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lacking any longitudinal support, they were prone to racking, a collapse resulting from horizontal movement. Timber roof trusses were a later, medieval development. A roof truss is cross-braced into a stable, rigid unit. Ideally, it balances all of the lateral forces against one another, and thrusts only directly downwards on the supporting walls. In practice, lateral forces may develop; for instance, due to wind, excessive flexibility of the truss, or constructions that do not accommodate small lateral movements of the ends of the truss.
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249:. This truss is found in some 18th- and 19th-century buildings where Germans settled in the U.S. The literal translation is "lying chair", lying meaning the top chords are angled or leaning (and chair in the sense of a support, in this case a post or truss). Carpenters in the Netherlands also used this truss where it is spelled liggende stoel.
287:
Lacking a tie beam, the arch-braced (arched brace) truss gives a more open look to the interior of the roof. The principal rafters are linked by a collar beam supported by a pair of arch braces, which stiffen the structure and help to transmit the weight of the roof down through the principal rafters
337:
The scissor truss gets its name from being shaped like a pair of shears (scissors). Two defining features of a scissor truss are: 1) the joint where the bottom chords pass (the hinge of a pair of scissors) must be firmly connected and 2) the rafter (top chord) feet must land on the bottom chords. If
75:
Rafters have a tendency to flatten under gravity, thrusting outwards on the walls. For larger spans and thinner walls, this can topple the walls. Pairs of opposing rafters were thus initially tied together by a horizontal tie beam, to form coupled rafters. But such roofs were structurally weak, and
647:
Anderegg, Jean. Holzbaukunst: Fachwerk, Dachgerüst, Zimmermannswerkzeug : systematisches Fachwörterbuch = Architecture en bois : construction en pan de bois, charpente de toit, outils du charpentier : dictionnaire spécialisé et systématique = Architecture in wood : timber-frame
401:
The challenges of maintaining wood trusses are not limited to newer building projects. Visual grading can be used to conduct condition assessments for historic trusses. This along with load carrying tests, can be used to determine the best possible solutions to repairing older truss systems. Metal
434:
joints. Additionally, the mortise-and-tenon joints in older trusses were located at the weakest point in the post, accelerating failure. Much of the early truss connection designs anticipated structural behaviour under loads. This is why holes were drilled slightly off-centre, allowing the peg to
320:
Hammer beam trusses can have a single hammerbeam or multiple hammerbeams. A false hammerbeam roof (truss) has two definitions: 1) There is no hammer post on the hammer beam as sometimes found in a type of arch brace truss or; 2)The hammer beam joins into the hammer post instead of the hammer post
218:. The queen post truss extends the span, and combined with spliced joints in the longer members extends the useful span for trusses of these types. As with a king post, the queen posts may be replaced with iron rods and thus called a queen rod truss. This truss is often known as a
108:. There are two main types of timber roof trusses: closed, in which the bottom chord is horizontal and at the foot of the truss, and open, in which the bottom chords are raised to provide more open space, also known as raised bottom chord trusses.
392:
Pre-fabricated wood trusses offer advantages in building construction through machine-made accuracy and tend to use less timber. However, this does not take into account site-specific design alterations that require customized truss design.
288:
to the supporting wall. A double arch braced truss has a second pair of arched braces lower down, from the rafter to a block or inner sill: This form is called a wagon, cradle, barrel or tunnel roof because of this cylindrical appearance.
179:
The king post is normally under tension, and requires quite sophisticated joints with the tie beam and principal rafters. In a variation known as a king bolt (rod) truss the king post is replaced by a metal bolt (rod), usually of wrought
316:
and installed between 1395 and 1399, was the largest timber-roofed space in medieval Europe, spanning a distance of just over 20 metres (66 ft). It is considered to be the best example of a hammer-beam truss in
England.
229:
The queen post truss and the king post truss may be combined, by using the straining beam of the queen post truss as the tie beam for a king post truss above. Such combinations are known as compound trusses.
426:
The earliest wooden truss connections consisted of mortise-and-tenon joints and were most likely crafted at the construction site with the posts. Since most early trusses were made from unseasoned
622:
Proceedings of the Third Annual
Congress on Construction History, May 2009. Figure 1. based on Sachero, C., 1864: Sulla stabilitĂ delle armature dei tetti. Giornale del Genio Militare 2. 250.
252:
The opposite being a "Stehender Stuhl", which is the common roof truss type where simple vertical posts replace the more elaborate support structure in the image (highlighted in blue).
600:"The Roofs of Wren and Jones: A Seventeenth-Century Migration of Technical Knowledge from Italy to England". Working Papers on the Nature of Evidence: How Well Do 'Facts' Travel?"
