\ll 1\,,Q=100}
553:It was thought for some time that
25:
5966:Lilith (hypothetical second moon)
4636:from the original on 5 March 2017
4527:from the original on 7 April 2022
4020:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
3553:Sean Raymond (20 February 2015).
2927:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
894:is the mass of the satellite and
370:In some cases where the orbit is
204:on bulges it has induced on B by
5988:
5987:
5929:Moon landing conspiracy theories
4852:
3745:B. Gladman; et al. (1996).
3614:Schirber, Michael (2005-05-23).
2348:Conservation of angular momentum
2332:
2318:
2304:
2290:
2276:
2262:
2200:Probably mutually tidally locked
487:The tidal locking situation for
322:and engulfs Earth and the Moon.
168:inclination of its rotation axis
5351:Selenographic coordinate system
4438:from the original on 2011-05-23
4147:from the original on 2006-05-12
3997:from the original on 2023-08-01
3987:"The Moon's Orbit and Rotation"
3825:from the original on 2023-10-04
3727:from the original on 2021-02-25
3622:from the original on 2008-08-04
3535:from the original on 2021-02-26
3376:from the original on 2023-10-21
3338:from the original on 2022-05-28
3308:from the original on 2022-08-12
3168:from the original on 2022-06-08
3095:from the original on 2023-08-06
2740:from the original on 2021-11-26
2674:from the original on 2023-08-06
2636:from the original on 2023-08-06
2540:from the original on 2023-08-06
2443:from the original on 2016-09-23
1257:is the density of the satellite
5878:Artificial objects on the Moon
4175:Reports on Progress in Physics
3359:The Moon and How to Observe It
3075:Schutz, Bernard (2003-12-04).
2362:Gravity-gradient stabilization
1565:in newtons per meter squared;
1120:{\displaystyle k_{2}/Q=0.0011}
410:All twenty known moons in the
1:
4969:Total penumbral lunar eclipse
4381:The Planetary Science Journal
2840:From the Big Bang to Planet X
476:are mutually tidally locked.
34:Tidal locking results in the
5944:Moon is made of green cheese
5238:Permanently shadowed craters
4266:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.06.004
4113:"Jupiter's Ring-Moon System"
4093:10.1016/0083-6656(78)90015-6
3472:10.1016/0019-1035(69)90068-2
3429:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.045
3246:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3192:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2701:Geophysical Research Letters
2565:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2413:Rotation around a fixed axis
1146:{\displaystyle Q\approx 100}
235:, i.e. an axially symmetric
4426:Vergano, Dan (2007-04-25).
3805:Hanslmeier, Arnold (2018).
3326:Cain, Fraser (2016-04-11).
3276:10.1051/0004-6361/201015309
3222:10.1051/0004-6361/202245234
2957:10.1088/2041-8205/744/2/L23
2595:10.1051/0004-6361/201015809
2466:European Journal of Physics
2386:Pseudo-synchronous rotation
1799:(3:2 spin–orbit resonance)
6041:
5871:Craters named after people
5344:Transient lunar phenomenon
4992:Solar eclipses on the Moon
4608:10.1088/0004-637X/761/2/83
4050:10.1088/0004-637X/704/1/L1
3875:10.1088/0004-6256/150/4/98
3713:10.1051/0004-6361:20078952
3683:Astronomy and Astrophysics
3557:. Nautilus. Archived from
3078:Gravity from the Ground Up
3054:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/73
2520:Barnes, Rory, ed. (2010).
2166:Probably locked to Neptune
2034:Bodies likely to be locked
1786:Tidally-locked satellites
1593:10 N/m for icy ones.
424:irregular outer satellites
294:
291:Locking of the larger body
177:
5982:
4850:
4763:
4578:The Astrophysical Journal
3787:J. A. Burns, ed. (1977).
3521:10.1007/s10569-017-9783-7
3024:The Astrophysical Journal
2872:The Astrophysical Journal
2762:. Cambridge. p. 34.
