770:
550:
45:
759:
781:
89:
810:, colloquially known as "swamp coolers" (and in some areas as "desert coolers"), which are used to cool homes and offices much less expensively than air conditioners. The cooling technology uses a pump that squirts water onto a pad made of Spanish moss plants; a fan then pulls air through the pad, and into the building. Evaporation of the water on the pads serves to reduce air temperature, cooling the building.
64:
646:
430:
795:, mulch, packing material, mattress stuffing, and fiber. In the early 1900s it was used commercially in the padding of car seats. More than 10,000 tons of processed Spanish moss was produced in 1939. Today, it is collected in smaller quantities for use in arts and crafts, as bedding for flower gardens, and as an ingredient in
561:
that absorbs nutrients and water through its own leaves from the air and rain falling upon it. While its presence rarely kills the trees on which it grows, it occasionally becomes so thick that, by shading the leaves of the tree, it slows the growth rate of the tree. It can use the water-conserving
1384:
Kluge, M; Lange, O L; Eichmann, M V; Schmid, R (1973). "CAM in
Tillandsia usneoides: Studies on the pathway of carbon and the dependency of CO2-exchange on light intensity, temperature and water content of the plant (in German)".
1420:
Haslam, Richard; Borland, Anne; Maxwell, Kate; Griffiths, Howard (2003). "Physiological responses of the CAM epiphyte
Tillandsia usneoides L. (Bromeliaceae) to variations in light and water supply".
1268:
1297:"Historiæ Plantarum Tomus Secondus: cum Duplici Indice; Generali Altero Nominum & Synonymorum præcipuorum; Altero Affectuum & Remediorum: Accessit Nomenclator Botanicus Anglo-Latinus"
637:
Spanish moss is sensitive to airborne contaminants. It does not grow in areas where smoke is common, such as near chimneys. It has receded from urban areas due to increasing air pollution.
441:
2–6 cm (0.8–2.4 inches) long and 1 mm (0.04 inches) broad, that grow vegetatively in a chain-like fashion (pendant), forming hanging structures of up to 6 m (20 feet).
1632:
Gutenberg, Arthur
William (1955). The Economics of the Evaporative Cooler Industry in the Southwestern United States. Stanford University Graduate School of Business. p. 167.
2457:
2452:
1515:
2332:
2021:
738:, ("silvery") borrowing the name of the native heliotrope used in lei until shoreline development made access difficult. It has become a substitute for the native
2086:
711:
One anecdote about the origin of
Spanish moss is called "the Meanest Man Who Ever Lived", in which the man's white hair grew very long and got caught on trees.
2412:
1170:
2293:
1969:
2345:
2306:
2034:
1982:
1207:
1198:
1040:
1031:
88:
2174:
2135:
1236:
1753:
1608:
2104:
456:
by fragments that are carried on the wind and stick to tree limbs or that are carried to other locations by birds as nesting material.
2447:
1366:
2437:
2422:
1737:
1762:
630:, has been found only on Spanish moss. Although widely presumed to infest Spanish moss, in one study of the ecology of the plant,
593:) that provides an abundant supply of nutrients to the epiphytic plant. It can also colonize other tree species such as sweetgum (
731:
2432:
2319:
2008:
654:
194:
769:
2065:
1772:
2350:
2039:
2462:
1203:
1036:
1455:
Schlesinger, William H.; Marks, P. L. (1977). "Mineral
Cycling and the Niche of Spanish Moss, Tillandsia usneoides L.".
563:
523:
507:
2267:
2200:
1881:
1855:
1101:
44:
2358:
2187:
1565:
384:) in the lowlands, swamps, and marshes of the mid-Atlantic and Southeastern states, from the coast of southeastern
2091:
549:
2467:
2060:
1097:
806:
In the desert regions of southwestern United States, dried
Spanish moss is sometimes used in the manufacture of
437:
Spanish moss consists of one or more slender stems, bearing alternate thin, curved or curly, and heavily scaled
2442:
2192:
1873:
1826:
2363:
595:
453:
1948:
1896:
1083:
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481:
346:
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1328:
2311:
1987:
1026:
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626:
221:
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1961:
780:
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1917:
929:
681:
799:, a traditional wall covering material. In some parts of Latin America and Louisiana, it is used in
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53:
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247:
83:
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that often grows upon large trees in tropical and subtropical climates. It is native to much of
2337:
2052:
2026:
2280:
2148:
1904:
1733:
1509:
1437:
1402:
1242:
1232:
1222:
837:
609:. It also grows more uncommonly on artificial structures such as fencing and telephone lines.
