1011:, for 20 years, from 1947 to 1967, was the only institution that offered jazz oriented degrees. Gene Hall led the inaugural program at the invitation of the presiding dean, Walter Hutchinson Hodgson (1904–1988), who approved it during his first year as dean. Hodgson was the successor to Wilfren Bain, who, in 1947, accepted an appointment as Dean of the
1124:
Only 15 U.S. institutions of higher learning were offering a degree in jazz studies
Acceptance of jazz oriented degrees began to flourish in the 1970s for a number of reasons, namely because many people who had become jazz fans as youths had risen to positions of authority in higher education.
1411:
The Jazz
Education Network (JEN) was established in 2008. Its co-founders – Mary Jo Papich and Dr. Lou Fischer structured the organization as a nonprofit with a mission, internationally, to advance jazz education, promote performance, and develop new audiences. As of 2017, the organization had
1271:, 102 years since its founding, became the first music conservatory, of a traditional European classical style, to offer an accredited jazz studies program. The program was founded by jazz historian, composer, musician, and, at that time, conservatory president,
1338:, in September 2001, launched a postcollege, nondegree program for about 20 instrumentalists to focus on jazz orchestra and small ensemble performance for one or two years, paying no tuition. In September 2004, 99 years since its founding –
3046:
407:
to host Summer Jazz
Clinics. They were later renamed the Stan Kenton Summer Clinics. These camps featured the full Stan Kenton Orchestra, plus other well known jazz educators on the faculty. It continued until Stan's passing in 1979.
2100:
was the only college that offered a jazz oriented degree. Jaap
Gerritse, in 1987, however, stated that in the 1950s, 5 colleges offered a jazz oriented degree. (Gerritse 1987) Michael Spencer, PhD, identified five academic
952:— founded in 1945 by Alvin Leroy Learned (1916–1994), but closed in 1961 — became the first academic institution in the country to offer a college diploma (two- and four-year degrees) that included a curriculum in jazz.
794:
2150:
Major music conservatories of North
America (not affiliated with a university) – Some conservatories, schools of music, and colleges of music in North America are constituents of universities. Examples include the
663:. A recording of the jazz band from 1931 can be heard on German Radio archives. Both Sekles and Seiber were Jewish and the Nazis stopped the program in 1933. The program was restarted in 1976 under the direction of
1291:. In 1984, the school established its Master of Music degree program in Jazz and Commercial Music Studies. In 1987, the school established a Bachelor of Music degree in Jazz and Commercial Music Studies. Like
1888:
started its jazz studies program in 1971 under the direction of Neil Slater (born 1931), who ran it for 11 years. Slater then, from 1981 to 1982, was Chair of the Jazz
Studies Department, and director of the
1526:(1931–2016) in 1967 with a mandate to design a degree-granting program in jazz studies. The university, during the 1968–1969 school-year, approved a baccalaureate in jazz studies, and in 1979, approved a
3525:
3801:
1971:
1238:
became the first nonprofit institution to offer fully online accredited bachelor's degree programs – 120 credits (the minimum required for a bachelor's degree, cost less than one year on campus).
447:
publishes his first play-a-long recording and book set, selling it through an ad in Down Beat magazine. The book aims to support jazz learning and practicing at home in a music-minus-one format.
1791:
has, since the 1940s, offered jazz studies. Back then, Jack End (1918–1986) directed its first official jazz band and also taught arranging. Limited jazz classes were in the catelog when
2571:
3560:
2812:
929:
in 1954. The school granted its first bachelor's degrees in 1966. Berklee, which received its initial accreditation in 1973 by the
Commission on Institutions of Higher Education of the
1494:, since 1968, had been one of the few institutions offering Bachelor of Arts degrees in performance, with a jazz option. Notable teachers in the jazz programs, at the time, included
3708:
2167:. Definitions of "major music conservatories of North America" – as stand-alone institutions – vary. Nonetheless, this section does not include constituents of other institutions.
3635:
1933:
in 1983, where he wrote "The
Performance and Analysis of an Original Afro-American Musical Composition for Trumpet and Orchestra." Of the few jazz educators in the 1980s holding
2844:
1327:, all of whom studied classical music at the school. Despite being located in a city known for jazz, the school waited 65 years before formally adding jazz to its curriculum.
3997:
3523:"Going (Further) Online – The Berklee College of Music will next year launch its first two bachelor's degrees online, where 120 credits cost less than one year on campus,"
1026:
By 1950, 15 colleges and universities offered curricular jazz courses; During the 1950s, the number of colleges and universities offering curricular jazz increased to 30.
