6955:
1051:...a large vessel of water placed in an elevated position; to the bottom of this vessel was soldered a pipe of small diameter giving a thin jet of water, which we collected in a small glass during the time of each descent, whether for the whole length of the channel or for a part of its length; the water thus collected was weighed, after each descent, on a very accurate balance; the differences and ratios of these weights gave us the differences and ratios of the times, and this with such accuracy that although the operation was repeated many, many times, there was no appreciable discrepancy in the results.
769:
1853:
6949:
6730:
476:
2045:
110:
2902:
6740:
5772:
3296:
4464:. The atoms collect in a ball shaped by six lasers, two for each spatial dimension, vertical (up/down), horizontal (left/right), and back/forth. The vertical lasers push the caesium ball through a microwave cavity. As the ball is cooled, the caesium population cools to its ground state and emits light at its natural frequency, stated in the definition of
2208:
1828:
4647:, during which electromagnetic waves can propagate without being disturbed by conductors or charges, we can see the stars, at great distances from us, in the night sky. (Before this epoch, there was a time, before the universe cooled enough for electrons and nuclei to combine into atoms about 377,000 years after the
1866:
4589:
2625:
1402:
If at the point A of space there is a clock, an observer at A can determine the time values of events in the immediate proximity of A by finding the positions of the hands which are simultaneous with these events. If there is at the point B of space another clock in all respects resembling the one at
1130:
Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature flows equably without regard to anything external, and by another name is called duration: relative, apparent, and common time, is some sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable) measure of duration by the means of
4457:-based NBS-1 (1952) to NIST-7 (1993). The respective clock uncertainty declined from 10,000 nanoseconds per day to 0.5 nanoseconds per day in 5 decades. In 2001 the clock uncertainty for NIST-F1 was 0.1 nanoseconds/day. Development of increasingly accurate frequency standards is underway.
3035:
967:
allowed the towns of Europe to create mechanisms to display the time on their respective town clocks; by the time of the scientific revolution, the clocks became miniaturized enough for families to share a personal clock, or perhaps a pocket watch. At first, only kings could afford them.
3966:
737:
in use worldwide is an atomic time standard. The relative accuracy of such a time standard is currently on the order of 10 (corresponding to 1 second in approximately 30 million years). The smallest time step considered theoretically observable is called the
1369:; until 1905, the former was interpreted as a physical contraction of objects moving with respect to the aether, due to the modification of the intermolecular forces (of electric nature), while the latter was thought to be just a mathematical stipulation.
3628:
3488:
Einstein's theory was motivated by the assumption that every point in the universe can be treated as a 'center', and that correspondingly, physics must act the same in all reference frames. His simple and elegant theory shows that time is relative to an
2068:
2040:{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}ct'\\x'\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\cosh \phi &-\sinh \phi \\-\sinh \phi &\cosh \phi \end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}ct\\x\end{pmatrix}}{\text{ where }}\phi =\operatorname {artanh} \,{\frac {v}{c}}{\text{,}}}
3429:
1162:), time could be considered to be a linearly varying parameter, an abstraction of the march of the hours on the face of a clock. Calendars and ship's logs could then be mapped to the march of the hours, days, months, years and centuries.
2897:{\displaystyle T={\frac {dt}{\sqrt {\left(1-{\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}}\right)dt^{2}-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}\left(1-{\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}}\right)^{-1}dr^{2}-{\frac {r^{2}}{c^{2}}}d\theta ^{2}-{\frac {r^{2}}{c^{2}}}\sin ^{2}\theta \;d\phi ^{2}}}}}
3465:
According to
Einstein's general theory of relativity, a freely moving particle traces a history in spacetime that maximises its proper time. This phenomenon is also referred to as the principle of maximal aging, and was described by
1620:
1515:
3291:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left(1-{\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}}\right)dt^{2}-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}\left(1-{\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}}\right)^{-1}dr^{2}-{\frac {r^{2}}{c^{2}}}d\theta ^{2}-{\frac {r^{2}}{c^{2}}}\sin ^{2}\theta \;d\phi ^{2}}}}
3735:
1538:
Einstein showed that if the speed of light is not changing between reference frames, space and time must be so that the moving observer will measure the same speed of light as the stationary one because velocity is
2326:
1325:(reference frame with constant velocity), because the Galilean transformations predict the speed to decrease (or increase) in the reference frame of an observer traveling parallel (or antiparallel) to the light.
4620:
This dramatic result has raised issues: what happened between the singularity of the Big Bang and the Planck time, which, after all, is the smallest observable time. When might have time separated out from the
4674:. In contrast to the views of Newton, of Einstein, and of quantum physics, which offer a symmetric view of time (as discussed above), Prigogine points out that statistical and thermodynamic physics can explain
1339:
failed to detect any difference in the relative speed of light due to the motion of the Earth relative to the luminiferous aether, suggesting that
Maxwell's equations did, in fact, hold in all frames. In 1875,
753:
has progressed to ever-higher frequencies, which can provide higher accuracy and higher precision. Clocks based on these techniques have been developed, but are not yet in use as primary reference standards.
1596:
3481:"Principle of Extremal Aging: The path a free object takes between two events in spacetime is the path for which the time lapse between these events, recorded on the object's wristwatch, is an extremum."
4189:
in the difference in the rate of optical lattice clock ticks at the top of a cloud of strontium atoms, than at the bottom of that cloud, a column one millimeter tall, under the influence of gravity.
4034:
4643:
gave us our modern notion of the expanding universe that started in the Big Bang. Using relativity and quantum theory we have been able to roughly reconstruct the history of the universe. In our
1266:(1917â2003) stated that other thermodynamic systems which, like life, are also far from equilibrium, can also exhibit stable spatio-temporal structures that reminisce life. Soon afterward, the
6853:
4532:
The equations of general relativity predict a non-static universe. However, Einstein accepted only a static universe, and modified the
Einstein field equation to reflect this by adding the
4573:(1904â1968) hypothesized that the abundance of the elements in the Periodic Table of the Elements, might be accounted for by nuclear reactions in a hot dense universe. He was disputed by
4127:, the less precisely one can measure the energy associated with that sequence, and vice versa. This equation is different from the standard uncertainty principle, because time is not an
3829:
6776:
3536:
2240:
Time in a "moving" reference frame is shown to run more slowly than in a "stationary" one by the following relation (which can be derived by the
Lorentz transformation by putting â
914:
In particular, the astronomical observatories maintained for religious purposes became accurate enough to ascertain the regular motions of the stars, and even some of the planets.
2203:{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}x'\\y'\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \theta &-\sin \theta \\\sin \theta &\cos \theta \end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\end{pmatrix}}}
4468:
above. Eleven physical effects are accounted for in the emissions from the caesium population, which are then controlled for in the NIST-F1 clock. These results are reported to
1150:
In this section, the relationships listed below treat time as a parameter which serves as an index to the behavior of the physical system under consideration. Because Newton's
3783:
4514:, a diplomatic treaty between fifty-one nations, the Member States of the Convention, through a series of Consultative Committees, whose members are the respective national
1406:
But it is not possible without further assumption to compare, in respect of time, an event at A with an event at B. We have so far defined only an "A time" and a "B time".
91:
4610:
2355:
1520:
We assume that this definition of synchronism is free from contradictions, and possible for any number of points; and that the following relations are universally valid:â
4303:. Another signal might be the position of the hour hand on a town clock or a railway station. An interested party might wish to view that clock, to learn the time. See:
5169:
4088:
4063:
2381:
4110:
3338:
3322:
2591:
2357:
is the time between two events as measured in the moving reference frame in which they occur at the same place (e.g. two ticks on a moving clock); it is called the
5014:, Crescent Books, Inc., London LC 62-14108, p.31. The measurement process is explained by: Gene Ammarell (1997), "Astronomy in the Indo-Malay Archipelago", p.119,
1823:{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}t'&=\gamma (t-vx/c^{2}){\text{ where }}\gamma =1/{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}\\x'&=\gamma (x-vt)\\y'&=y\\z'&=z\end{cases}}}
4585:
and others noted that this process would have stopped after only the light elements were created, and thus did not account for the abundance of heavier elements.
1066:
2977:
5010:
Kenyahs measuring the Length of the Shadow at Noon to determine the Time for sowing PADI p. 108. This photograph is reproduced as plate B in Fred Hoyle (1962),
3024:
2999:
2952:
2928:
749:
became practical after 1950, when advances in electronics enabled reliable measurement of the microwave frequencies it generates. As further advances occurred,
548:
5493:
6769:
5162:
4951:
5538:. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. 308 p. : ill.; 28 cm.
4315:
1444:
1413:
that the "time" required by light to travel from A to B equals the "time" it requires to travel from B to A. Let a ray of light start at the "A time"
5517:
D. M. Meekhof, S. R. Jefferts, M. StepanovĂc, and T. E. Parker (2001) "Accuracy
Evaluation of a Cesium Fountain Primary Frequency Standard at NIST",
5007:
7307:
1143:
of the water during the experiments, thus providing a constant flow of water for the durations of the experiments, and embodying what Newton called
2229:. We would need a similar factor in Euclidean space if, for example, we measured width in nautical miles and depth in feet. In physics, sometimes
6762:
6339:
6175:
5323:
3639:
4780:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952; 2nd edition, Brown University Press, 1957; reprint, New York: Dover publications, 1969. Page 82.