2092:Probably locked to Uranus
2048:Probably locked to Saturn
1585:can be roughly taken as 3
1341:10 N/m for icy ones.
748:{\displaystyle \omega \,}
139:gravitational interaction
97:, although there is some
4521:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
4288:Earth, Moon, and Planets
4195:10.1088/1361-6633/aabdfb
3845:The Astronomical Journal
3497:(4). Springer: 509–536.
2903:10.3847/1538-4357/aa52b2
2842:. Camden East, Ontario:
2496:10.1088/1361-6404/ac5638
1624:other things being equal
1622:One conclusion is that,
867:of the satellite, where
416:large enough to be round
5892:Moon in science fiction
5397:Giant-impact hypothesis
5245:South Pole–Aitken basin
4551:Encyclopedia Britannica
4300:1994EM&P...65...31S
3910:1978M&P....18..203N
3705:2008A&A...482..691W
3268:2011A&A...525A..31O
3214:2023A&A...669L...3S
2783:Ray, R. (15 May 2001).
2758:de Pater, Imke (2001).
2616:Mahoney, T. J. (2013).
2587:2011A&A...528A..27H
1757:{\displaystyle k_{2}/Q}
1687:{\displaystyle m_{s}\,}
1250:{\displaystyle \rho \,}
1025:{\displaystyle k_{2}\,}
995:{\displaystyle m_{p}\,}
5913:futuristic exploration
5436:Late Heavy Bombardment
3776:10.1006/icar.1996.0117
2415: – Type of motion
2380:Planetary habitability
1758:
1708:
1688:
1660:
1640:
1610:
1579:
1559:
1536:
1424:
1371:
1327:
1326:{\displaystyle \mu \,}
1304:
1251:
1224:
1147:
1121:
1080:
1053:
1026:
996:
970:gravitational constant
962:
935:
908:
888:
857:
814:
779:
749:
722:
509:
407:
353:
271:
263:
189:
71:
47:
5973:Splitting of the Moon
5885:Memorials on the Moon
5489:Lunar sample displays
5171:Peak of eternal light
4336:10.1089/ast.2017.1720
3485:Barnes, Rory (2017).
3356:Grego, Peter (2006).
2812:Solar System Dynamics
1759:
1709:
1689:
1661:
1641:
1611:
1580:
1560:
1537:
1425:
1372:
1328:
1305:
1252:
1225:
1148:
1122:
1081:
1079:{\displaystyle k_{2}}
1054:
1027:
997:
963:
936:
909:
889:
887:{\displaystyle m_{s}}
858:
815:
780:
750:
723:
506:
405:
316:Moon's orbital period
269:
258:
187:
178:Further information:
162:in the locked body's
124:gravitational locking
77:between a pair of co-
53:
33:
3898:Moon and the Planets
3790:Planetary Satellites
2722:10.1029/2005GL025538
2654:Lewis, John (2012).
2018:of this phenomenon.
