648:
212:
285:
870:
858:
417:, a former confederate of Prussia, was the recipient of the provinces. Russia, the more powerful of its erstwhile allies, gained territory with a population of 200,000 inhabitants. The following is a tabulation of the territorial and population losses that Prussia sustained, but not accounting for the Prussian acquisitions since 1772, under the terms of the Tilsit Treaties:
394:
38:
846:
354:
additionally amounting to between 146 and 309 million francs, according to different calculations. The
Prussian government indebtedness soared between 1806 and 1815 by thaler 200 million to altogether 180.09 million interest-bearing debts, 11.24 million non-interest-bearing unconsolidated
401:
The
Prussian state was diminished by more than half under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit, from 5,700 square miles to 2,800 square miles. Compared to the 9.75 million inhabitants Prussia had prior to the Treaties of Tilsit, no more than 4.5 million inhabitants remained within the new boundaries
371:
of 27 to 29 percent, in 1818 even with a discountor of 35 percent, causing the effective interest to rise to 6.15 percent. At restructuring part of the debts in 1818 by a £5 million loan (= thaler 30 million) at 5% at the London financial market, the
Prussian government had to accept a
375:
When the Treaty was being formulated, it was noted by an observer that the
Prussian king was pacing on the bank of the Neman river; Napoleon had to "but raise his hand, and Prussia would cease to exist" (McKay). Hence, many observers in Prussia and Russia viewed the treaty as unequal and as a
353:
had advised
Napoleon to pursue milder terms; the treaties marked an important stage in his estrangement from the emperor. Until 1812, the French occupants requisitioned in money and kind from various corporations and persons, especially by billetting soldiers on cities, further contributions
380:
demonstrated to all Europe. Napoleon's plans to marry the tsar's sister were stymied by
Russian royalty. Cooperation between Russia and France eventually broke down in 1810 when the tsar began to allow neutral ships to land in Russian ports. In 1812, Napoleon crossed the Neman river and
223:
The treaty ended the war between
Imperial Russia and the French Empire and began an alliance between the two empires that rendered the rest of continental Europe almost powerless. The two countries secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against the
362:
debts assumed by the royal government. The cities' debts, especially those of Berlin often billetted on, were not assumed by the
Prussian government. Since the creditors deemed Prussia to be over-indebted in 1817, the 4-per cent state bonds were traded at the
409:, which formerly amounted to forty million dollars per year, was decreased in a even greater proportion. The ceded provinces were rich and fertile, and many millions had been spent on their improvement. Almost all that Prussia had gained by the
992:
70:
347:
41.73 mio.), deducting 53,500,000, which had been raised so far during the ongoing French occupation. The sum was lowered in two steps to 120 million francs by 1 November 1808.
692:), in the face of Russian aggression, and established the loss of parts of Persia in the Caucasus, such as the present-day republics Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia.
962:
967:
176:
1002:
957:
688:
By signing these treaties, France left Persia and the
Ottomans, who had previously hoped for France's help under treaties with France (including
1032:
1017:
1027:
1022:
1012:
343:. Prussia was to reduce the army to 43,000 and on 9 March 1808, France fixed its tribute to be levied from Prussia at 154,500,000 francs (=
1037:
977:
1007:
972:
647:
184:
932:
927:
922:
165:
134:
211:
997:
296:
874:
862:
883:
339:), and most of the Polish lands in Prussian possession since the Second and Third Partitions became the quasi-independent
284:
253:
656:
364:
152:
In Tilsit, Prussia ceded about half of its pre-war territories. From these territories, Napoleon had created French
118:
110:
850:
664:
200:
987:
671:
382:
982:
947:
937:
244:
against Sweden to force Sweden to join the
Continental System. More specifically, the Tsar agreed to evacuate
942:
91:
952:
831:
The New annual register, or General repository of history, politics, and literature, Band 28 (1808) p. 276
689:
324:
292:
157:
146:
122:
739:
Zawadzki, Hubert (2009). "Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807".
410:
359:
257:
175:
but also had Russia and the truncated Prussia ally with him against his two remaining enemies, the
114:
272:, were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the
219:
dating from the post-Tilsit period. It shows the French and Russian emperors embracing each other.
756:
682:
308:
273:
229:
130:
414:
316:
237:
748:
82:
168:; the other ceded territories were awarded to existing French client states and to Russia.
678:
377:
355:
344:
340:
336:
269:
196:
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national humiliation. The Russian soldiers refused to follow Napoleon's commands, as the
140:
791:
Theorie und Praxis in der Entwicklung der französischen Staatsschuld seit dem Jahre 1870
660:
332:
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233:
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172:
102:
916:
760:
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300:
45:
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Magdeburg, with that part of the duchy on the left bank of the Elbe, Halle, &c.
153:
328:
17:
241:
188:
869:
857:
350:
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885:
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Prussia in 1807 (orange) and its territories lost at Tilsit (other colours).
245:
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845:
37:
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249:
106:
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312:
121:. The first was signed on 7 July, between Napoleon and Russian Emperor
276:
and several other small states ruled by the Tsar's German relatives.
180:
646:
392:
283:
261:
126:
372:
disagio of 28⅓%, thus paying an annual effective rate of 6.98%.
368:
320:
42:
Meeting of Napoleon I and Alexander I on the Neman, 25 June 1807
820:
Immer ging es um Geld: Einhundertfünfzig Jahre Sparkasse Berlin
804:
Immer ging es um Geld: Einhundertfünfzig Jahre Sparkasse Berlin
806:, Berlin: Sparkasse der Stadt Berlin West, 1968, p. 10.
726:
Russia against Napoleon: the battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814
822:, Berlin: Sparkasse der Stadt Berlin West, 1968, p. 9.
