2222:
1440:, and exclamatives and imitatives. Syntactic elements of a sentence are made up of words, phrases, or clauses acting in one of the following: predicative words, independent subjects, independent objects, subject or object modifiers, predicate modifiers, predicate complements, or sentence connectives. The syntactic elements can all be made into clauses that are either main or subordinate, and subordinate clauses can be dependent, complementary, relative, or adverbial.
172:
1142:
The pronominal prefixes signify possession when they attached to a noun and preclude the need for articular prefixes with the same stem. Some stems, called inalienably-possessed noun stems, cannot be used without a pronominal prefix. They include those of kinship, body parts, and miscellaneous terms.
1038:
When a word is vocalically apocopated, with the sound lost at the end of the word, and ends in a consonant group of a continuant plus a voiceless stop, it then goes through consonantic apocope and so the word-final consonant is lost. A voiceless stop between /h/ and another voiceless stop is dropped.
880:
The low melody that occurs as the last syllable is lower than the last stressed syllable, which is a little higher than the syllables that it immediately follows. All unstressed syllables between the last stressed syllable and the last syllable take on the same stress as the latter. Unless it is also
1917:
Auxiliary verbs are always in a predicative word position. Active verbs are either finite or infinitive in form. Finite verbs take subjective pronominal referentials and are predicative words. Infinitives are taken as predicate complements. Sometimes, they are inflected for an objective referential.
1851:
There are two possible noun categories: the determinative and the indeterminative. The determinative category can be divided into definitive, non-definitive, and locative. Indeterminative nouns can be predicative words, subjects of predications, objects of transitive and transimpersonal active verbs
1019:
All stems have an intrinsic stress, and some affixes have intrinsic stress on the first syllable. In the combination of elements to form words and phrases, the stresses are retained if possible, but two stressed syllables do not occur consecutively, which causes the need for certain accommodations.
847:
than other syllables, depending on the position of the syllable in a phrase. The first stressed syllable of a phrase is typically spoken with a slightly higher pitch than the following syllables are. The exception is the last syllable when the high or the falling melody is used or the last syllable
1618:
Nouns in Tunica are also classified according to what position they take. There are three positions that are available and that encompass every noun in the Tunica language: horizontal, squatting, and vertical. Humans and four-legged non-humans can take any of the positions, but elongated non-human
1443:
There are three types of sentences that the Tunica language produces: simple, compound, and complex. Simple sentences must contain only one predicative word. Compound sentences have two or more main clauses. Complex sentences have a main clause and one or more of the different types of subordinate
851:
When there is use of the high melody, the last syllable is about a minor third higher pitch than the second-last syllable. The first syllable with stress is usually a major second higher than the following syllables are except for the last. All other syllables may not be spoken with any kind of
1226:
Sometimes, gender-number suffixes are put on an inflected verb form to convert it to a relative clause. It could be that a noun has the appropriate suffix, and the verb of the clause then takes the same one. Other times, only the verb takes the suffix. Examples of the use of the gender-number
1855:
Personal pronouns are inflected depending on person, number, and gender, but they do not have special forms that indicate whether they fall into the determinative or indeterminative categories. They substitute for nouns, and they can be used like nouns, except in the locative case.
1305:
suffixes to put nouns in the locative case. The nouns will also have a determining prefix attached. Gender-number suffixes and locative suffixes are mutually exclusive, but a locative noun may have a number. Also, locative suffixes can take stems and convert them into
1063:
If an irregularly-apocopated word with a stressed second-last syllable is placed before a word with stress on the first syllable, the first word loses its stress. If the second word does not have stress on the first syllable, the first word keeps the stressed
907:
Every syllable in Tunica begins with a single consonant. Sometimes, double or triple consonants may occur in the middle of words or phrases, but no more than two consonants in a row occur at the end of a phrase. The smallest phonetic group in Tunica is a
815:. Meanwhile, /b/, /d/, and /g/ do not occur frequently, as is the case with /f/. The fricatives /s/ and /š/ are pronounced with a stronger hiss than in English, and /ʔ/ is said to have a very strong closure. The semi-vowels /j/ and /w/ are always
993:/h/ between a continuant and a voiceless stop is dropped in consonantic syncope; /k/ between /h/ and a voiceless stop is dropped; /hk/ before a continuant aside from /h/ is dropped; /š/ before another/š/ makes one of them drop; the prefix
1170:
Gender-number suffixes can be used only in the definitive case of the determinative category so whenever one is used, there must also be a determining prefix attached to the stem. Below is a table showing the gender-number suffixes:
1599:
Noun can belong to one of the following gender-number classes: masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine dual, feminine dual, masculine plural, or feminine plural. There are rules to help determine classification of nouns:
1318:
is the most commonly used locative suffix, and its meaning is comparable to the
English "in, into" or "on, over," but in Tunica, it is used as "at, to." That can be seen in the sentence "He stayed at home," which breaks down into
342:
in a continuing effort to revitalize the Tunica language. Tribal members read from a new children's book in Tunica at a 2010 pow wow. Only about half of the tribal members live within 75 miles (121 km) of the reservation, in
1020:
For example, monosyllabic or syncopated disyllabic stems, followed by another element with intrinsic stress, cause the latter to lose its stress. Also, a stem, combined with a stressed monosyllabic prefix, loses its stress.
492:, never adjacent to one another. Also, /i/, /a/, and /u/ may appear in any position, but the others appear only in syllables with stress. Vowels do not typically occur at the end of a phrase, and when any vowel precedes
4253:
1604:
Nouns that refer to human or non-human male animate objects/people in any number are masculine in gender, and those that refer to human or non-human female animate objects/people in any number are feminine in
371:, and all of which are voiced completely, except if a /u/ is at the end of a phrase in a word with stress on the second-last syllable, when it is unvoiced after a /k/ or /hk/. Vowels are paired with a certain
1498:
There are other special constructions that also take place in certain specific environments. For example, quantificatives and nouns can be in apposition to other nouns that independent subjects or objects:
1663:
There are many postfixes, which express different meanings like certain tenses and negation. Sometimes, more than one postfix may be attached to one word, and each postfix has its own governing rules.
888:
When the rising melody occurs, the last syllable starts lower than the last stressed syllable and goes upward quickly by about a minor third. Elsewhere in the phrase, the tone is like a low melody:
6403:
2553:
2512:
6393:
6352:
5378:
5260:
5331:
4286:
5369:
2706:
1004:
Haplology occurs when the last syllable of the preceding noun stem takes is /k/, followed by a vowel: the last syllable drops if the second noun member starts with /k/:
827:. The /l/ and /r/ are voiced between vowels or before /ʔ/ or continuants. However, they are voiceless before voiceless consonants except /ʔ/ or at the end of a phrase:
6398:
3449:
2546:
6362:
6258:
4308:
2585:
1626:
Inanimates are always horizontal or vertical: abstract nouns are always horizontal, and inanimate objects that take an erect position, like trees, are vertical.
1097:
or the pronominal prefix. Determinative nouns belong are definitive, non-definitive, and locative, which may be distinguished by different prefixes or suffixes.
4829:
3439:
6388:
5305:
3482:
2539:
1578:
always are always at the end of a sentence, except if the clause both is complementary and complements or modifies the predicative word of the main clause.
6357:
4934:
5004:
4794:
4279:
3492:
1039:
A voiceless stop after any continuant except /h/ is dropped. A consonant group of /h/ followed by a voiceless stop is dropped if a continuant follows.
