430:
for his work on passive cooling techniques, the award citing "the breakthrough concepts that made possible the James Webb Space
Telescope and its successors". The award was accepted on behalf of Hawarden's widow Frances by the
379:
on cryogenic cooling limited the telescope's lifespan as well as adding significant weight. In the early 1980s
Hawarden began developing the idea of using passive cooling for infrared space telescopes through a combination of
415:
for the Edison project but the proposal was also rejected. The ideas continued to face resistance though some passive cooling was incorporated into the design of the 0.85 m (2.8 ft) diameter
849:
1381:
505:
1371:
1119:
881:
611:
427:
273:
154:
1323:
690:
795:
359:(ELT) before retiring in 2006 to care for his wife Frances. He remained active in the field of astronomy until his sudden death in Edinburgh in 2009.
256:
31:
1376:
955:
313:
188:
1309:
1105:
749:
676:
755:
400:
of the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon. A passively cooled telescope is significantly lighter and permits much larger optics and instruments.
305:
183:
919:
1366:
1396:
1391:
835:
348:
340:
1269:
1190:
1065:
484:
223:
1386:
352:
583:
991:
876:
578:
336:
198:
1301:
1213:
977:
950:
713:
658:
871:
1097:
420:
385:
381:
368:
265:
539:
356:
325:
240:
193:
1351:
493:
461:
416:
297:
101:
777:
1087:
432:
309:
203:
1226:
1147:
1022:
668:
408:
944:
1361:
1356:
1235:
1156:
1031:
782:
729:
725:
620:
321:
293:
95:
1261:
1182:
1057:
376:
1143:"Optimised radiative cooling of infrared space telescopes and applications to possible missions"
717:
419:
launched in 2003. The ideas were later adopted in full for the 6.5 m (21 ft) diameter
339:, Scotland, from which he was based for the rest of his career. In 1981 he began working on the
907:
411:
but the design was rejected. In 1991 Hawarden and Harley
Thronson proposed a similar design to
1315:
1305:
1253:
1174:
1111:
1101:
1049:
841:
831:
787:
745:
682:
672:
640:
497:
465:
397:
1245:
1166:
1041:
986:
817:
737:
630:
548:
235:
1013:
558:
329:
269:
1240:
1161:
1036:
733:
625:
1291:
553:
534:
436:
389:
1345:
1265:
1217:
1186:
1061:
289:
61:
301:
296:
in 1966 with a BSc in
Physics and Applied Mathematics, and then graduated from the
261:
1141:
Hawarden, T. G.; Cummings, R. O.; Telesco, C. M.; Thronson, H. A. (1 July 1992).
573:
388:, and by locating the telescope further from Earth. Having a telescope orbit the
827:
741:
981:
945:"NASA Awards the Late Dr. Timothy Hawarden for Contribution to Webb Telescope"
372:
371:
as the Co-Investigator for the infrared camera (ISOCAM) but he considered the
285:
57:
1319:
1257:
1178:
1115:
1053:
791:
686:
644:
501:
845:
635:
606:
469:
317:
80:
1295:
1091:
662:
821:
982:"It will never work! An idea that changed infrared astronomy from space"
458:
Photometry of
Melotte 66 and Related Investigations of Old Open Clusters
1249:
1170:
1045:
724:. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Vol. 37. Dordrecht:
351:
throughout the 1990s. He returned to
Edinburgh in 2001 and became the
304:. While undertaking his PhD he worked as an optical astronomer at the
1221:
1142:
1017:
344:
217:
207:
823:
Mirror | Mirror: A History of the Human Love Affair with
Reflection
915:
412:
347:. In 1987 he moved to Hawaii and led the telescope's ambitious
320:. In 1975 he worked as the Deputy Astronomer-in-Charge of the
375:
cooling system "horrendously complicated". The dependency of
1216:; Hackwell, J.; Hawarden, T. G.; Knacke, R. F.; Lester, D.;
906:
Gardner, Jonathan; Lockwood, Alexandra (10 February 2022).
260:(24 December 1943 – 10 November 2009) was a South African
1222:"EDISON: The next generation infrared space observatory"
405:
Passively Cooled
Orbiting Infrared Observatory Telescope
396:
enables the sunshield to shelter the telescope from the
300:
with an MSc in
Astronomy 1970 and then a PhD in 1975 on
720:. In Adamson, Andy; Davies, John; Robson, Ian (eds.).