2738:
1795:
became director of the jazz ensemble in 1968, whose studio orchestra (big band) was critically acclaimed. Despite having produced many jazz artists and jazz educators,
25:): The initial jazz education movement in North American was much an outgrowth of the music education movement that had been in full swing since the 1920s. Chuck Suber
59:, found colleges offering curricular jazz. Suber also pointed out that the rise of stage bands in schools was directly proportionate to the decline of big name bands.
930:
586:
1182:
3946:
3856:
between 1952 and 1982 (less 6 years in the 1960s), and exponent of stage bands in music education as a pathway for jazz, reflects on the jazz education movement)
3522:
2992:
1838:, founded its program in 1968 and rapidly became a leading institution for jazz studies. The conservatory, in the 1980s, offered jazz oriented degrees through
1774:, who had been director of jazz performing groups for the music department, in 1981, became director of the department's jazz studies and performance program.
1867:
in 1987. The school's influence in formalizing jazz education rapidly rose to prominence. Long before formalizing its jazz curriculum, the school had some of
531:
The Auburn
Knights Orchestra, a student jazz orchestra was founded in September 1930 on the campus of Alabama Polytechnic Institute (later Auburn University).
3798:
2895:
1380:
676:
213:
2118:
2097:
2080:
1894:
1741:
1684:
1535:
1475:
1466:
1213:
1133:
1008:
1004:
972:
869:
482:
2655:
1368:
1364:
2748:
2114:
2568:
3557:
2513:
659:, launched the first curricular jazz program in the world. He did it under heavy criticism from throughout Germany. The courses were headed by
3128:
2809:
3365:
1930:
594:
3705:
1550:
I remember a man who unfortunately is dead now, because he was a good man, but he was pretty staunch in his belief that – he told me that,
751:
3632:
2841:
1050:
2538:
1815:
is credited for having founded
Eastman's graduate and undergraduate degree programs, as well as creating the Eastman Studio Orchestra.
3324:
1622:
94:, was founded by Rev. Daniel Joseph Jenkins (1882–1937) in 1891. He formed bands to raise money for the orphanage. Its alumni include
3558:"Manhattan School of Music’s Jazz Program Celebrates Its 30th Year – Where versatile music education is delivered by famous faculty,"
3994:
3142:
3136:
2675:
1652:
3015:
3012:
2735:
1998:
1989:
396:
331:
2969:
3353:
2715:
2160:
1012:
873:
265:
237:
233:
442:
for the first time and addresses the validity and perpetuation of American jazz education programs in school band programs.
4029:
2873:
1007:
became the first university in the world to offer a degree in Jazz Studies: Major in "Dance Band" or dance music degree.
887:
729:
1691:
in Composition) where he had been a trumpeter in the inaugural Laboratory Dance Band (1946–1947) – the forerunner to the
1459:. Programs at Berklee stressed practical skills in areas that included film scoring, songwriting, and music production.
95:
2068:
1664:
1342:
launched a jazz-based bachelor of music degree program for 12 to 15 first-time college students and transfer students.
604:
350:
273:
253:
221:
4034:
3943:
3023:
2989:
1918:
1767:
1759:
770:
2333:
2265:
1287:, a classical music institution since its founding in 1917, launched a jazz department in 1982 – one of the first in
2946:
2787:
3323:"The Development of a Curriculum for the Teaching of Dance Music at a College Level" (master's thesis), Gene Hall,
2892:
2581:
2033:
964:
922:
91:
3931:
3718:
3610:
3167:
3083:
1856:
1848:
1296:
1284:
1035:
705:
522:
494:
1042:. It is the largest and most comprehensive library and archive of jazz and jazz-related materials in the world.
894:
offered a course in jazz history, which distinguished the school as the first institution of higher learning in
295:
John Lewis Whatley; 1896–1972) offered extracurricular marching and concert bands, and the Jazz Demons in 1922.
3649:
2914:
2907:
2110:
1885:
1877:
1831:
1822:
1733:
1451:, in 1988, drew students from all over the world – roughly 20 percent were international, 40 percent were from
1448:
1440:
1268:
1235:
1159:
1054:
980:
976:
960:
945:
934:
510:
284:
103:
2324:
operated by BigChoice Group, Ltd., of London, founded 1999. The article was re-retrieved September 26, 2017,
1921:. His dissertation was titled "The History and Development of Jazz Piano: A New Perspective for Educators."
