17:
225:
Allied forces. This allowed the members of the brigade to engage in rescue activities without undue interruption or objection from the occupying powers. Purporting to act as if they were under orders as part of the TTG Brigade allowed its members to pass through roadblocks, military checkpoints, and international borders, often with large numbers of displaced Jews in their care.
285:. Many of these actively supported the war effort during the 1948 Palestine war. The arms and materials stolen by the TTG contributed to the Israeli war effort and warmaking capacity. Most of the members of the TTG Brigade entered service in the Haganah and fought as part of the IDF during the war.
224:
As Carmi's goals shifted from revenge to rescue, so too did the TTG Brigade become more and more an instrument for the liberation of displaced persons and their eventual passage to
Palestine. The function of the TTG was first and foremost to provide the illusion of official status before occupying
228:
The second function of the group, which developed over time, was to extract from the Allied forces the greatest quantity of material and personnel assistance for the rescue efforts of the brigade's members. This included the fictional group's requisition and use of civilian and military vehicles,
215:
The TTG Brigade came into existence when Carmi falsely identified himself at a checkpoint to confuse a sentry and allow him and his companions to have unhindered passage. It led to the creation of fictional paperwork, seals, passes, orders, requisition forms, and even unit uniforms and insignia.
229:
gasoline, rations, medical supplies, and other such materiel. The brigade was also involved, with the assistance of false TTG paperwork, in the acquisition of large quantities of small arms and other martial equipment for use by the
Haganah in Palestine.
237:
The first goal of the group, illegal emigration, became less important as military control of civilian movement became less strict. The group's
Zionist goals, centering on illegal immigration to Palestine
294:
109:'business', combined to form a modern Hebrew slang expression, meaning "You-lick-my-ass business." It has been more colloquially translated as "up your ass/götveren", whereas
614:
664:
156:, was that European Jewry had been treated so differently that its members needed to continue to be differently treated. Therefore, in opposition to the policies of
793:
778:
39:. Under the guise of British military activity, this group engaged in the assassination of Nazis and SS conspirators, facilitated the illegal emigration of
259:
798:
642:
140:, the majority of Jews in Europe were living without clarification of their legal and national statuses. The majority of them were classified as
763:
525:
266:. As more and more allied forces withdrew from Europe, fewer resources were available for acquisition by the members of TTG. Likewise, as the
579:
758:
768:
753:
263:
144:, though where they were displaced from and where they ought to be relocated to were points of contention. The official position of the
137:
204:
hundreds of
Germans, Austrians, and Italians. Most of these were identified by Carmi and his men as having been active members of the
719:
709:
698:
674:
652:
624:
603:
535:
270:
loomed, the military skills they had accumulated encouraged withdrawal of most of them to serve as officers in the newly formed
773:
593:
748:
688:
153:
783:
521:
92:
248:
65:
738:
271:
16:
788:
319:
212:
sphere of influence. The number of Nazis they killed is unknown, but may have been as high as 1,500.
165:
743:
169:
161:
127:
104:
77:
40:
267:
157:
715:
694:
670:
648:
620:
599:
575:
531:
201:
149:
141:
83:
239:
56:
616:
The Yishuv In The Shadow Of The
Holocaust: Zionist Politics And Rescue Aliya, 1933-1939
550:
304:
208:
or otherwise as having assisted in the deportation or extermination of Jews within the
185:
32:
200:. Along with certain of his fellow soldiers in the Jewish Brigade, he was responsible
196:
operations against those believed to have been responsible, at least in part, for the
732:
299:
205:
638:
545:
181:
133:
36:
569:
684:
666:
Life
Between Memory and Hope: The Survivors of the Holocaust in Occupied Germany
565:
634:
589:
278:
188:
while concurrently acting as a senior representative of the then-underground
410:
Wyman, p. 107; Cohen, p. 192 et al.; Blum, p. 157–159, 171–173
314:
282:
193:
189:
164:, they sought to permit and facilitate unlimited Jewish immigration of
145:
44:
309:
571:
The
Brigade: An Epic Story of Vengeance, Salvation, and World War II
644:
The Secret Roads: the "Illegal" Migration of a People, 1938 to 1948
324:
197:
15:
434:
Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's
Intelligence Services
329:
209:
281:
to Israel, where they settled in the cities or else became
113:
is a vulgar
Turkish slang term for "queer/fag/faggot".
