976:, who had arrived in Sitka in early 1817, took over as the RAC's Chief Manager and governor of Russian America. Baranov was dismissed and left Alaska, but died on the voyage. When Tarakanov arrived in Sitka in December 1817, Hagemeister had already replaced Baranov. Tarakanov had had a good relationship with Baranov, but the much more elitist and autocratic Hagermeister found fault with Tarakanov. Hagermeister believed Tarakanov had not had the authority to make deals with American captains that involving hunting sea otters for them, and reprimanded him for acting "contrary to instructions from superiors". But Hagermeister needed Tarakanov to help repair the situation in Hawaii. In February 1818, on Hagermeister's orders, Tarakanov accompanied Fleet Lieutenant I.A. Podushkin, captain of
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560:. Despite difficulties with deserters, Kushov's hunters worked the coast in various places, including San Francisco Bay. They had almost 2,000 sea otter skins, an impressive and valuable cargo, when they returned to Sitka in October 1809. This success, coupled with Kushov's reconnoitering and Tarakanov's earlier exploration of the Bodega Bay area, led to Baranov proposing to the RAC Main Office in St. Petersburg to seek imperial governmental permission to establish a post in California. Count
980:, to the Hawaiian Islands with the goal of reestablishing friendly relations with Kamehameha, and to recover as much RAC property as they could. Hagermeister's instructions to Podushkin make it clear he did not trust Tarakanov and thought him careless and unreliable. The results of his voyage were reported by Hagermeister in August 1818. All RAC personnel apart from a few deserters were returned to Sitka, but none of the property was recovered. The land grants were void. The
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796:, along with most of the otter hunters including Tarakanov and Babin. A preliminary investigation into the massacre was held at Fort Ross. Babin was held responsible for the massacre. In April 1815, at Fort Ross, Tarakanov demoted then fired Babin, replacing him with Boris Tarasov. Reports of the massacre were sent far up the RAC chain of command, eventually reaching the main offices in
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enslavement by the Makah over any other option they had. Among the Makah, Tarakanov, despite being a slave, gained Makah respect and admiration, partially through making things such as a large kite, various metal tools made from iron nails, carved wooden dishes, a "war rattle", and a large fortified lodge with gunports.
545:, stopped at Neah Bay and made arrangements to buy the RAC survivors. Brown had encountered and bought one RAC survivor who had been sold southward such that Brown found him near the mouth of the Columbia River. Brown took the survivors to Sitka, where Baranov paid him for his expenses in rescuing them.
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valley, but found both wanting in defensive potential and lacking a good supply of timber for construction. Good timber was found along the coast a little north of the
Russian River, so Fort Ross was founded there, on a defensible knoll near a stream and a small but serviceable cove for ships. To the
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After the return of this hunting expedition
Baranov launched a major effort to establish an RAC output on the coast just north of San Francisco Bay. Credit for founding Fort Ross is usually given to the relatively high status Russian Ivan Kushov, but the serf Timofei Tarakanov was a vital part of the
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leaders multiple times. They gave various gifts, including special medallions made especially for the purpose. The RAC later wrote reports saying they had acquired land cessions through these meetings, but they almost certainly misrepresented how the indigenous people viewed the gifts, negotiations,
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As the alliance between
Kaumualiʻi and Schäffer grew stronger over 1816, Kaumualiʻi and other Kauai nobility made many land grants and other gifts to RAC, Schäffer, Tarakanov, and others. Among other gifts, Tarakanov was granted a village with eleven Native Hawaiian families on the left bank of the
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At one point
Tarakanov and eleven indigenous Alaskan hunters were captured by Spanish authorities near San Pedro. RAC hunters and overseers were captured in other places during this time as well. Prisoners were often transferred around Spanish California in ways that historians have had difficulty
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indigenous leaders of the Bodega Bay and Fort Ross coast areas, giving lavish gifts. Some historians have described these transactions as a purchase of the land, but others as well as the Miwok and Kasha peoples, describe it as a more complicated agreement of mutual friendship and cooperation. In
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had been overhunted for decades, the results were poor, less than 300 otter skins. Whether
Tarakanov decided to retire after this, or Hagermeister wanted to get rid of him, or possibly both, is not known. Whatever the case, after the 1819 hunt, Hagermeister sent Tarakanov to Saint Petersburg to
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by RAC hunters under Iakov Babin in the summer of 1814. Babin claimed it was in revenge for a Nicoleño killing one of Babin's hunters, but
Tarakanov was doubtful and higher ranking RAC officers were distressed that it had happened at all. This event is relatively well known in California today,
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Baranov's written orders and advice to
Tarakanov show that he considered Tarakanov's knowledge of the geography and the indigenous peoples of the coast of Northern California vital to the success of the overall expedition., As a serf, this responsibility and trust given by Baranov and other RAC
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Accounts of the ordeal, including reports by
Tarakanov, portray the Makah as relatively fair and benevolent, despite the enslavement. The Makah leader known as "Yutramaki" promised to try to sell the captives to whatever ship might sail by Makah territory. Many of the survivors willingly chose
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Additionally, Tarakanov's had gained valuable experience with sea otter hunting on the coast of
California as well as with communicating and negotiating with the indigenous Miwok. Baranov, recognizing this, began giving Tarakanov increased responsibilities and leadership roles within his
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Little is known about his life after his return to Russia. Archives in Kursk show that he was ranked in the Kursk middle class society, no longer a serf. Kursk records also suggest he left Kursk sometime before 1834, without any indication of where he might have gone, how long, or why.