462:
5804:
5676:
5591:
4596:
2258:
1856:
Event B is simultaneous with A in the green reference frame, but it occurred before in the blue frame, and will occur later in the red frame.
1352:(1854â1912) noted the importance of Lorentz's transformation and popularized it. In particular, the railroad car description can be found in
7276:
4150:
of each other, along with a corresponding uncertainty principle in momentum and position, similar to the energy and time relation above.
1527:
If the clock at A synchronizes with the clock at B and also with the clock at C, the clocks at B and C also synchronize with each other.
4198:
4933:
Today, automated astronomical observations from satellites and spacecraft require relativistic corrections of the reported positions.
1549:
1267:
7027:
5758:
5744:
5727:
5710:
5693:
5659:
5635:
5614:
5587:
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5543:
5395:
5251:
5215:
5146:
5080:
5048:
4990:
4735:
5478:
4829:
612:
Before there were clocks, time was measured by those physical processes which were understandable to each epoch of civilization:
4879:
The
Mesopotamian (modern-day Iraq) astronomers recorded astronomical observations with the naked eye, more than 3500 years ago.
1336:
1270:
were reported, which demonstrate oscillating colors in a chemical solution. These nonequilibrium thermodynamic branches reach a
6289:
5944:
3794:
227:
3997:
921:
was done by hand by priests, and then for commerce, with watchmen to note time as part of their duties. The tabulation of the
7538:
7100:
6168:
607:
2217:
can be seen as just a conversion factor needed because we measure the dimensions of spacetime in different units; since the
1302:. He combined all the laws then known relating to those two phenomenon into four equations. These equations are known as
1195:
7281:
4796:: " ... to thine own self be true, / And it must follow, as the night the day, / Thou canst not then be false to any man."
4626:
4503:
2601:
795:, and most people up until the 20th century thought that time was the same for everyone everywhere. This is the basis for
722:. These clocks became practical for use as primary reference standards after about 1955, and have been in use ever since.
675:
392:
4926:
4421:. The GPS satellites must account for the effects of gravitation and other relativistic factors in their circuitry. See:
1224:
Thus the continual march of a thermodynamic system, from lesser to greater entropy, at any given temperature, defines an
6251:
2433:
214:
4566:, has a positive cosmological constant and thus not only an expanding universe but an accelerating expanding universe.
7236:
7216:
7162:
7047:
6883:
6542:
4634:
4181:
the magnetic resonance of the beam. In 1945 Rabi then suggested that this technique be the basis of a clock using the
2931:
3961:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}A=(i\hbar )^{-1}+\left({\frac {\partial A}{\partial t}}\right)_{\mathrm {classical} }.}
742:, which is approximately 5.391Ă10 seconds â many orders of magnitude below the resolution of current time standards.
6454:
6903:
6888:
6826:
6805:
5894:
5874:
5776:
4755:
1846:
1403:
A, it is possible for an observer at B to determine the time values of events in the immediate neighbourhood of B.
731:
455:
7057:
6868:
6605:
6334:
5884:
5797:
4700:
4569:
If the universe were expanding, then it must have been much smaller and therefore hotter and denser in the past.
4484:
4480:
3459:
254:
3623:{\displaystyle H(t)\left|\psi (t)\right\rangle =i\hbar {\partial \over \partial t}\left|\psi (t)\right\rangle }
7533:
6304:
4630:
4392:
1214:, which affects the continually decreasing amount of free energy which is available to a Carnot engine in the:
222:
1409:
We have not defined a common "time" for A and B, for the latter cannot be defined at all unless we establish
1348:, which left Maxwell's equations unchanged, allowing Michelson and Morley's negative result to be explained.
7317:
7095:
6997:
6913:
6908:
6560:
6211:
4300:
3786:
3527:
1089:
361:
5914:
5316:
4884:
4827:
Farmers have used the sun to mark time for thousands of years, as the most ancient method of telling time.
4460:
In this time and frequency standard, a population of caesium atoms is laser-cooled to temperatures of one
4202:
4120:
3801:
3471:
3451:
3002:
2597:
1354:
1345:
1303:
1285:
1188:
1011:
945:
663:
519:
7470:
6375:
6320:
6274:
6259:
5904:
4695:
4533:
4434:
3972:
448:
148:
3494:
4850:
calculated the circumference of Earth, based on the measurement of the length of the shadow cast by a
7548:
7297:
7211:
7037:
6898:
6626:
6595:
6044:
5939:
5790:
5698:
5442:
5428:
5320:
5262:
4675:
4606:
4422:
4280:
4243:
3744:
3450:
than their less energetic counterparts. Gravitational time dilation gives rise to the phenomenon of
3439:
2616:
2612:
1251:
1151:
1119:
1078:
831:
808:
746:
625:
588:
563:
65:
4271:
Khemani, Moessner, and Sondhi define a time crystal as a "stable, conservative, macroscopic clock".
4247:
1629:
1524:
If the clock at B synchronizes with the clock at A, the clock at A synchronizes with the clock at B.
7507:
7302:
7157:
7022:
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6500:
5959:
5919:
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4614:
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4215:
that allows the geometry of the system to be manifested and operated on. It has been asserted that
4147:
2437:
1329:
1291:
1007:
703:
567:
72:
2337:
1321:
would be incompatible with
Galilean relativity if Maxwell's equations were assumed to hold in any
7482:
7256:
7180:
7110:
6449:
6427:
6294:
6118:
6089:
6024:
6017:
5353:
5347:
4943:
4640:
4559:
4541:
4527:
4376:
4182:
4128:
3805:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1272:
1093:
972:
were widely used in the 18th and 19th century. They have largely been replaced in general use by
851:
828:
796:
387:
232:
1833:
can be said to "mix" space and time in a way similar to the way a
Euclidean rotation around the
1310:; they allow for solutions in the form of electromagnetic waves and propagate at a fixed speed,
768:
487:
4613:
in 1965. Subsequent experiments arrived at a 2.7 kelvins temperature, corresponding to an
3424:{\displaystyle {\frac {dt}{d\tau }}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\left({\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}}\right)}}}.}
937:
were used. These devices allowed sailors to call the hours, and to calculate sailing velocity.
662:
Eventually, it became possible to characterize the passage of time with instrumentation, using
7330:
7195:
7012:
6530:
6409:
6309:
6162:
6065:
5969:
5754:
5740:
5723:
5706:
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5672:
5655:
5631:
5610:
5583:
5558:
5539:
5494:
Slashdot (25 Oct 2021) An Ultra-Precise Clock Shows How To Link the
Quantum World With Gravity
5458:
5391:
5247:
5211:
5142:
5076:
5044:
4986:
4899:
became obsolete in 1609 with
Galileo's observations with a telescope. Galileo Galilei Linceo,
4731:
4705:
4545:
4365:
4350:
We as observers can still signal different parties and places as long as we live within their
4070:
4045:
3523:
3517:
1362:
1349:
1177:
1105:
857:
483:
6743:
4609:
temperature for the universe, after it cooled during the expansion. This was corroborated by
2386:
is the time between these same two events, but as measured in the stationary reference frame;
2366:
1131:
motion, which is commonly used instead of true time; such as an hour, a day, a month, a year.
7475:
7221:
7200:
7152:
7115:
6928:
6648:
6636:
6464:
6432:
6264:
6133:
6049:
6039:
5954:
5579:
5450:
5105:
5022:, ed., which describes Kenyah Tribesmen of Borneo measuring the shadow cast by a gnomon, or
4907:
4563:
4511:
4391:- simple dots, dashes and spaces. From this, a series of technical issues have emerged; see
4212:
4208:
4158:
4095:
3304:
2454:
1852:
1307:
1082:
1057:
1031:
960:
934:
926:
868:
773:
695:
575:
527:
479:
341:
2604:
give an exact relationship between the measurements of space and time in a given region of
7206:
7185:
7017:
6710:
6575:
6520:
6472:
6459:
6422:
6404:
6034:
6029:
5482:
5433:
5407:
5387:
5383:
5371:
5338:
5327:
5239:
5207:
5203:
5191:
5138:
5134:
5122:
4930:
4896:
4833:
4774:
4396:
4227:
4186:
4113:
3809:
3467:
2445:
2059:
2051:
1395:
1387:
1341:
1229:
1207:
1036:
1003:
997:
985:
884:
804:
617:
583:
559:
200:
5016:
Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures
5446:
4900:
2959:
7502:
7261:
7251:
7190:
7147:
6979:
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6838:
6810:
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6012:
6007:
5879:
5715:
5681:
5475:
5362:. The English translation is by W. Perrett and G.B. Jeffrey, reprinted on page 1169 of
4880:
4806:
4659:
4622:
4400:
4364:
Along with the formulation of the equations for the electromagnetic wave, the field of
4170:
4166:
4154:
3490:
3447:
3009:
2984:
2937:
2913:
2399:
1610:
Indeed, the Lorentz transformation (for two reference frames in relative motion, whose
1322:
1263:
1044:
1015:
969:
908:
579:
533:
190:
4826:
7543:
7527:
7389:
7340:
7325:
7271:
7042:
6878:
6873:
6789:
6733:
6683:
6631:
6565:
6537:
6525:
6515:
6505:
6387:
6231:
6157:
6106:
6059:
5974:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5857:
5732:
5664:
5019:
4679:
4288:
4284:
3455:
2441:
2411:
2230:
1366:
1225:
1171:
984:
can theoretically keep accurate time for millions of years. They are appropriate for
981:
977:
594:
372:
320:
293:
278:
268:
856:
In order to measure time, one can record the number of occurrences (events) of some
7487:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7351:
7090:
6705:
6699:
6365:
6299:
6221:
6152:
6101:
5949:
5889:
5590:
A memoir of the experiment program for detecting the predicted fluctuations in the
5574:
5431:(1 November 1926). "An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules".