234:
216:
176:
168:
150:
142:
119:
111:
88:
69:
39:
25:
722:Thirty Years of Astronomical Discovery with UKIRT
403:In 1989 Hawarden proposed such a telescope, the
367:Hawarden was involved in the development of the
274:NASA's Exceptional Technology Achievement Medal
426:In 2010 Hawarden was posthumously awarded the
1382:South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
1093:Night Vision: Exploring the Infrared Universe
612:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
428:NASA Exceptional Technology Achievement Medal
308:and then from 1972 as the Deputy Head of the
155:NASA Exceptional Technology Achievement Medal
8:
22:
1372:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
1239:
1160:
1035:
634:
624:
552:
1018:"The future of space infrared astronomy"
607:"Obituary: Timothy Hawarden (1943-2009)"
664:The Life Story of an Infrared Telescope
448:
314:South African Astronomical Observatory
292:, South Africa. He graduated from the
189:South African Astronomical Observatory
939:
937:
901:
899:
7:
1297:Nobel Lectures in Physics, 2006-2010
528:
526:
306:Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope
184:Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope
363:Passive cooling of space telescopes
115:Passive cooling of space telescopes
994:from the original on 29 April 2022
922:from the original on 18 March 2022
884:from the original on 29 April 2022
872:"Biography of Dr Timothy Hawarden"
798:from the original on 16 March 2022
758:from the original on 19 March 2022
586:from the original on 29 April 2022
554:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2010.51336_2.x
511:from the original on 19 March 2022
14:
483:Hawarden, Timothy George (1975).
456:Hawarden, Timothy George (1970).
341:United Kingdom Infrared Telescope
264:known for his pioneering work on
1326:from the original on 8 July 2022
1272:from the original on 8 July 2022
1193:from the original on 8 July 2022
1122:from the original on 8 July 2022
1068:from the original on 8 July 2022
958:from the original on 16 May 2017
852:from the original on 8 July 2022
693:from the original on 8 July 2022
335:In 1978 he moved to work at the
132:
1377:University of Cape Town alumni
1300:. Nobelstiftelsen. Singapore:
820:(2004). "12. Beyond Palomar".
718:"The UKIRT Upgrades Programme"
712:Hawarden, Tim; Adamson, Andy;
605:Robson, Ian (1 January 2011).
533:Longmore, Andy (1 June 2010).
353:UK Astronomy Technology Centre
337:Royal Observatory in Edinburgh
1:
355:Project Scientist developing
877:Royal Observatory, Edinburgh
579:Royal Observatory, Edinburgh
199:Royal Observatory, Edinburgh
16:South African astrophysicist
1302:World Scientific Publishing
951:Goddard Space Flight Centre
742:10.1007/978-94-007-7432-2_6
1413:
1294:(2014). "John C. Mather".
1098:Cambridge University Press
912:James Webb Space Telescope
540:Astronomy & Geophysics
486:Old Southern Open Clusters
421:James Webb Space Telescope
369:Infrared Space Observatory
357:extremely large telescopes
224:Old Southern Open Clusters
1367:South African astronomers
377:infrared space telescopes
326:Siding Spring Observatory
246:
194:Siding Spring Observatory
161:
1397:21st-century astronomers
1392:20th-century astronomers
535:"Tim Hawarden 1943–2009"
1088:Rowan-Robinson, Michael
636:10.3847/baasobit2011013
494:University of Cape Town
462:University of Cape Town
417:Spitzer Space Telescope
298:University of Cape Town
253:Timothy George Hawarden
102:University of Cape Town
44:Timothy George Hawarden
1387:People from Mossel Bay
908:"Webb Is Chilling Out"
716:; Robson, Ian (2013).
204:Joint Astronomy Centre
1227:Space Science Reviews
1148:Space Science Reviews
1023:Space Science Reviews
669:Springer Praxis Books
409:European Space Agency
284:Hawarden was born in
786:. 17 December 2009.
726:Springer Netherlands
671:. pp. 163–171.
322:UK Schmidt Telescope
1241:1992SSRv...61..145T
1162:1992SSRv...61..113H
1037:1992SSRv...61....5L
734:2013ASSP...37...63A
626:2011BAAS...43..013R
294:University of Natal
96:University of Natal
1250:10.1007/BF00212481
1171:10.1007/BF00212480
1046:10.1007/BF00212470
980:(21 August 2006).