354:. However, there are variable effects of permanent braces on the truss web, given that the length of the chord would determine the number of brace locations.
820:
Non-destructive assessment, full-scale load-carrying tests and local interventions on two historic timber collar roof trusses. Engineering structures, 140.
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had been used in Italy for many years before
Palladio's time, but has been given his name because of its extensive use in the buildings he designed.
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402:
plates and correct, period material can be used to repair, although 100% recovery of the material may be hard if the wood truss has deteriorated.
735:
Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki
Jokiniemi. Dictionary of architecture and building construction. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press, 2008. 144.
350:, specifically with j chords. Continuous lateral braces can prevent negative effects of lateral forces by being diagonally set in to brace the
909:
891:
873:
855:
518:
753:
Sharpe, Geoffrey R.. Historic
English churches a guide to their construction, design and features. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011. 111. fig. 61.
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Herman Janse, Houten kappen in
Nederland 1000-1940. Delftse Universitaire Pers, Delft / Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg, Zeist 1989.
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the bottom chords join to the under-side of the top chords the assembly is said to be "scissor braced" rather than a scissor truss.
2050:
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was the culmination of the development of the arch-braced truss, allowing greater spaces to be spanned. The hammerbeam roof of
648:
construction, roof frame, carpenter's tools : specialized and systematic dictionary. Munich: K.G. Saur, 1997. : 65.
96:, bottom members as the bottom chord, and the interior members as webs. In historic carpentry the top chords are often called
776:
653:
559:
554:
Lewandoski, Jan, Jack Sobon, and
Kenneth Rower. Historic American roof trusses. Becket, MA: Timber Framers Guild, 2006. 48.
771:
Lewandoski, Jan, Jack Sobon, and
Kenneth Rower. Historic American roof trusses. Becket, MA: Timber Framers Guild, 2006. 7.
406:(Metal Plate Connected) wood trusses are typically made from dressed wood (lumber), rather than timber (round-wood poles).
744:
Alcock, N. W.. Recording timber-framed buildings: an illustrated glossary. London: Council for
British Archaeology, 1989.
226:. Sometimes a Palladian truss is defined as a compound truss with a queen post and king post truss in the same assembly.
624:
http://www.bma.arch.unige.it/PDF/CONSTRUCTION_HISTORY_2009/VOL3/TURRI-Zamperin_Cappelletti_1_paper-revised_layouted.pdf
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is a structural framework of timbers designed to bridge the space above a room and to provide support for a roof.
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Architectural notes on German churches; with notes written during an architectural tour in
Picardy and Normandy
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Roof Frames from the 11th to the 19th Century. Typology and Development in Northern France and in Belgiums
829:"Early Wooden Truss Connections vs. Wood Shrinkage: From Mortise-and-Tenon Joints to Bolted Connections"
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52: common rafters. This is an example of a "double roof" with principal rafters and common rafters.
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Permanent bracing design for MPC wood roof truss webs and chords, Forest Products Journal, 51
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It has been proven that permanent bracing designs can improve the lateral stability of roof
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A truss with an interrupted tie beam or scissor truss which allow a vaulted ceiling area; or
690:
A timber framer's workshop: joinery, design & construction of traditional timber frames
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223:
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Wood, Margaret. The English Mediaeval House. London: Ferndale Editions, 1980, 1965. 319.
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176:. The simplest of trusses, it is commonly used in conjunction with two angled struts.
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German illustration of a purlin roof with liegendem stuhl truss highlighted in blue.
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222:(Palladian truss) in Italy, as it was frequently used by the Renaissance architect
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Webber, Frederick G.. Carpentry & Joinery. Methuen and Co., London: 1898. 152.
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A king post truss has two principal rafters, a tie beam, and a central vertical
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Liegender Stuhl is a truss of German origin; the German name is used in
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Closed/open distinction is used in two ways to describe truss roofs.
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833:, Vol. 27, No. 1/2, A Tribute to Lee H. Nelson (1996), pp. 11-23.
705:.. The 3d ed. Cambridge: J. and J.J. Deighton; , 1842. 44. Print.
585:
Glossary of Australian Building Terms – Third Edition.(NCRB)
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A queen post truss has two principal rafters and two vertical
605:, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics
799:"The benefits of pre-fabricated timber roof trusses."
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Roof framing with a ceiling so the framing is not visible.
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430:, the subsequent shrinkage would create cracking at the
92:
The top members of a truss are known generically as the
510:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
692:. Brownfield, Me.: Fox Maple Press, 1998. 115. Print.
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Domestic Buildings Research Group (Surrey, England),
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Roof framing open to view, not hidden by a ceiling.
572:http://www.dbrg.org.uk/GLOSSARY/Open%20truss.html
435:naturally pull the posts together with gravity.
