1958:
fired for suspected homosexuality from the State
Department alone—a far greater number than were dismissed for their membership in the Communist party. The Cold War and anti-communist efforts provided the setting in which a sustained attack upon gay men and lesbians took place. The history of this 'Lavender Scare' by the federal government has been extensively documented by historian David Johnson. Johnson has demonstrated that during this era government officials intentionally engaged in campaigns to associate homosexuality with Communism: 'homosexual' and 'pervert' became synonyms for 'Communist' and 'traitor.' LGBT people were treated as a national security threat, demanding the attention of Congress, the courts, statehouses, and the media.
901:
474:
1450:'Of course, in Boise there's the extra element of the power of the Mormons ... The atmosphere is stifling, and the pressure to conform enormous. The city fathers or bigwigs take it upon themselves to impose standards for everyone else.' ... 'Of the sixty-five kids, thirty-five were Mormons ....' Butler did interview thirty-two of the sixty-five kids who were thought to have been involved in some way with the homosexuals. ... 'Most of the kids who had participated had done for a combination of kicks and rebellion against parental authority.'
53:
734:, in which he states that homosexuality is "among Lucifer's chief means of leading souls to hell". In the section on "Chastity" he states that it is better to be "dead clean, than alive unclean" and that many Mormon parents would rather their child "come back in a pine box with virtue than return alive without it". The book was viewed by many members both then and now as representing official doctrine despite never being endorsed by the church.
696:– The LDS Salt Lake City judge Marcellus Snow stated that he planned to use more jail time (up to six months) for people suspected of homosexual acts in order to prevent them from "proselyting our youth". During a months-long sting operation, male Salt Lake City vice squad undercover agents arrested about 6 men who were accused of making sexual advances in a Salt Lake City theater and tavern widely known as a male homosexual hotspot.
612:– While administrating as an apostle, Spencer Kimball discussed sexual sins at a BYU address condemning any abhorrent, unmentionable, unnatural, unholy, impure, heinous sexual practices with another person. He further said the belief that God "made me this way, gave me these desires and passions" was untrue, and that we can "overcome and become perfect". The speech was printed as a pamphlet and given to missionaries.
915:
572:
1098:... he crimes for which Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed–we have coined a softer name for them than came from old; we now speak of homosexuality, which, it is tragic to say, is found among both sexes. ...Not without foundation is the contention of some that the homosexuals are today exercising great influence in shaping our art, literature, music, and drama.
1401:
ran its course the following year. All told, sixteen men were arrested on charges ranging from 'lewd and lascivious conduct with minor children under the age of sixteen' to 'infamous crimes against nature.' Of the sixteen, ten went to jail, including several whose only crime had been to engage in sex with another consenting adult male.
1918:
In 'Advise and
Consent,' the handsome young senator with a gay secret (Don Murray) is from Utah—a striking antecedent of the closeted conservative Mormon lawyer in Tony Kushner's 'Angels in America.' For a public official to be identified as gay in the Washington of the 1950s and 1960s meant not only
706:
1895:
The man who turns out to almost unwillingly stand in the way of confirmation is an unflinchingly honest young senator from Utah who has concealed a wartime homosexual tryst. ... Drury's most appealing character is
Brigham Anderson, the young senator from Utah. When Otto Preminger brought 'Advise and
1400:
According to the late journalist John
Gersassi—whose 1966 book, 'The Boys of Boise: Furor, Vice and Folly in an American City,' chronicles the scandal—the police questioned nearly fifteen hundred Boise citizens and gathered the names of hundreds of suspected homosexuals by the time the investigation
767:
made Utah headlines in
September, the church's newspaper published an interview with a former inmate there who stated that about 25% of the inmates there were participating in homosexual activities. LDS chief deputy county attorney Jay Banks suggested that homosexual inmates be moved into a separate
1957:
From 1947 to 1961, more than 5,000 allegedly homosexual federal civil servants lost their jobs in the purges for no reason other than sexual orientation, and thousands of applicants were also rejected for federal employment for the same reason. During this period, more than 1,000 men and women were
1979:
The
Lavender Scare helped fan the flames of the Red Scare. In popular discourse, communists and homosexuals were often conflated. Both groups were perceived as hidden subcultures with their own meeting places, literature, cultural codes, and bonds of loyalty. Both groups were thought to recruit to
661:
was launched to hunt down gay men among moral panic over several local arrests of males for same-sex sexual activity. This resulted in nearly 1,500 people questioned, producing hundreds of names of suspected homosexuals including several
Mormons. Author John Gerassi cites an oppressive environment
1896:
Consent' to the screen in 1962, the senator's homosexuality is called a "tired old sin.' But in Drury's book, Brigham
Anderson is candid and unapologetic to those closest to him. 'It didn't seem horrible at the time,' he says, 'and I am not going to say now that it did, even to you.'