286:
By the 17th century, the people had suffered a high rate of fatalities from
Eurasian infectious diseases, warfare, and social disruption. The reduced
1770:"not" but used with non-inchoative forms of static verbs and also with independent personal pronouns, nouns, and adjectives when they are predicative
347:. The Tunica-Biloxi Language & Culture Revitalization Program uses webinars to teach the language to those who do not live near the reservation.
4899:
4694:
3113:
3109:
912:, but a word and a phrase can be differentiated by certain processes. Those that affect grammatical elements that merge to form words are vocalic
835:"stone." Similarly, /n/ is voiced between vowels or before /ʔ/ and is voiceless at the end of a phrase or before voiceless consonants except /ʔ/.
2404:
1900:
Adjectives can be used as predicate words, as noun modifiers used as predicative words, or as modifiers of the interrogative-indefinite pronoun
5362:
4769:
4704:
4684:
2565:
6408:
5382:
4909:
2754:
2676:
2338:
978:
In combining grammatical elements into words, a vowel preceding /ʔ/ is syncopated (lost) unless at the end of a monosyllabic stem or prefix:
236:
4272:
2953:
1611:
Nouns that refer to non-human male and female animates are masculine when in the dual number but feminine in collective and plural numbers.
773:
6231:
5290:
5265:
5245:
4679:
4127:
3131:
2943:
2918:
2850:
2696:
783:
5039:
4819:
4644:
3251:
2880:
2855:
2759:
1619:
animates (like fish or snakes) always take the horizontal position. Smaller non-human animates, like frogs and birds, always take the
848:
during the use of the low or the rising melody. The phrase-final melody then determines much of the stress in the rest of the phrase.
6311:
2382:
306:. The small population and the use of a jargon made Haas note that the eventual deterioration of the Tunica language was inevitable.
5355:
2503:
881:
the last stressed syllable, the first stressed syllable is higher than any following syllable except that last stressed syllable:
873:
The falling melody causes the last syllable to start at a minor third higher than the second-last syllable: it goes down quickly:
6367:
4784:
3696:
2933:
1454:
may be an independent personal pronoun, a noun, an interrogative-indefinite pronoun, and quantificative, an adjective, or a verb.
686:
586:
5761:
1481:
may be words when used as adjectives, comparatives, adverbs, and locatives and may be phrases and clauses when it is adverbial.
895:
The falling-rising melody is a fast drop by a fourth, followed by a fast rise by a minor third. However, only one word uses it:
6423:
5730:
5285:
5250:
5215:
5054:
4924:
4774:
4729:
4203:
3041:
2774:
666:
429:
184:
1023:
Vocalic apocope occurs before another word starting with /ʔ/ if the prior word does not have a stressed second-last syllable:
5195:
4989:
4964:
4884:
4576:
4320:
3716:
3281:
2666:
2656:
452:
2235:
1584:
Complementary clauses take the form of a clause within a clause, and the larger clause is either a main or dependent clause.
1503:"He assembled all (of) his people, it is said" < "he assembled, it is said, his people, all." Additionally, a possessive
4033:
3785:
3661:
3424:
3236:
2784:
2721:
2701:
1894:"enough." They can be used as minimal clauses, substitutes for nouns, modifiers of nouns, and modifiers of active verbs.
375:
in last or occasionally second-last syllable of a word. The melodies are high, low, rising, falling, and falling-rising.
5200:
4749:
4064:
4043:
3602:
3562:
3346:
2968:
2923:
2830:
2799:
676:
438:
287:
158:
6079:
1945:
5295:
5064:
4649:
4634:
4508:
3996:
3970:
3795:
3731:
3681:
3006:
2973:
2580:
2430:
698:
509:
461:
406:
344:
6316:
5697:
4904:
4659:
3592:
3477:
3459:
3311:
3246:
933:
917:
793:
566:
477:
323:
5074:
3351:
2681:
1968:
6177:
5405:
2860:
6326:
6159:
5822:
5009:
4864:
4834:
4393:
3755:
3527:
3497:
3231:
1563:
415:
194:
1867:"what, something, anything." They can substitute for nouns when they do not occur in the locative case. Also,
326:. Another possibility was that similarities between the languages were derived from long-term mutual contact.
5347:
1556:
Predicate modifiers that describe spatial location are immediately before or after the verb that they modify.
271:
worked with him to describe what
Youchigant remembered of the language, and the description was published in
6413:
5300:
5034:
5024:
4984:
4859:
4591:
4526:
4213:
4023:
3903:
3850:
3800:
3711:
3386:
3381:
3341:
963:
contracts or assimilates with the preceding vowel, the second vowel takes on the same quality as the first:
635:
625:
596:
89:
3036:
6153:
6111:
5920:
5886:
5604:
4969:
4689:
4536:
4479:
4413:
4398:
4196:
3878:
3444:
3176:
2928:
2913:
2840:
2221:
808:
253:
1852:
and of static verbs, and complements of impersonal and transimpersonal active verbs and of static verbs.
1466:
may be an independent personal pronoun, a noun, an interrogative-indefinite pronoun, or a quantificative.
1460:
may be an independent personal pronoun, a noun, an interrogative-indefinite pronoun, or a quantificative.
1123:
All proper nouns, unless their stems begin with /t/, must begin with the articular prefix. For instance,
6321:
6267:
6186:
6164:
5805:
5687:
5163:
5097:
5044:
4939:
4606:
4571:
4561:
4502:
3429:
3171:
3136:
2779:
2569:
913:
750:
725:
715:
256:
to help him document the language in 1886. This initial documentation was further developed by linguist
6219:
6212:
4839:
2991:
1042:
Amalgamations occur when words beginning with /h/ lose it after a word that is vocalically apocopated:
2408:
6146:
5994:
5560:
5526:
4734:
4586:
4458:
4243:
4166:
3361:
3196:
2726:
2671:
1907:
Comparatives can be used as modifiers of adjectives, static verbs, adverbs, nouns, or quantificative
791:
781:
771:
748:
723:
713:
696:
684:
674:
664:
647:
645:
633:
623:
604:
594:
584:
574:
564:
264:
82:
2835:
1924:
Exclamatives and imitatives always appear as minimal clauses. The most predominant exclamatives are
6331:
6170:
6128:
6068:
6047:
5841:
5777:
5720:
5668:
5653:
5626:
5594:
5410:
5225:
4521:
4448:
4423:
4388:
4368:
4171:
4132:
4079:
3830:
3780:
3765:
3701:
3686:
3639:
3401:
3291:
3121:
3021:
2908:
921:
4006:
6242:
6198:
6122:
6022:
6008:
5938:
5828:
5644:
5588:
5581:
5492:
5476:
5310:
5122:
4854:
4849:
4709:
4556:
4492:
4473:
4408:
4403:
4335:
4218:
3860:
3775:
3676:
3629:
3532:
3512:
3419:
3336:
3271:
3206:
2614:
2289:
2281:
1918:
Static verbs are always inflected for an objective referential and are always predicative words.
1620:
1108:
before stems beginning with /ʔ/, and it is omitted by haplology before stems beginning with /t/:
1029:"the owl hooted," or, if it does, the following word does not contain a stressed first syllable:
529:
5465:
4428:
1614:
Nouns that refer to human animates with an unknown sex always seem to take the masculine gender.
6306:
6248:
6001:
5984:
5959:
5945:
5800:
5663:
5658:
5620:
5503:
5336:
5137:
4844:
4601:
4581:
4363:
4295:
4069:
4059:
3965:
3820:
3706:
3671:
3619:
3587:
3552:
3547:
3487:
3469:
3434:
3376:
3326:
3286:
3201:
2996:
2958:
2903:
2686:
2649:
2334:
1537:
An independent subject is before all other syntactic elements, except the sentence connective.