1733:
1698:
1670:
1659:{\displaystyle \mu }
1650:
1630:
1600:
1578:{\displaystyle \mu }
1569:
1558:{\displaystyle \mu }
1549:
1437:
1388:
1361:
1316:
1263:
1240:
1160:
1131:
1090:
1063:
1043:
1008:
978:
951:
943:dissipation function
924:
898:
871:
823:
803:
768:
738:
634:
514:far side of the Moon
498:
376:spin–orbit resonance
363:when the body is at
350:Heller et al. (2011)
6015:Celestial mechanics
5473:Lunar laser ranging
4691:10.1038/nature21360
4683:2017Natur.542..456G
4600:2012ApJ...761...83M
4491:The Daily Telegraph
4403:2023PSJ.....4..193B
4258:2018Icar..314..210C
4187:2018RPPh...81f5901D
4128:2004jpsm.book..241B
4085:1978VA.....22..193B
4073:Vistas in Astronomy
4042:2009ApJ...704L...1C
3973:2010epsc.conf..671R
3950:1988merc.book..461P
3867:2015AJ....150...98E
3767:1996Icar..122..166G
3664:2014arXiv1405.1025S
3513:2017CeMDA.129..509B
3464:1969Icar...11..356G
3421:2014Icar..241...26N
3143:10.1038/nature14469
3135:2015Natur.522...45S
3046:2012ApJ...752...73M
2992:1965Natur.208..575C
2949:2012ApJ...744L..23C
2894:2017ApJ...836...27M
2713:2006GeoRL..33.8306W
2488:2022EJPh...43c5602C
2340:Solar System portal
2247:All planets in the
2044:enough. These are:
1504:
961:{\displaystyle G\,}
934:{\displaystyle Q\,}
813:{\displaystyle I\,}
778:{\displaystyle a\,}
694:
82:astronomical bodies
5622:Lunisolar calendar
5291:Lunar basalt 70017
5038:Tidal acceleration
4893:Perigee and apogee
4783:Internal structure
4497:on October 2, 2010
4467:on October 2, 2010
4412:10.3847/PSJ/ace52a
4308:10.1007/BF00572198
3991:Moon: NASA Science
3918:10.1007/BF00896743
2846:. pp. 79–81.
2836:Dickinson, Terence
2760:Planetary Sciences
2407:Tidal acceleration
2357:Earth tide#Effects
2326:Outer space portal
2312:Spaceflight portal
2005:(mutually locked)
1992:(mutually locked)
1754:
1704:
1684:
1656:
1636:
1606:
1575:
1555:
1532:
1490:
1420:
1379:tidal acceleration
1367:
1323:
1300:
1247:
1220:
1143:
1117:
1076:
1049:
1022:
992:
958:
931:
904:
884:
853:
810:
775:
745:
718:
680:
605:extrasolar planets
574:Proxima Centauri b
510:
408:
332:and its satellite
272:
264:
190:
132:spin–orbit locking
72:
48:
6002:
6001:
5952:Natural satellite
5411:Lunar magma ocean
5187:Volcanic features
4667:(7642): 456–460.
4137:978-0-521-81808-7
3642:Planex Newsletter
2853:978-0-921820-71-0
2821:978-0-521-57295-8
2791:on 18 August 2000
2401:Synchronous orbit
2374:Orbital resonance
2009:
2008:
1707:{\displaystyle R}
1639:{\displaystyle Q}
1609:{\displaystyle a}
1527:
1523:
1506:
1458:
1447:
1370:{\displaystyle a}
1215:
1212:
1052:{\displaystyle Q}
1036:of the satellite.
945:of the satellite,
918:of the satellite,
907:{\displaystyle R}
865:moment of inertia
716:
644:
297:Synchronous orbit
128:captured rotation
114:, as well as for
16:(Redirected from
6032:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5938:
5931:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5804:
5797:
5795:Meridian passage
5790:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5594:
5587:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5514:
5512:Lunar seismology
5505:
5498:
5491:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5445:Lunar meteorites
5438:
5431:
5424:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5314:Space weathering
5309:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5263:
5256:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5173:
5166:
5157:
5150:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5056:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4879:Orbital elements
4874:
4856:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4676:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4593:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4396:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4347:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4251:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4206:
4170:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4117:
4108:
4097:
4096:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4035:
4015:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3860:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3780:
3778:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3698:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3586:ScienceAlert.com
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3506:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3414:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3261:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3207:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3039:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3003:
3001:10.1038/208575a0
2975:
2969:
2968:
2942:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2887:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2724:
2698:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2580:
2560:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2481:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2429:
2353:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2284:Astronomy portal
2281:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2266:
1780:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1400:
1399:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1197:
1189:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
990:
989:
967:
965:
964:
959:
940:
938:
937:
932:
913:
911:
910:
905:
893:
891:
890:
885:
883:
882:
862:
860:
859:
854:
852:
851:
842:
841:
819:
817:
816:
811:
784:
782:
781:
776:
754:
752:
751:
746:
727:
725:
724:
719:
717:
715:
714:
713:
704:
703:
693:
688:
672:
665:
664:
651:
646:
645:
642:
578:Proxima Centauri
493:contact binaries
351:
340:Eccentric orbits
276:angular momentum
233:prolate spheroid
164:orbital velocity
21:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5986:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5860:
5855:Man in the Moon
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5780:Daily phenomena
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5728:Super and micro
5726:
5719:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5603:
5597:
5592:Lunar resources
5590:
5583:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5517:
5510:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5259:
5252:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5169:
5162:
5153:
5146:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5116:
5107:
5100:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5065:
5059:
5052:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4923:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4768:
4759:
4754:
4724:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4560:
4558:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4441:
4439:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4172:
4171:
4158:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4100:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3828:
3826:
3819:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3786:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3728:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3625:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3561:on 23 June 2017
3552:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3129:(7554): 45–49.