837:
editor Mark
Petersen. It approved the LDS Salt Lake City police chief Cleon Skousen's denouncement of pushes to legalize homosexuality. The punitive attitude towards homosexuality in the editorial was criticized by a psychologist in a later issue's letter to the
198:
744:
locations officers had arrested 23 men for same-sex sexual activity in the month of May alone. The increased arrests continued and several months later a city judge remarked that several of the men arrested were very prominent members of the community, and
118:
689:
cited Old
Testament punishments for sexual sins to highlight that "sex transgression is tragically serious" in the April General Conference. He stated "for homosexuality, it was death to the male and the prescription or penalty for the female I do not
1919:
career suicide but also potentially actual suicide. Yet Drury, a staunchly anti-Communist conservative of his time, regarded the character as sympathetic, not a villain. The senator's gay affair, he wrote, was 'purely personal and harmed no one else.'
851:
had had a homosexual experience with 90% of those having occurred before entering the school. LDS superintendent of the school Claud Harmon Pratt stated that in the past seven years there had been under six reported incidents of homosexuality at the
598:
lamented that homosexuality is found among men and women, and that homosexual people exercise great influence in shaping culture. After this LDS leaders started regularly addressing queer topics in public especially towards the end of the
858:– In a Salt Lake Temple meeting with senior apostles BYU president Ernest Wilkinson recorded that church president David McKay stated "homosexuality was worse than immorality, that it is a filthy and unnatural habit."
545:
since its beginnings. However, top LDS leaders only started regularly addressing queer topics in public in the late 1950s. Since 1970, the LDS Church has had at least one official publication or speech from a
644:
again addressed homosexuality in conference when in the October priesthood session he mentions that those guilty of "the filthy crime of homosexuality" are not a part of the "Army of the Lord to fight evil".
929:
526:
67:
26:
1196:
94:
1980:
their ranks the psychologically weak or disturbed. And both groups were considered immoral and godless. Many people believed that the two groups were working together to undermine the government.
949:
151:
1873:
1959 – Political thriller 'Advise and Consent' features fictional Utah Sen. Brigham Anderson driven to suicide when political enemies threaten to expose a gay affair from his youth.
740:– LDS police sergeant Theon Southworth over the Salt Lake City anti-vice department announced increased efforts to catch homosexual men. His three officers assigned to patrol known
1849:
1376:
146:
749:
commended the judge's actions stating "Homosexuality is a social evil that must be fought", but that imprisonment was not the answer as confinement may "spread the 'disease
2197:
203:
284:
534:
1999:
502:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
1932:
440:
1940:. Los Angeles: The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy at UCLA School of Law. pp. 5–3. Archived from
1350:
1732:
52:
1812:
2207:
1257:
807:
is released featuring the story of a married Mormon US senator named Brigham Anderson from Utah who has an affair with another man. It won a
792:
82:
22:
2043:
551:
530:
314:
77:
72:
38:
30:
1971:"An interview with David K. Johnson author of The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government"
2192:
1213:
1057:
1000:
795:
in an attempt to change the sexual orientation of gay teens and men. The on-campus program lasted over three decades into the mid-90s.