616:
576:
557:
544:
534:
368:
339:
2531:
1531:
When a sentence connective is in a sentence, it precedes the other elements in that sentence.
6336:
6281:
6274:
6192:
6133:
6061:
6054:
5973:
5931:
5896:
5854:
5835:
5810:
5771:
5750:
5744:
5707:
5614:
5512:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5423:
5280:
5117:
5069:
5019:
4959:
4874:
4799:
4789:
4764:
4719:
4566:
4516:
4497:
4487:
4438:
4433:
4101:
4096:
4084:
4028:
4018:
3845:
3649:
3567:
3502:
3211:
3058:
3031:
3001:
2804:
2794:
2273:
1608:
Nouns that refer specifically to human male and female animates in any number are masculine.
843:
Tunica has both stressed and unstressed syllables, and stressed syllables can have a higher
524:
315:
228:
113:
76:
1494:
makes a basic conjunctive or contrastive relation between a sentence and the one before it.
6418:
6139:
6096:
5966:
5952:
5902:
5816:
5791:
5714:
5680:
5674:
5571:
5537:
5437:
5399:
5173:
5127:
4879:
4824:
4814:
4674:
4596:
4453:
4383:
4378:
4358:
4325:
4208:
4149:
4089:
4074:
3835:
3805:
3537:
3301:
3266:
3256:
3216:
2938:
2885:
2845:
2769:
2731:
2604:
2564:
2507:
2374:
1433:
940:/a/ assimilates after /i/ or /e/ > /ɛ/, and /a/ assimilates after /o/ or /u/ > /ɔ/:
740:
707:
539:
423:
319:
303:
299:
257:
243:
105:
95:
1519:"his house", alienably possessed noun, the combination serving as independent subject).
928:, and patterns in stress. Those that affect words that combine into phrases are vocalic
338:
tribe formed the Tunica
Language Project in partnership with the Linguistics Program at
6205:
6037:
6015:
5868:
5847:
5739:
5633:
5553:
5546:
5485:
5430:
5255:
5240:
5230:
5132:
4869:
4699:
4654:
4551:
4463:
4418:
4248:
4181:
4176:
4111:
3893:
3760:
3607:
3331:
3181:
3156:
3146:
2661:
2500:
2186:
1972:
446:
936:, and stress losses. More specific information and basic examples are detailed below:
150:
6382:
5909:
5875:
5861:
5519:
5416:
5112:
5107:
4999:
4949:
4944:
4929:
4919:
4914:
4664:
4541:
4353:
4330:
4191:
4011:
3940:
3898:
3855:
3815:
3790:
3644:
3577:
3572:
3542:
3391:
3366:
3276:
3226:
3141:
3078:
3011:
2764:
2711:
2619:
2326:
2293:
1425:
1311:
1082:
844:
388:
335:
249:
239:
232:
69:
48:
2473:
A structural and lexical comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and
Atakapa languages
5315:
5270:
5220:
5210:
5190:
5158:
5059:
5014:
4994:
4779:
4759:
4724:
4639:
4624:
4443:
4315:
4238:
4038:
4001:
3870:
3770:
3721:
3624:
3582:
3356:
3321:
3186:
3161:
3088:
3073:
3063:
3051:
2963:
2948:
2865:
2820:
606:
1527:
There are certain rules that are observed to form sentences in the correct order:
1100:
The articular prefix is similar to the definite article in
English and appears as
866:, which is a minor third higher than any syllable that comes before it other than
2471:
2239:
1447:
The following are brief descriptions of possible syntactic elements of a clause:
5168:
5049:
5029:
4894:
4754:
4744:
4629:
4373:
4139:
3991:
3935:
3883:
3597:
3454:
3241:
3151:
3095:
3046:
2825:
2716:
2691:
2644:
2629:
2518:
1550:
1437:
1416:
The possible word classes that are found in Tunica include independent personal
812:
765:
400:
383:
242:
peoples. There are no native speakers of the Tunica language, but there were 32
163:
1921:
Sentence connectives connect or contrast two sentences or sometimes two words.
5205:
5102:
4974:
4889:
4804:
4714:
4264:
3888:
3840:
3810:
3750:
3557:
3316:
3126:
3068:
3026:
3016:
2870:
2749:
2214:
1429:
820:
489:
469:
393:
2209:
17:
4979:
4809:
3960:
3950:
3930:
3825:
3634:
3522:
3414:
3191:
2875:
2789:
2309:
1694:: similar to the English "so...that" but it may be more like "because so..."
1590:
Adverbial clauses may be directly before or after the verb that they modify.
1086:
925:
824:
658:
497:
291:
268:
143:
127:
59:
1507:
can serve in the same syntactical functions that a noun can. For example,
134:
5178:
5142:
5092:
4954:
4739:
4186:
4154:
3371:
3296:
2639:
2634:
1417:
1302:
246:
speakers in 2017, and as of 2023, there are 60 second-language speakers.
202:
190:
1378:"the ground." It can be seen in the sentence "He spat on the ground" as
512:
style (represented in bolded symbols below) is based on Mary Haas' work
171:
5185:
4669:
4546:
4468:
4161:
4144:
3975:
3955:
3409:
3306:
2624:
2357:
Granberry, Julian (1994). "Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica
Relationship".
2331:
American Indian
Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
2285:
1575:
1307:
1090:
929:
551:
198:
1504:
1104:
before all stems not beginning with /ʔ/ or /t/. The prefix appears as
862:
is a major second higher than the syllables that follow it except for
852:
pitch, and the same goes for other unstressed syllables. For example,
4531:
3742:
3612:
3261:
3166:
1534:
The predicative word of any type of clause is at the end of a clause.
1094:
909:
816:
372:
364:
295:
2261:
2358:
2277:
231:
that was spoken in the
Central and Lower Mississippi Valley in the
5275:
3945:
3691:
3221:
3083:
1421:
322:, with Calusa possibly being relatively a recent arrival from the
1540:
An independent object is immediately before the predicative word.
1093:, and the determinative nouns are distinguished by the articular
5235:
2495:
1634:
The preverbs are often used with active verb predicative words:
1081:
Nouns can be divided into the categories of indeterminative and
252:
tribal member
William Ely Johnson worked with Swiss ethnologist
5351:
4268:
2535:
1566:
is immediately before the predicative word that it complements.
1546:
A comparative is immediately after the word that it modifies.
1587:
Relative clauses are after the substantive that they modify.
1543:
An adjective is immediately after the noun that it modifies.
2363:. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas. pp. 505–519.
1897:
Postpositions are used to modify locatives and predicates.
1001:
before the stems beginning with /ʔ/, and /ʔ/ is syncopated.
823:/m/. On the other hand, /n/, /l/, and /r/ can be voiced or
1914:
Adverbs can be used to modify auxiliary and active verbs.
807:
The consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, and /t͡ʃ/ are always fairly
516:. The IPA symbols are in brackets next to each consonant.
367:, all of which are usually short but may be lengthened in
201:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1806:"only, nothing but..." can also be "...alone; by...-self"
811:
unless they occur before a /ʔ/, when they are completely
1159:"horns." Finally, miscellaneous terms can be nouns like
318:, Granberry (1994) suggested that Tunica was related to
2360:
Papers of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference (MALC)
1818:"every...," used with nouns that imply a length of time
298:
tribes, in present-day Louisiana. They communicated by
1570:
There are also certain rules in the order of clauses:
1424:, interrogative-indefinite pronouns, quantificatives,
6404:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast
2454:
2452:
2450:
1391:
1353:
1349:"toward, in the direction of" is the second suffix.