1590:
2153:
1538:
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1394:
999:
829:
719:
362:
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727:
665:
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338:
322:
126:
1718:
1663:
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1641:
672:
culture, due to its propensity for growing in subtropical humid southern locales such as
1837:
1707:
1696:
1685:
1674:
1609:"Adams, Dennis. Spanish Moss: Its Nature, History and Uses. Beaufort County Library, SC"
1062:
871:'Odin's Genuina' : a natural variety with brown rather than green or yellow flower
742:
in lei used for pageantry. In the early 21st century the plant was heavily marketed as "
537:
It has been introduced to locations around the world with similar conditions, including
2166:
2161:
1529:
Whitaker Jr., J; Ruckdeschel, C. (2010). "Spanish Moss, the
Unfinished Chigger Story".
747:
743:
697:
693:
658:
519:
449:
113:
1491:
1096:. Vol. 22. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
2406:
2047:
990:
601:
369:
342:
238:
139:
73:
68:
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17:
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2231:
1909:
1314:
723:
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465:
414:
172:
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is partly hidden within the leaf sheath. Spanish moss propagates both by seed and
2258:
2205:
1860:
1296:
569:
In the southern U.S., the plant seems to show preferences for southern live oak (
2073:
1995:
1820:
959:
705:
689:
503:
350:
152:
1847:
1767:
1777:
1147:
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669:
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were not present among thousands of other arthropods identified on the plant.
621:
590:
354:
182:
1811:
1246:
1930:
1433:
876:
685:
613:
586:
582:
522:
and the southern
Atlantic coast. The northern limit of its natural range is
511:
502:
Spanish moss' primary range is in the
Southeastern United States (including
358:
1441:
1406:
2376:
2218:
429:
2371:
2252:
2213:
2127:
2099:
1805:
1569:
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833:
763:
739:
735:
631:
558:
531:
527:
515:
393:
385:
319:
1127:
County-level distribution map from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
2298:
1974:
1476:
1398:
677:
673:
389:
334:
330:
2000:
1868:
1300:
880:
538:
448:. Its flowers are yellow-green and small, with spreading petals. The
401:
326:
162:
1782:
1751:
Spanish Moss: Its History, Nature and Uses — Beaufort County Library
1468:
726:
plant. In Hawaii, it was named "ʻumiʻumi-o-Dole" after the beard of
2013:
1269:"Virginia scientists search for northernmost realm of Spanish moss"
581:) because of their high rates of foliar mineral leaching (calcium,
2324:
1935:
872:
757:
746:"/"lauoho-o-Pele", which actually refers to a type of filamentous
644:
548:
518:
occurs. In North America, it occurs in a broad band following the
490:
428:
418:
405:
397:
100:
2140:
514:, where the climate is warm enough and a relatively high average
606:
445:
438:
410:
1922:
1786:
541:, where it first established itself in the nineteenth century.
1591:"Hair From Trees....Spanish-moss is new upholstering material"
617:
1768:
Florida Spanish Moss: Theory — Does Spanish Moss kill trees?
1653:
Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Munro's Filiformis'
850:, it conforms to the description of the now-defunct variety
1642:
Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Maurice's Robusta'
791:
Spanish moss has been used for various purposes, including
1773:
What’s in a name? Itla-okla, ʻUmiʻumi-o-Dole, Spanish Moss
1730:
The Plant Book. A Portable Dictionary of the Higher Plants
1686:
Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Tight and Curly'
762:
Spanish moss under 20x magnification, showing scale-like
718:
to Hawaii in the nineteenth century. It became a popular
1719:
Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Old Man's Gold'
1664:
Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Odin's Genuina'
1492:"Flora Fact:| Spanish Moss Serves as Nature's Draperies"
468:(the bromeliads). Formerly, it was placed in the genera
1566:"The Meanest Man Who Ever Lived (An American Folktale)"
1090:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
612:
Spanish moss shelters a number of creatures, including
1675:
Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Spanish Gold'
1329:"Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Plants of Maryland"
400:. While it superficially resembles its namesake, the
2242:
1795:
1005:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T131368905A131369229.en
836:and that is also known in the United States by the
1708:Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Kimberly'
1564:Friedman, Amy; Johnson, Meredith (May 28, 2017).