3722:
3670:
3467:
3297:
3216:
2652:
2249:
2206:
2181:
2177:
2156:
2152:
2126:
2024:, and noted that, at the time, the existing programs did a poor job attracting African American scholars at
1890:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1692:
1216:
1136:
926:
370:
2234:
315:
3810:
2822:
2288:
2269:
2138:
1729:
1725:
1676:
1660:
1597:
1574:
1570:
1539:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1015:
968:
876:
694:
574:
490:
423:
Vera Daphne Barritt Vane; 1911–1990), an arts patron and founder of the Harlem Cultural Council, and (ii)
335:
1416:. JEN hosts annual conferences, provides scholarships, and sponsors other programs to help its mission.
736:
374:
307:
3446:
2705:
1737:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1680:
949:
506:
217:
188:
received his first formal music training after a court sent him there for firing a pistol in the air on
110:. Francis Eugene Mikell (1885–1932), a trumpeter, was one of its notable teachers. Rev. Jenkins' son,
1712:
jazz program, in 1980, emphasized writing and arranging commercial music and, in the 1980s, offered a
3965:
3844:
2667:
2510:
2252:
1335:
1304:
791:
774:
439:
385:
209:
3125:
2036:, estimated that 15 or 20 schools offered postgraduate jazz programs leading to a master's degrees.
1913:
Few institutions offered doctorates in jazz in the 1980s. And few jazz educators held doctorates.
3980:
3910:
3745:
2648:
2202:
2180:
jazz band (in the 1940s). He had earned a Bachelor of Music degree in performance (clarinet) from
1975:
1963:
1799:
did not offer a comprehensive jazz studies program until about 1974, when, under the leadership of
1593:
1586:
1456:
852:. Grainger extended his reputation as an experimenter by putting jazz on the syllabus and hosting
849:
664:
624:
549:
354:
288:
241:
3082:"Jazz Education at the Westlake College of Music, 1945–61," by Michael Thomas Spencer (2011 PhD –
686:(1902–1980), established its Jazz Department in 1964 and formed its Jazz Research Centre in 1969.
660:
2691:
2237:
2076:
2072:
2064:
1491:
1484:
1413:
988:
813:
798:
582:
466:
400:
346:
311:
3765:
3489:
3427:
3403:
3225:
3203:
3179:
2625:
2468:
2377:
2228:
1527:
778:
2868:"Jazz Education in the Four-Year Institution: a Comparative Study of Selected Jazz Curricula" (
1982:
in Jazz Performance and Composition, but the degree, at the time, had no research requirement.
1937:
who were associated with jazz research, most had migrated from non-jazz fields such as general
733:
3954:
3926:
3894:
3818:
3761:
3753:
3726:
3653:
3537:
3485:
3473:
3450:
3423:
3399:
3371:
3361:
3357:
3328:
3308:
3301:
3252:
3234:
3221:
3199:
3175:
2877:
2826:
2719:
2679:
2671:
2629:
2621:
2585:
2552:
2464:
2452:
2373:
2277:
2256:
2241:
2224:
2210:
2134:
2130:
2106:
2071:
were categorized into three types: special bands, separate bands, and organization bands. The
2029:
2013:
who published an article in 1989 on the topic, the degree did not require scholarly research.
2002:
1864:
1745:
1713:
1688:
1668:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1376:
1163:
1155:
1088:
1069:
845:
821:
652:
648:
257:
245:
189:
126:
122:
87:
48:
3293:
3146:
2535:
2444:
1835:
1272:
1039:
907:
578:
319:
303:
51:
had been the nation's largest employer of musicians – including women musicians. After the
3706:
The Crisis of Classical Music in America: Lessons from a Life in the Education of Musicians
4001:
3950:
3805:
3712:
3639:
3583:
3564:
3529:
3391:"NAJE Directory to Jazz Studies in Higher Education" (in 2 parts), by Walter Laning Barr,
3191:
3132:
3019:
2996:
2950:
2899:
2848:
2816:
2742:
2659:
2575:
2548:
2542:
2517:
2233:"Das Hoch'sche Konservatorium in Frankfurt am Main (1878–1978)" (thesis-dissertation), by
1950:
1860:
1839:
1808:
1749:
1672:
1400:
899:
644:
599:
526:
444:
323:
185:
55:, many of those musicians sought to pursue music as a career, and, with assistance of the
1917:, who had over 23 honorary doctorates in his lifetime, had earned a PhD in 1975 from the
469:'s Syncopated Band, initiated in 1919 by the renowned educator and bandleader Len Bowden
4010:
3862:
3091:
2869:
2601:
2164:
1812:
1800:
1190:
1125:
Also, it became difficult to ignore the successes that some institutions had produced.