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At the end of the hunting season, in the spring of 1804, O'Cain returned to Alaska with 1,110 sea otter furs, plus 700 more acquired by illegal trade with
Spanish officials and missionaries. O'Cain, Tarakanov, Shvetsov, and the hunting parties arrived back at Kodiak in June 1804.
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Documentation on Tarakanov's activities in the early 1810s is incomplete. While Kuskov remained at Fort Ross, Tarakanov returned to Sitka at least once. In January 1814 he was given command of a party of about 60 Alutiiq sea otter hunters sent from Sitka to California on the
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were freed, Tarakanov took charge of salvaging the situation. He prepared an inventory of RAC property, including the land grants on Kauai. Still having a cordial relation with most American shipmasters in Hawaii, Tarakanov was able to make a deal with Captain Myrick of the
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and the many remaining RAC employees and goods on Kauai, Oahu, and other Hawaiian islands. Also on 7 July, just before Schäffer departed, a letter asking for reinforcements and military aid was written. It was signed by Schäffer, Tarakanov, Captain Lewis, and others.
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to take two Russians and 41 indigenous Alaskan hunters from Oahu to Sitka. Payment for the trip was secured by stopping in California and hunting sea otters for the American shipmaster. Tarakanov himself returned to Sitka in December 1817 on board the American ship
202:(Aleutian kayaks) and about forty indigenous sea otter hunters, plus two overseers to manage the hunters and hunting. Afanasii Shvetsov was the senior Russian overseer and Timofei Tarakanov was assigned as the junior overseer. O'Cain sailed from Alaska direct to
520:. Over their time there, at least seven RAC workers, including captain Bulygin and his wife, died from injuries, illness, or other consequences of their misadventures. Tarakanov took over as leader of the main group of survivors who became slaves of the Makah.
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Very little is known about his early life. He was born into serfdom around 1774. Tarakanov probably became an serf-employee of the Russian-American Company (RAC) around 1800 or 1801. How he traveled from Kursk to Alaska is not known. He probably went to
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and agreements. The RAC and Russia's preparation of documentation showing land rights north of San Francisco Bay was intended for use in potential diplomatic conflicts with Spain, but for various geopolitical reasons it never became consequential.
723:. Over a few years multiple RAC hunting parties operated in complex and constantly changing ways throughout the Channel Islands and the nearby mainland coast. It seems that Tarakanov was usually either with a hunting party or base, or on board
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effort. RAC records are not entirely clear, but it appears that Tarakanov was Kushov's principal deputy and in charge of managing the indigenous sea otter hunters as well as indigenous people living in the Fort Ross and Bodega Bay areas.
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left Sitka to found Fort Ross in November 1811, although other sources say it was delayed until mid-March 1812. Tarakanov was either on board or soon arrived in California some other way. Kuskov investigated Bodega Bay and the
477:, commanded by Navigator Ivan Petrov with the overall leader of the expedition, Ivan Kuskov, on board. Then the two vessels would continue south to California and establish an outpost at Bodega Bay or some other suitable site.
465:, responsible for managing the hunters and any trade with indigenous peoples that may occur. Baranov ordered Bulygin and Tarakanov to make a detailed survey of the coast south of the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the mouth of the
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and Fort Barclay-de-Tolly were smaller earthen works. Tarakanov was involved in building and operating Fort Elizabeth. Schäffer also assigned Tarakanov to deliver letters to Kaumualiʻi and engage in diplomatic negotiations.
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1818 Russia took steps to prepare diplomatic arguments to use with Spain, claiming that indigenous land rights were acquired. But most historians doubt the veracity of the events described in these diplomatic documents.