3118:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3089:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3021:
3020:
3016:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2562:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2534:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2368:Kozai mechanism
2351:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2218:
2202:
2197:
2168:
2163:
2094:
2089:
2050:
2041:
2036:
2014:
1775:
1770:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1696:
1695:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1648:
1647:
1628:
1627:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1567:
1566:
1547:
1546:
1511:
1480:
1479:
1462:
1461:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1359:
1358:
1338:
1334:
1314:
1313:
1290:
1275:
1261:
1260:
1238:
1237:
1198:
1190:
1181:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1129:
1128:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1041:
1040:
1011:
1006:
1005:
981:
976:
975:
949:
948:
922:
921:
896:
895:
874:
869:
868:
843:
833:
821:
820:
801:
800:
787:semi-major axis
766:
765:
736:
735:
705:
695:
673:
656:
652:
637:
632:
631:
625:
597:
589:eyeball planets
551:
501:
400:
395:
352:
349:
342:
299:
293:
261:
253:
251:Orbital changes
200:applied by A's
182:
176:
143:energy exchange
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6038:
6036:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6007:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5858:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5701:
5693:
5691:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5675:Lunar distance
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5625:
5618:
5615:Lunar calendar
5610:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5539:Apollo program
5527:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5499:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5407:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5324:
5321:Micrometeorite
5310:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:Changesite-(Y)
5294:
5280:
5277:Wrinkle ridges
5273:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5183:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5126:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5071:
5069:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4951:
4944:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4905:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4875:
4872:Lunar distance
4867:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4830:
4823:
4820:Magnetic field
4816:
4815:
4814:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4723:
4722:
4647:
4621:
4568:
4538:
4508:
4478:
4448:
4418:
4367:
4330:(5): 642–654.
4312:
4278:
4226:
4156:
4136:
4098:
4079:(2): 193–208,
4063:
4007:
3978:
3955:
3932:
3904:(2): 203–216,
3888:
3835:
3817:
3797:
3761:(1): 166–192.
3737:
3689:(2): 691–697.
3669:
3632:
3603:
3572:
3545:
3477:
3458:(3): 356–366.
3442:
3386:
3368:
3348:
3332:Universe Today
3318:
3304:. 2013-10-07.
3302:Universe Today
3289:
3235:
3178:
3106:
3087:
3067:
3014:
2970:
2917:
2859:
2852:
2827:
2820:
2802:
2775:
2769:978-0521482196
2768:
2750:
2684:
2667:978-0323145848
2666:
2646:
2629:978-1461479512
2628:
2608:
2550:
2533:978-3527408962
2532:
2509:
2453:
2439:. 2016-04-12.