5379:
5226:
5199:
5179:
5157:
5130:
4845:
4582:
4570:
4555:
4296:
4266:
4223:
4218:
3435:
2596:
Einstein developed a geometric solution to Lorentz's transformation that preserves
2426:
1276:, which is unstable, and another thermodynamic branch becomes stable in its stead.
1203:
1199:
1140:
1111:
1062:
973:
792:
750:
719:
715:
707:
592:
is a complex of technological and scientific issues, and part of the foundation of
571:
475:
195:
58:
1510:{\displaystyle t_{\text{B}}-t_{\text{A}}=t'_{\text{A}}-t_{\text{B}}{\text{.}}\,\!}
1010:
has a constant period, which he learned by timing the motion of a swaying lamp in
6754:
4725:
4502:, France, which ensures uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the
3508:. An act of synchronization must be performed between two systems, at the least.
1394:
challenged the notion of absolute time, and could only formulate a definition of
7497:
7492:
7137:
7120:
7052:
7032:
6918:
6800:
6715:
6693:
6600:
6585:
6380:
6360:
6350:
6279:
6236:
6216:
6145:
5964:
5866:
5603:
4461:
4308:
4292:
4174:
3808:, which enjoys a similarity to the Poisson brackets of classical mechanics. The
3438:), the more slowly time runs. The predictions of time dilation are confirmed by
3325:
3299:
2421:
relative velocity. Naively applying them to other situations gives rise to such
2358:
1295:
1136:
1040:
930:
918:
780:
away. Thus we are viewing M31's light from two million years ago, a time before
739:
434:
336:
315:
283:
273:
170:
5737:
Conversations on Science, Culture, and Time (Studies in Literature and Science)
1427:
be reflected at B in the direction of A, and arrive again at A at the âA timeâ
1250:
With time, entropy increases in an isolated thermodynamic system. In contrast,
109:
7512:
7465:
7449:
7335:
7241:
7062:
6923:
6893:
6831:
6610:
6510:
6417:
6392:
6195:
5979:
5367:
5187:
5118:
4923:
4863:
4574:
4395:. But it is safe to say that our signalling systems can be only approximately
4372:
4354:
4339:
4319:
4178:
4162:
4135:
4124:
3817:
3813:
3443:
896:
860:
824:
820:
777:
298:
175:
5462:
1043:
to measure the time taken for a bronze ball to roll a known distance down an
7409:
7246:
7130:
7105:
7085:
7002:
6954:
6948:
6933:
6673:
6590:
6226:
6138:
6113:
6094:
5984:
5454:
4669:
4651:, during which starlight would not have been visible over large distances.)
4515:
4380:
4343:
4327:
4304:
4253:
2611:
Einstein's equations predict that time should be altered by the presence of
2605:
1299:
1246:
Cosmological arrow of time â distinguished by the expansion of the universe.
816:
800:
734:
699:
429:
382:
377:
288:
5411:
4499:
4449:
fountain, the latest in a series of time and frequency standards, from the
4417:
be synchronized (at an engineering approximation), using technologies like
811:, in which rates of time run differently depending on relative motion, and
5771:
4971:
4357:. But we cannot receive signals from those parties and places outside our
3730:{\displaystyle |\psi _{e}(t)\rangle =e^{-iHt/\hbar }|\psi _{e}(0)\rangle }
2392:
is the speed of the moving reference frame relative to the stationary one;
7444:
7424:
7266:
7172:
7072:
6863:
6858:
6241:
6002:
5994:
5852:
5842:
5358:, by H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, H. Minkowski, and W. H. Weyl, is part of
4683:
4648:
4578:
4323:
4322:
of an accelerated massive particle. This world line is restricted to the
3434:
That is, the stronger the gravitational field (and, thus, the larger the
1328:
It was expected that there was one absolute reference frame, that of the
1314:, regardless of the velocity of the electric charge that generated them.
839:
835:
499:
331:
237:
185:
143:
5109:, English translation by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio 1914. Section
4920:
2440:, geometry in accelerated, noninertial reference frames. Employing the
933:
became more and more accurate, and finally reliable. For ships at sea,
7439:
7429:
7359:
7231:
7142:
7007:
6580:
6570:
6492:
6483:
6468:
6370:
6355:
6200:
6123:
5832:
5506:
5375:
5195:
5126:
5092:
4751:
4544:, that the universe originated in a primordial explosion. At the fifth
4454:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4185:
of an atomic beam. In 2021 Jun Ye of JILA in Boulder Colorado observed
2422:
2321:{\displaystyle \Delta t={{\Delta \tau } \over {\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}}
1860:
More specifically, the Lorentz transformation is a hyperbolic rotation
1240:
1218:
1211:
1115:
922:
904:
864:
788:
711:
666:. Simultaneously, our conception of time has evolved, as shown below.
511:
180:
131:
39:
5536:
From sundials to atomic clocks : understanding time and frequency
5360:
Fortschritte der mathematischen Wissenschaften in Monographien, Heft 2
4342:. The left and right sections (which are outside the light cones) are
642:
the position on the horizon of the first appearance of the sun at dawn
7434:
7384:
7379:
6678:
5837:
5356:: A Collection of Original Papers on the Special Theory of Relativity
5175:
4851:
4603:
4554:" (âYour math is correct, but your physics is abominableâ). In 1929,
4411:
4404:
4331:
4239:
2979:
is the change in coordinate time, or the interval of coordinate time.
953:
900:
679:
656:
621:
551:
419:
136:
44:
4536:, which he later described as his "biggest blunder". But in 1927,
1236:
Psychological arrow of time â our perception of an inexorable flow.
7414:
7226:
7125:
7080:
6688:
6437:
6128:
6084:
6076:
5059:
Watson, E (1979) "The St Albans Clock of Richard of Wallingford".
5041:
God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time
4759:
4587:
4476:
4442:
4384:
4313:
2218:
1851:
1332:, in which Maxwell's equations held unmodified in the known form.
1074:
1023:
949:
887:
were formulated. The sun was the arbiter of the flow of time, but
812:
781:
767:
632:
523:
503:
491:
474:
424:
5097:
Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno ĂĄ due nuoue scienze
4854:
in two different places in Egypt, with an error of -2.4% to +0.8%
7419:
7404:
7394:
6848:
6785:
5827:
5813:
4665:
4592:
4491:
4469:
4388:
4335:
3027:
2213:
is the corresponding change of coordinates.) The speed of light
1255:
1181:
1070:
1019:
964:
892:
888:
880:
876:
763:
682:(symbol: s). It has been defined since 1967 as "the duration of
649:
555:
515:
495:
126:
101:
6758:
5786:
4588:
1591:{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} ={d\mathbf {r} \over dt}{\text{,}}}
7399:
5166:, Londini, Jussu Societatis Regiae ac Typis J. Streater, or
4551:
Vos calculs sont corrects, mais votre physique est abominable.
4418:
872:
636:
1239:
Thermodynamic arrow of time â distinguished by the growth of
1184:
without limit â a precursor of the conservation of energy or
1180:(1753â1814) had discovered that work could be transformed to
5628:
The End of Certainty: Time, Chaos and the New Laws of Nature
1614:
axis is directed in the direction of the relative velocity)
1438:
In accordance with definition the two clocks synchronize if
5412:"Exploring Black Holes: Introduction to General Relativity"
5182:
1700s. From part of the Scholium, reprinted on page 737 of
5012:
Astronomy: A history of man's investigation of the universe
4868:
Astronomy: A history of man's investigation of the universe
4507:
2432:
That paradox can be resolved using for instance Einstein's
1816:
1317:
The fact that light is predicted to always travel at speed
6854:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
4562:. The current generally accepted cosmological model, the
1533:
Albert Einstein, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"
1358:, which was published before Einstein's articles of 1905.