596:, took a hunting party with 48 kayaks and Tarakanov as overseer, to the Bodega Bay area. Once Tarakanov had set up a base of operations just north of San Francisco Bay, Davis left for Hawaii. Soon another US ship, the
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from serfdom. A few years earlier he had petitioned for emancipation, probably with Baranov's support. The official ceremony that released him from serfdom had to wait until 1818 when Tarakanov was back in Sitka.
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Molodin, Aleksander V.; Mills, Peter R. (2021). "Addressing Tensions between Colonial and Post-Colonial Histories: Modeling Hawaiian Fort Pā'ula'ula/Russian Fort Elizabeth, Kaua'i Island, Hawai'i".
909:. The various grants were voided when the Schäffer affair fell apart. Nevertheless, for a short period, Tarakanov had been granted status akin to Hawaiian nobility while still being a Russian serf.
380:(Canton), China. The Chinese forbid the RAC to trade to Canton, but Americans like O'Cain and Kimball could—another factor that benefitted both the RAC and American traders in these joint ventures.
323:, about 50 miles north of San Francisco and part of the future site of the RAC's Ross Colony. From this base Tarakanov led many hunting expeditions all along California's northern coast, from about
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under Oliver Kimball, arrived seeking a joint venture to hunt California sea otters. Baranov agreed and assigned Tarakanov to lead the hunting party. Kimball took Tarakanov and his hunters first to
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After the Schäffer Affair and Baranov's dismissal, documentation about Tarakanov is sparse. Like many in the RAC, including Baranov himself, Tarakanov married an indigenous woman. She was a Koniag
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608:. These hunting parties worked together in San Francisco Bay, probably eliminating sea otters in the bay. Kushov returned to Sitka with over 1,200 skins. In September 1811 Davis returned with
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to Rezanov and the RAC. The large number of visitors in Sitka worsened a food crisis over the winter of 1805–06, causing scurvy and famine. To alleviate the immediate crisis, Rezanov took
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woman. Her Russian baptismal name was Alexandra. They were married in Sitka in 1818. Tarakanov's son Aleksey (also transliterated Alexei) was born in Sitka on 27 February 1819.
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During this period of RAC hunting in the Channel Islands, a number of violent incidents were reported up the RAC chain of command. Among these incidents was the massacre of the
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935:, offered to take Schäffer away from Hawaii. This would end the "affair" but allow Schäffer to avoid arrest and escape to Europe. Schäffer put the question to his men on
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was leaking badly and was in danger. Repairs at Fort Ross had been mediocore and slow at best, and the voyage to Sitka was dangerous, so Wadsworth decided to sail to the
843:, a German physician who was working for the RAC, was assigned by Baranov to go to the Hawaiian Islands and recover the cargo, or equivalent compensation, of the ship
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Russian documentation on the founding of Fort Ross has either not survived very well or remains to be discovered. According to RAC writer, employee and future manager
604:, brought another hunting party with 60 kayaks. Then in March 1811 a third hunting party of 22 kayaks came from Bodega Bay where Ivan Kushov had arrived on board the
426:, King Kamehameha had eventually sold it to two Americans who took it to Baja California. There it was acquired by the RAC employee Pavl Slobodchikov, who renamed it
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to hunt sea otters. Baranov agreed. This was the first of many such joint ventures involving US ships taking RAC hunters and overseers to hunt California sea otters.
1753:. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, no. 69, number 69. Berkeley: University of California Berkeley. pp. 1–3, 8–9.
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Not long after Tarakanov was rescued and returned to Sitka, Baranov sent him on another hunting expedition in California over the winter of 1810–1811. The US ship
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1834:"Murder, Massacre, and Mayhem on the California Coast, 1814-1815: Newly Translated Russian American Company Documents Reveal Company Concern Over Violent Clashes"
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at Grays Harbor before eventually sailing to Trinidad Bay, California, then Bodega Bay. Kushov spent the winter at Bodega Bay, making repairs and waiting for
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documenting in detail. Some hunters were killed by the Spanish or died of illness or some other mishap. Most, including, Tarakanov were eventually released.
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218:. O'Cain stayed in San Quintín Bay for over three months while Tarakanov and Shvetsov led indigenous sea otter hunting parties all along the coast between
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1428:"The International Life of a Russian Colonial Document: The Russian-American Company, the Kashaya Pomos, the Bodega Miwoks, and the 1817 Métini Protocol"
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Very little is known about Tarakanov after this, except that he returned to Russia from Alaska in 1819–1820, and settled in Kursk, his original home.