2437:Universe Today
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2329:
2315:
2301:
2287:
2273:
2270:Physics portal
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1703:
1680:
1676:
1655:
1635:
1605:
1574:
1554:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1452:
1443:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1366:
1343:
1342:
1321:
1311:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1258:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1073:
1069:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1018:
1014:
1003:
988:
984:
973:
956:
946:
929:
919:
903:
881:
877:
850:
846:
840:
836:
831:
828:
808:
798:
773:
763:
743:
729:
728:
712:
708:
702:
698:
692:
687:
683:
679:
676:
671:
668:
663:
659:
655:
649:
640:
624:
621:
596:
593:
550:
547:
500:
497:
489:asteroid moons
420:cubic function
399:
396:
394:
391:
347:
341:
338:
292:
289:
252:
249:
175:
172:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6037:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5959:Double planet
5956:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5841:Moon illusion
5838:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5820:Lunar deities
5817:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:Lunar station
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5602:Time-telling
5600:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5456:
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5018:
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4999:Eclipse cycle
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4989:
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4501:September 30,
4496:
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4210:
4205:
4204:10044/1/63567
4200:
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4181:(6): 065901,
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3618:. space.com.
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2707:(8): L08306.
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1035:
1032:is the tidal
1016:
1012:
1004:
986:
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971:
954:
947:
944:
927:
920:
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901:
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710:
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483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
433:
429:
428:giant planets
425:
421:
417:
413:
404:
397:
392:
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
361:orbital speed
358:
346:
339:
337:
335:
331:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:atomic clocks
298:
290:
288:
286:
281:
277:
268:
257:
250:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:rotation rate
186:
181:
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
156:
150:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
96:
93:always faces
92:
87:
86:rotation rate
83:
80:
76:
75:Tidal locking
69:
68:binary system
65:
61:
57:
52:
45:
42:. Except for
41:
37:
32:
19:
6025:Tidal forces
5827:Lunar effect
5643:Nodal period
5569:Colonization
5383:Lunar theory
5076:Selenography
5030:
4916:Nodal period
4664:
4660:
4650:
4638:. Retrieved
4624:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4559:. Retrieved
4550:
4547:"Gliese 581"
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4520:
4517:"Gliese 581"
4511:
4499:. Retrieved
4495:the original
4481:
4469:. Retrieved
4465:the original
4461:Science, USA
4460:
4451:
4440:. Retrieved
4431:
4421:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4345:10261/213115
4327:
4323:Astrobiology
4321:
4315:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4178:
4174:
4149:, retrieved
4119:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4026:(1): L1–L4,
4023:
4019:
3999:. Retrieved
3990:
3981:
3964:
3958:
3941:
3935:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3827:. Retrieved
3807:
3800:
3791:
3788:
3782:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3740:
3729:. Retrieved
3686:
3682:
3672:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3624:. Retrieved
3594:. Retrieved
3585:
3575:
3563:. Retrieved
3559:the original
3548:
3537:. Retrieved
3494:
3490:
3480:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3402:
3398:
3378:. Retrieved
3358:
3351:
3340:. Retrieved
3331:
3321:
3310:. Retrieved
3301:
3292:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3195:
3191:
3170:. Retrieved
3126:
3122:
3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3077:
3070:
3027:
3023:
3017:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2875:
2871:
2844:Camden House
2839:
2830:
2811:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2789:the original
2778:
2759:
2753:
2742:. Retrieved
2704:
2700:
2687:
2676:. Retrieved
2656:
2649:
2638:. Retrieved
2618:
2611:
2568:
2564:
2542:. Retrieved
2522:
2469:
2465:
2445:. Retrieved
2436:
2427:
2298:Stars portal
2042:
2039:Solar System
2027:Tau Boötis b
2024:giant planet
1783:Parent body
1776:
1773:Solar System
1728:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1595:
1544:
1383:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1232:
1039:
730:
626:
617:Tau Boötis b
601:binary stars
598:
582:
568:
560:
552:
542:eccentricity
531:
528:
521:
511:
499:Earth's Moon
486:
436:
412:Solar System
409:
384:
375:
369:
354:
344:
327:dwarf planet
324:
300:
284:
279:
273:
245:
241:
225:tidal bulges
210:
206:tidal forces
191:
151:
136:
131:
127:
123:
74:
73:
5936:Moon Treaty
5920:Hollow Moon
5862:Moon rabbit
5834:Earth phase
5636:Lunar month
5523:Exploration
5467:Experiments
5369:Observation
5231:Ray systems
5096:Hemispheres
5064:Surface and
5045:Tidal range
5024:Tidal force
4827:Sodium tail
4811:Hill sphere
4640:23 February
4294:(1): 3–54,
4242:: 210–231,
2395:Roche limit
2242:Gliese 581d
2234:Gliese 581e
2230:Gliese 581b
2226:Gliese 581g
2222:Gliese 581c
2012:Extra-solar
1034:Love number
916:mean radius
797:distances),
520:spacecraft
466:chaotically
464:all rotate
312:lunar month
287:its orbit.