1122:
of a treatment of time began: linear time, conceived as a
2050:
which is a change of coordinates in the four-dimensional
1139:
mechanism described by Galileo was engineered to provide
948:(1292â1336), abbot of St. Albans Abbey, famously built a
718:. This definition is based on the operation of a caesium
5104:
Mathematical discourses and demonstrations, relating to
4972:
S. R. Jefferts et al., "Accuracy evaluation of NIST-F1".
4029:{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta T\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}
3497:
holds; it has its own local geometry, and therefore its
2221:
is currently defined in terms of the second, it has the
1114:(1643â1727) derived the motion of objects falling under
526:
reads. In classical, non-relativistic physics, it is a
5782:
5102:, Leida, Appresso gli Elsevirii (Louis Elsevier), or
4625:; there are only hints based on broken symmetries (see
2417:
These transformations are only valid for two frames at
3332:
Or one could use the following simpler approximation:
2179:
2116:
2077:
1983:
1917:
1875:
1061:, in order to describe the motion of a ball, preceded
4479:
is also reported to BIPM as a frequency standard for
4098:
4073:
4048:
4000:
3832:
3747:
3642:
3539:
3462:
must also adjust signals to account for this effect.
3341:
3307:
3038:
3012:
2987:
2962:
2940:
2916:
2628:
2457:
2369:
2340:
2261:
2071:
1869:
1623:
1552:
1447:
536:
75:
5519:
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
5505:
Vedika Khemani, Roderich Moessner, and S. L. Sondhi
5366::The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy (works by
5186::The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy (works by
5117::The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy (works by
1055:
Galileo's experimental setup to measure the literal
7458:
7349:
7316:
7290:
7171:
7071:
6988:
6962:
6819:
6666:
6619:
6551:
6491:
6481:
6403:
6330:
6250:
6191:
6075:
5993:
5903:
5865:
5851:
5820:
4724:Considine, Douglas M.; Considine, Glenn D. (1985).
4287:between parties and places. One example might be a
883:were noted and tabulated for millennia, before the
64:
51:
38:
26:
21:
4510:) worldwide. BIPM operates under authority of the
4104:
4082:
4057:
4028:
3960:
3777:
3729:
3622:
3423:
3316:
3290:
3018:
2993:
2971:
2946:
2922:
2896:
2585:
2375:
2349:
2320:
2202:
2039:
1822:
1590:
1509:
959:By the time of Richard of Wallingford, the use of
907:, and at least as far southward as the jungles of
542:
85:
5441:(6). American Physical Society (APS): 1049â1070.
5170:The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
4870:, Crescent Books, Inc., London LC 62-14108, p. 31
4283:described above. In general, a signal is part of
4153:Quantum mechanics explains the properties of the
1506:
1166:Thermodynamics and the paradox of irreversibility
566:. Time can be combined mathematically with other
5753:. University of Minnesota Press. November 1997.
838:theory, time itself began as part of the entire
702:corresponding to the transition between the two
5534:James Jespersen and Jane Fitz-Randolph (1999).
1400:
903:was known across most of the world, especially
823:rather than a timeline. In this view time is a
803:. The modern understanding of time is based on
5507:(23 Oct 2019) A Brief History of Time Crystals
4330:figure; this world line cannot cross the top (
3522:There is a time parameter in the equations of
6770:
5798:
456:
8:
5163:Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
4952:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
4549:
4548:, that year, Einstein brushed him off with "
3724:
3667:
1398:for clocks that mark a linear flow of time:
1210:(1822â1888) noted a measure of disorder, or
5669:The physical basis of the direction of time
4924:http://www.phys.lsu.edu/mog/mog9/node9.html
4730:(3 ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 18â61.
4558:(1889â1953) announced his discovery of the
3458:near massive objects such as the sun. The
1294:(1831â1879) presented a combined theory of
6777:
6763:
6755:
6488:
5862:
5805:
5791:
5783:
5002:Charles Hose and William McDougall (1912)
4617:of 13.8 billion years after the Big Bang.
3272:
2877:
1845:coordinates. Consequences of this include
463:
449:
97:
5554:John C. Mather and John Boslough (1996),
5289:R. Kapral and K. Showalter, eds. (1995),
4727:Process instruments and controls handbook
4496:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
4097:
4072:
4047:
4016:
3999:
3924:
3923:
3899:
3867:
3833:
3831:
3765:
3752:
3746:
3709:
3700:
3690:
3677:
3652:
3643:
3641:
3583:
3538:
3402:
3381:
3365:
3342:
3340:
3306:
3280:
3260:
3248:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3208:
3198:
3192:
3183:
3167:
3153:
3132:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3073:
3052:
3039:
3037:
3011:
2986:
2961:
2939:
2915:
2885:
2865:
2853:
2843:
2837:
2828:
2813:
2803:
2797:
2788:
2772:
2758:
2737:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2678:
2657:
2635:
2627:
2566:
2541:
2531:
2512:
2502:
2483:
2473:
2456:
2368:
2339:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2260:
2174:
2111:
2072:
2070:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2007:
1978:
1912:
1870:
1868:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1700:
1695:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1624:
1622:
1583:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1446:
1420:from A towards B, let it at the "B time"
535:
77:
76:
74:
7308:International Commission on Stratigraphy
5749:Stengers, Isabelle, and Ilya Prigogine,
5476:A Brief History of Atomic Clocks at NIST
1198:(1796â1832) scientifically analyzed the
5686:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
4770:
4768:
4716:
4490:The measurement of time is overseen by
4099:
4018:
3860:
3770:
3695:
3580:
2608:and the energy density of that region.
1280:Electromagnetism and the speed of light
100:
3975:in quantum physics. For example, with
530:quantity (often denoted by the symbol
78:
18:
5592:cosmic microwave background radiation
5244:The Illustrated Brief History of Time
4982:Fred Adams and Greg Laughlin (1999),
4921:http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpstt.html
4597:cosmic microwave background radiation
4279:Signalling is one application of the
2406:Moving objects therefore are said to
1361:The Lorentz transformation predicted
1092:assume that time is the same for all
7:
6739:
5277:G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine (1989),
4577:(1915â2001), who invented the term '
4540:(1894â1966) argued, on the basis of
4429:Technology for timekeeping standards
4291:tied to a tree, or the ringing of a
4217:time is an implicit consequence of
655:the length of the shadow cast by a
5705:. Springer Verlag. February 1999.
5343:Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper
4453:-based atomic clock (1949) to the
4199:Dynamical systems and chaos theory
4074:
4049:
4007:
4001:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3910:
3902:
3589:
3585:
2370:
2341:
2274:
2262:
1118:, the first clear formulation for
645:the position of the sun in the sky
14:
7028:Discrete time and continuous time
5525:, no. 2, (April 2001) pp. 507-509
5113:is reprinted on pages 534-535 of
4138:relations also hold for momentum
3804:shown above is equivalent to the
3456:Shapiro signal travel time delays
3446:evidence, where moving particles
1232:identifies three arrows of time:
863:. The regular recurrences of the
6953:
6947:
6738:
6729:
6728:
5770:
5246:: updated and expanded edition
4954:(BIPM). pp. Section 2.1.1.3
4326:top and bottom sections of this
3501:measurements of space and time;
2237:are used to simplify equations.
1568:
1554:
108:
4778:The Exact Sciences in Antiquity
4123:one measures the duration of a
3778:{\displaystyle e^{-iHt/\hbar }}
1373:Relativistic physics: spacetime
1085:, as being well known to all."
726:State of the art in timekeeping
16:Fundamental quantity in physics
7101:History of timekeeping devices
5654:. Vintage. February 12, 1985.
4602:Gamow's prediction was a 5â10-
3888:
3876:
3864:
3854:
3721:
3715:
3701:
3664:
3658:
3644:
3612:
3606:
3566:
3560:
3549:
3543:
2934:of an object at a distance of
2572:
2563:
2553:
2538:
2521:
2509:
2492:
2480:
2463:
2231:units of measurement in which
1770:
1755:
1678:
1648:
1268:BelousovâZhabotinsky reactions
1100:Newtonian physics: linear time
1006:(1564â1642) discovered that a
842:about 13.8 billion years ago.