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people. The castaways had minimal supplies and faced what became an 18-month chaotic ordeal. After some violent conflicts with the local Quiluete and
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at times, having been paid to do so by the RAC. It is possible that Tarakanov was on board one or both of these vessels sometime during this period.
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for permission. Tarakanov later described acquiring temporary rights to some of the land near Bodega Bay. Over the following few years Tarakanov and
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In May 1807 Kimball left Bodega Bay, taking Tarakanov and his hunters to San Quintín Bay, Baja California. There he joined with the Winship's ship
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Tarakanov continued to work for the RAC through 1819. One of his last jobs in North America was leading a hunting party of about 80 kayaks in the
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However, despite Baranov's careful planning, the expedition was largely a failure. In November 1808, just a few weeks after leaving Sitka, the
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and Americans in Honolulu would not allow the Russians to disembark unless Schäffer surrendered for arrest. He refused and a standoff ensued.
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of Russia. A written report of the event was composed by Tarakanov and others. Kaumualiʻi also gave permission for three RAC forts on Kauai.
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719:). The chief hunting overseer, in overall command of the hunting parties, was Tarakanov. He managed several subordinate overseers, such as
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For various complicated reasons, Kaumualiʻi turned against Schäffer. He tried to make a stand at Fort Elizabeth but was forced to flee to
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In 1816 at Fort Ross, while the Channel Islands hunting operations were still ongoing, Tarakanov and one of his hunting parties boarded
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Tarakanov's establishment of a hunting base of operations in Bodega Bay in the spring of 1807 involved negotiating with the local
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1306:"Slaughter of the sea otters on coastal Baja California by Americans and Native Alaskans in the early nineteenth century"
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report to the RAC directors about the Schäffer affair in Hawaii. The official dispatch noted " is of no use to us here".
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instead, a quicker and safer voyage to a pleasant place where repairs would be easier than at either Fort Ross or Sitka.
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Baranov, eager to expand the RAC's operations in California and hoping to establish permanent outposts, arranged for the
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In 1817, when Tarakanov was in Hawaii a ship arrived with the news that the Russian government had approved Tarakanov's
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808:, ordered Iakov Babin to be taken to Sitka, then to Saint Petersburg to be held accountable for the Nicoleño massacre.
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by Russians and Americans at this time. Various American maritime fur traders also arrived in Sitka in 1805, including
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before returning to Sitka. Tarakanov's hunters had brought over 1,000 sea otter skins worth approximately $ 30,000 in
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939:. Tarakanov and others urged him to take the deal and leave. On 7 July 1817 Schäffer left for China, then Europe, on
1726:. Volume 5 of Rasmuson Library Historical Translation Series. Translated by Bisk, John. University of Alaska Press.
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from about 1800 to 1819. Tarakanov played an important role in the expansion of Russian operations south from
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Grinëv, Andrei V. (March 2012). "A Failed Monopoly: Management of the Russian-American Company, 1799-1867".
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Morris, Susan L.; Farris, Glenn J.; Schwartz, Steven J.; Wender, Irina Vladi L.; Dralyuk, Boris (2014).
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with Tarakanov on board, arrived back at Sitka in August 1807. About the same time the smaller vessel
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were recovered. But the overall financial loss of the Schäffer Affair was calculated at over 200,000
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Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841
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Empire Maker: Aleksandr Baranov and Russian Colonial Expansion into Alaska and Northern California
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Over the near horizon : proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Russian America
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The Khlebnikov Archive: Unpublished Journal (1800-1837) and Travel Notes (1820, 1822, and 1824)
1663:. Henry Roe Cloud series on American Indians and modernity. Yale University Press. p. 52.
284:. RAC documentation is unclear, but it is possible that Tarakanov was part of this expedition.
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sailed under command of the American captain William Wadsworth, who was working for the RAC.
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In May 1816, Kaumualiʻi, seeking freedom from Kamehameha's overlordship, agreed to become a
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none did for many months. Finally, in May 1810, the Boston-based maritime fur trading ship
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was put under the command of Navigator Nikolai Bulygin, with Timofei Tarakanov assigned as
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Khlebnikov, Kiril Timofeyevich (1994). Pierce, Richard A.; Fedorova, Svetlana G. (eds.).
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was abandoned to slowly rot in Honolulu's harbor. A few small items, like the rigging of
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and supplies in May or June 1806. About the same time another Winship family owned ship,
770:, living alone on San Nicolas Island for many years. And her story became the basis for
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Metini Village: An Archaeological Study of Sustained Colonialism in Northern California
1123:"About Timofei Tarakanov: Revealing the Documents of the State Archive of Kursk Region"
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46:(RAC) shortly after the company was created in 1799. He worked for the RAC in western
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646:. Over time a native village known as "Metini Village" grew just north of Fort Ross.