347:
337:
1414:
864:– LDS member Dr. Jay S. Broadbent representing Provo in a Utah state meeting on pornography discussed ordinances to curtail explicit
757:
who had been appointed as the Salt Lake City police chief in 1956, but was removed in 1960 for overzealousness in his police raiding.
1575:
1126:
1030:
2016:
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building and that "it would take the warden about a half hour to separate the homos and agitators from the rest of the prisoners".
495:
478:
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517:
141:
1825:
1788:
1757:
1443:
1288:
844:– LDS chairman of the Utah State Board of Corrections Leslie David Burbridge stated that about 10% of teen boys at the Ogden
1506:
was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and was the grandson of Erastus Snow, Mormon pioneer leader.
1169:
954:
352:
229:
2187:
848:
819:
era when thousands of lesbian and gay applicants were barred from federal employment as national security threats under
249:
1114:
934:
658:
488:
405:
1993:
713:
was the first publicly available book by a general authority to explicitly outline church stances on homosexuality.
1591:
1150:
2163:
2112:
1941:
1909:
1612:
1521:
1115:"'The Abominable and Detestable Crime against Nature': A Brief History of Homosexuality and Mormonism, 1840-1980"
309:
236:
2130:
1497:
1688:
1630:
304:
753:" to others. The anti-vice squad activities occurred under the direction of LDS influential right-wing author
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2076:
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959:
332:
106:
34:
1886:
1778:
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730:
710:
294:
1540:
885:
824:
2058:
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homoerotic magazines printed under the pretext of promoting fitness, health, and bodybuilding to skirt
630:
as describing homosexuality as the most abhorred sin in God's sight which justified the destruction of
705:
1934:
Documenting Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in State Employment
944:
877:
820:
666:
as a contributing factor for the illegal sexual activity and subsequent witch hunts. The documentary
415:
89:
594:
era contributed to the first explicit mention of the term homosexual in general conference. Apostle
579:
gave several of the first public speeches by a high-ranking LDS leader to use the term "homosexual."
939:
812:
521:
in the 1950s, part of a series of timelines consisting of events, publications, and speeches about
380:
123:
99:
2035:
1843:
803:
631:
425:
390:
265:
1648:
1081:
668:
1706:
1391:
1995:
A History of the Development and Objectives of the LDS Church News Section of the Deseret News
1864:
1821:
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1284:
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906:
873:
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547:
430:
410:
243:
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782:
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741:
420:
1970:
869:
686:
641:
595:
576:
435:
375:
111:
1749:
Spencer W. Kimball: Twelfth President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1561:
816:
808:
591:
258:
2181:
1765:
1472:
1304:
881:
845:
627:
623:
619:
385:
1814:
Conservative Christian Identity & Same-Sex Orientation: The Case of Gay Mormons
1725:"Graham Quits as Warden; Prison Tightens Operation: Laxity Curb Sought by Officers"
1357:. Rational Faiths. November 3, 2013. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016
1263:
1205:
1173:
920:
827:, and over 5,000 federal employees were fired under suspicions of being homosexual.
460:
455:
299:
1747:
1667:
1565:
1433:
1278:
1242:
1047:
1020:
990:
537:(LDS Church). Although the historical record is often scarce, evidence points to
1226:
865:
588:
450:
400:
395:
370:
222:
571:
2004:
Elder Petersen wrote the first editorial and nearly every one into the 1980s.
1438:(Reprint ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 30, 31.