217:equilibrium
170:over time.
147:dissipation
99:variability
6009:Categories
5906:Apollo era
5848:Pareidolia
5606:navigation
5328:Sputtering
5208:Lava tubes
5130:South pole
5123:North pole
5083:Terminator
4925:Precession
4841:Earthshine
4797:Atmosphere
4790:Topography
4775:properties
4674:1703.01424
4442:2010-05-25
4394:2307.04848
4387:(10): 11.
4249:1806.01809
4151:2021-05-07
4001:2023-08-24
3858:1506.09157
3829:2023-03-19
3731:2019-05-16
3626:2018-04-21
3539:2021-03-29
3504:1708.02981
3380:2023-03-19
3342:2020-08-03
3312:2015-02-15
3205:2211.07987
3172:2022-03-25
2885:1506.08818
2744:2018-05-18
2731:1885/21511
2678:2018-02-22
2640:2018-04-20
2544:2016-08-16
2479:2203.09297
2447:2017-01-02
2420:References
2390:periastron
2249:TRAPPIST-1
2238:Gliese 581
2216:Extrasolar
2085:Polydeuces
2020:Tau Boötis
1894:Epimetheus
1886:Prometheus
760:per second
613:Tau Boötis
585:exoplanets
393:Occurrence
387:exoplanets
295:See also:
221:orthogonal
160:variations
64:barycenter
18:Tidal lock
5654:Fortnight
5546:Explorers
5503:Apollo 17
5496:Apollo 11
5459:Volcanism
5429:Timescale
5376:Libration
5164:Mountains
5102:Near side
5008:Supermoon
4948:Full moon
4902:Libration
4834:Moonlight
4699:0028-0836
4591:1208.0814
4584:(2): 83.
4432:USA Today
4274:119243937
4033:0909.4210
3926:121510792
3883:119283628
3851:(4): 12.
3696:0802.2732
3655:1405.1025
3596:6 January
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3412:1307.0136
3405:: 26–44.
3259:1010.6187
3230:253522934
3159:205243819
3062:119227632
3037:1110.2658
2965:118695308
2940:1111.5486
2912:118068933
2603:118784209
2578:1101.2156
2504:246962304
2472:(3): 13,
2119:Desdemona
1906:Enceladus
1654:μ
1626:(such as
1573:μ
1553:μ
1509:×
1476:μ
1451:≈
1402:≪
1320:μ
1270:≈
1244:ρ
1203:ρ
1195:μ
1174:≈
1138:≈
827:≈
791:periapsis
742:ω
654:ω
648:≈
623:Timescale
611:, may be
571:exoplanet
534:libration
414:that are
372:eccentric
365:periapsis
320:red giant
237:ellipsoid
229:spherical
174:Mechanism
155:Mercury's
145:and heat
103:satellite
44:libration
5993:Category
5788:Moonrise
5721:Crescent
5661:Sennight
5576:Moonbase
5532:Missions
5201:Calderas
5109:Far side
5067:features
4955:Eclipses
4941:New moon
4886:Distance
4773:Physical
4717:28230125
4634:Archived
4555:Archived
4525:Archived
4436:Archived
4362:73498809
4354:30789285
4223:, 065901
4213:29651989
4142:archived
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3995:Archived
3823:Archived
3725:Archived
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3648:(2): 8.