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and would soon become the capital of Russian America. Sitka, a name derived from the
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Grinëv, Andrei V. (Fall 2011). "Social Mobility of the Creoles in Russian America".
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Grinëv, Andrei V. (Fall 2017). "Foreign Ships along the Shores of Russian America".
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While Kuskov was looking for the ideal site for Fort Ross, Tarakanov again met with
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1179:"Frontiersman for the Tsar: Timofei Tarakanov and the Expansion of Russian America"
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Memorias: Balances y Perspectivas de la Antropología e Historia de Baja California
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brought and assisted the RAC hunters in the greater Channel Islands, working with
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and San Francisco Bay, and reconnoitering for potential outpost locations. The
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and which the RAC used for employees that were lower class Russians, sometimes
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officers was an important step to Tarakanov eventually obtaining his freedom.
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2243:. Alaska history, no. 42-43. Translated by LeComte, Serge. Limestone Press.
2138:"Russian Maritime Catastrophes during the Colonization of Alaska, 1741-1867"
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Tarakanov, Timofei; Owens, Kenneth N. (2001). Pierce, Richard Austin (ed.).
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121:, the capital of Russian America at the time. RAC records identify him as a
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2011:
210:, about 200 mi (320 km) south of San Diego, on the west coast of
183:, the capital of Russian America at the time. O'Cain met RAC Chief Manager
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Fur War 1765 - 1840; Volume 2: Tenacity - Remarkable people of the Fur War
2205:(1/2). Translated by Bland, Richard L. Alaska Historical Society: 18–47.
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because the massacre ultimately resulted in one Nicoleño woman, known as
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2148:(4). Translated by Bland, Richard L. University of Washington: 178–194.
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2226:(2). Translated by Bland, Richard L. Alaska Historical Society: 21–38.
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2098:"The United States and Russia — The Beginning of Relations 1765–1815"
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when Americans feared their ships being captured by the British. The
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the survivors became split up and enslaved by the Quiluete, Hoh, and
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Asian Perspectives: Journal of Archeology for Asia & the Pacific
2123:. Kroeber Anthropological Society, University of California Berkeley
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and sailed it to Sitka. Baranov had also purchased the British brig
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strait. As the hunters left the bay the Spanish presidio commander,
924:, which barely made it to Honolulu and became stuck in the harbor.
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Kashaya Pomo, the region in which Fort Ross was built was known as
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During this time in early 1807, Tarakanov led hunting parties into
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Alexandr Andreyevich Baranov, painting by Mikhail T. Tikhanov, 1818
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The Great Ocean: Pacific Worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush
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1631:. Translated by Donnelly, Alton S. University of Nebraska Press.
1565:. HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History
1489:": Story of the Purchase of Fort Ross and Payment for Bodega Bay"
943:. He left behind a committee, headed by Tarakanov, to look after
839:. This was a complicated series of events between 1815 and 1817.
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865:(ruler) of Kauai, but since 1810 had been a reluctant vassal of
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and other high status aristocrats and naval officers arrived in
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A drawing of Fort Ross in 1817 when it was only a few years old
414:, had been built in Hawaii by New Englanders as a gift for the
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would take RAC Aleut hunters and their kayaks and overseers to
369:, fired upon them, causing a minor panic and a hasty retreat.
1522:. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–77, 89–97, 110, 184.
616:, back to Sitka with another large cargo of sea otter furs.
342:, the first manager of Fort Ross, met with Coast Miwok and
42:. His owner, Nikanor Ivanovich Pereverzev, sold him to the
1722:
Khlebnikov, Kiril Timofeevich (1990). Shut, Leonid (ed.).
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wrecks near mouth of Quillayute River on November 1, 1808"
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In January 1818 the RAC officer and Russian Naval officer
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to Hawaii resulted in Tarakanov becoming embroiled in the
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from serfdom and returned to his home near Kursk in 1819.
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merchant ships transporting the hunting parties and their
1875:"Georg Anton Schäffer, Russia's Man in Hawaii, 1815-1817"
319:. In early 1807 he moved his base of operations south to
1996:. University of California Press. pp. 9–30, 83–95.
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and took Tarakanov's hunters, along with those from the
1661:
The Sea Is My Country: The Maritime World of the Makahs
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In July 1817 the American Isaiah Lewis, captain of the
804:. It took several years, but in 1818 RAC Chief Manager
357:, working the northern shores and avoiding the Spanish
2040:
Hawai‘i’s Russian Adventure: A New Look at Old History
2118:"The Age of Russian Imperialism in the North Pacific"
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1795:. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 262–264.