277:
Most of the Jews who were rescued in this manner made
43:
to
Mandatory Palestine, and smuggled weaponry for the
527:
The Jewish Brigade: An Army With Two Masters, 1944-45
97:
253:
70:
295:
Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe
549:
481:Bauer, p. 286–290; Wymanm p. 178–204
258:), became obsolete with the acceptance of the
20:A photograph of a Tilhas Tizig Gesheften group
8:
365:Wyman, p. 15–38 inc.; Bauer, p. 13, 48
55:The three words that make up the phrase are
260:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
711:DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945-1951
374:Wyman, ch. 1; Kimche, p. 77; Bauer, p. 200
383:Bauer, p. ch. 6 inc.; Wyman, p. 145-146
340:
794:Extrajudicial killings in World War II
35:members formed immediately following
7:
138:establishment of the State of Israel
779:Mandatory Palestine in World War II
472:Blum, ch. 40, also 39–43 inc.
264:international recognition of Israel
243:
87:
60:
14:
192:. Carmi was initially engaged in
799:Extrajudicial killings in Europe
595:The Avengers: A Jewish War Story
445:Blum, p. 171–173, 178, 181
392:Bauer, p. 200; Kimche, p. 87-107
180:The TTG Brigade was created by
27:(commonly known by its acronym
669:. Cambridge University Press.
574:. Hardscrabble Entertainment.
1:
764:History of the Jews in Europe
613:Edelheit, Abraham J. (1998).
714:. Cornell University Press.
454:Blum (2008), ch. 39–40
432:Ian Black and Benny Morris:
184:, who was an officer of the
759:British World War II crimes
663:Mankowitz, Zeev W. (2002).
558:Flight and Rescue: Brichah.
254:
98:
71:
815:
769:Jews and Judaism in Europe
754:Aftermath of the Holocaust
552:Flight and Rescue: Brichah
132:Following the collapse of
125:
82:'lick my ass' and
690:Underground to Palestine
647:. Secker &Warburg.
530:. Sarpedon Publishers.
490:Cohen, p. 231–237
25:Tilhas Teezee Gesheften
508:Blum, p. 205–207
21:
272:Israel Defense Forces
19:
774:Jewish anti-fascists
708:Wyman, Mark (1998).
499:Blum, p. 29, 31, 278
463:Blum (2008), ch. 39
347:Blum (2008), p. 229
166:Holocaust survivors
162:British White Paper
128:White Paper of 1939
41:Holocaust survivors
619:. Westview Press.
421:The Jewish Brigade
356:Blum (2008), p. xi
31:) was a group of
22:
749:Zionism in Europe
598:. Vintage Books.
581:978-0-06-093283-1
320:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
252:
170:Mandate Palestine
158:quota immigration
142:displaced persons
108:
96:
81:
69:
806:
725:
704:
693:. Random House.
680:
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556:. Random House.
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561:ASIN B000RJ8XW6
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136:and before the
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676:0-521-03756-5
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654:9780883553299
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639:Kimche, David
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626:0-8133-3643-0
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605:0-375-70529-5
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739:Nazi hunters
710:
689:
685:Stone, I. F.
665:
643:
615:
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570:
566:Blum, Howard
557:
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515:Bibliography
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182:Israel Carmi
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134:Nazi Germany
131:
110:
61:تِلحسْ طِيزي
54:
37:World War II
28:
24:
23:
789:Vigilantism
635:Kimche, Jon
590:Cohen, Rich
283:kibbutzniks
233:Dissolution
72:tilḥas ṭīzī
744:Aliyah Bet
733:Categories
336:References
244:הַעְפָּלָה
126:See also:
122:Background
255:haʿappala
249:romanized
220:Evolution
99:gesheften
93:romanized
66:romanized
51:Etymology
687:(1970).
641:(1995).
592:(2001).
568:(2009).
548:(1970).
524:(1999).
436:, p. 188
423:, p. 213
289:See also
262:and the
152:and the
111:götveren
315:Haganah
251::
194:revenge
190:Haganah
176:Origins
146:Haganah
117:History
107:
95::
88:געשעפטן
84:Yiddish
80:
68::
45:Haganah
718:
697:
673:
651:
623:
602:
578:
534:
310:Bricha
279:aliyah
240:Hebrew
57:Arabic
325:Nakam
198:Shoah
716:ISBN
695:ISBN
671:ISBN
649:ISBN
621:ISBN
600:ISBN
576:ISBN
532:ISBN
330:Gmul
210:Nazi
105:lit.
78:lit.
274:.
168:to
29:TTG
735::
637:;
246:,
242::
206:SS
172:.
102:,
90:,
86::
75:,
63:,
59::
47:.
724:.
703:.
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657:.
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608:.
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540:.
238:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