865:
861:
853:
841:
817:
762:
739:(born 1944) and Oseychuk Alexander are credited as being pioneers of jazz education in
709:
627:(jazz trumpeter and educator) and Stephen Charles Brown (jazz guitarist and educator).
486:
362:
111:
22:
3465:"New Styles, New Technologies, New Possibilities in Jazz," by John Kuzmich, Jr., PhD,
3346:
4023:
3959:
3645:
2604:
2102:
1942:
1868:
1792:
1613:
1605:
1343:
1320:
1288:
1186:
918:
903:
895:
680:
593:, when the school hired him in 1936 to teach music. In short order, he persuaded the
261:
249:
155:
107:
3944:"'Whiplash' legacy: Towson University to Posthumously Honor Jazz Pioneer Hank Levy,"
3049:), Vol. 32, No. 3, Juli-September 1985, pps. 157–160 (retrieved September 27, 2017,
2219:"Jazz Studies in American Schools and Colleges: a Brief History," by Daniel Murphy,
1732:– with a mandate to design and institute a degree-granting program in jazz studies.
465:
The earliest sanctioned collegiate jazz ensembles were extracurricular, such as the
3814:
2962:
2060:
2010:
1938:
1914:
1842:. NEC is the first major traditional music conservatory to offer a degree in jazz.
1542:
led a distinguished career as a pioneer in jazz education at the university level.
1531:
1499:
1495:
1392:
1367:) established the National Association of Jazz Educators (NAJE) at the 1968 Annual
1194:
1140:
857:
713:
683:
620:
424:
366:
327:
52:
43:
was a key impetus for the jazz education movement in higher education. During the
40:
1667:
in 1983 and was its chairman from 1983 to 1996. During that period he created the
1205:
Over one hundred colleges and universities were offering degrees in jazz studies.
983:, and Westlake College of Music were among the first to offer college credit for
318:. Manassa included jazz as part of music curriculum. Two years later, in 1929,
4005:
3047:
International Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres
2296:
1922:
1721:
1617:
1609:
1452:
1324:
1220:
590:
435:
404:
358:
181:
143:
99:
2760:
114:(1894–1926), a composer, influenced the introduction of jazz at the orphanage.
2711:
2663:
2328:
1946:
1771:
1538:, where, in 1942, he approved jazz arranging class to be taught by Gene Hall.
1503:
1316:
1312:
898:
to offer, for academic credit, a jazz history course. The course – taught by
416:
147:
3867:
3419:"Survey of Jazz Pedagogy Courses at the College Level," by John Leisenring,
781:
403:, as the National Dance Band Camp, Inc., collaborated beginning in 1959 with
3852:
3588:
3569:
3375:
2893:"The Out-of-School Musical Engagements of Undergraduate Jazz Studies Majors"
2616:
2521:
2368:
2245:
2109:(beginning 1945), (ii) Westlake College of Music in (beginning 1945), (iii)
1803:, the Department of Jazz Studies and Contemporary Media emerged. By 1980s,
1601:
1396:
1391:
The International Association of Schools of Jazz (IASJ), founded in 1989 by
1339:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1174:
Seventy-two colleges and universities were offering degrees in jazz studies
1109:
1065:
992:
984:
891:
481:
Under the direction of Volney Cyrus Barcus (1903–1990), then a student, the
269:
31:
3757:
3481:
3477:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3242:
3094:), Vol. 35, No. 1, October 2013, pps. 50–65 (retrieved September 26, 2017,
2460:
2456:
264:
19332-3), recorded February 16, 1917 (one hundred and seven years ago), at
3822:
3730:
3657:
3545:
3541:
3238:
2830:
2723:
2683:
2633:
2589:
2556:
2281:
2260:
2214:
276:
is widely acknowledged as the first commercially released jazz recording.
3332:
3041:"Jazz and Light Music in Music Teaching Institutions," by Jaap Gerritse,
2990:"Samuel Rodney Browne: The Music Teacher Who Broke L.A.'s Color Barrier,"
2940:
2919:
2881:
2783:
802:
3777:
3454:
3292:, by Philip Allen Scott (1927–1992), American International Publishers,
3103:
3058:
2480:
3683:
3501:
3305:
3247:
3229:
1372:
933:, and has been accredited since. In 1973 Berklee's name was changed to
656:
616:
151:
56:
36:
2749:
University of California, Santa Barbara Libraries, Special Collections
1562:
Two weeks later, on a Thursday morning, it passed as a major ensemble.