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people working for the RAC. This task often involved
1393:. University of Washington Press. pp. 211–231.
920:. Tarakanov and others on Kauai joined him on board
753:
1896 image of Nicoleño remains on San Nicolas island
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Notes on Russian America, part 1: Novo-Arkhangel’sk
1129:. Sitka: Sitka Historical Society. pp. 41–46.
1841:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
684:, a New England ship bought by the RAC during the
449:to work together exploring the coast between the
89:. Tarakanov played a key role in the founding of
2043:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 113–115.
1919:
1917:
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1438:(2). University of Pennsylvania Press: 139–172.
699:first brought supplies to Fort Ross. From there
62:, usually as hunting party leader of indigenous
26:1774 – after 1834), also written
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1590:. University of Washington Press. p. 106.
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1170:
1168:
1166:
527:Although ships often visited the Makah town of
473:or the mouth of the Columbia they were to meet
1885:(4). University of California Press: 397–405.
1747:Lightfoot, Kent G.; Gonzalez, Sara L. (2018).
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1189:(3). Montana Historical Society: 3–21, 93–94.
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
572:and the surrounding Ross Colony in what's now
2096:Bashkina, Nina N.; Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai N.
1953:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 198.
1511:
1509:
1267:(1). University of California Press: 95–106.
1257:"Joseph Burling O'Cain in Spanish California"
175:and other Winship family members, arrived at
8:
2081:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
665:1814–1815: Fort Ross and the Channel Islands
2360:Pre-statehood history of Washington (state)
892:, was built with stone at the mouth of the
1319:. San Diego Archaeological Center: 188–193
1054:History of the west coast of North America
249:, which had just been recaptured from the
135:of mixed Russian and indigenous ancestry.
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
406:arrived. This vessel, sometimes called a
2078:The California Sea Otter Trade 1784-1848
2032:
2030:
2028:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1299:
1297:
1183:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
2184:(2). Alaska Historical Society: 28–51.
1950:California's Channel Islands: A History
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1075:
1993:Russia's Hawaiian Adventure, 1815-1817
1696:(1). University of Washington: 27–31.
580:1810–1811 hunting in San Francisco Bay
2365:Russian colonization of North America
1064:Russian colonization of North America
880:Artist's impression of Fort Elizabeth
7:
1873:Pierce, Richard A. (November 1963).
1177:Owens, Kenneth N. (September 2006).
198:Baranov supplied O'Cain with twenty
2350:Pre-statehood history of California
1690:The Washington Historical Quarterly
992:, an enormous sum for at the time.
537:(later sold to the RAC and renamed
392:1808–1810 shipwreck and enslavement
280:to obtain provisions from Governor
224:Misión Santo Domingo de la Frontera
2370:Russian explorers of North America
2274:(1). University of Hawai'i: 2–31.
187:and proposed a joint venture: The
14:
2320:Explorers from the Russian Empire
951:After Schäffer left and those on
2335:History of the Pacific Northwest
548:The expedition's second vessel,
2355:Pre-statehood history of Hawaii
2345:Pre-statehood history of Alaska
2142:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
2136:Grinëv, Andrei V. (Fall 2011).
2103:. Fort Ross Conservancy Library
1947:Chiles, Frederic Caire (2015).
1847:(1). Malki Museum Press: 81–100
1686:"The Wreck of the St. Nicholas"
1494:. Fort Ross Conservancy Library
1229:. Rio Redondo Press. p. 99
703:brought hunting parties to the
16:Russian explorer and fur trader
1684:Andrews, C.L. (January 1922).
1059:Maritime history of California
1023:areas, assisted by the vessel
792:spent the 1814–1815 winter at
1:
1261:Southern California Quarterly
1125:. In Kidd, John Dusty (ed.).
780:and the 1964 film adaptation
707:of California, between about
206:. Then he continued south to
185:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov
23:
1628:The Wreck of the Sv. Nikolai
1255:Polich, John (Spring 1983).
216:San Quintín, Baja California
127:, a term that came from the
1990:Pierce, Richard A. (1965).
1584:Haycox, Stephen W. (2006).
831:The unplanned diversion of
783:Island of the Blue Dolphins
777:Island of the Blue Dolphins
734:The US fur trading vessels
506:Quileute Indian Reservation
93:, and helped build and run
2396:
2330:History of Baja California
1587:Alaska: An American Colony
1387:Owens, Kenneth N. (2015).
1223:Bainbridge, David (2020).