1344:
1326:
1320:
1293:
1287:
1277:
1270:
1260:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1134:
1124:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1030:
1024:
853:
6345:
6299:
6257:
6230:
6110:
6078:
6036:
5983:
5919:
5885:
5790:
5760:
5729:
5696:
5643:
5603:
5570:
5536:
5502:
5475:
5389:
5151:
5083:
4615:
4344:
4120:
4052:
3984:
3923:
3916:
3869:
3741:
3730:
3660:
3511:
3468:
3400:
3108:
2982:
2894:
2813:
2740:
2603:
2594:
1957:
1952:
157:
141:
125:
120:
102:
88:
75:
65:
54:
44:
32:
1352:Usually, it is used with the names of directions:
27:Extinct language isolate of the Mississippi Valley
2519:"OLAC resources in and about the Tunica language"
1874:Quantificatives include numerals and others like
1718:: imperative but with force; similar to "must..."
1559:Non-locative predicate modifiers have free order.
176:Pre-contact distribution of the Tunica language.
6394:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
858:"You will kill the squirrel" shows the melody.
488:Vowels may appear only following or preceding
5363:
4280:
2547:
2266:International Journal of American Linguistics
1581:Dependent clauses are before the main clause.
1549:A postposition is always immediately after a
8:
1151:"mother." Body part terms are those such as
1871:does not appear as an independent subject.
1706:: interrogative, imperative, or exhortative
1472:may be quantificatives or relative clauses.
1374:"on, onto." It is typically used only with
314:Although Tunica is usually classified as a
6254:
6075:
5980:
5693:
5472:
5370:
5356:
5348:
4287:
4273:
4265:
3920:
3738:
2600:
2554:
2540:
2532:
2462:. New York: J.J. Augustin Publisher, 1940.
2316:, New York: J.J. Augustin Publisher, 1940.
1859:The interrogative-indefinite pronouns are
170:
29:
5379:Indigenous language families and isolates
4795:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1511:"The chief's house was (made of) grass" (
2108:
1977:
1173:
1073:The morphology of Tunica is as follows.
518:
377:
6399:Native American language revitalization
2197:
1676:"and, together with," coordinates nouns
1501:ʔuhkʔo'nisɛ'mǎn, ho't ʔaku'hpanʔuhkɛ'nì
1436:, active verbs, static verbs, sentence
355:The phonology of Tunica is as follows.
267:, died in 1948. In the 1930s, linguist
195:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1949:
1824:"...-ish; almost, not quite, somewhat"
2205:
2203:
2201:
7:
2352:
2350:
2305:
2303:
1408:The syntax of Tunica is as follows.
5266:Norse colonization of North America
1764:"not," but builds habitual negation
1085:. The indeterminative nouns have a
81:December 6, 1948 with the death of
6389:Language isolates of North America
2570:Mississippian and related cultures
1444:clauses that are mentioned above.
1301:Finally, there are three possible
25:
2429:Turner-Neal, Chris (2018-05-24).
2403:Richard Kazandjian (2011-08-10).
496:in the same syllable, it becomes
476:
460:
451:
437:
428:
414:
405:
2563:
2496:Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana
2405:"Tunica Language Is Resurrected"
2333:. Oxford University Press, USA.
2220:
1143:Kinship terms are those such as
273:A Grammar of the Tunica Language
5286:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
4204:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2385:from the original on 2023-09-27
1515:"the chief", possessor noun, +
1470:The subject or object modifiers
1370:. The final locative suffix is
885:"He went back home, they say."
330:Language revitalization efforts
263:The last known native speaker,
2586:Timeline of Mississippi valley
1746:"even if, even though, though"
275:in 1941. That was followed by
1:
3786:Grand Village of the Illinois
1836:"fairly, quite, a little bit"
6409:Middle Mississippian culture
5251:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
5201:Eastern Agricultural Complex
3563:Grand Village of the Natchez
2375:"Taluhchi Yoroni Woruhk'iti"
2165:
2152:
2139:
2126:
2089:
2073:
2055:
2039:
2021:
2001:
1890:"several, quite a few," and
1812:"only...," used with numbers
1509:ta'čɔhak ʔu'rǐhč, hi'yuhɔ'nì
1392:
1354:
1345:
1327:
1321:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1135:
1125:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1031:
1025:
854:
4635:Bandelier National Monument
4509:List of Mississippian sites
4296:Pre-Columbian North America
2581:List of Mississippian sites
1863:"who, someone, anyone" and
6440:
5055:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
4660:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
4369:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2501:Tunica alphabet and sounds
2470:John Reed Swanton (1919).
1943:
1670:"and," coordinates clauses
5324:
5296:Three Sisters agriculture
4302:
4231:
2576:
2513:Tunica-English Dictionary
2260:Swanton, John R. (1921).
1432:, comparatives, adverbs,
1217:
764:
739:
706:
657:
550:
521:
181:
169:
37:
4835:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
4394:Buttermilk Creek complex
3498:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1740:; can be defined as "if"
1688:"when, after, as, while"
1488:may be words or clauses.
1486:The predicate complement
955:When the first vowel of
324:lower Mississippi region
5035:Town Creek Indian Mound
5005:Sierra de San Francisco
4860:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
4128:Ballgame (Southeastern)
4024:Long-nosed god maskette
3904:SunWatch Indian Village
3851:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
3712:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
1946:Calusa–Tunica languages
1886:"a few, a little bit,"
1492:The sentence connective
1458:The independent subject
1380:ta'haltǎn, ču'hʔuhkɛ'nì
932:, consonantic apocope,
924:, consonantic syncope,
855:ta'čiyak ʔura'pʔikʔahčá
6424:Languages of Louisiana
6363:Unclassified languages
4690:Coso Rock Art District
4577:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
4480:List of Hopewell sites
3879:Alligator Effigy Mound
3493:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
3445:Leon-Jefferson culture
2841:Caborn-Welborn culture
2435:Country Roads Magazine
2431:"The Sixty-Year Sleep"
1967:Granberry (1994: 507)
1958:Reconstruction of
1730:: indicates the future
1630:Preverbs and postfixes
1476:The predicate modifier
1464:The independent object
903:Phonological processes
892:"Do you want to run?"
223:, or less common form
183:This article contains
5098:Arlington Springs Man
4940:Portsmouth Earthworks
2608:and Upper Mississippi
2262:"The Tunica Language"
1800:"like, resembling..."
1048:"on the ground" <
5306:Transoceanic contact
5196:Container Revolution
4770:Gila Cliff Dwellings
4735:Etowah Indian Mounds
4167:Earth/fertility cult
3871:Fort Ancient culture
2755:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
2741:Lower Ohio River and
2727:Steed-Kisker culture
2379:www.tunicabiloxi.org
1752:: future subjunctive
1736:: sometimes seen as
1452:The predicative word
1325:< "at his house"
1026:tu'wak(u) ʔu'wakɔ'ni
265:Sesostrie Youchigant
260:in the early 1900s.