540:
78:
3674:, Vol. 68, No. 1, September 1981, pg. 9 (retrieved October 10, 2017,
3602:
1412:
members from over 23 countries, from every U.S. State, and 7 (of 10)
1224:
1144:
766:
740:
597:
to establish a jazz band curriculum. Browne, in 1929, had graduated
3348:
Big Noise from Notre Dame: a History of the Collegiate Jazz Festival
3312:
3152:
1534:, the presiding dean until 1973, was the also the presiding dean at
175:
165:
136:
1752:
degrees at a time when its jazz studies program had been launched.
1072:. Levy rapidly built the program to a level of international rank.
3772:
3678:
3496:
3441:"The Jazz Studies Curriculum" (dissertation), Walter Laning Barr,
3273:
3098:
3053:
2475:
2536:
Bands of Sisters: U.S. Women's Military Bands during World War II
1478:
had, in 1988, the second largest program in jazz, after Berklee.
615:
Glenn Earl Brown (1914–1965) had been, for more than 14 years, a
3000:
2761:"Jazz Milestones: Noteworthy Dates in the History of Jazz Music"
1972:
Department of Music and Performing Arts at the Steinhardt School
1556:'As long as I'm here, jazz band will never be a major ensemble.'
725:
44:
3078:
3076:
777:. Notable alumni include the late trumpeter and jazz educator,
3442:
3392:
2903:
2856:
2321:
2025:
2021:
2006:
1979:
1954:
1934:
1926:
517:
Leonard Lee Bowden; 1899–1989) and John Tuggle "Fess" Whatley
3251:
Part II: Vol. 69, No. 4, December 1982, pps. 49–50 & 64;
1859:
added a jazz department in 1982, followed by a jazz oriented
1018:. Hall had written his master's thesis on the topic in 1944.
3233:
Part I: Vol. 69, No. 3, November 1982, pps. 38–39 & 53;
1567:
1106:
1085:
856:, with his band, on October 25, 1932, as a guest lecturer.
3963:, April 7, 2017 (headline is in reference to the 2014 film
2176:
Jack End (1918–1986) became the first official director of
2020:
Porter, in 1989, stated that the field was in dire need of
1663:(born 1941), founded the department of jazz studies at the
2312:
1506:, and master trumpet teacher William Fielder (1924–2009).
377:. The curriculum taught was almost exclusively classical.
2137:
degree until 1966; Los Angeles City College offered only
1432:
Jazz Studies bachelor's and master's degrees in the 1980s
864:
in Music Education in 1936 from NYU and had studied with
3037:
3035:
1423:
Selected jazz studies in higher education, North America
1299:
had enrolled many successful jazz musicians – including
3995:"Juilliard School to Introduce a Jazz Studies Program,"
2612:
Jazz Education Guide – the Directory of Jazz Education,
2499:
Books, magazines, journals, dissertations, and websites
2443:"Jazz Education in Canada Origins and Development," by
2364:
Jazz Education Guide – the Directory of Jazz Education,
1716:
degree in Studio Music and Jazz. Commencing fall 1966,
1683:, PhD, the presiding dean until 1992, is an alumnus of
509:, a student jazz orchestra was founded in the 1930s at
521:
John Lewis Whatley; 1896–1972). They were directed by
272:
at 46 West 38th Street, 12th floor (top floor) by the
2105:
institutions offering jazz oriented degrees: (i) the
1642:
had a strong reputation and, in the 1980s, offered a
1080:
Mr. Levy, we don't wish to be known as a jazz school.
577:(1908–1991), a proficient classical pianist, who was
2872:
thesis), by Patrick Daniel Hennessey (PhD in 2013),
2032:(1942–2017), Chairman of the Department of Music at
724:
Jazz music departments in the music colleges of the
3166:"Jazz Pedagogy: A History Still in the Making," by
2449:
Bulletin of Historical Research in Music Education,
1162:) became the first university in Canada to offer a
3842:"Stage Bands Growing Trend," by Michael K. Burns,
3573:, November 25, 2012 (retrieved September 29, 2017)
3345:
2123:Journal of Historical Research in Music Education,
1770:, which started its jazz program around 1968, had
29:Charles Harry Suber; 1921–2015), former editor of
3198:Vol. 13, No. 3, February/March 1981, pps. 20–21;
3088:Journal of Historical Research in Music Education
1953:. In the 1980s, only two institutions offered a
1871:top jazz artists on its faculty and as students.