896:
445:
555:
342:
1567:
Gay Rights and the Mormon Church: Intended Actions, Unintended Consequences
833:– The church's newspaper published an editorial written by the apostle and
815:
in 1962. The novel's plot takes place during the ongoing 1950s McCarthyist
289:
1022:
Lavender Sons of Zion: A History of Gay Men in Salt Lake City, 1950–1979
662:
engendered by the predominantly LDS population in his seminal 1966 work
542:
992:
Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example
785:
was appointed to work with Kimball over instances of homosexuality.
1025:. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Department of History.
704:
538:
522:
930:
Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
587:– An increase in US public discourse around homosexuality in the
27:
Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1931:
Sears, Brad; Hunter, Nan D.; Mallory, Christy (September 2009).
2046:
from the original on March 3, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
1735:
from the original on March 1, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
1311:(Speech). BYU Summer School Lecture. Provo, Utah: LDS Church.
2119:. November 24, 2001. p. D10 – via Newspapers.com.
1655:. September 30, 1958. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
1637:. September 27, 1958. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
1471:. Scriptures.BYU.EDU: LDS Church. p. 87. Archived from
1435:
The Boys of Boise: Furor, Vice and Folly in an American City
550:
referencing LGBT topics every year, and a greater number of
2137:. January 18, 1959. p. 16A – via Newspapers.com.
950:
List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality
2170:. November 20, 1959. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
2101:. January 19, 1959. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
1695:. October 20, 1958. p. 1B – via Newspapers.com.
1598:. October 1, 1977. p. A14 – via Newspapers.com.
1528:. October 14, 1957. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
1504:. August 14, 1978. p. C1 – via Newspapers.com.
1522:"Stiffer Sentences in Prospect for S.L. Morals Offenders"
2017:"Devoted Publishers, Editors Have Upheld Vision of News"
1119:
Multiply and Replenish: Mormon Essays on Sex and Family
1619:. May 29, 1958. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
1783:(1 ed.). Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books.
1244:
Sister Saints: Mormon Women since the End of Polygamy
872:
being sent through the mail in the state, along with
793:
electroshock aversion therapy program on BYU campus
1170:"Be Ye Clean: Steps to Repentance and Forgiveness"
119:Sexual orientation change efforts & LDS Church
1432:Gerassi, John G. (November 1, 2001). "The Boys".
1351:"Timeline of Mormon Thinking About Homosexuality"
16:History of LGBT people and Mormonism in the 1950s
2164:"Anti-Pornography Forces Ask New City Ordinance"
1848:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1570:. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press.
1375:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2131:"Perversion Charge 'Ill Advised,' Pratt Claims"
1746:Kimball, Edward L.; Kimball, Andrew E. (1977).
535:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1830:. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017
763:– After reports of homosexual activity in the
1820:. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang Publishing.
1556:
1554:
1552:
496:
8:
1683:
1681:
1668:"Meet the man who changed Glenn Beck's life"
1689:"Vice in Prison Described by Former Inmate"
1498:"3rd District Judge Marcellus K. Snow Dies"
2095:"'Misquoted' on Perversion, Burbidge Says"
1666:Zaitchik, Alexander (September 16, 2009).
1516:
1514:
1108:
1106:
1014:
1012:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
558:individuals have received media coverage.
503:
489:
124:LGBTQ people & the Community of Christ
42:
2065:. p. 14A – via Newspapers.com.
1780:The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power
1149:Williams, Clarence D. (October 3, 1952).
2198:History of the Latter Day Saint movement
1607:
1605:
570:
2148:"Dr Jay Standring Broadbent Obituary".
2002:from the original on November 8, 2019.
1865:"A Brief History Of Gays In Government"
1283:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft Inc.
1184:– via LDS Church History Catalog.
972:
45:
1841:
1777:Quinn, D. Michael (January 15, 1997).
1613:"Police Nab 23 in 27-Day Morals Drive"
1368:
1240:McDannell, Colleen (October 2, 2018).