83:Sesostrie Youchigant
6312:Algonquian–Wakashan
5226:Green Corn Ceremony
5040:Turkey River Mounds
4830:Lake Jackson Mounds
4650:Blue Spring Shelter
4172:Green Corn Ceremony
3732:Upper Mississippian
3682:Blue Spring Shelter
3402:Fort Walton culture
2856:Hovey Lake District
2111:
1980:
1878:"all, everything,"
1595:Noun classification
1358:"to the west" <
1236:, "the chief" <
290:lived close to the
6300:Proposed groupings
5390:Language families
5311:Underwater panther
4985:Rosenstock Village
4855:Marmes Rockshelter
4840:L'Anse aux Meadows
4254:de Soto Expedition
4219:Underwater panther
4065:Central Algonquian
3776:Fisher Mound Group
3420:Apalachee Province
3387:Waddells Mill Pond
2506:2019-04-27 at the
2476:. Govt. print. off
2236:"Language names:T"
2109:
1978:
1975:-Tunica phonemes:
1847:Other word classes
1842:"right, precisely"
1641:"about, all about"
1621:squatting position
1259:, "her dogs" <
1035:"he was a person."
883:ʔu'riš ma'rʔuwa'nì
369:stressed syllables
6376:
6375:
6358:Extinct languages
6295:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6106:
6105:
6032:
6031:
5786:
5785:
5762:Takelma–Kalapuyan
5345:
5344:
5337:Pre-Columbian era
5138:Spirit Cave mummy
4935:Plum Bayou Mounds
4845:Lynch Quarry Site
4364:Ancient Beringian
4262:
4261:
4227:
4226:
3912:
3911:
3528:Atchafalaya Basin
3470:Pensacola culture
3435:Fort Walton Mound
3327:Punk Rock Shelter
3287:Mouse Creek phase
3110:South Appalachian
3104:
3103:
2983:Central and Lower
2924:Castalian Springs
2914:Brentwood Library
2814:Middle Ohio River
2667:Emerald Acropolis
2340:978-0-19-509427-5
2218:(25th ed., 2022)
2178:
2177:
2107:
2106:
1965:
1964:
1794:"too, also, even"
1396:"ground, land" +
1282:, "the men" <
1227:suffixes follow:
1224:
1223:
1163:"breechcloth" or
805:
804:
619:
560:
486:
485:
363:Tunica has seven
340:Tulane University
281:Tunica Dictionary
209:
208:
191:rendering support
187:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
6431:
6368:Linguistic areas
6255:
6076:
5981:
5694:
5473:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5349:
5281:Projectile point
5118:Leanderthal Lady
5045:Upward Sun River
5020:Stallings Island
5010:Shell ring sites
4960:Recapture Canyon
4875:Moorehead Circle
4720:El Fin del Mundo
4705:Cueva de la Olla
4511:
4498:Maritime Archaic
4482:
4312:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4266:
4029:Mill Creek chert
4019:Duck River cache
3921:
3739:
3503:Pensacola people
3297:Muscogee (Creek)
3137:Bell Field Mound
2851:Hovey Lake-Klein
2805:Wickliffe Mounds
2780:Rowlandton Mound
2697:Lunsford-Pulcher
2601:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2463:
2456:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2407:. Archived from
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2323:
2317:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2238:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2207:
2112:
1981:
1950:
1395:
1357:
1348:
1330:
1324:
1297:
1291:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1174:
1138:
1128:
1116:"the road" <
1059:
1053:
1047:
1034:
1028:
1008:"cornmeal" <
982:"not good" <
967:"not true" <
875:ʔa'hkiš ma'rʔikî
857:
797:
787:
777:
754:
729:
719:
702:
690:
680:
670:
651:
639:
629:
615:
610:
600:
590:
580:
570:
556:
519:
480:
464:
455:
441:
432:
418:
409:
378:
345:Avoyelles Parish
316:language isolate
229:language isolate
227:) language is a
174:
153:
137:
130:
114:Language isolate
108:
30:
21:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6341:
6287:
6253:
6235:linguistic area
6234:
6226:
6115:linguistic area
6114:
6102:
6074:
6028:
5979:
5924:linguistic area
5923:
5915:
5889:linguistic area
5888:
5881:
5782:
5756:
5725:
5692:
5639:
5599:
5566:
5532:
5498:
5471:
5391:
5385:
5376:
5346:
5341:
5332:Genetic history
5320:
5174:Ceremonial pipe
5147:
5128:Minnesota Woman
5085:
5079:
4900:Ocmulgee Mounds
4880:Morrison Mounds
4825:Kolomoki Mounds
4815:Kimball Village
4675:Candelaria Cave
4617:
4611:
4592:Suwannee Valley
4527:Old Cordilleran
4507:
4478:
4346:
4340:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4263:
4258:
4244:Clarksdale bell
4223:
4209:Stone box grave
4150:Ceremonial pipe
4116:
4075:Mobilian Jargon
4048:
3980:
3908:
3865:
3733:
3726:
3663:
3656:
3514:
3507:
3464:
3396:
3342:Rucker's Bottom
3132:Beaverdam Creek
3112:
3100:
2984:
2978:
2939:Hiwassee Island
2896:
2890:
2881:Welborn Village
2809:
2770:Millstone Bluff
2743:Confluence area
2742:
2736:
2732:Sugarloaf Mound
2672:Emmons Cemetery
2607:
2605:American Bottom
2596:
2590:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2508:Wayback Machine
2492:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2308:
2301:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2183:
1961:Tunica language
1948:
1942:
1849:
1788:"on...-'s part"
1682:"although, but"
1632:
1597:
1525:
1523:Syntactic order
1434:auxiliary verbs
1414:
1406:
1355:ta'sapʔaraštihk
1129:"Red River" is
1112:"on the road";
1079:
1071:
1054:"the ground" +
944:"not red" <
905:
841:
514:Tunica Language
506:
361:
353:
332:
312:
300:Mobilian Jargon
258:John R. Swanton
254:Albert Gatschet
244:second-language
237:Native American
189:Without proper
177:
149:
133:
126:
116:
109:
106:Language family
104:
98:speakers (2023)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6437:
6435:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6414:Gulf languages
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6381:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6353:Classification
6349:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6327:Macro-Chibchan
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6263:
6261:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6238:
6236:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6190:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6174:
6162:
6160:Tequistlatecan
6157:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6118:
6116:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6093:
6085:
6083:
6073:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6043:
6041:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5988:
5978:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5927:
5925:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5823:Tequistlatecan
5820:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5795:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5767:
5765:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5711:
5703:
5701:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5618:
5610:
5608:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5575:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5542:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5508:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5256:Mound Builders
5253:
5248:
5243:
5241:Medicine wheel
5238:
5233:
5231:Horned Serpent
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4970:Roberts Island
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4905:Old Stone Fort
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4870:Moaning Cavern
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4820:Kincaid Mounds
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4700:Cuarenta Casas
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4655:Bluefish Caves
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4616:Archaeological
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4414:Caloosahatchee
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:Caborn-Welborn
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4345:Archaeological
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4249:Mound Builders
4246:
4241:
4236:
4235:Related topics
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4197:Village bundle
4189:
4184:
4182:Platform mound
4179:
4177:Horned Serpent
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4044:Stone statuary
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3894:Leo Petroglyph
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3831:Moccasin Bluff
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3781:Gentleman Farm
3778:
3773:
3768:
3766:Carcajou Point
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:Caddoan Mounds
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:Dauphin Island
3480:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3157:Bussell Island
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Beasley Mounds
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Kincaid Mounds
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Horseshoe Lake
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Dickson Mounds
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2515:
2510:
2498:
2491:
2490:External links
2488:
2487:
2486:
2465:
2464:
2458:Haas, Mary R.
2446:
2421:
2395:
2366:
2346:
2339:
2327:Campbell, Lyle
2318:
2299:
2278:10.1086/463732
2252:
2227:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2187:Gulf languages
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1971:the following
1963:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1941:
1940:Proto-language
1938:
1936:"now; ready."