34:Two king post trusses linked to support a roof.
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68:. The space between each truss is known as a
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513:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
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866:Archaeology of Mediaeval England and Wales
884:The Repair of Historic Timber Structures
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701:Whewell, William, and F. de. Lassaulx.
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507:Curl, James Stevens (2006), "truss",
300:Chambers 1908 single hammerbeam truss
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848:Discovering Timber-framed Buildings
417:with a view of the wooden trusses.
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900:Hoffsummer, Patrick, ed. (2009),
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598:Valeriani, Simona (August 2006),
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1199:Oriented structural straw board
27:Structural framework of timbers
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803: 24, no. 7: 47-48.
422:Connections in wooden trusses
801:Civil Engineering (10212000)
413:The interior of the barn at
321:landing on the hammer beam.
373:Trusses installed on a roof
358:Pre-fabricated wood trusses
269:A single arch-braced truss.
123:A truss with a tie beam; or
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1590:Non-timber forest products
1214:Structural insulated panel
882:Yeomans, David T. (2003),
385:Trusses loaded on trailers
104:is often referred to as a
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925:Illustrated roof glossary
275: principal rafters,
164: principal rafters,
88:Timber roof truss example
1555:Destructive distillation
846:Harris, Richard (2003),
805:Business Source Complete
210: principal rafters.
1575:Green building and wood
532:(subscription required)
312:in London, designed by
2051:Architectural elements
1219:Wood–plastic composite
1145:Glued laminated timber
1140:Cross-laminated timber
850:, Shire Publications,
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206: straining beam,
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1875:Air conditioning unit
1292:Corrugated fiberboard
1194:Oriented strand board
864:Steane, John (1984),
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397:Historic wood trusses
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1677:WikiProject Forestry
1438:Ramial chipped wood
626:accessed 12/24/2012
279: collar beam,
198: queen posts,
18:Timber roof trusses
1355:Cellulosic ethanol
886:, Thomas Telford,
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283: arch braces.
243:
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40: ridge beam,
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1620:Wood preservation
1565:Engineered bamboo
1385:Pyroligneous acid
911:978-2-503-52987-5
893:978-0-7277-3213-2
875:978-0-7099-2385-5
857:978-0-7478-0215-0
717:, pp. 196–97
688:Chappell, Steve.
520:978-0-19-860678-9
445:Bent (structural)
432:mortise-and-tenon
261:Arch-braced truss
192:Queen post truss.
156: king post,
58:timber roof truss
16:(Redirected from
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202: tie beam,
184:Queen post truss
160: tie beam,
150:King post truss.
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14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2073:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Roof sheeting
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:Lightning rod
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:Roof elements
1866:
1861:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Sawtooth roof
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Pavilion roof
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:List of woods
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Billet (wood)
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Hemicellulose
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:Railroad ties
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
975:
970:
966:
962:
961:Wood products
955:
950:
948:
943:
941:
936:
935:
932:
926:
923:
922:
918:
913:
907:
903:
898:
895:
889:
885:
880:
877:
871:
867:
862:
859:
853:
849:
844:
843:
842:
841:
832:
826:
823:
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
796:
793:
790:
784:
781:
778:
774:
768:
765:
759:
756:
750:
747:
741:
738:
732:
729:
723:
720:
716:
715:Steane (1984)
711:
708:
704:
698:
695:
691:
685:
683:
679:
675:
674:Harris (2003)
670:
667:
661:
658:
655:
651:
644:
641:
637:
632:
629:
625:
619:
616:
601:
594:
592:
588:
582:
580:
576:
573:
567:
564:
561:
557:
551:
548:
545:, p. 196
544:
543:Steane (1984)
539:
536:
522:
516:
512:
511:
503:
500:
497:
496:
486:
480:
477:
473:
472:
465:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
436:
433:
429:
421:
416:
411:
407:
405:
396:
394:
381:
369:
357:
355:
353:
349:
341:
339:
331:
325:Scissor truss
324:
322:
318:
315:
311:
307:
298:
291:
289:
282:
278:
274:
267:
260:
255:
253:
250:
248:
239:
232:
230:
227:
225:
221:
217:
209:
205:
201:
197:
190:
183:
181:
177:
175:
168: struts.