1049:Out of Obscurity: Mormonism Since 1945
622:interpreted several scriptures in the
78:LGBT Mormon people & organizations
73:Gender minorities & the LDS church
1151:"Save Chastity of Youth, Clark Warns"
23:Brigham Young University LGBT history
7:
1631:"May Reveals Policy in Morals Cases"
1421:. Boise State University. p. 9.
1325:125th Semi-Annual General Conference
1322:Clark, J. Reuben (October 2, 1954).
1082:"Home and the Building of Home Life"
1080:Clark, J. Reuben (October 2, 1952).
479:Latter Day Saint movement portal
39:LGBT Mormon people and organizations
31:Gender minorities and the LDS church
2057:Landward, John (January 19, 1959).
1977:. The University of Chicago. 2004.
1121:. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.
2077:"Obituary: Grace Kirkham Burbidge"
2034:Petersen, Mark (January 3, 1959).
1885:Simon, Scott (September 2, 2009).
1731:. September 24, 1958. p. 1B.
1413:Barclay, Donald (April 22, 1981).
672:was made about the events in 2006.
541:individuals having existed in the
533:, and the community of members of
348:Restoration Church of Jesus Christ
338:Foundation for Attraction Research
68:Homosexuality & the LDS Church
14:
1113:O'Donovan, Rocky Connell (1994).
1863:Tapper, Jake (October 6, 2006).
1019:Winkler, Douglas A. (May 2008).
995:. University of Illinois Press.
913:
899:
884:, including those reinforced by
472:
95:LGBT rights & the LDS Church
51:
1887:"At 50, a D.C. Novel With Legs"
1462:Clark, J. Reuben (April 1957).
1046:Young, Neil J. (July 1, 2016).
518:timeline of LGBT Mormon history
1280:The Teachings of Harold B. Lee
199:LDS teachings on homosexuality
1:
1992:Roberts, Paul (August 1983).
1752:. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft.
955:Mormonism in the 20th century
791:– Church leaders begin their
353:United Order Family of Christ
2208:20th century in LGBT history
2059:"Punishment Not Best Answer"
1910:"Just How Gay Is the Right?"
1908:Rich, Frank (May 15, 2005).
1592:"T. Southworth Succumbs, 73"
849:Utah State Industrial School
659:Boise, Idaho, gay witch hunt
2135:The Ogden Standard-Examiner
2099:The Ogden Standard-Examiner
1539:McConkie, Bruce R. (1958).
1277:Williams, Clyde J. (1996).
1052:. Oxford University Press.
935:Law of adoption (Mormonism)
525:individuals, topics around
2224:
1398:. Pineapple Street Media.
1198:Faith Precedes the Miracle
989:Quinn, D. Michael (1996).
811:and was later made into a
20:
2193:Timelines of Christianity
1195:Kimball, Spencer (1977).
1168:Kimball, Spencer (1970).
441:Patriarch Joseph F. Smith
237:8: The Mormon Proposition
107:Sexuality & Mormonism
2036:"Mankind–Men or Beasts?"
1998:(Masters of Arts). BYU.
1331:. LDS Church. p. 79
1204:. Salt Lake City, Utah:
709:This highly influential
305:Mormons Building Bridges
204:Brigham Young University
2152:. A4. February 8, 2010.
1891:The Wall Street Journal
1811:Phillips, Rick (2005).
1250:Oxford University Press
1086:Relief Society Magazine
960:Sexuality and Mormonism
882:Comstock obscenity laws
35:Sexuality and Mormonism
714:
580:
327:Previous organizations
2117:The Salt Lake Tribune
2083:. September 27, 2001.
1707:"Death: Jay E. Banks"
1653:The Salt Lake Tribune
1649:"A Wise Court Policy"
1635:The Salt Lake Tribune
1617:The Salt Lake Tribune
1596:The Salt Lake Tribune
1526:The Salt Lake Tribune
1502:The Salt Lake Tribune
1415:"Coming Out in Boise"
1155:The Salt Lake Tribune
886:Roth v. United States
825:Executive Order 10450
801:– The fictional book
747:The Salt Lake Tribune
708:
575:In the 1950s Apostle
574:
279:Current organizations
2113:"Claud Harmon Pratt"
1396:makinggayhistory.com
1208:. pp. 174–175.