1882:"many, much,"
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1631:
1628:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1524:
1521:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1413:
1412:Sentence parts
1410:
1405:
1402:
1299:
1298:
1275:
1252:
1222:
1221:
1219:-si'nima, -sin
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1161:-e'htiwa'hkuni
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1040:
1036:
1032:ʔu'w(i) ʔonɛni
1021:
1017:
1002:
991:
976:
953:
904:
901:
890:lɔ'ta wiwa'nǎn
840:
837:
803:
802:
800:
798:
788:
778:
768:
762:
761:
759:
757:
755:
745:
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
730:
720:
710:
704:
703:
693:
691:
681:
671:
661:
655:
654:
652:
642:
640:
630:
620:
612:
611:
601:
591:
581:
571:
561:
554:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
505:
502:
484:
483:
481:
474:
472:
466:
465:
458:
456:
449:
443:
442:
435:
433:
426:
420:
419:
412:
410:
403:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
360:
357:
352:
349:
331:
328:
311:
310:Classification
308:
207:
206:
193:, you may see
179:
178:
175:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
147:
139:
138:
131:
123:
122:
121:Language codes
118:
117:
112:
110:
103:
100:
99:
92:
86:
85:
79:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
56:
52:
51:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6436:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:Calusa–Tunica
6077:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5383:North America
5380:
5373:
5368:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Falcon dancer
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:Miscellaneous
5150:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Melbourne Man
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:La Brea Woman
5111:
5109:
5108:Kennewick Man
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:Serpent Mound
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Pueblo Bonito
4948:
4946:
4945:Poverty Point
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Pinson Mounds
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4920:Painted Bluff
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Horr's Island
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Effigy Mounds
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4695:Crystal River
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4607:Weeden Island
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Safety Harbor
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:Poverty Point
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:Paleo-Indians
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4503:Mississippian
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:Sacred bundle
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4012:Wulfing cache
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3997:Copper plates
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Three Sisters
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Little barley
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:Serpent Mound
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3861:Summer Island
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3664:Mississippian
3659:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3515:Mississippian
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Corbin–Tucker
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Roods Landing
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Moccasin Bend
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Hoojah Branch
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3114:Mississippian
3111:
3107:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Menard-Hodges
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2974:Swallow Bluff
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:Tennessee and
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Marshall Site
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:Mississippian
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2411:on 2017-05-31
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:Haas, Mary R.
2306:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:(1/2): 1–39.
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2242:on 2010-01-13
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:"no, not any"
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:"out, out of"
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:postpositions
1423:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1322:ʔu'riš ʔunanì
1317:
1313:
1312:postpositions
1309:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1279:to'nišisɛ'mǎn
1276:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1256:ti'sasi'nimǎn
1253:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1214:-hči, -hči'hi
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:"father" or '
1146:
1140:
1139:"red water".
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:te'tiha'yihta
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:determinative
1076:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
902:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
884:
878:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
849:
846:
838:
836:
834:
831:"blackbird,"
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
801:
799:
795:
789:
785:
779:
775:
769:
767:
763:
760:
758:
756:
752:
746:
744:
742:
738:
735:
733:
731:
727:
721:
717:
711:
709:
705:
700:
694:
692:
688:
682:
678:
672:
668:
662:
660:
656:
653:
649:
643:
641:
637:
631:
627:
621:
618:
614:
613:
608:
602:
598:
592:
588:
582:
578:
572:
568:
562:
559:
555:
553:
549:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
520:
517:
515:
511:
510:transcription
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
482:
479:
475:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
459:
457:
454:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
436:
434:
431:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
413:
411:
408:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
379:
376:
374:
370:
366:
358:
356:
350:
348:
346:
341:
337:
336:Tunica-Biloxi
334:In 2010, the
329:
327:
325:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
250:Tunica-Biloxi
247:
245:
241:
238:
234:
233:United States
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:Luhchi Yoroni
214:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
186:
180:
173:
168:
165:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
146:
145:
140:
136:
132:
129:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
101:
97:
93:
91:
87:
84:
80:
78:
74:
71:
70:Tunica people
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
50:
49:United States
47:
43:
40:
39:Luhchi Yoroni
36:
31:
19:
18:Tiou language
6317:Aztec–Tanoan
6280:
6273:
6268:Guanahatabey
6266:
6259:Pre-Arawakan
6241:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6185:
6176:
6169:
6154:Oto-Manguean
6152:
6145:
6138:
6121:
6112:Mesoamerican
6095:
6089:
6088:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6021:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5921:Coahuiltecan
5908:
5901:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5834:
5827:
5815:
5770:
5749:
5731:Coast Oregon
5713:
5706:
5673:
5632:
5625:
5613:
5605:Macro-Siouan
5587:
5580:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5491:
5484:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5398:
5392:and isolates
5316:Water glyphs
5271:Oasisamerica
5261:N.A.G.P.R.A.
5221:Folsom point
5211:Effigy mound
5191:Clovis point
5159:Aridoamerica
5060:Wickiup Hill
5015:Spiro Mounds
4995:Salmon Ruins
4990:Russell Cave
4785:Helen Blazes
4780:Grimes Point
4760:Fort Juelson
4750:Fort Ancient
4725:El Vallecito
4685:Chaco Canyon
4625:Angel Mounds
4587:Steed-Kisker
4537:Paleo-Arctic
4459:Glacial Kame
4444:Fort Ancient
4336:Post-Classic
4307:
4239:Chevron bead
4145:Burial mound
4106:
4039:Shell gorget
4007:Spiro plates
4002:Rogan plates
3821:Knoll Spring
3796:Hartley Fort
3756:Beattie Park
3640:Transylvania
3478:Bottle Creek
3440:Lake Jackson
3322:Pisgah phase
3252:Little Egypt
3202:Garden Creek
3187:Dallas phase
3074:Tipton phase
3052:Nodena phase
2949:Mound Bottom
2934:Fewkes Group
2919:Brick Church
2821:Angel Mounds
2687:Kuhn Station
2682:John Chapman
2522:. Retrieved
2478:. Retrieved
2472:
2459:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:
2424:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:the original
2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2359:
2330:
2321:
2313:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2230:
2213:
2091:Approximant
1969:reconstructs
1966:
1953:Proto-Tunica
1933:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1888:ka'škuto'hku
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:: imperative
1721:
1715:
1712:: imperative
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1598:
1569:
1562:A predicate
1526:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1415:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1315:
1300:
1283:
1266:
1249:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1204:-sɛ'ma, -sɛm
1203:
1198:
1193:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1136:wi'š(i)mi'li
1130:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1089:without any
1080:
1072:
1045:ta'hala'yiht
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
987:
983:
979:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
945:
941:
934:amalgamation
918:assimilation
906:
896:
894:
889:
887:
882:
879:
874:
872:
867:
863:
859:
850:
842:
832:
828:
819:, as is the
806:
513:
507:
493:
487:
362:
354:
333:
313:
288:Tunica tribe
285:
280:
279:in 1950 and
277:Tunica Texts
276:
272:
262:
248:
224:
220:
216:
212:
210:
182:
142:
38:
6322:Macro-Mayan
6187:Uto-Aztecan
6165:Totozoquean
5995:Coahuilteco
5806:Palaihnihan
5688:Tsimshianic
5301:Thunderbird
5169:Black drink
5133:Peñon woman
5070:Winterville
5050:Velda Mound
5030:Taos Pueblo
4925:Parkin Park
4910:Orwell site
4895:Nodena site
4790:Holly Bluff
4765:Four Mounds
4755:Fort Center
4680:Casa Grande
4630:Anzick site
4522:Monongahela
4449:Fort Walton
4424:Coles Creek
4389:Belle Glade
4374:Anishinaabe
4214:Thunderbird
4140:Black drink
3992:Emmons mask
3936:Chenopodium
3924:Agriculture
3846:Plum Island
3801:Hotel Plaza
3650:Winterville
3630:Scott Place
3568:Holly Bluff
3488:Fort Walton
3242:Lamar phase
3096:Walls phase
2992:Belle Meade
2985:Mississippi
2929:Dunbar Cave
2831:Annis Mound
2826:Angel phase
2800:Ware Mounds
2795:Twin Mounds
2645:Ramey state
2630:Monks Mound
1979:Consonants
1830:"very much"
1700:: quotative
1551:substantive
1438:connectives
1194:-ku, -ku'hu
1126:ta'wišmi'li
914:contraction
877:"Go back!"