3620:Archived
3590:Archived
3533:Archived
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3374:Archived
3336:Archived
3306:Archived
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3163:Archived
3151:26040889
3099:24 April
3093:Archived
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2933:(2): 5,
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2838:(1993).
2795:17 March
2735:Archived
2672:Archived
2634:Archived
2538:Archived
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2441:Archived
2256:See also
2178:Thalassa
2134:Rosalind
2114:Cressida
2099:Cordelia
2003:Dysnomia
1866:Callisto
1862:Ganymede
1846:Amalthea
1842:Adrastea
1716:Hyperion
795:apoapsis
538:parallax
474:Dysnomia
458:Kerberos
357:rotation
348:—
213:gradient
166:and the
120:Dysnomia
79:orbiting
5812:Related
5802:Moonset
5585:Tourism
5562:Landing
5422:Geology
5361:Science
5217:Craters
5180:Valleys
4766:Outline
4708:5330437
4679:Bibcode
4596:Bibcode
4399:Bibcode
4296:Bibcode
4254:Bibcode
4221:4810803
4183:Bibcode
4124:Bibcode
4081:Bibcode
4038:Bibcode
3969:Bibcode
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3946:Bibcode
3942:Mercury
3906:Bibcode
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2583:Bibcode
2484:Bibcode
2193:Larissa
2188:Galatea
2183:Despina
2149:Perdita
2144:Belinda
2104:Ophelia
2075:Pallene
2065:Methone
2060:Aegaeon
2055:Daphnis
1974:Proteus
1969:Neptune
1958:Titania
1954:Umbriel
1946:Miranda
1934:Iapetus
1918:Calypso
1910:Telesto
1890:Pandora
1833:Jupiter
1797:Mercury
1720:Iapetus
968:is the
941:is the
914:is the
863:is the
785:is the
757:radians
555:Mercury
549:Planets
426:of the
380:Mercury
280:orbital
202:gravity
6020:Orbits
5770:Tetrad
5686:Phases
5555:Probes
5390:Origin
5337:Quakes
5270:Rilles
5261:swirls
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4934:Syzygy
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2080:Helene
1990:Charon
1978:Triton
1962:Oberon
1941:Uranus
1914:Tethys
1873:Saturn
1858:Europa
1826:Deimos
1822:Phobos
1522:
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1355:μ
1353:, and
1347:ω
1233:where
1115:0.0011
731:where
599:Close
523:Luna 3
518:Soviet
460:, and
442:Charon
432:Phoebe
430:(e.g.
334:Charon
285:lowers
198:torque
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112:Charon
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5749:Black
5735:Blood
5712:Names
5690:names
5629:Month
5480:ALSEP
5452:KREEP
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5307:Water
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5148:Maria
5117:Poles
4909:Nodes
4863:Orbit
4669:arXiv
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4612:S2CID
4586:arXiv
4389:arXiv
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3032:arXiv
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2500:S2CID
2474:arXiv
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2206:Orcus
2173:Naiad
2139:Cupid
2070:Anthe
1985:Pluto
1950:Ariel
1930:Titan
1922:Dione
1902:Mimas
1898:Janus
1882:Atlas
1850:Thebe
1838:Metis
1805:Earth
1724:Titan
1526:years
595:Stars
563:Venus
482:Vanth
478:Orcus
462:Hydra
446:orbit
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398:Moons
385:Many
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108:Pluto
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5742:Blue
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5224:List
5155:List
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5090:Limb
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4757:Moon
4713:PMID
4695:ISSN
4642:2017
4563:2019
4533:2019
4503:2010
4473:2010
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4209:PMID
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3598:2020
3567:2017
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1059:and
793:and
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609:MOST
587:are
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450:Styx
440:and
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