372:, it commonly is found on the southern live oak (
1697:Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Nezley'
1063:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families,
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1129:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
832:with very fine, green leaves that is native to
534:, where no populations are now known to exist.
530:, with colonial-era reports of it in southern
962:, an organism of similar habit and appearance
553:Spanish moss growing along the limb of a tree
8:
1514:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1093:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1082:Luther, Harry E.; Brown, Gregory K. (2000).
1171:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
1783:
62:
43:
34:
1732:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1315:"Plants profile for Tillandsia usneoides"
1267:Times-Dispatch, REX SPRINGSTON Richmond.
1077:
1075:
1073:
1003:
2458:Flora of the South-Central United States
1343:
1341:
779:
768:
557:Spanish moss is not parasitic: it is an
2453:Flora of the Southeastern United States
1208:United States Department of Agriculture
1199:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1113:
1111:
1041:United States Department of Agriculture
1032:Germplasm Resources Information Network
972:
361:). It is known as "grandpa's beard" in
1507:
1361:
1359:
708:Texas, and extreme southern Virginia.
664:Spanish moss is often associated with
1490:Wildlife, State of Texas, Parks and.
7:
2115:b4dcb3f7-bff6-4976-b914-7260e449069a
2413:IUCN Red List least concern species
1058:
1056:
991:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1352:. Baltimore: Port City Press, Inc.
25:
2193:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1169665-2
1367:"Nā Lei o Hawai'i – Types of Lei"
828:'Munro's Filiformis' – a natural
2364:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:284196-2
1348:Brown, M.L.; R.G. Brown (1984).
732:Provisional Government of Hawaii
292:Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
87:
1299:. Translated by Raii, Joannis.
1221:Damrosch, B.; Neal, B. (2003).
655:Santee National Wildlife Refuge
413:(instead being a member of the
409:, it is neither a lichen nor a
464:Spanish moss is in the family
1:
1350:Herbaceous plants of Maryland
1204:Agricultural Research Service
1166:"Sustainability-Spanish Moss"
1037:Agricultural Research Service
980:Treviño Zevallos, I. (2019).
730:, the first president of the
353:. It has been naturalized in
1152:Floridata Plant Encyclopedia
605:spp.), other oaks, and even
564:crassulacean acid metabolism
1422:Journal of Plant Physiology
1224:Gardener's Latin: A Lexicon
1102:Harvard University Herbaria
417:), and it is not native to
2484:
1457:American Journal of Botany
998:: e.T131368905A131369229.
2448:Flora of Southern America
1098:Missouri Botanical Garden
253:
246:
227:
220:
84:Scientific classification
82:
60:
51:
42:
37:
2438:Flora of Central America
2423:Plants described in 1762
498:Habitat and distribution
433:Close-up of Spanish moss
1531:Southeastern Naturalist
1434:10.1078/0176-1617-00970
1273:Richmond Times-Dispatch
814:Varieties and cultivars
649:Spanish-moss with open
596:Liquidambar styraciflua
2433:Flora of the Caribbean
1728:Mabberley, D.J. 1987.
1148:"Tillandsia usneoides"
1100:, St. Louis, MO &
1027:"Tillandsia usneoides"
788:
777:
766:
734:. It is also known as
661:
554:
434:
347:Southern United States
1763:Florida Forest Plants
783:
772:
761:
676:, Southern Arkansas,
648:
627:Pelegrina tillandsiae
616:and three species of
552:
432:
392:and west to southern
289:Tillandsia filiformis
281:Tillandsia trichoides
265:Dendropogon usneoides
2463:Flora of the Bahamas
2105:Tillandsia~usneoides
1962:Tillandsia usneoides
1874:tillandsia-usneoides
1827:Tillandsia usneoides
1797:Tillandsia usneoides
1778:Flowers Used for Lei
1543:10.1656/058.009.0107
1227:. Chapel Hill, N.C:
1121:Tillandsia usneoides
1086:Tillandsia usneoides
1065:Tillandsia usneoides
984:Tillandsia usneoides
925:Tillandsia usneoides
909:Tillandsia usneoides
852:Tillandsia usneoides
841:Tillandsia usneoides
776:'Munro's Filiformis'
641:Culture and folklore
575:) and bald cypress (
566:for photosynthesis.