813:unaspirated
766:Approximant
197:instead of
6383:Categories
6178:Mixe–Zoque
6147:Misumalpan
6069:Chitimacha
5561:Algonquian
5527:Athabaskan
5406:Yuki–Wappo
5246:Metallurgy
5206:Eden point
5103:Buhl Woman
4975:Rock Eagle
4965:River Styx
4890:Mummy Cave
4885:Moundville
4865:Mesa Verde
4850:Marksville
4597:Tchefuncte
4557:Plaquemine
4493:Las Palmas
4409:Calf Creek
4404:Cades Pond
3951:Marshelder
3836:Oak Forest
3806:Hoxie Farm
3620:Pocahontas
3513:Plaquemine
3450:Letchworth
3382:Town Creek
3317:Park Mound
3282:Moundville
3267:Mandeville
3257:Long Swamp
3217:Jere Shine
3069:Quigualtam
3017:Chucalissa
2904:Backusburg
2897:Cumberland
2886:Yankeetown
2871:Slack Farm
2846:Ellerbusch
2750:Adams site
2657:Cloverdale
2524:2014-04-15
2440:2018-05-30
2415:2013-03-12
2389:2016-09-22
2246:2010-02-15
2215:Ethnologue
2193:References
2141:Close-mid
2023:Fricative
1944:See also:
1932:"no", and
1659:"up, down"
1647:"in, into"
1564:complement
1430:adjectives
1339:"house" +
1190:Masculine
1155:"head" or
1077:Inflection
1069:Morphology
1057:(h)a'yihta
920:, vocalic
916:, vocalic
504:Consonants
490:consonants
6332:Tolatecan
6232:Caribbean
6220:Alagüilac
6213:Purépecha
6199:Cuitlatec
6171:Totonacan
6129:Jicaquean
6048:Muskogean
6023:Mamulique
6009:Comecrudo
5939:Karankawa
5842:Jicaquean
5829:Chimariko
5778:Kalapuyan
5721:Sahaptian
5669:Yok-Utian
5654:Chinookan
5627:Iroquoian
5595:Chimakuan
5411:Chumashan
5291:Stickball
4980:Rock Hawk
4810:Key Marco
4602:Troyville
4582:St. Johns
4567:Red Ocher
4326:Formative
4080:Muskogean
4053:Languages
3966:Sunflower
3826:Mero site
3761:Blood Run
3415:Apalachee
3362:Summerour
3302:Nacoochee
3059:Owl Creek
2954:Riverview
2944:Link Farm
2836:Bone Bank
2790:Turk Site
2785:Towosahgy
2650:Woodhenge
2480:25 August
2294:143814015
2154:Open-mid
1810:-štahahki
1780:-štukʔɔhɔ
1692:-hčika'ši
1513:ta'čɔhaku
1366:"west" +
1328:ʔu'riš(i)
1233:ta'čɔhǎku
1210:Feminine
1179:Singular
1064:syllable.
1051:ta'hal(i)
1016:"ground."
1012:"corn" +
986:"good" +
971:"true" +
926:haplology
825:voiceless
809:aspirated
659:Fricative
558:voiceless
498:nasalized
424:Close-mid
351:Phonology
296:Avoyelles
283:in 1953.
269:Mary Haas
144:Glottolog
128:ISO 639-3
66:Ethnicity
60:Louisiana
6243:Arawakan
6123:Chibchan
6002:Cotoname
5960:Quinigua
5946:Maratino
5645:Penutian
5589:Wakashan
5582:Salishan
5493:Eskimoan
5477:Eskaleut
5179:Chanunpa
5164:Ballgame
5143:Vero man
5093:Anzick-1
5065:Windover
5025:SunWatch
4955:Rassawek
4775:Glenwood
4665:Brewster
4517:Mogollon
4488:La Jolla
4474:Hopewell
4434:Deptford
4347:cultures
4187:Red Horn
4155:Chanunpa
4133:Northern
4121:Religion
4102:Timucuan
4070:Cherokee
3856:Schwerdt
3816:Juntunen
3791:Griesmer
3734:cultures
3687:Bluffton
3573:Jaketown
3538:Fitzhugh
3392:Wilbanks
3372:Tomotley
3347:Savannah
3312:Ocmulgee
3292:Mulberry
3227:Joe Bell
3147:Biltmore
3142:Bessemer
3007:Campbell
2969:Old Town
2775:Orr-Herl
2712:Orendorf
2707:Mitchell
2640:Mound 72
2635:Mound 34
2620:Big Eddy
2504:Archived
2383:Archived
2329:(1997).
2181:See also
2120:Central
2075:Lateral
2003:Plosive
1998:Glottal
1992:Palatal
1902:ka'nahku
1869:ka'nahku
1865:ka'nahku
1834:-što'hku
1517:ʔu'rihči
1418:pronouns
1384:ta'halta
1364:sa'pʔara
1303:locative
1272:-si'nima
1167:"name."
1006:ha'hkiri
997:becomes
980:la'pʔɔhɔ
965:ka'šʔɛhɛ
948:"red" +
942:mi'lʔɛhɛ
530:Alveolar
447:Open-mid
203:Help:IPA
151:tuni1252
58:Central
6307:Amerind
6282:Ciguayo
6275:Macorix
6249:Cariban
6223: ?
6082: ?
6062:Atakapa
6055:Natchez
6040: ?
5987: ?
5985:Pakawan
5974:Tonkawa
5932:Aranama
5887:Pueblo
5855:Salinan
5836:Esselen
5801:Shastan
5794: ?
5772:Takelma
5764: ?
5751:Siuslaw
5733: ?
5708:Klamath
5700: ?
5698:Plateau
5664:Maiduan
5659:Wintuan
5647: ?
5621:Caddoan
5607: ?
5574: ?
5513:Tlingit
5504:Na-Dene
5459:Waikuri
5452:Timucua
5445:Kutenai
5424:Beothuk
5328:Related
5186:Chunkey
5086:remains
5075:Wupatki
4915:Paquime
4805:Huápoca
4670:Cahokia
4640:Bastian
4547:Patayan
4469:Hohokam
4454:Fremont
4429:Comondú
4384:Baytown
4379:Avonlea
4359:Alachua
4331:Classic
4321:Archaic
4309:Periods
4162:Chunkey
4107:Tunican
4085:Natchez
4060:Caddoan
4034:Pottery
3985:Artwork
3976:Tobacco
3956:Pumpkin
3917:Culture
3771:Fifield
3702:Gahagan
3677:Belcher
3662:Caddoan
3645:Venable
3608:Natchez
3593:Mazique
3548:Fosters
3543:Flowery
3533:Emerald
3410:Anhaica
3367:Taskigi
3332:Rembert
3307:Nikwasi
3272:McMahan
3247:Liddell
3122:Adamson
3032:Janet's
3022:Denmark
2997:Boone's
2959:Sellars
2866:Prather
2625:Cahokia
2615:Aztalan
2286:1263179
2110:Vowels
2041:Rhotic
1989:Apical
1986:Labial
1928:"yes",
1892:ʔa'mari
1816:-tɛ'pan
1782:"can't"
1728:-kʔahča
1605:gender.