945:LGBT Mormon suicides
821:President Eisenhower
90:LGBT Mormon suicides
2188:LGBT Mormon history
1947:on February 6, 2017
940:LGBT rights in Utah
548:high-ranking leader
100:LGBT rights in Utah
1975:press.uchicago.edu
1914:The New York Times
1764:Also available at
1713:. August 30, 1998.
1562:Prince, Gregory A.
1355:RationalFaiths.com
874:beefcake magazines
804:Advise and Consent
715:
632:Sodom and Gomorrah
581:
527:sexual orientation
391:Dustin Lance Black
266:Advise and Consent
251:The Book of Mormon
46:LGBT Mormon topics
1259:978-0-19-022133-1
907:LDS Church portal
765:Utah State Prison
726:Bruce R. McConkie
723:General authority
531:gender minorities
513:
512:
416:Connell O'Donovan
411:Leonard Matlovich
244:Angels in America
142:Overview timeline
62:Overview articles
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2023:. June 15, 1990.
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1307:(July 1, 1954).
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1176:. pp. 11–13
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381:Mildred Berryman
216:Media depictions
83:BYU LGBT history
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2021:Deseret News
2020:
2011:
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1994:
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1978:
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1965:
1956:
1949:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1933:
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1473:the original
1464:
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1361:November 15,
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1354:
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1335:November 15,
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1324:
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1299:
1279:
1272:
1264:Google Books
1262:– via
1243:
1235:
1225:– via
1219:. Retrieved
1206:Deseret Book
1197:
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1178:. Retrieved
1174:Deseret Book
1163:
1154:
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1134:November 27,
1132:. Retrieved
1118:
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1085:
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1063:. Retrieved
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456:Brendon Urie
300:Mama Dragons
264:
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250:
242:
235:
228:
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1766:archive.org
1305:Lee, Harold
1227:Archive.org
1092:November 3,
876:which were
866:pornography
711:publication
589:McCarthyist
552:LGBT Mormon
451:May Swenson
431:Ada Russell
401:Tyler Glenn
396:Jim Dabakis
371:Maude Adams
285:Affirmation
223:Latter Days
2182:Categories
1827:0820474800
1790:1560850604
1759:0884943305
1465:Sexual Sin
1445:0295981679
1290:1570084831
967:References
868:including
728:published
685:– Apostle
640:– Apostle
618:– Apostle
515:This is a
446:Misty Snow
310:North Star
152:1900–1940s
21:See also:
1844:cite book
1309:The Flood
1088:: 793–794
878:soft-core
343:Gamofites
333:Evergreen
136:Timelines
2044:Archived
2000:Archived
1951:March 9,
1869:ABC News
1796:June 15,
1733:Archived
1564:(2019).
1482:March 9,
1371:cite web
1221:April 3,
1180:April 3,
893:See also
888:in 1957.
862:November
562:Timeline
290:Encircle
230:Believer
1834:May 31,
1065:May 26,
852:school.
842:January
838:editor.
831:January
761:October
694:October
655:October
638:October
599:decade.
585:October
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1938:(PDF)
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1476:(PDF)
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687:Clark
683:April
642:Clark
596:Clark
539:queer
426:Raven
192:2020s
187:2010s
182:2000s
177:1990s
172:1980s
167:1970s
162:1960s
157:1950s
147:1800s
1953:2022
1850:link
1836:2017
1822:ISBN
1798:2017
1785:ISBN
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1572:ISBN
1484:2022
1440:ISBN
1377:link
1363:2016
1337:2016
1285:ISBN
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1136:2016
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1067:2017
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813:film
799:1959
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