1053:became the first collegiate jazz festival in the
816:established the first university jazz program in
697:offered one of the first jazz courses in Europe.
677:Academy for Music and the Performing Arts in Graz
2747:Matrix No: B-19332, Label/Number: Victor 18255,
1143:, became first collegiate ensemble to receive a
564:Primary and secondary education in North America
419:, was co-founded in 1964 by (i) Daphne Arnstein
3978:"The 1 O'Clock Lab Band Meets Granny, Grammy,"
3124:— (attribution of website article requested) —
2910:, November 2014 (retrieved September 29, 2017,
1068:was hired in 1968 to take over jazz studies at
931:New England Association of Schools and Colleges
493:, on September 27, 1924, during a game against
388:: Summer jazz school in Massachusetts founded.
3740:
3738:
3003:, March 7, 2016 (retrieved September 26, 2017)
2201:(subject: "Jazz Education") (in Vol. 2 of 3),
1183:The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music
910:– examined jazz from a scholarly perspective.
797:(born 1969) established first jazz program at
3603:"History of JEN | The Jazz Education Network"
3285:
3283:
3174:Vol. 18, No. 3, February/March 1986, pg. 12;
3150:
754:: Jazz courses started by Stephen Carbonara.
538:
173:
163:
134:
76:
8:
3472:Vol. 76, No. 3, November 1989), pps. 41–46;
3387:
3385:
2842:"A Brief History Of Jazz Education, Part 2,"
1381:International Association for Jazz Education
3296:(1973), pps. 19–20 (North Texas), 117–118 (
3248:"Jazz Ensembles' Era of Accelerated Growth"
2276:(publish date not known, but before 2008);
1807:was offering jazz oriented degrees through
1426:
1356:
1260:
1245:Major music conservatories of North America
848:from 1895 to 1900, became Dean of Music at
834:
637:
567:
458:
349:produced many well-known jazz musicians at
202:
71:
3407:February–March 1983, pps. 6–10 & 61–67
3230:"Jazz Education's Struggle for Acceptance"
2810:Jazz Musicians of the Early Years, to 1945
2736:Encyclopedic Discography of Victor Records
1476:University of North Texas College of Music
1383:(IAJE) in 1989. It went bankrupt in 2008.
489:on its own football field, Ownby Oval, in
3850:Charles ("Chuck") H. Suber, publisher of
3157:), pg. 163 (retrieved September 29, 2017)
2451:Vol. 6, No. 1, January 1985, pps. 17–27;
1834:, under the leadership of its President,
1740:from 1964 to 1982, had been a student at
634:Higher education outside of North America
552:flourished as a popular all-female band.
338:– formed a band and turned professional.
2310:, retrieved October 30, 2008, is dead –
2096:(cited below), stated that, until 1967,
752:American School of Modern Music of Paris
322:and a few of his former classmates from
3835:
2503:
2115:California Polytechnic State University
2052:
399:, founded by Kenneth Morris in 1957 in
3409:April–May 1983, pps. 14–16 & 68–71
3290:Jazz Educated, Man; A Sound Foundation
2790:from the original on December 28, 2008
2614:published annually as a supplement to
2600:"The Evolution of Jazz Education," by
2366:published annually as a supplement to
2092:Philip Allen Scott, in his 1973 book,
1904:Jazz Studies PhD programs in the 1980s
1901:
1546:
1429:
1096:
1076:
765:established the first jazz program in
728:began in 1974, the first being at the
2906:dissertation), by Jeffrey B. Libman,
2063:, approximately 500 bands served the
1931:Teachers College, Columbia University
1363:Music Educators National Conference (
1346:was the program's founding director.
7:
3744:"Jazz in American Education Today,"
2999:by Matthew C. Duersten (born 1968),
2009:in Jazz Pedagogy, but, according to
925:in Boston. Berk changed the name to
3668:"The Changing Scene – Rufus Reid,"
2525:, Vol. 83, No. 3, March 2016, pg. 8
1379:, the organization was renamed the
1051:Notre Dame Collegiate Jazz Festival
3908:"SMU Band Living up to Standard,"
3325:North Texas State Teachers College
2666:(subject article in Vol. 1 of 3),
2610:William F. Milkowski; born 1954),
2287:The article is a brochure for the
1623:The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
1616:is a cousin of the grandfather of
1252:(not affiliated with a university)
495:North Texas State Teachers College
483:Southern Methodist University Band
14:
3915:November 6, 1975, Sect. B, pg. 17
3143:Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz
2199:The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz,
1193:(1938–2005), and Paul Weinstein.