827:. According to the prevailing
678:(SI), the unit of time is the
608:History of timekeeping devices
1:
4627:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
4504:International System of Units
4207:One could say that time is a
2408:show a slower passage of time
1254:(1887â1961) pointed out that
676:International System of Units
648:the marking of the moment of
394:Ultimate fate of the universe
86:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {T}}}
5354:The Principles of Relativity
4295:. A signal can be part of a
4065:is the uncertainty in energy
3812:are superseded by a nonzero
3503:there is no 'universal clock
2434:General theory of relativity
2350:{\displaystyle \Delta \tau }
562:, is usually described as a
7048:Gravitational time dilation
6884:Barycentric Coordinate Time
6543:Geological history of Earth
5703:Multifractals and 1/f noise
5291:Chemical Waves and Patterns
5026:with a measuring scale, or
4847:On the measure of the Earth
4809:. Solar-center.stanford.edu
4635:Category:Physical cosmology
2932:gravitational time dilation
2227:299 792 458 m/s
1337:MichelsonâMorley experiment
670:Unit of measurement of time
631:the periodic succession of
616:the first appearance (see:
498:as well as demonstrate the
7565:
6904:Geocentric Coordinate Time
6889:Barycentric Dynamical Time
6827:Coordinated Universal Time
5895:Orders of magnitude (time)
5364:On the Shoulders of Giants
5184:On the Shoulders of Giants
5115:On the Shoulders of Giants
5004:The Pagan Tribes of Borneo
4756:simple harmonic oscillator
4525:
4475:Additionally, a reference
4264:
4196:
4090:is the uncertainty in time
3515:
2054:, a dimension of which is
1847:relativity of simultaneity
1376:
1283:
1169:
1103:
1008:pendulum's harmonic motion
995:
849:
761:
605:
7058:Time-translation symmetry
6945:
6869:International Atomic Time
6796:
6724:
6606:Time translation symmetry
5577:and Keay Davidson (1993)
5417:. Addison Wesley Longman.
5351:, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig.
5178:, English translation by
4984:Five Ages of the Universe
4754:measured the period of a
4701:Category:systems of units
4485:international atomic time
4437:in the U.S. is currently
4177:(1898â1988), was able to
3971:This equation denotes an
3512:Time in quantum mechanics
3493:. In an inertial frame,
3460:Global Positioning System
1219:2nd law of thermodynamics
1189:1st law of thermodynamics
992:Galileo: the flow of time
815:and time are merged into
5626:Prigogine, Ilya (1996),
5314:Henri Poincaré, (1902).
4631:Timeline of the Big Bang
4393:Category:Synchronization
4083:{\displaystyle \Delta T}
4058:{\displaystyle \Delta E}
1110:In or around 1665, when
1090:Galilean transformations
899:, hence, the use of the
7318:Astronomical chronology
7291:Archaeology and geology
6998:Absolute space and time
6914:IERS Reference Meridian
6909:International Date Line
6820:International standards
6561:Absolute space and time
6212:Astronomical chronology
5455:10.1103/physrev.28.1049
5348:Das RelativitÀtsprinzip
4944:"Unit of time (second)"
4807:"Heliacal/Dawn Risings"
3787:time evolution operator
2376:{\displaystyle \Delta }
2361:between the two events;
1346:Lorentz transformations
1344:(1853â1928) discovered
1260:"negative entropy flow"
664:operational definitions
574:other concepts such as
6611:Time reversal symmetry
5915:Italian six-hour clock
5650:Boorstein, Daniel J.,
5317:Science and Hypothesis
5301:Ilya Prigogine (1996)
4885:operational definition
4676:irreversible phenomena
4633:, and the articles in
4599:
4550:
4403:condition, from which
4347:
4203:Dissipative structures
4131:in quantum mechanics.
4106:
4105:{\displaystyle \hbar }
4084:
4059:
4030:
3987:(from the Hamiltonian
3962:
3779:
3731:
3624:
3452:gravitational redshift
3425:
3318:
3317:{\displaystyle d\tau }
3292:
3020:
3003:gravitational constant
2995:
2973:
2948:
2924:
2898:
2587:
2586:{\displaystyle \left,}
2377:
2351:
2322:
2204:
2041:
1857:
1824:
1592:
1536:
1511:
1355:Science and Hypothesis
1206:, an abstract engine.
1133:
1053:
946:Richard of Wallingford
891:was known only to the
846:Regularities in nature
785:
544:
507:
87:
7539:Philosophy of physics
7277:Weekday determination
7163:Sundial markup schema
6376:Time and fate deities
6321:The Unreality of Time
6260:A series and B series
5638:On pages 163 and 182.
5496:Jun Ye's work at JILA
4696:Relativistic dynamics
4591:
4534:cosmological constant
4435:primary time standard
4317:
4281:electromagnetic waves
4265:Further information:
4173:in a magnetic field,
4107:
4085:
4060:
4031:
3963:
3823:, and Hamiltonian H:
3780:
3732:
3625:
3440:particle acceleration
3426:
3324:, or the interval of
3319:
3293:
3021:
2996:
2974:
2949:
2925:
2899:
2588:
2378:
2352:
2323:
2205:
2062:an ordinary rotation
2042:
1855:
1825:
1593:
1512:
1128:
1049:
819:, where we live on a
771:
751:atomic clock research
714:133 atom", and is an
639:, seemingly eternally
545:
478:
88:
7298:Chronological dating
7038:Theory of relativity
6899:Daylight saving time
6627:Chronological dating
6596:Theory of relativity
5940:Daylight saving time
5779:at Wikimedia Commons
5751:Theory Out of Bounds
5608:Before the Beginning
5556:The Very First Light
5303:The End of Certainty
5279:Exploring Complexity
5061:Antiquarian Horology
4607:black-body radiation
4595:fluctuations of the
4423:Self-clocking signal
4407:need be eliminated.
4096:
4071:
4046:
3998:
3973:uncertainty relation
3830:
3745:
3640:
3633:One solution can be
3537:
3528:Schrödinger equation
3339:
3305:
3036:
3030:generating the field
3010:
2985:
2960:
2938:
2914:
2626:
2617:Schwarzschild metric
2613:gravitational fields
2455:
2367:
2338:
2259:
2069:
1867:
1621:
1550:
1445:
1120:mathematical physics
1065:'s statement in his
1018:at the cathedral of
988:and scientific use.
809:theory of relativity
747:caesium atomic clock
626:flooding of the Nile
564:fundamental quantity
534:
73:
7508:Time value of money
7303:Geologic time scale
7158:History of sundials
7023:Cosmological decade
6975:Greenwich Mean Time
6806:Orders of magnitude
5920:Thai six-hour clock
5447:1926PhRv...28.1049S
4897:Naked eye astronomy
4887:in the twentieth c.
4791:William Shakespeare
4615:age of the universe
4581:' to disparage it.
4377:electrical circuits
4307:, an early form of
4299:, which involves a
4236:information entropy
4232:characteristic time
4169:'s experiment with
4148:conjugate variables
3802:Schrödinger picture
2598:Maxwell's equations
2438:Riemannian geometry
2410:. This is known as
1543:by space and time:
1486:
1330:luminiferous aether
1304:Maxwell's equations
1292:James Clerk Maxwell
1286:Maxwell's equations
1156:linear flow of time
1069:, "I do not define
952:as an astronomical
758:Conceptions of time
582:and time-dependent
568:physical quantities
7483:Mental chronometry
7111:Marine chronometer
6963:Obsolete standards
6450:Rosy retrospection
6428:Mental chronometry
6252:Philosophy of time
5720:Order out of Chaos
5699:Mandelbrot, BenoĂźt
5481:2009-02-14 at the
5345:reprinted 1922 in
5326:2006-10-04 at the
5072:Jo Ellen Barnett,
4929:2010-07-13 at the
4832:2010-07-26 at the
4641:General relativity
4611:Penzias and Wilson
4600:
4560:expanding universe
4542:general relativity
4528:physical cosmology
4368:could be founded.
4348:
4252:Multifractals and
4183:resonant frequency
4125:sequence of events
4102:
4080:
4055:
4026:
3958:
3806:Heisenberg picture
3775:
3727:
3620:
3495:Newton's first law
3421:
3314:
3288:
3016:
2991:
2972:{\displaystyle dt}
2969:
2944:
2920:
2894:
2583:
2373:
2347:
2318:
2200:
2194:
2168:
2102:
2037:
2001:
1972:
1903:
1858:
1820:
1815:
1588:
1507:
1474:
1392:special relativity
1383:General relativity
1379:Special relativity
1047:; this clock was:
935:marine sandglasses
852:History of science
799:, where time is a
786:
772:Andromeda galaxy (
540:
518:is defined by its
508:
388:Radiometric dating
83:
7521:
7520:
7331:Nuclear timescale
7013:Continuous signal
6752:
6751:
6662:
6661:
6637:Circadian rhythms
6455:Tenseâaspectâmood
6310:Temporal finitism
6187:
6186:
6163:Grandfather clock
5775:Media related to
5677:978-3-540-42081-1
5263:Erwin Schrödinger
5039:North, J. (2004)
4789:See, for example
4706:Time in astronomy
4678:, as well as the
4546:Solvay conference
4522:Time in cosmology
4387:, could transmit
4366:telecommunication
4334:) or the bottom (
4238:production, of a
4193:Dynamical systems
4024:
3917:
3846:
3596:
3524:quantum mechanics
3518:quantum mechanics
3448:decay more slowly
3416:
3415:
3409:
3360:
3298:is the change in
3286:
3254:
3214:
3160:
3118:
3080:
3019:{\displaystyle M}
2994:{\displaystyle G}
2947:{\displaystyle r}
2923:{\displaystyle T}
2892:
2891:
2859:
2819:
2765:
2723:
2685:
2316:
2314:
2035:
2030:
2010:
2009: where
1733:
1684:
1683: where
1586:
1581:
1503:
1497:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1363:space contraction
1273:bifurcation point
1252:Erwin Schrödinger
1228:. In particular,
1178:Benjamin Thompson
1160:mathematical time
1106:classical physics
941:Mechanical clocks
784:existed on Earth.
