62:, tribal members agreed in exchange for private land ownership and improvements including sewers, running water, streets and fire hydrants. The government also promised to provide a special program of education and training designed to help the Indians to earn a livelihood. Hardwick and other tribal members were led to believe that termination was mandatory and they were unprepared for state and county taxation requirements of privately held lands. The government failed to provide plumbing for Hardwick's home and when she attempted to secure a loan to make repairs, she was unable to do so. No title company would issue a policy stating that she had marketable title.
232:
since it was originally rendered. The policy that the Bureau of Indian
Affairs established to confirm that the initial members reinstating a tribe are the historical tribal members has been used in litigation in many states outside of California. The boundaries established in the 1987 Hardwick II decision have been reviewed as the basis for California gambling establishments on tribal lands since the inception of the
166:
The United States agreed to restore the status of the individual members of the
Rancherias as Indians and acknowledged that the federal government would recognize as Indian entities the "Indian Tribes, Bands, Communities or groups" of these 17 Rancherias with the same status as they possessed prior
231:
The impact of the
Hardwick decisions is immeasurable. The native peoples whose tribes were restored through the class-action lawsuit she instituted continue to be referred to as "Hardwick Indians." The decision has been cited as jurisprudence for countless state and federal tribal litigation cases
182:
On 31 January 1986 the
Hardwick plaintiffs amended their complaint (often cited as Hardwick II) and added a number of tribes that had reconstituted their former federally recognized governments to be able to intervene in the litigation and dropped as defendants those counties that had voluntarily
191:
Hardwick was the mother of four children. Three sons: Robert Hopper, who predeceased
Hardwick; Joseph A. Myers attorney and founder of the National Indian Justice Center; and Larry Myers (youngest son) of Sacramento who served as Executive Secretary of the California Native American Heritage
73:
In 1979, on the basis that termination was illegal since the improvements had not been done, Hardwick filed suit with the assistance of
California Indian Legal Services, who decided to make the case a class action. In a decision dated 19 July 1983 a US District Court restored the status of 17
167:
to termination. The United States also agreed that tribal members could elect to restore their fee simple lands which had been former trust allotments to trust status, to be held by the United States for their benefit. The first
Hardwick decision (
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resolved their issues with tribes in their jurisdictions. The decisions issued throughout 1986 and 1987 established the boundaries of various
Rancherias and settled taxation disputes with some of the California counties involved.
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On the basis of her suit’s success, other tribes throughout
California began fighting for recognition and restoration by the federal government. There had been 6 termination reversals prior to
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was restored in June, 1983. Each of these decisions only pertained to one reservation. The
Hardwick decision restored more terminated tribes than any other single case in California.
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When Hardwick’s son, Joe, was denied educational benefits, she decided to take action for the failure of the government to live up to its promises to the tribe.
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Case #C-79-1710-SW) did not determine whether or to what extent the boundaries of the 17 Rancherias were restored, but it did establish the basis on which the
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for many generations and she remembered stories told by her mother and aunt about her grandparents involvement in the
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tribal governments and re-organized them were the individuals who properly had the right to do so.
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703:"Duncan v. Andrus :: California Northern District Court :: Case No. 1 CA-CIV 3378"
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373:"NATIVE_NEWS: In Memory and Respect: Tillie Hardwick helped preserve Indian reservations"
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When Congress passed a law in 1958 to terminate her tribe’s reservation lands, under the
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Commission from 1987–2011; and one daughter, Joyce A. Britton, of Willits, California.
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Tillie Myers was born 1 August 1924 to Joe Myers and Elisabeth Posh and grew up in
20:
568:"NIGC Determination on California Land Purchased by the Picayune Tribe in 1996"
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770:"Table Bluff Band of Indians v. Andrus, 532 F. Supp. 255 (N.D. Cal. 1981)"
415:"Picayune Rancheria Wins Latest Round of Tillie Hardwick Litigation"
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woman who was instrumental in reversing the California Indian
724:"Smith v. United States, 515 F. Supp. 56 – CourtListener.com"
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Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al.
254:"Ukiah Daily Journal from Ukiah, California · Page 12"
280:"Ukiah Daily Journal from Ukiah, California · Page 1"
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Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America
47:. Hardwick's family had lived in the Clear Lake
19:(née Myers; 1 August 1924 – 15 July 1999) was a
175:(BIA) was to ensure that those who formed the
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69:California Rancheria termination litigation
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896:Native American people from California
552:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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471:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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419:Indian Country Today Media Network.com
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891:Native American history of California
886:Aboriginal title in the United States
7:
224:was restored 28 March 1983; and the
220:was restored 21 September 1981; the
876:United States federal Indian policy
911:20th-century Native American women
14:
212:was restored 29 March 1978; the
208:was restored 22 March 1977; the
202:Tillie Hardwick v. United States
823:turtletalk.files.wordpress.com
216:was restored 15 May 1979; the
1:
906:20th-century Native Americans
234:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
41:Pinoleville Indian Rancheria
37:Mendocino County, California
25:Rancheria termination policy
932:
348:"The rebirth of Ya-Ka-Ama"
916:Activists from California
901:Native American activists
60:Indian termination policy
226:Table Mountain Rancheria
187:Family and personal life
173:Bureau of Indian Affairs
150:Redwood Valley Rancheria
27:of the U.S. government.
841:www.ledger-dispatch.com
508:"1-20-10 Complaint.pdf"
140:Quartz Valley Rancheria
135:Potter Valley Rancheria
95:Chicken Ranch Rancheria
74:California rancherias:
53:Bloody Island Massacre
218:Table Bluff Rancheria
160:Smith River Rancheria
155:Rohnerville Rancheria
130:Pinoleville Rancheria
90:Buena Vista Rancheria
494:cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov
371:Ish (20 July 1999).
214:Upper Lake Rancheria
120:North Fork Rancheria
110:Greenville Rancheria
105:Elk Valley Rancheria
100:Cloverdale Rancheria
80:Big Valley Rancheria
682:Ukiah Daily Journal
222:Big Sandy Rancheria
115:Mooretown Rancheria
85:Blue Lake Rancheria
837:"Theacornnews.com"
636:"About the Center"
206:Robinson Rancheria
125:Picayune Rancheria
816:"Court documents"
795:"Court documents"
749:"Court documents"
622:www.findforms.com
615:"Court documents"
601:www.findforms.com
594:"Court documents"
487:"Court documents"
401:www.standupca.org
394:"Court documents"
334:www.standupca.org
327:"Court documents"
306:"Court documents"
210:Hopland Rancheria
145:Redding Rancheria
45:Ukiah, California
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17:Tillie Hardwick
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777:. Retrieved
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871:Pomo people
866:1999 deaths
861:1924 births
779:23 December
733:23 December
708:23 December
687:23 December
662:23 December
641:23 December
578:23 December
513:23 December
429:23 December
378:23 December
353:23 December
313:www.gpo.gov
290:23 December
264:23 December
21:Pomo Indian
855:Categories
774:Justia Law
539:2014-12-14
458:2014-12-14
240:References
31:Early life
55:of 1850.
548:cite web
467:cite web
236:(IGRA).
177:initial
39:on the
204:. The
196:Legacy
819:(PDF)
798:(PDF)
752:(PDF)
618:(PDF)
597:(PDF)
490:(PDF)
397:(PDF)
330:(PDF)
309:(PDF)
781:2014
735:2014
710:2014
689:2014
664:2014
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580:2014
554:link
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431:2014
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