624:Establishment of Fort Ross
552:, with Kushov, waited for
340:Ivan Aleksandrovich Kuskov
20:Timofei Nikitich Tarakanov
1879:Pacific Historical Review
1789:Gibson, James R. (1992).
1487:Farris, Glenn J. (1994).
1121:Zorin, Alexander (2012).
774:'s 1960 children's novel
500:and today's community of
359:Presidio of San Francisco
282:José Joaquín de Arrillaga
138:
2380:Russian-American Company
2310:1800s in Alta California
2037:Mills, Peter R. (2002).
1928:. Russian Fort Elizabeth
1659:Reid, Joshua L. (2015).
1426:Glover, Jeffrey (2020).
44:Russian-American Company
849:, which had wrecked at
2075:Adele, Ogden (2021) .
1432:Early American Studies
1304:Farris, Glenn (2007).
974:Ludwig von Hagemeister
967:William Heath Davis Sr
881:
806:Ludwig von Hagemeister
754:
674:
590:William Heath Davis Sr
496:near the mouth of the
451:Strait of Juan de Fuca
307:Rezanov returned with
304:
152:
2280:10.1353/asi.2020.0035
1557:Wilma, David (2006).
1516:Igler, David (2013).
1088:National Park Service
1029:Alexander Archipelago
879:
869:, the monarch of the
800:, the capital of the
752:
672:
367:Luis Antonio Argüello
299:
169:Joseph Burling O'Cain
150:
133:Alaskan Creole people
91:Fort Ross, California
1926:"History Background"
841:Georg Anton Schäffer
161:maritime fur trading
1924:Pierce, Richard A.
1084:"Timofei Tarakanov"
1049:California fur rush
853:, on the island of
812:Tarakanov in Hawaii
727:, or at Fort Ross.
594:William Heath Davis
564:spoke with Emperor
422:. Originally named
214:—today the site of
2315:1800s in New Spain
882:
763:San Nicolas Island
755:
675:
562:Nikolay Rumyantsev
305:
268:who sold his ship
193:Spanish California
153:
129:Siberian fur trade
79:maritime fur trade
60:Spanish California
2340:People from Kursk
1960:978-0-8061-4923-3
1597:978-0-295-98629-6
896:. The other two,
871:Kingdom of Hawaii
630:Kirill Khlebnikov
490:Olympic Peninsula
355:San Francisco Bay
155:In late 1803 the
105:. He was granted
28:Timofey Tarakanov
2387:
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1273:10.2307/41171021
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1080:
926:Native Hawaiians
826:Hawaiian Islands
798:Saint Petersburg
592:, the father of
498:Quillayute River
410:and sometimes a
329:Farallon Islands
262:Novo-Arkhangelsk
173:Jonathan Winship
103:Hawaiian Islands
85:as far south as
66:hunters, mostly
30:, was born into
25:
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2116:Farris, Glenn.
2115:
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2095:
2089:
2074:
2071:
2069:Further reading
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998:
837:Schäffer affair
814:
715:(today part of
705:Channel Islands
667:
626:
582:
488:wrecked on the
434:and renamed it
416:Native Hawaiian
394:
294:
260:, was known as
243:Nikolai Rezanov
239:
220:Mission Rosario
212:Baja California
208:San Quintín Bay
145:
87:Baja California
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2220:Alaska History
2215:
2199:Alaska History
2194:
2178:Alaska History
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1561:Saint Nicholas
1559:"Russian ship
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997:
994:
907:Hanapēpē River
898:Fort Alexander
890:Fort Elizabeth
813:
810:
802:Russian Empire
666:
663:
625:
622:
602:Nathan Winship
581:
578:
467:Columbia River
393:
390:
388:social class.