776:) is two million
543:{\displaystyle t}
522:: time is what a
473:
472:
96:
95:
7556:
7222:Dominical letter
7153:Equation of time
7116:Marine sandglass
6957:
6951:
6929:Terrestrial Time
6786:Time measurement
6779:
6772:
6765:
6756:
6742:
6741:
6732:
6731:
6649:Glottochronology
6489:
6405:Human experience
6265:B-theory of time
5863:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5784:
5774:
5739:". March, 1995.
5639:
5624:
5618:
5601:
5595:
5580:Wrinkles in Time
5572:
5566:
5552:
5546:
5532:
5526:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5404:
5398:
5336:
5330:
5312:
5306:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5260:
5254:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5155:
5149:
5106:Two New Sciences
5090:
5084:
5070:
5064:
5057:
5051:
5037:
5031:
5000:
4994:
4980:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4940:
4934:
4918:
4912:
4908:Starry Messenger
4902:Sidereus Nuncius
4894:
4888:
4877:
4871:
4861:
4855:
4842:
4836:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4803:
4797:
4787:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4721:
4564:Lambda-CDM model
4553:
4538:Georges LemaĂźtre
4512:Metre Convention
4379:, some spanning
4371:In 19th century
4213:dynamical system
4209:parameterization
4161:. Starting with
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4017:
3979:(the observable
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3875:
3874:
3847:
3845:
3834:
3810:Poisson brackets
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3657:
3656:
3647:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3597:
3595:
3584:
3573:
3569:
3506:
3442:experiments and
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3393:
3382:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3265:
3264:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3144:
3133:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3064:
3053:
3040:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2870:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2749:
2738:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2669:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2546:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2517:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2444:which describes
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2228:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2173:
2172:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2087:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1977:
1976:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1888:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1804:
1784:
1746:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1701:
1699:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1667:
1639:
1602:is position and
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1534:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1482:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1308:electromagnetism
1158:(what he called
1094:reference frames
1032:Two New Sciences
950:mechanical clock
704:hyperfine levels
694:
693:
690:
687:
549:
547:
546:
541:
465:
458:
451:
395:
279:Day of Judgement
112:
98:
92:
90:
89:
84:
82:
81:
34:
19:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7534:Time in physics
7524:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7454:
7345:
7312:
7286:
7167:
7067:
7018:Coordinate time
6990:Time in physics
6984:
6958:
6952:
6943:
6815:
6792:
6783:
6753:
6748:
6720:
6711:Time immemorial
6658:
6615:
6576:Coordinate time
6547:
6501:Geological time
6477:
6460:Time management
6423:Generation time
6407:
6399:
6344:
6326:
6246:
6205:
6183:
6071:
5989:
5906:
5899:
5855:
5847:
5816:
5811:
5777:Time in physics
5767:
5716:Prigogine, Ilya
5682:Kuhn, Thomas S.
5652:The Discoverers
5647:
5645:Further reading
5642:
5625:
5621:
5602:
5598:
5573:
5569:
5553:
5549:
5533:
5529:
5516:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5483:Wayback Machine
5474:
5470:
5434:Physical Review
5429:Schrödinger, E.
5427:
5426:
5422:
5414:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5388:Stephen Hawking
5337:
5333:
5328:Wayback Machine
5313:
5309:
5300:
5296:
5288:
5284:
5276:
5272:
5261:
5257:
5240:Stephen Hawking
5237:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5208:Stephen Hawking
5156:
5152:
5139:Stephen Hawking
5091:
5087:
5074:Time's Pendulum
5071:
5067:
5058:
5054:
5043:. Oxbow Books.
5038:
5034:
5001:
4997:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4966:
4957:
4955:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4931:Wayback Machine
4919:
4915:
4895:
4891:
4878:
4874:
4862:
4858:
4843:
4839:
4834:Wayback Machine
4825:
4821:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4788:
4784:
4775:Otto Neugebauer
4773:
4766:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4692:
4657:
4530:
4524:
4431:
4318:Evolution of a
4277:
4269:
4263:
4228:irreversibility
4205:
4195:
4187:time dilatation
4171:molecular beams
4114:Planck constant
4094:
4093:
4069:
4068:
4044:
4043:
3996:
3995:
3909:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3863:
3838:
3828:
3827:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3705:
3673:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3556:
3552:
3535:
3534:
3520:
3514:
3504:
3398:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3352:
3344:
3337:
3336:
3303:
3302:
3276:
3256:
3244:
3234:
3219:
3204:
3194:
3179:
3149:
3145:
3134:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3090:
3069:
3065:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3008:
3007:
2983:
2982:
2958:
2957:
2936:
2935:
2912:
2911:
2881:
2861:
2849:
2839:
2824:
2809:
2799:
2784:
2754:
2750:
2739:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2713:
2695:
2674:
2670:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2624:
2623:
2602:field equations
2562:
2537:
2527:
2508:
2498:
2479:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2446:Minkowski space
2365:
2364:
2336:
2335:
2304:
2289:
2257:
2256:
2226:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2128:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2060:Euclidean space
2052:Minkowski space
2000:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1944:
1943:
1929:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1747:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1708:
1668:
1640:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1573:
1563:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1532:
1490:
1461:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1396:synchronization
1388:Albert Einstein
1385:
1377:Main articles:
1375:
1342:Hendrik Lorentz
1288:
1282:
1230:Stephen Hawking
1208:Rudolf Clausius
1174:
1168:
1124:universal clock
1108:
1102:
1012:harmonic motion
1004:Galileo Galilei
1000:
998:reproducibility
994:
970:Pendulum clocks
943:
885:laws of physics
854:
848:
766:
760:
728:
691:
688:
685:
683:
672:
618:heliacal rising
610:
604:
602:Markers of time
532:
531:
469:
440:
439:
415:
414:
405:
404:
400:Time in physics
393:
368:
367:
366:
347:
346:
327:
326:
325:
304:
303:
264:
263:
262:
243:
242:
218:
217:
206:
205:
166:
165:
164:Fields of study
156:
155:
122:
121:
71:
70:
54:
32:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7562:
7560:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7526:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7503:Time metrology
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7459:Related topics
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7356:
7354:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7322:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7177:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7148:Dialing scales
7145:
7140:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6980:Prime meridian
6977:
6972:
6970:Ephemeris time
6966:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6939:180th meridian
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6759:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6736:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6654:Time geography
6651:
6646:
6644:Clock reaction
6641:
6640:
6639:
6629:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6557:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6497:
6495:
6486:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6443:time signature
6440:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6317:
6315:Temporal parts
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6285:Eternal return
6282:
6277:
6272:
6270:Chronocentrism
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6081:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6062:
6057:
6055:Hindu Panchang
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5911:
5909:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5871:
5869:
5860:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5766:
5765:External links
5763:
5762:
5761:
5747:
5733:Serres, Michel
5730:
5713:
5696:
5679:
5665:Dieter Zeh, H.
5662:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5619:
5596:
5567:
5547:
5527:
5510:
5498:
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5468:
5420:
5399:
5331:
5307:
5294:
5282:
5270:
5255:
5231:
5229:1687 page 738.
5219:
5150:
5085:
5065:
5052:
5032:
4995:
4975:
4964:
4935:
4913:
4889:
4881:P. W. Bridgman
4872:
4856:
4844:Eratosthenes,
4837:
4819:
4798:
4782:
4764:
4743:
4736:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4688:
4662:'s reprise is
4660:Ilya Prigogine
4656:
4653:
4623:spacetime foam
4526:Main article:
4523:
4520:
4518:laboratories.