831:Higher education in North America
623:Orchestra. He was the father of
2645:The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz
513:and was organized by Len Bowden
473:Leonard Lee Bowden; 1899–1989).
3858:(retrieved September 28, 2017,
3768:(retrieved September 29, 2017,
3633:David Baker – A Legacy in Music
3613:from the original on 2017-10-22
3492:(retrieved September 26, 2017,
3269:(retrieved September 26, 2017,
3190:"How Jazz Education Began," by
2972:from the original on 2018-12-29
2784:"The Origins of Big Band Music"
2471:(retrieved September 28, 2017,
1999:University of Northern Colorado
844:, who had studied music at the
397:National Stage Band Camps, Inc.
3934:), col. 1, pg. 8, Aug. 8, 1964
3582:"1968: The Year That Was," by
3548:(retrieved September 27, 2017)
3354:University of Notre Dame Press
3013:Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv (DRA)
2821:by David Dicaire (born 1963),
2716:University of California Press
2274:Educational Courses in Britain
2161:Ithaca College School of Music
2141:; and Westlake closed in 1961.
2028:levels in jazz. Also in 1989,
1395:, hosted its first meeting in
1197:is among the school's alumni.
874:Indiana University Bloomington
872:from 1938 to 1947 and Dean at
440:Tanglewood Education Symposium
1:
3892:Obituary: "V. Cyrus Barcus,"
3752:Vol. 29, 1989, pps. 134–139;
2963:"You are being redirected..."
2874:University of Hawaii at Manoa
2620:, 2001/2002, pps. 34–38, 40;
2547:by Jill Marie Sullivan, PhD,
1608:, produced several prominent
888:New School of Social Research
730:Gnessin State Musical College
291:. John Tuggle "Fess" Whatley
63:Non-academic (non-curricular)
2786:. The Red Hot Jazz Archive.
2686:(retrieved August 27, 2017,
2569:The Rise of a Jazz Art World
2266:"Jazz Education in Britain,"
2121:(beginning 1947). (Spencer,
1665:USC Thornton School of Music
1604:clarinetist and saxophonist
1166:degree in Jazz Performance.
868:, went on to become Dean at
351:Wendell Phillips High School
274:Original Dixieland Jass Band
254:Dixieland Jass Band One-Step
222:Wendell Phillips High School
68:Social services for children
3799:David Baker's Jazz Pedagogy
3214:Bryce J. Luty (1937–2014),
3024:German Broadcasting Archive
2272:), originally published in
2223:Vol. 26, 1994, pps. 34–38;
1919:University of Massachusetts
1768:William Paterson University
1744:from 1945 to 1950, earning
1679:programs in jazz studies.
771:University of KwaZulu-Natal
129:, offered a music program.
4051:
3344:Joseph Kuhn Carey (1986).
2582:Cambridge University Press
2117:(beginning 1948), and (v)
2034:Governors State University
2016:
1985:
1960:
1909:
1900:
1874:
1845:
1818:
1777:
1755:
1698:
1649:
1629:
1583:
1545:
1530:program in jazz studies.
1509:
1481:
1462:
1437:
1428:
1406:
1386:
1358:
1330:
1278:
1262:
1230:
1208:
1200:
1177:
1169:
1150:
1128:
1119:
1095:
1075:
1060:
1045:
1029:
1021:
998:
965:Tennessee State University
955:
940:
923:Schillinger House of Music
913:
882:
836:
808:
786:
757:
746:
719:
716:set up the Jazz Workshop.