167:
163:
159:
155:
148:
141:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:Open truss:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
111:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
86:
79:
77:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
19:
2015:Solar panels
1994:
1930:Hanging beam
1825:Rhombic roof
1815:Mansard roof
1795:Gambrel roof
1770:Conical roof
1664:
1634:
1529:Wooden masts
1499:Dugout canoe
1484:Bavin (wood)
1433:Black liquor
1370:Liquid smoke
1120:Utility pole
1105:Timber truss
1104:
1025:Log building
901:
883:
865:
847:
840:Bibliography
839:
838:
831:APT Bulletin
830:
825:
816:
808:
804:
800:
795:
788:
783:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
710:
702:
697:
689:
669:
660:
643:
638:, p. 42
631:
618:
607:, retrieved
566:
550:
538:
524:, retrieved
509:
502:
494:
493:
484:
479:
470:
469:
460:Truss bridge
425:
400:
391:
345:
336:
319:
314:Hugh Herland
303:
286:
280:
276:
272:
256:Open trusses
251:
244:
228:
219:
213:
207:
203:
199:
195:
178:
171:
165:
161:
157:
153:
129:
118:
115:
102:bottom chord
91:
74:
57:
55:
49:
41:
37:
2025:Weathervane
2000:Roof window
1970:Roof garden
1965:Roof batten
1895:Collar beam
1850:Tented roof
1835:Saddle roof
1830:Ridged roof
1790:Gablet roof
1750:Bochka roof
1740:Barrel roof
1735:Arched roof
1727:Roof shapes
1630:Woodworking
1615:Wood drying
1600:Papermaking
1420:By-products
1326:Derivatives
1264:Pellet fuel
1005:Flitch beam
904:, Brepols,
609:22 December
216:queen posts
2045:Categories
2030:Wind brace
1995:Roof truss
1990:Roof tiles
1980:Roof ridge
1960:Ridge vent
1920:Green roof
1810:Onion dome
1785:Gable roof
1765:Clerestory
1745:Board roof
1472:Historical
1453:Wood flour
1302:Paperboard
1172:Fiberboard
1130:Engineered
990:Bressummer
789:(7), 73-81
777:0970664346
654:3598104618
560:0970664346
526:1 December
485:palladiana
466:References
220:palladiana
100:, and the
1845:Shed roof
1780:Flat roof
1494:Clapboard
1463:Woodchips
1458:Wood wool
1338:Cellulose
1333:Birch-tar
1287:Cardboard
1269:Wood fuel
1177:hardboard
1080:Reclaimed
1045:Panelling
1035:Log house
1030:Log cabin
495:Citations
174:king post
94:top chord
2005:Skylight
1975:Roofline
1910:Flashing
1885:Catslide
1805:Hip roof
1755:Bow roof
1655:Category
1636:Yakisugi
1570:Forestry
1538:See also
1479:Axe ties
1448:Tall oil
1428:Barkdust
1410:Wood gas
1390:Pine tar
1380:Methanol
1312:Pulpwood
1259:Firewood
1242:Charcoal
1235:Fuelwood
1182:Masonite
1110:Treenail
1010:Flooring
439:See also
106:tie beam
1890:Chimney
1666:Commons
1545:Biomass
1519:Tanbark
1443:Sawdust
1254:Firelog
1247:biochar
1209:Plywood
1167:I-joist
1085:Shingle
1040:Molding
807:, EBSCO
348:trusses
342:Bracing
247:America
98:rafters
80:History
66:purlins
62:Trusses
46:purlins
2010:Soffit
1955:Rafter
1950:Purlin
1925:Gutter
1900:Dormer
1504:Potash
1405:Tannin
1365:Lignin
1279:Fibers
1224:lumber
1150:veneer
1090:Siding
1070:Rafter
1065:Purlin
980:Batten
973:timber
969:Lumber
908:
890:
872:
854:
775:
652:
558:
517:
44:
2056:Roofs
2020:Spire
1935:Joist
1915:Gable
1905:Eaves
1880:Attic
1719:Roofs
1585:Mulch
1395:Pitch
1317:Rayon
1297:Paper
1115:Truss
1055:Plate
1050:Plank
1015:Joist
1000:Cruck
603:(PDF)
471:Notes
428:posts
352:chord
271:Key:
194:Key:
180:iron.
152:Key:
1945:Loft
1775:Dome
1360:Dyes
1343:nano
1307:Pulp
1132:wood
1100:Stud
1095:Sill
1060:Post
1020:Lath
985:Beam
906:ISBN
888:ISBN
870:ISBN
852:ISBN
809:host
773:ISBN
650:ISBN
611:2012
556:ISBN
528:2012
515:ISBN
483:The
304:The
36:Key:
1375:Lye
1187:MDF
1155:LVL
995:CLS
404:MPC
70:bay
2047::
681:^
590:^
578:^
281:3:
277:2:
273:1:
208:4:
204:3:
200:2:
196:1:
166:4:
162:3:
158:2:
154:1:
72:.
56:A
50:3:
48:,
42:2:
38:1:
1711:e
1704:t
1697:v
971:/
953:e
946:t
939:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