1576:clauses
1393:ha'l(i)
1376:ta'hali
1368:-štihki
1346:-štihki
1308:adverbs
1289:ʔo'niši
1199:ʔu'nima
1185:Plural
1165:-e'tisa
1157:-e'neri
1153:-e'sini
1120:"road"
1091:affixes
930:apocope
922:syncope
899:"Yes."
839:Prosody
833:ši'hkal
552:Plosive
545:Glottal
535:Palatal
389:Central
199:Unicode
90:Revival
77:Extinct
6419:Tunica
6337:Waroid
6193:Xincan
6134:Lencan
6097:Calusa
6090:Tunica
5967:Solano
5953:Naolan
5897:Tanoan
5811:Pomoan
5745:Coosan
5740:Alsean
5715:Molala
5675:Yokuts
5615:Siouan
5466:Pericú
5438:Cayuse
4745:Folsom
4710:Cutler
4645:Benson
4532:Oneota
4464:Glades
4439:Folsom
4419:Clovis
4316:Lithic
4097:Siouan
4090:Taensa
3961:Squash
3884:Clover
3743:Oneota
3717:Keller
3707:Hughes
3672:Battle
3613:Taensa
3598:Medora
3588:Mangum
3583:Julice
3578:Jordan
3425:Cayson
3357:Sixtoe
3352:Shiloh
3262:Mabila
3197:Etowah
3177:Citico
3167:Chiaha
3162:Chauga
3079:Tunica
3064:Parkin
3047:Nodena
3042:Murphy
3012:Carson
2861:Murphy
2717:Sleeth
2702:McCune
2692:Larson
2595:Middle
2460:Tunica
2337:
2314:Tunica
2292:
2284:
2210:Tunica
2128:Close
2117:Front
2057:Nasal
1995:Velar
1884:ka'šku
1840:-le'he
1804:-tahki
1798:-nahku
1774:-pʔaha
1762:-kʔaha
1404:Syntax
1095:prefix
1010:ha'hka
990:"not."
975:"not."
952:"not."
910:phrase
829:ši'lka
817:voiced
617:voiced
525:Labial
373:melody
365:vowels
359:Vowels
320:Calusa
304:French
240:Tunica
221:Tonica
213:Tunica
164:Tunica
55:Region
33:Tunica
6346:Lists
6206:Huave
6140:Mayan
6016:Garza
5903:Keres
5869:Washo
5848:Karuk
5817:Yuman
5792:Hokan
5681:Utian
5634:Yuchi
5572:Mosan
5554:Yurok
5547:Wiyot
5538:Algic
5486:Aleut
5431:Bidai
5400:Haida
5276:Piasa
5084:Human
4715:Eaker
4618:sites
4552:Plano
4354:Adena
4112:Yuchi
3946:Maize
3931:Beans
3889:Dodge
3841:Palos
3811:Huber
3751:Anker
3722:Spiro
3692:Caddo
3625:Routh
3558:Glass
3553:Ghost
3455:Velda
3377:Toqua
3237:Lamar
3222:Joara
3212:Irene
3182:Coosa
3172:Chota
3152:Blair
3127:Avery
3089:Yazoo
3084:Koroa
3027:Eaker
2964:Obion
2722:Starr
2290:S2CID
2282:JSTOR
2167:Open
2123:Back
1973:Proto
1909:na'mu
1880:na'mu
1876:ho'tu
1861:ka'ku
1828:-štʔɛ
1768:-ʔaha
1758:"not"
1716:-hčan
1698:-a'ni
1680:-škan
1674:-ʔama
1574:Main
1505:nexus
1422:nouns
1386:<
1333:ʔuhk-
1331:<
1295:sɛ'ma
1245:čɔ'hǎ
1182:Dual
1149:-gači
1145:-e'si
1118:te'ti
1114:te'ti
1014:ki'ri
988:-ʔaha
984:la'pu
973:-ʔaha
969:ka'ši
950:-ʔaha
946:mi'li
845:pitch
821:nasal
796:]
792:[
786:]
782:[
776:]
772:[
753:]
749:[
741:Trill
728:]
724:[
718:]
714:[
708:Nasal
701:]
697:[
689:]
685:[
679:]
675:[
669:]
665:[
650:]
646:[
638:]
634:[
628:]
624:[
609:]
605:[
599:]
595:[
589:]
585:[
579:]
575:[
569:]
565:[
540:Velar
401:Close
384:Front
225:Yuron
6038:Gulf
5910:Zuni
5876:Yana
5862:Seri
5520:Eyak
5417:Adai
5236:Kiva
3635:Sims
3603:Mott
3523:Anna
3232:King
3192:Dyar
3002:Boyd
2876:Tolu
2482:2012
2335:ISBN
1930:ʔahâ
1786:-hat
1756:-aha
1744:-pan
1734:-kʔi
1722:-tan
1668:-man
1398:-hat
1388:ta'-
1372:-hat
1310:and
1284:ta'-
1262:tihk
1239:ta'-
1131:ta'-
1102:ta'-
1087:stem
995:ta'-
868:ta'-
860:ta'-
508:The
470:Open
394:Back
294:and
219:(or
211:The
5381:of
4740:Eva
3460:Yon
2274:doi
2212:at
2012:tʃ
1926:hõn
1822:-ša
1792:-pa
1738:-ʔi
1710:-ki
1686:-hč
1657:ha-
1651:ho-
1645:ki-
1639:te-
1360:ta-
1337:ri-
1316:-ši
1267:sa'
1250:-ku
961:ehe
959:or
957:aha
897:hőn
864:-ča
587:t͡ʃ
302:or
292:Ofo
235:by
215:or
185:IPA
159:ELP
135:tun
94:60
6385::
2449:^
2433:.
2381:.
2377:.
2349:^
2312:,
2302:^
2288:.
2280:.
2268:.
2264:.
2200:^
2172:a
2162:ɔ
2157:ɛ
2149:o
2144:e
2136:u
2131:i
2099:j
2094:w
2080:l
2066:ɲ
2063:n
2060:m
2046:r
2036:h
2031:ʃ
2028:s
2018:ʔ
2015:k
2009:t
2006:p
1934:dâ
1911:.
1904:.
1750:-k
1704:-n
1623:.
1428:,
1420:,
1400:.
1390:+
1382:;
1343:.
1341:ši
1335:+
1314:.
1292:+
1286:+
1269:+
1265:+
1248:+
1242:+
1133:+
1106:t-
999:t-
870:.
790:y
780:l
770:w
747:r
722:n
712:m
695:h
683:š
673:s
663:f
644:g
632:d
622:b
603:ʔ
593:k
583:č
577:t̻
573:t
563:p
500:.
96:L2
5371:e
5364:t
5357:v
4288:e
4281:t
4274:v
2555:e
2548:t
2541:v
2527:.
2484:.
2443:.
2418:.
2392:.
2343:.
2296:.
2276::
2270:2
2249:.
1553:.
1362:+
1060:.
794:j
784:l
774:w
751:r
726:n
716:m
699:h
687:ʃ
677:s
667:f
648:ɡ
636:d
626:b
607:ʔ
597:k
567:p
494:n
478:a
462:ɔ
453:ɛ
439:o
430:e
416:u
407:i
205:.
20:)
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