4498:), located in
4477:hydrogen maser
4430:
4427:
4401:plesiochronous
4276:
4273:
4262:
4259:
4248:intrinsic time
4194:
4191:
4167:Walter Gerlach
4155:periodic table
4134:Corresponding
4117:
4116:
4101:
4091:
4079:
4076:
4066:
4054:
4051:
4037:
4036:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3983:), the energy
3969:
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3844:
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3785:is called the
3772:
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3568:
3565:
3562:
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3542:
3513:
3510:
3491:inertial frame
3486:
3485:
3484:
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3405:
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3397:
3392:
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2404:
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2400:speed of light
2393:
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2017:
2014:
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1371:
1350:Henri Poincaré
1323:inertial frame
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1264:Ilya Prigogine
1248:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1222:
1221:
1192:
1191:
1170:Main article:
1167:
1164:
1104:Main article:
1101:
1098:
1045:inclined plane
996:Main article:
993:
990:
978:digital clocks
942:
939:
909:Southeast Asia
850:Main article:
847:
844:
762:Main article:
759:
756:
727:
724:
671:
668:
660:
659:
653:
652:during the day
646:
643:
640:
629:
606:Main article:
603:
600:
580:kinetic energy
539:
471:
470:
468:
467:
460:
453:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
413:Related topics
412:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
397:
390:
385:
380:
375:
369:
365:
364:
359:
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349:
348:
345:
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339:
334:
328:
324:
323:
318:
312:
311:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
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265:
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260:
257:
251:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
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230:
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219:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
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167:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
140:
139:
134:
129:
123:
120:Major concepts
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
105:
104:
94:
93:
80:
68:
62:
61:
55:
52:
49:
48:
42:
36:
35:
30:
28:Common symbols
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7561:
7550:
7547:
7545:
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7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
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7499:
7496:
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7486:
7484:
7481:
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7473:
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7396:
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7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7352:units of time
7348:
7342:
7341:Sidereal time
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7326:Galactic year
7324:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7315:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7282:Weekday names
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7272:Tropical year
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7237:Intercalation
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:(lunar Hijri)
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
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7178:
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7161:
7159:
7156:
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7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7043:Time dilation
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6956:
6950:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6879:24-hour clock
6877:
6875:
6874:12-hour clock
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6768:
6766:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6745:
6737:
6735:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6632:Chronobiology
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6566:Arrow of time
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6538:Geochronology
6536:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6402:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6388:Wheel of time
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Periodization
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:Digital clock
6156:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5935:Relative hour
5933:
5931:
5930:24-hour clock
5928:
5926:
5925:12-hour clock
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5808:
5803:
5801:
5796:
5794:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5759:0-8166-2517-4
5756:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5745:0-472-06548-3
5742:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5728:0-394-54204-5
5725:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:0-387-98539-5
5708:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5694:0-226-45808-3
5691:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:0-394-72625-1
5657:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5636:0-684-83705-6
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5615:0-201-15142-1
5612:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5588:0-688-12330-9
5585:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5563:0-465-01575-1
5560:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5544:0-16-050010-9
5541:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5472:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5396:0-7624-1348-4
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5267:What is Life?
5264:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5252:0-553-10374-1
5249:
5245:
5241:
5238:pp. 182â195.
5235:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5216:0-7624-1348-4
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5147:0-7624-1348-4
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5081:0-306-45787-3
5078:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5049:1-85285-451-0
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5020:Helaine Selin
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4991:0-684-86576-9
4988:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4965:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4820:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4750:For example,
4747:
4744:
4739:
4737:0-07-012436-1
4733:
4729:
4728:
4720:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:arrow of time
4677:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4289:yellow ribbon
4286:
4285:communication
4282:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4261:Time crystals
4260:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4234:, or rate of
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4142:and position
4141:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4092:
4077:
4067:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4021:
4013:
4010:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3955:
3919:
3913:
3905:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3871:
3868:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3616:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3540:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3311:
3308:
3301:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3013:
3006:
3004:
2988:
2981:
2966:
2963:
2956:
2941:
2933:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:metric tensor
2439:
2436:, which uses
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2412:time dilation
2409:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2363:
2360:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2084:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1577:
1574:
1564:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1411:by definition
1407:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1367:time dilation
1364:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:depends on a
1257:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:arrow of time
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1172:Arrow of time
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
991:
989:
987:
983:
982:Atomic clocks
979:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
940:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
783:
779:
775:
770:
765:
757:
755:
752:
748:
743:
741:
736:
733:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
681:
677:
669:
667:
665:
658:
654:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:
613:
609:
601:
599:
597:
596:
595:recordkeeping
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
537:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
447:
446:
444:
443:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
409:
408:
401:
398:
396:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
373:Chronobiology
371:
370:
363:
360:
357:
356:
351:
350:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
294:Reincarnation
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
258:
256:
253:
252:
247:
246:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
210:
209:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
160:
159:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
116:
115:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
69:
67:
63:
60:
56:
50:
46:
43:
41:
37:
31:
25:
20:
7488:Decimal time
7217:Astronomical
7096:Complication
7091:Atomic clock
6989:
6706:Time capsule
6700:Tempus fugit
6698:
6620:Other fields
6552:
6319:
6300:Perdurantism
6222:Calendar era
6174:
6167:
6153:Cuckoo clock
6090:astronomical
6064:
5890:Unit of time
5821:Key concepts
5750:
5736:
5719:
5702:
5685:
5671:. Springer.
5668:
5651:
5627:
5622:
5607:
5599:
5578:
5575:George Smoot
5570:
5555:
5550:
5535:
5530:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5501:
5489:
5471:
5438:
5432:
5423:
5402:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5315:
5310:
5302:
5297:
5290:
5285:
5278:
5273:
5266:
5258:
5243:
5234:
5222:
5183:
5180:Andrew Motte
5168:
5167:
5161:
5153:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5088:
5073:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5040:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4983:
4978:
4967:
4956:. Retrieved
4947:
4938:
4916:
4906:
4901:
4892:
4883:defined his
4875:
4867:
4859:
4846:
4840:
4822:
4811:. Retrieved
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4746:
4726:
4719:
4663:
4658:
4639:
4619:
4601:
4571:George Gamow
4568:
4556:Edwin Hubble
4531:
4495:
4489:
4474:
4465:
4459:
4432:
4414:
4409:
4397:synchronized
4370:
4363:
4361:light cone.
4358:
4351:
4349:
4297:conversation
4278:
4270:
4267:Time crystal
4251:
4250:in his book
4224:nonlinearity
4216:
4206:
4152:
4146:, which are
4143:
4139:
4133:
4118:
4038:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3820:
3799:
3790:
3740:
3632:
3521:
3502:
3498:
3487:
3480:
3464:
3436:acceleration
3433:
3331:
2906:
2610:
2595:
2431:
2427:twin paradox
2418:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2330:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2232:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2055:
2049:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1540:
1537:
1519:
1437:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1386:
1360:
1353:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1289:
1271:
1259:
1249:
1223:
1204:Carnot cycle
1200:steam engine
1193:
1175:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1141:laminar flow
1134:
1129:
1123:
1112:Isaac Newton
1109:
1087:
1063:Isaac Newton
1058:flow of time
1056:
1054:
1050:
1030:
1028:
1001:
958:
956:about 1330.
944:
916:
913:
855:
829:cosmological
787:
744:
729:
720:atomic clock
716:SI base unit
708:ground state
673:
661:
624:to mark the
611:
593:
587:
550:) and, like
509:
494:can measure
399:
196:Paleontology
149:of the world
59:unit of time
40:SI unit
7549:Timekeeping
7498:System time
7493:Metric time
7212:Solar Hijri
7138:Water clock
7121:Radio clock
7053:Time domain
7033:Proper time
6919:Leap second
6801:Chronometry
6716:Time travel
6694:System time
6601:Time domain
6586:Proper time
6410:use of time
6381:Father Time
6361:Immortality
6351:Ages of Man
6280:Endurantism
6237:Regnal year
6217:Big History
6146:water-based
6045:Solar Hijri
5955:Hexadecimal
5905:Measurement
5867:Chronometry
5853:Measurement
5735:, et al., "
5604:Martin Rees
5390:, ed. 2002
5210:, ed. 2002
5141:, ed. 2002
4948:SI brochure
4462:microkelvin
4410:That said,
4309:Time signal
4293:church bell
4246:introduces
4175:Isidor Rabi
3816:, say for
3795:Hamiltonian
3326:proper time
3300:proper time
2359:proper time
1837:axis mixes
1296:electricity
1196:Sadi Carnot
1137:water clock
1041:water clock
1022:, with his
931:water clock
919:timekeeping
778:light-years
740:Planck time
589:Timekeeping
520:measurement
435:Time travel
342:Hexadecimal
316:Measurement
284:Immortality
171:Archaeology
53:Other units
7528:Categories
7513:Timekeeper
7466:Chronology
7450:Millennium
7336:Precession
7242:Julian day
7063:T-symmetry
6924:Solar time
6894:Civil time
6418:Chronemics
6393:Kalachakra
6305:Presentism
6290:Eternalism
6196:Chronology
6134:mechanical
6085:Main types
6003:Main types
5368:Copernicus
5188:Copernicus
5119:Copernicus
4958:2008-06-08
4864:Fred Hoyle
4813:2012-08-17
4712:References
4575:Fred Hoyle
4381:continents
4373:telegraphy
4355:light cone
4340:light cone
4320:world line
4275:Signalling
4244:Mandelbrot
4197:See also:
4163:Otto Stern
4136:commutator
3818:observable
3814:commutator
3516:See also:
3444:cosmic ray
2252:′):
929:, and the
917:At first,
861:phenomenon
825:coordinate
821:world line
362:Naturalism
299:Kalachakra
228:Eternalism
223:Presentism
215:Philosophy
201:Futurology
176:Chronology
7410:Fortnight
7257:Lunisolar
7247:Leap year
7181:Gregorian
7131:stopwatch
7106:Hourglass
7086:Astrarium
7003:Spacetime
6934:Time zone
6811:Metrology
6790:standards
6674:Leap year
6591:Spacetime
6465:Yesterday
6366:Dreamtime
6340:Mythology
6227:Deep time
6139:stopwatch
6114:hourglass
6095:astrarium
6025:Gregorian
6018:Lunisolar
5995:Calendars
5985:Time zone
5858:standards
5463:0031-899X
5305:pp. 63â71
5008:Plate 60.