488:, means "resembling
378:) and bald cypress (
315:Tillandsia usneoides
276:(L.) Nutt. ex Steud.
231:Tillandsia usneoides
29:Tillandsia usneoides
18:Tillandsia usneoides
2244:Renealmia usneoides
1496:www.tpwmagazine.com
822:'Maurice's Robusta'
808:evaporative coolers
793:building insulation
508:U.S. Virgin Islands
257:Renealmia usneoides
54:Conservation status
1756:2017-02-01 at the
1399:10.1007/BF00390308
942:Tillandsia crocata
939:'Old Man's Gold' (
875:that is native to
838:trade designations
789:
778:
767:
662:
599:), crepe-myrtles (
578:Taxodium distichum
572:Quercus virginiana
555:
524:Northampton County
435:
381:Taxodium distichum
375:Quercus virginiana
368:Most known in the
297:Tillandsia crinita
273:Strepsia usneoides
27:Species of plant,
2400:
2399:
2149:Open Tree of Life
1789:Taxon identifiers
1463:(10): 1254–1262.
1238:978-1-56512-743-2
894:'Tight and Curly'
714:Spanish moss was
620:. One species of
444:The plant has no
307:
306:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
213:T. usneoides
77:
16:(Redirected from
2475:
2468:Flora of Bermuda
2393:
2392:
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2367:
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2354:
2353:
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2340:
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1644:
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1611:. Archived from
1605:
1599:
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1561:
1555:
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1526:
1520:
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1481:
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1452:
1446:
1445:
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1411:
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1381:
1375:
1374:
1369:. Archived from
1363:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1304:
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1104:, Cambridge, MA.
1079:
1068:
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1050:
1048:
1047:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1007:
977:
849:
845:
787:'Odin's Genuina'
415:Bromeliad family
363:French Polynesia
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
233:
92:
91:
71:
66:
65:
47:
35:
21:
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2473:
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2443:Flora of Mexico
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2402:
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2383:
2375:
2370:
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2349:
2344:
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2199:
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2123:Observation.org
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1973:
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1791:
1758:Wayback Machine
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1595:Popular Science
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1469:10.2307/2442489
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1231:. p. 129.
1229:Algonquin Books
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1024:
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979:
978:
974:
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847:
843:
816:
801:nativity scenes
756:
728:Sanford B. Dole
666:Southern Gothic
643:
547:
500:
462:
427:
339:Central America
323:flowering plant
242:
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78:
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2390:wfo-0000511481
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698:South Carolina
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38:Spanish moss
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1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1603:
1597:. June 1937.
1594:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1559:
1537:(1): 85–94.
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1499:. Retrieved
1495:
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1371:the original
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1323:
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1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1223:
1216:
1197:
1194:"Tillandsia"
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1175:. 2020-05-06
1169:
1160:
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1120:
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1009:. Retrieved
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923:'Kimberly' (
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848:Silver Ghost
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668:imagery and
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651:seed capsule
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562:strategy of
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466:Bromeliaceae
463:
454:vegetatively
443:
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314:
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310:Spanish moss
309:
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183:
173:Bromeliaceae
146:
133:
120:
107:
32:
28:
2074:NatureServe
1996:iNaturalist
1821:Wikispecies
960:Lace lichen
914:mallemontii
744:Pele's hair
690:Mississippi
504:Puerto Rico
425:Description
351:West Indies
153:Commelinids
127:Angiosperms
2418:Tillandsia
2407:Categories
2167:kew-269929
2162:Plant List
1894:Calflora:
1619:2009-06-20
1501:2017-10-26
1278:2017-10-26
1179:2021-10-28
1173:(IFAS), UF
1046:2009-12-08
1011:16 October
967:References
937:Tillandsia
921:Tillandsia
907:'Nezley' (
905:Tillandsia
892:Tillandsia
886:Tillandsia
869:Tillandsia
856:filiformis
826:Tillandsia
820:Tillandsia
797:bousillage
785:Tillandsia
774:Tillandsia
754:Human uses
720:ornamental
716:introduced
670:Deep South
614:rat snakes
591:phosphorus
355:Queensland
241:) L., 1762
196:Tillandsia
191:Subgenus:
184:Tillandsia
2428:Epiphytes
2259:Q21877205
2053:131368905
2014:1169665-2
1949:222000404
1293:Ray, John
1247:856021571
947:usneoides
930:recurvata
877:Guatemala
844:El Finito
764:trichomes
686:Louisiana
587:potassium
583:magnesium
512:Argentina
486:usneoides
478:Renealmia
474:Caraguata
359:Australia
320:epiphytic
268:(L.) Raf.