700:
689:
670:
639:
610:
569:
535:
500:
476:
460:
430:
425:Dr. William "Billy" Taylor
411:
391:
380:
341:
298:
279:
227:
204:
199:Scholastic, clinics, camps
161:
132:
117:
73:
19:Timeline of jazz education
3932:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
3848:, January 12, 1964, pg. 3
3168:Warrick Livingston Carter
3151:
3084:Michigan State University
2941:SMU, Mustang Band History
2651:, PhD (born 1950) (ed.),
2019:
1996:
1969:
1912:
1883:
1857:Manhattan School of Music
1854:
1829:
1786:
1766:
1707:
1658:
1638:
1592:
1518:
1490:
1473:
1446:
1410:
1390:
1362:
1334:
1297:Manhattan School of Music
1285:Manhattan School of Music
1282:
1266:
1234:
1214:University of North Texas
1212:
1204:
1181:
1173:
1154:
1134:University of North Texas
1132:
1123:
1064:
1049:
1036:Institute of Jazz Studies
1033:
1025:
1005:University of North Texas
1002:
959:
946:Westlake College of Music
944:
917:
886:
840:
812:
790:
761:
750:
723:
706:Banff School of Fine Arts
704:
693:
674:
643:
614:
595:L.A. High School District
573:
548:
539:
504:
480:
464:
455:Non-curricular collegiate
434:
415:
395:
384:
345:
306:organized a jazz band at
302:
283:
231:
220:. From 1922 he taught at
208:
174:
171:
164:
142:
135:
121:
86:
77:
3899:February 22, 1990, pg. 9
3750:College Music Symposium,
3723:Rowman & Littlefield
3650:Indiana University Press
2908:Arizona State University
2438:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2125:October 2013) However,
2111:Los Angeles City College
2017:
1986:
1961:
1910:
1886:University of Bridgeport
1875:
1846:
1832:New England Conservatory
1819:
1778:
1756:
1699:
1650:
1646:degree in Jazz Studies.
1630:
1584:
1510:
1482:
1463:
1449:Berklee College of Music
1438:
1407:
1387:
1359:
1331:
1279:
1269:New England Conservatory
1263:
1231:
1209:
1201:
1185:was launched in 1986 by
1178:
1170:
1160:Schulich School of Music
1151:
1129:
1120:
1061:
1055:Midwestern United States
1046:
1030:
1022:
999:
981:Los Angeles City College
961:Alabama State University
956:
941:
935:Berklee College of Music
914:
883:
837:
809:
787:
758:
747:
720:
701:
690:
671:
640:
611:
570:
536:
511:Alabama State University
501:
477:
461:
431:
412:
392:
381:
342:
299:
280:
228:
205:
162:
133:
118:
74:
3671:Music Educators Journal
3589:DownBeat Music Yearbook
3468:Music Educators Journal
3421:Jazz Educators Journal;
3397:Jazz Educators Journal;
3217:Music Educators Journal
3196:Jazz Educators Journal,
3172:Jazz Educators Journal,
2966:auburnknightsalumni.org
2823:McFarland & Company
2653:"Alpha Cottage School,"
2580:by Paul Douglas Lopes,
2221:Jazz Educators Journal,
2207:Oxford University Press
2157:University of Rochester
2155:, a constituent of the
2153:Eastman School of Music
2127:Berklee School of Music
2113:(beginning 1946), (iv)
1789:Eastman School of Music
927:Berklee School of Music
3607:Jazz Education Network
2851:by Alex W. Rodriguez,
2289:Leeds College of Music
2270:Leeds College of Music
2209:(2001), pps. 396-397;
1677:Doctor of Musical Arts
1598:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
1575:Jacobs School of Music
969:Wilberforce University
695:Leeds College of Music
285:Industrial High School
240:catalog no. 18255), "
96:William "Cat" Anderson
3447:University of Arizona
3431:December–January 1984
3137:www.jazzinamerica.org
2859:Jazz, January 8, 2013
1681:William Ennis Thomson
1600:, formerly headed by
1353:National associations
1223:, received its sixth
1219:, under direction of
1139:, under direction of
950:Hollywood, California
679:, founded in 1963 by
587:Jefferson High School
559:Academic (curricular)
507:Bama State Collegians
316:Chickasaw Syncopators
4030:Jazz music education
3845:Decatur Daily Review
3536:, October 31, 2013;
3043:Fontes Artis Musicae
2782:Thomas, Bob (1994).
2668:Macmillan Publishers
2511:"Remembering Chuck,"
2043:Notes and references
1891:One O'Clock Lab Band
1693:One O'Clock Lab Band
1336:The Juilliard School
1217:One O'Clock Lab Band
1137:One O'Clock Lab Band
775:Durban, South Africa
575:Samuel Rodney Browne
438:participated at the
386:Lenox School of Jazz
210:Major N. Clark Smith
123:Alpha Cottage School
3981:Dallas Morning News
3911:Dallas Morning News
3746:Lewis Robert Porter
2763:. apassion4jazz.net
2649:Barry Dean Kernfeld
2203:