4758:with his
4670:existence
4668:precedes
4516:metrology
4344:spacelike
4328:spacetime
4305:Time ball
4254:1/f noise
4121:precisely
4119:The more
4100:ℏ
4075:Δ
4050:Δ
4019:ℏ
4014:≥
4008:Δ
4002:Δ
3991:) gives:
3911:∂
3903:∂
3869:−
3861:ℏ
3771:ℏ
3754:−
3725:⟩
3707:ψ
3696:ℏ
3679:−
3668:⟩
3650:ψ
3604:ψ
3590:∂
3586:∂
3581:ℏ
3558:ψ
3375:−
3357:τ
3312:τ
3278:ϕ
3270:θ
3267:
3230:−
3221:θ
3190:−
3169:−
3130:−
3101:−
3050:−
2883:ϕ
2875:θ
2872:
2835:−
2826:θ
2795:−
2774:−
2735:−
2706:−
2655:−
2615:(see the
2606:spacetime
2548:−
2423:paradoxes
2371:Δ
2345:τ
2342:Δ
2287:−
2278:τ
2275:Δ
2263:Δ
2225:value of
2164:θ
2161:
2153:θ
2150:
2140:θ
2137:
2131:−
2126:θ
2123:
2013:ϕ
1968:ϕ
1965:
1957:ϕ
1954:
1948:−
1941:ϕ
1938:
1932:−
1927:ϕ
1924:
1762:−
1753:γ
1706:−
1687:γ
1655:−
1646:γ
1488:−
1459:−
1300:magnetism
1290:In 1864,
1202:with his
1176:By 1798,
1067:Principia
1002:In 1583,
986:standards
927:sandglass
923:equinoxes
897:millennia
817:spacetime
801:parameter
797:timelines
735:timestamp
700:radiation
628:each year
430:Spacetime
383:Evolution
378:Cosmogony
321:Standards
289:Afterlife
259:Mythology
191:Metrology
66:Dimension
7471:Duration
7445:Saeculum
7425:Olympiad
7267:Solstice
7196:Holocene
7173:Calendar
7073:Horology
6864:ISO 8601
6859:ISO 31-1
6734:Category
6482:Time in
6473:Tomorrow
6335:Religion
6275:Duration
6242:Timeline
6176:Timeline
5975:Sidereal
5843:Eternity
5718:(1984),
5606:(1997),
5479:Archived
5410:(2000).
5384:Einstein
5339:Einstein
5324:Archived
5204:Einstein
5135:Einstein
5063:372-384.
5024:tukar do
4927:Archived
4866:(1962),
4830:Archived
4690:See also
4684:Big Bang
4682:and the
4649:Big Bang
4579:Big Bang
4445:-cooled
4324:timelike
4301:protocol
4179:modulate
4159:elements
4129:operator
3800:But the
3617:⟩
3571:⟩
2419:constant
2097:′
2085:′
1898:′
1886:′
1802:′
1782:′
1744:′
1637:′
1606:is time.
1531:â
1484:′
1390:'s 1905
1194:In 1824
1154:treat a
1145:duration
1035:(1638),
961:ratchets
858:periodic
840:Universe
836:Big Bang
805:Einstein
650:noontime
500:rotation
488:Panthéon
484:pendulum
480:Foucault
332:ISO 8601
274:End time
269:Creation
255:Religion
238:Fatalism
186:Horology
144:Eternity
7440:Century
7430:Lustrum
7360:Instant
7232:Equinox
7201:Islamic
7143:Sundial
7008:Chronon
6744:Commons
6667:Related
6581:Instant
6571:Chronon
6553:Physics
6493:Geology
6484:science
6356:Destiny
6201:History
6169:History
6124:sundial
6107:quantum
6050:Chinese
6040:Islamic
5950:Decimal
5945:Chinese
5907:systems
5833:Present
5617:p. 210.
5443:Bibcode
5376:Galileo
5265:(1945)
5196:Galileo
5127:Galileo
5093:Galileo
4911:) 1610.
4752:Galileo
4655:Reprise
4455:caesium
4451:ammonia
4439:NIST-F1
4412:systems
4230:): the
4165:'s and
4157:of the
4112:is the
3793:is the
3472:Wheeler
3026:is the
3001:is the
2930:is the
2907:where:
2600:. His
2425:as the
2398:is the
2331:where:
1541:defined
1431:′
1241:entropy
1212:entropy
1152:fluents
1116:gravity
1039:used a
1037:Galileo
1029:In his
905:Eurasia
871:of the
869:motions
865:seasons
834:of the
789:Galileo
712:caesium
710:of the
706:of the
698:of the
696:periods
674:In the
512:physics
486:in the
358:Science
181:History
132:Present
7435:Decade
7390:Moment
7385:Minute
7380:Second
7350:Other
7207:Julian
7186:Hebrew
6832:offset
6684:Moment
6679:Memory
6531:period
6119:marine
6102:atomic
6077:Clocks
6035:Hebrew
6030:Julian
5965:Metric
5838:Future
5757:
5743:
5726:
5709:
5692:
5675:
5658:
5634:
5613:
5586:
5565:p. 41.
5561:
5542:
5461:
5408:Taylor
5394:
5382:, and
5380:Newton
5372:Kepler
5341:1905,
5321:Eprint
5250:
5242:1996.
5227:Newton
5214:
5202:, and
5200:Newton
5192:Kepler
5176:London
5158:Newton
5145:
5133:, and
5131:Newton
5123:Kepler
5079:
5047:
5028:aso do
4989:
4852:gnomon
4794:Hamlet
4734:
4604:kelvin
4500:SĂšvres
4466:second
4405:jitter
4385:oceans
4332:future
4240:system
4222:(i.e.
4039:where
3789:, and
3741:where
3526:. The
3468:Taylor
2058:. (In
2019:artanh
1598:where
1083:motion
974:quartz
954:orrery
925:, the
901:gnomon
867:, the
793:Newton
782:humans
680:second
657:gnomon
622:Sirius
584:fields
576:motion
572:derive
560:charge
558:, and
552:length
528:scalar
420:Motion
337:Metric
137:Future
45:second
7476:music
7415:Month
7375:Jiffy
7370:Shake
7365:Flick
7262:Solar
7252:Lunar
7227:Epact
7191:Hindu
7126:Watch
7081:Clock
6689:Space
6521:epoch
6511:chron
6469:Today
6438:tempo
6433:Music
6295:Event
6129:watch
6013:Lunar
6008:Solar
5980:Solar
5970:Roman
5960:Hindu
5415:(PDF)
5160:1687
5095:1638
5083:p.99.
4993:p.35.
4760:pulse
4645:epoch
4583:Fermi
4443:laser
4389:codes
4219:chaos
4211:of a
3505:'
2223:exact
2219:metre
1079:place
1075:space
1024:pulse
965:gears
881:stars
832:model
813:space
633:night
620:) of
524:clock
504:Earth
492:Paris
425:Space
233:Event
7544:Time
7420:Year
7405:Week
7395:Hour
6849:DUT1
6788:and
6408:and
6371:KÄla
6066:List
6060:Maya
5856:and
5828:Past
5814:Time
5755:ISBN
5741:ISBN
5724:ISBN
5707:ISBN
5690:ISBN
5673:ISBN
5656:ISBN
5632:ISBN
5611:ISBN
5584:ISBN
5559:ISBN
5540:ISBN
5459:ISSN
5392:ISBN
5248:ISBN
5212:ISBN
5143:ISBN
5077:ISBN
5045:ISBN
4987:ISBN
4732:ISBN
4666:Time
4593:WMAP
4492:BIPM
4470:BIPM
4441:, a
4433:The
4399:, a
4383:and
4359:past
4352:past
4336:past
4201:and
3977:time
3474:as:
3470:and
3454:and
3028:mass
1962:cosh
1951:sinh
1935:sinh
1921:cosh
1841:and
1381:and
1365:and
1335:The
1306:for
1298:and
1256:life
1182:heat
1135:The
1088:The
1081:and
1071:time
1020:Pisa
1016:mass
976:and
963:and
895:for
893:hour
889:time
879:and
877:moon
764:Time
745:The
730:The
635:and
556:mass
516:time
496:time
127:Past
102:Time
57:see
22:Time
7400:Day
6526:era
6516:eon
6506:age
5885:TAI
5875:UTC
5451:doi
5386:).
5206:).
5137:).
5111:213
5100:213
5006:,
4637:).
4487:).
4481:TAI
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4415:can
3530:is
3499:own
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2863:sin
2619:):
2248:= â
2235:= 1
2158:cos
2147:sin
2134:sin
2120:cos
1014:at
873:sun
807:'s
774:M31
732:UTC
692:770
689:631
686:192
637:day
586:.
570:to
510:In
502:of
490:of
482:'s
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5437:.
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4508:SI
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1997:x
1990:t
1987:c
1981:(
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