207:Species:
97:Kingdom:
2372:Tropicos
2338:11430588
2325:284196-2
2253:Wikidata
2214:Tropicos
2100:NSWFlora
2079:2.132985
2027:10202366
1806:Wikidata
1754:Archived
1570:Uexpress
1551:86228838
1510:cite web
1442:12872484
1407:24468815
1295:(1688).
1252:20 April
954:See also
834:Paraguay
740:hinahina
736:hinahina
632:chiggers
559:epiphyte
532:Maryland
528:Virginia
516:humidity
506:and the
460:Taxonomy
394:Arkansas
386:Virginia
318:) is an
248:Synonyms
169:Family:
140:Monocots
74:IUCN 3.1
2377:4300689
2299:5287800
2219:4300586
2141:1491710
2061:MoBotPF
1975:2695149
1812:Q311524
1575:May 31,
1477:2442489
1317:. USDA.
899:Hybrids
830:variety
682:Georgia
678:Florida
674:Alabama
545:Ecology
390:Florida
335:Bahamas
331:Bermuda
179:Genus:
159:Order:
101:Plantae
72: (
2351:520002
2312:310399
2273:248207
2175:PLANTS
2154:774278
2112:NZOR:
2066:278149
1988:310398
1923:355461
1887:419058
1869:ARKive
1835:AoFP:
1736:
1549:
1475:
1440:
1405:
1387:Planta
1301:London
1245:
1235:
881:Mexico
873:petals
589:, and
539:Hawaii
480:. The
476:, and
439:leaves
402:lichen
349:, and
345:, the
333:, the
327:Mexico
198:subg.
163:Poales
2333:IRMNG
2286:4RRWM
2206:18258
2128:96217
2092:49541
2040:42371
2022:IRMNG
2001:49569
1957:FoAO2
1936:TLDUS
1910:56YBS
1897:11099
1861:79702
1845:APA:
1547:S2CID
1473:JSTOR
1332:(PDF)
860:André
854:var.
706:south
607:pines
510:) to
491:Usnea
450:scape
446:roots
419:Spain
406:Usnea
398:Texas
284:Kunth
147:Clade
134:Clade
121:Clade
108:Clade
2359:POWO
2346:ITIS
2320:IPNI
2307:GRIN
2294:GBIF
2268:APNI
2188:POWO
2180:TIUS
2136:OBIS
2087:NCBI
2048:IUCN
2035:ITIS
2009:IPNI
1983:GRIN
1970:GBIF
1931:EPPO
1882:BOLD
1856:APNI
1848:3824
1838:2814
1734:ISBN
1577:2017
1516:link
1438:PMID
1403:PMID
1254:2019
1243:OCLC
1233:ISBN
1013:2022
996:2019
879:and
846:and
722:and
704:and
702:east
618:bats
411:moss
396:and
2385:WFO
2281:CoL
2227:WFO
2201:RHS
1944:FNA
1918:EoL
1905:CoL
1539:doi
1465:doi
1430:doi
1426:160
1395:doi
1391:112
1000:doi
864:Mez
724:lei
653:in
388:to
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1512:}}
1508:{{
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988:.
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260:L.
239:L.
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858:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