728:. pp. 63–74.
659:Davies, John Keith
574:"Dr. Tim Hawarden"
423:launched in 2021.
349:upgrades programme
312:Department at the
1311:978-981-4612-69-2
1212:Thronson, H. A.;
1107:978-1-139-17601-9
818:Pendergrast, Mark
778:"Dr Tim Hawarden"
751:978-94-007-7432-2
678:978-3-319-23579-0
302:old open clusters
272:for which he won
250:
249:
163:Scientific career
1404:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1243:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1164:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1039:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
987:The Space Review
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
954:. 15 July 2010.
941:
932:
931:
929:
927:
903:
894:
893:
891:
889:
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
655:
649:
648:
638:
628:
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
569:
563:
562:
556:
530:
521:
520:
518:
516:
510:
491:
480:
474:
473:
453:
407:(POIROT) to the
270:space telescopes
259:
236:Doctoral advisor
230:
136:
134:
76:
73:10 November 2009
54:24 December 1943
53:
51:
34:
23:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1352:Astrophysicists
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1292:Mather, John C.
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1220:(1 July 1992).
1218:Mountain, C. M.
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1108:
1100:. p. 143.
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1016:(1 July 1992).
1012:
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
978:Davies, John K.
976:
975:
971:
961:
959:
943:
942:
935:
925:
923:
905:
904:
897:
887:
885:
870:
869:
865:
855:
853:
838:
816:
815:
811:
801:
799:
776:
775:
771:
761:
759:
752:
711:
710:
706:
696:
694:
679:
657:
656:
652:
604:
603:
599:
589:
587:
571:
570:
566:
559:Oxford Academic
532:
531:
524:
514:
512:
508:
489:
482:
481:
477:
455:
454:
450:
445:
393:
365:
330:New South Wales
282:
268:techniques for
266:passive cooling
255:
228:
212:
138:
135: 1983)
130:
126:
107:
89:Alma mater
84:
78:
74:
65:
55:
49:
47:
46:
45:
35:
30:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1310:
1304:. p. 14.
1283:
1234:(1): 145–169.
1204:
1155:(1): 113–144.
1133:
1106:
1079:
1014:Longair, M. S.
1005:
969:
933:
895:
863:
836:
809:
769:
750:
704:
677:
650:
597:
564:
522:
492:(PhD thesis).
475:
460:(MSc thesis).
447:
446:
444:
441:
437:John C. Mather
433:Nobel-laureate
394:Lagrange point
391:
364:
361:
281:
278:
262:astrophysicist
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
232:
231:
220:
214:
213:
211:
210:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
178:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
159:
158:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
128:
124:
123:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:Known for
109:
108:
106:
105:
99:
92:
90:
86:
85:
79:
77:(aged 65)
71:
67:
66:
64:, South Africa
56:
43:
41:
37:
36:
29:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1409:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Davies, J. K.
1208:
1205:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1096:. Cambridge:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
993:
989:
988:
983:
979:
973:
970:
957:
953:
952:
946:
940:
938:
934:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
900:
896:
883:
879:
878:
873:
867:
864:
851:
847:
843:
839:
837:0-465-05471-4
833:
829:
825:
824:
819:
813:
810:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:
779:
773:
770:
757:
753:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
705:
692:
688:
684:
680:
674:
670:
666:
665:
660:
654:
651:
646:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
618:
614:
613:
608:
601:
598:
585:
581:
580:
575:
572:Robson, Ian.
568:
565:
560:
555:
550:
546:
542:
541:
536:
529:
527:
523:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
487:
479:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
449:
442:
440:
438:
434:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
387:
383:
378:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
332:, Australia.