252:, which had been occupied by Russian forces as part of the
149:
and pursued him to the easternmost frontier of his realm.
195:. Central Europe became a battlefield again in 1809 when
137:, who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the
133:
on 9 July. The treaties were made at the expense of King
299:, and Frederick William III in Tilsit, 1807. Painted by
236:. Napoleon also convinced Alexander to enter into the
156:, which were formalized and recognized at Tilsit: the
389:
Territorial and population losses suffered by Prussia
96:
773:
The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., vol. 2, 620.
434:County of Mark, with Essen, Werden, and Lippstadt,
311:stripped the country of about half its territory:
27:1807 treaties between France, Russia, and Prussia
670:The Neman was crossed at the outset of the 1812
814:
812:
785:
783:
781:
779:
711:Napoleon: From 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807
264:), which had been captured by Russian admirals
125:, when they met on a raft in the middle of the
191:wars. Tilsit also freed French forces for the
993:French rule in the Ionian Islands (1807–1814)
413:(1772–1795) was taken away from Prussia. The
8:
562:=3,063.87 km (1,182.97 sq mi)
523:=2,718.18 km (1,049.50 sq mi)
509:=3,205.71 km (1,237.73 sq mi)
439:=2,893.65 km (1,117.24 sq mi)
138:
632:=2,269.53 km (876.27 sq mi)
590:=1,503.57 km (580.53 sq mi)
537:=1,702.15 km (657.20 sq mi)
495:=1,163.14 km (449.09 sq mi)
453:=1,049.66 km (405.28 sq mi)
171:Napoleon not only cemented his control of
685:would restore many Prussian territories.
604:=482.28 km (186.21 sq mi)
490:Cleve, on the eastern side of the Rhine,
467:=936.18 km (361.46 sq mi)
419:
210:
36:
701:
627:Principality of Hildesheim and Goslar.
618:=85.11 km (32.86 sq mi)
576:=56.74 km (21.91 sq mi)
481:=737.6 km (284.8 sq mi)
651:Iohn Bull refreshing the bears memory
358:and another 25.9 million former
113:in July 1807 in the aftermath of his
7:
963:Treaties of the First French Empire
968:Treaties of the Kingdom of Prussia
793:, Jena: Fischer, 1903, p. 49.
663:began on 19 November 1807 and the
385:, ending any vestige of alliance.
335:(which led to the creation of the
129:river. The second was signed with
64:), also collectively known as the
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323:was awarded to the newly created
1003:Frederick William III of Prussia
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856:
844:
753:10.1179/147909609X12490448067244
228:while Russia agreed to join the
135:Frederick William III of Prussia
280:Franco-Prussian treaty (9 July)
958:Treaties of the Russian Empire
207:Franco-Russian treaty (7 July)
1:
875:Treaty of Tilsit, 9 July 1807
863:Treaty of Tilsit, 7 July 1807
585:Principality of Halberstadt,
504:Principality of East Frisia,
254:Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812
1038:War of the Fourth Coalition
657:War of the Fourth Coalition
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978:1807 in the Russian Empire
709:Lefebvre, Georges (1969).
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677:Following the end of the
672:French invasion of Russia
613:Territory of Quedlinburg,
105:signed by French Emperor
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1033:Prussia–Russia relations
1018:France–Prussia relations
933:Napoleonic Wars treaties
928:Peace treaties of Russia
923:Peace treaties of France
724:Lieven, Dominic (2009).
518:Principality of Münster,
402:of the Prussian state.
30:Not to be confused with
1028:Poland–Russia relations
1023:France–Russia relations
1013:France–Poland relations
546:Lower Saxon possessions
476:Lingen and Tecklenburg,
448:Principality of Minden,
423:Westphalian possessions
319:, the left bank of the
297:Queen Louise of Prussia
1008:19th century in Gdańsk
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998:Alexander I of Russia
899:55.09083°N 21.88694°E
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599:County of Hohenstein,
462:County of Ravensberg,
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325:Kingdom of Westphalia
293:Alexander I of Russia
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240:and to instigate the
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158:Kingdom of Westphalia
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853:at Wikimedia Commons
411:partitions of Poland
117:, at the end of the
115:victory at Friedland
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571:County of Mansfeld,
166:Free City of Danzig
904:55.09083; 21.88694
683:Congress of Vienna
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549:Prussian sq. miles
426:Prussian sq. miles
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274:Duchy of Oldenburg
230:Continental System
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54:Treaties of Tilsit
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162:Duchy of Warsaw
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141:Grande Armée
101:), were two
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902: /
242:Finnish War
123:Alexander I
917:Categories
890:21°53′13″E
887:55°05′27″N
696:References
405:The state
360:provincial
351:Talleyrand
315:passed to
761:145539723
643:Aftermath
329:Białystok
303:, c. 1900
246:Wallachia
217:medallion
215:A French
92:romanized
71:‹See Tfd›
636:114,000
594:101,000
566:160,000
527:127,000
513:119,500
443:148,000
289:Napoleon
270:Senyavin
250:Moldavia
164:and the
107:Napoleon
622:13,400
608:27,000
580:27,000
541:98,500
499:54,000
485:46,000
471:89,938
457:70,363
407:revenue
369:disagio
367:with a
365:bourses
313:Cottbus
309:Prussia
266:Ushakov
197:Austria
189:Finnish
131:Prussia
94::
83:Russian
759:
333:Russia
317:Saxony
256:. The
181:Sweden
160:, the
111:Tilsit
75:German
58:French
48:(1808)
757:S2CID
588:26.5
507:56.5
493:20.5
465:16.5
451:18.5
262:Kotor
127:Neman
44:, by
655:The
616:1.5
602:8.5
574:1.0
321:Elbe
268:and
248:and
187:and
179:and
145:had
52:The
749:doi
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20:)
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