386:promyshlenniki
325:Cape Mendocino
293:
286:
238:
232:
163:merchant ship
144:
137:
95:Fort Elizabeth
56:Russian Alaska
15:
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2165:. Retrieved
2145:
2141:
2127:25 September
2125:. Retrieved
2107:25 September
2105:. Retrieved
2077:
2056:25 September
2054:. Retrieved
2039:
2017:20 September
2015:. Retrieved
1992:
1964:. Retrieved
1949:
1942:
1932:18 September
1930:. Retrieved
1904:21 September
1902:. Retrieved
1882:
1878:
1851:18 September
1849:. Retrieved
1844:
1840:
1806:. Retrieved
1791:
1784:
1774:28 September
1772:. Retrieved
1749:
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1705:. Retrieved
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1644:18 September
1642:. Retrieved
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1569:28 September
1567:. Retrieved
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1535:24 September
1533:. Retrieved
1518:
1498:28 September
1496:. Retrieved
1465:18 September
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1321:. Retrieved
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1225:
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1186:
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1091:. Retrieved
1078:
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1027:. Since the
1024:
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886:protectorate
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2305:1774 births
2167:11 November
1966:20 December
1808:16 December
1707:29 November
1406:1 September
1323:22 November
1286:22 November
1208:11 November
1093:15 November
1021:Glacier Bay
1017:Cross Sound
1002:manumission
768:Juana Maria
721:Iakov Babin
717:Los Angeles
686:War of 1812
651:Coast Miwok
566:Alexander I
558:Sv. Nikolai
554:Sv. Nikolai
504:within the
486:Sv. Nikolai
459:prikashchik
455:Sv. Nikolai
447:Sv. Nikolai
428:Sv. Nikolai
403:Sv. Nikolai
363:Golden Gate
266:John DeWolf
107:manumission
2299:Categories
1769:1104688449
1529:0199914958
1400:0295805838
1070:References
1025:Finlandiia
996:Later life
859:Kaumualiʻi
794:Bodega Bay
761:people of
514:Hoh people
463:supercargo
396:Kimball's
321:Bodega Bay
288:1807–1808
139:1803–1804
2288:0066-8435
2232:0890-6149
2211:0890-6149
2190:0890-6149
2154:0030-8803
1891:0030-8684
1452:1543-4273
1444:1559-0895
1195:0026-9891
863:aliʻi nui
713:San Pedro
614:Albatross
598:Albatross
570:Fort Ross
541:), under
378:Guangzhou
361:near the
302:sea otter
204:San Diego
200:baidarkas
64:sea otter
2259:33163352
2162:24624633
1702:40473584
1460:27077800
1281:41171021
1233:22 April
1043:See also
978:Otkrytie
965:, under
914:Honolulu
861:was the
759:Nicoleño
740:Forester
634:Chirikov
610:Isabella
606:Chirikov
588:, under
586:Isabella
529:Neah Bay
510:Quileute
412:schooner
258:Sheetʼká
241:In 1805
167:, under
2012:2827426
1899:4492229
1203:4520817
1010:Alutiiq
986:Kad'iak
982:Kad'iak
958:Cossack
953:Kad'iak
945:Kad'iak
941:Panther
937:Kad'iak
933:Panther
922:Kad'iak
833:Il'mena
822:Il'mena
818:Il'mena
790:Il'mena
744:Il'mena
725:Il'mena
701:Il'mena
697:Il'mena
690:Il'mena
681:Il'mena
655:Kashaya
550:Kad'iak
539:Il'mena
508:of the
502:La Push
475:Kad'iak
443:Kad'iak
436:Kad'iak
398:Peacock
344:Kashaya
327:to the
313:Peacock
290:Peacock
255:Tlingit
251:Tlingit
159:-based
101:in the
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32:serfdom
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990:rubles
851:Waimea
846:Bering
736:Pedler
644:Metini
632:, the
600:under
432:Myrtle
424:Tamara
374:O'Cain
292:voyage
189:O'Cain
177:Kodiak
165:O'Cain
157:Boston
143:voyage
141:O'cain
115:Kodiak
83:kayaks
52:Hawaii
40:Russia
2158:JSTOR
2121:(PDF)
2101:(PDF)
1895:JSTOR
1837:(PDF)
1698:JSTOR
1492:(PDF)
1456:JSTOR
1440:eISSN
1309:(PDF)
1277:JSTOR
1199:JSTOR
963:Eagle
855:Kauai
534:Lydia
518:Makah
469:. At
461:, or
418:King
99:Kauai
68:Aleut
58:into
36:Kursk
2284:ISSN
2255:OCLC
2245:ISBN
2228:ISSN
2207:ISSN
2186:ISSN
2169:2023
2150:ISSN
2129:2024
2109:2024
2083:ISBN
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2045:ISBN
2019:2024
2008:OCLC
1998:ISBN
1968:2020
1955:ISBN
1934:2024
1906:2024
1887:ISSN
1853:2024
1810:2020
1797:ISBN
1776:2024
1765:OCLC
1755:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1709:2020
1665:ISBN
1646:2024
1633:ISBN
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1592:ISBN
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1395:ISBN
1325:2023
1288:2023
1235:2024
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1191:ISSN
1131:ISBN
1095:2023
1019:and
918:Oahu
738:and
711:and
695:The
658:Pomo
653:and
445:and
408:brig
347:Pomo
309:Juno
274:Juno
270:Juno
236:Juno
222:and
70:and
50:and
2276:doi
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1269:doi
492:at
276:to
179:on
117:on
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