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Cape Province
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
245:
242:
239:
237:
233:
226:
225:
221:
219:
215:
209:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
122:
118:
114:
110:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
91:
87:
82:
72:
68:
63:
62:Cape Province
59:
42:
38:
33:
24:
21:
19:
1328:. Retrieved
1296:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1231:
1225:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1152:
1146:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1092:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1027:
1021:
1008:
996:. Retrieved
985:
972:
960:. Retrieved
948:
924:. Retrieved
911:
886:. Retrieved
875:
866:
854:. Retrieved
826:. New York:
822:
812:
800:. Retrieved
781:
772:
760:. Retrieved
721:
714:Davies, John
707:
695:. Retrieved
663:
653:
616:
610:
600:
588:. Retrieved
577:
567:
557:– via
544:
538:
513:. Retrieved
485:
478:
457:
451:
425:
404:
402:
398:radiant heat
366:
334:
283:
252:
251:
241:Brian Warner
222:
177:Institutions
172:Astrophysics
162:
125:Frances Shaw
75:(2009-11-10)
27:Tim Hawarden
20:
18:
1362:2009 deaths
1357:1943 births
1030:(1): 5–12.
828:Basic Books
547:(3): 3.38.
390:Sun–Earth L
1346:Categories
783:The Herald
619:(1): 013.
443:References
435:physicist
386:sunshields
310:Photometry
286:Mossel Bay
104:(MSc, PhD)
83:, Scotland
58:Mossel Bay
50:1943-12-24
1320:890007538
1266:189790437
1258:1572-9672
1187:189787099
1179:1572-9672
1116:835236709
1062:189798357
1054:1572-9672
792:0965-9439
687:939404629
645:0002-7537
502:931661679
382:radiators
373:cryogenic
318:Cape Town
280:Biography
81:Edinburgh
1330:19 March
1324:Archived
1276:19 March
1270:Archived
1197:19 March
1191:Archived
1126:19 March
1120:Archived
1090:(2013).
1072:19 March
1066:Archived
998:17 March
992:Archived
962:17 March
956:Archived
926:19 March
920:Archived
888:19 March
882:Archived
856:19 March
850:Archived
846:51655386
802:17 March
796:Archived
762:19 March
756:Archived
697:19 March
691:Archived
661:(2016).
590:17 March
584:Archived
515:19 March
506:Archived
470:92835550
143:Children
1236:Bibcode
1157:Bibcode
1032:Bibcode
730:Bibcode
621:Bibcode
324:at the
137:
129:
1318:
1308:
1264:
1256:
1185:
1177:
1114:
1104:
1060:
1052:
844:
834:
790:
748:
685:
675:
643:
500:
468:
345:Hawaii
229:(1975)
227:
218:Thesis
208:Hawaii
169:Fields
157:(2010)
151:Awards
120:Spouse
1262:S2CID
1183:S2CID
1058:S2CID
949:NASA
509:(PDF)
490:(PDF)
131:(
127:
98:(Bsc)
1332:2022
1316:OCLC
1306:ISBN
1278:2022
1254:ISSN
1199:2022
1175:ISSN
1128:2022
1112:OCLC
1102:ISBN
1074:2022
1050:ISSN
1000:2022
964:2022
928:2022
916:NASA
890:2022
858:2022
842:OCLC
832:ISBN
804:2022
788:ISSN
764:2022
746:ISBN
699:2022
683:OCLC
673:ISBN
641:ISSN
592:2022
517:2022
498:OCLC
466:OCLC
413:NASA
257:FRAS
70:Died
40:Born
32:FRAS
1246:doi
1167:doi
1042:doi
738:doi
631:doi
549:doi
343:in
328:in
316:in
1348::
1322:.
1314:.
1268:.
1260:.
1252:.
1244:.
1232:61
1230:.
1224:.
1189:.
1181:.
1173:.
1165:.
1153:61
1151:.
1145:.
1118:.
1110:.
1064:.
1056:.
1048:.
1040:.
1028:61
1026:.
1020:.
990:.
984:.
947:.
936:^
918:.
914:.
910:.
898:^
880:.
874:.
848:.
840:.
830:.
794:.
780:.
754:.
744:.
736:.
689:.
681:.
667:.
639:.
629:.
617:43
615:.
609:.
582:.
576:.
545:51
543:.
537:.
525:^
504:.
496:.
464:.
439:.
384:,
288:,
276:.
206:,
133:m.
60:,
1334:.
1280:.
1248::
1238::
1201:.
1169::
1159::
1130:.
1076:.
1044::
1034::
1002:.
966:.
930:.
892:.
860:.
806:.
766:.
740::
732::
701:.
647:.
633::
623::
594:.
561:.
551::
519:.
472:.
392:2
146:2
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.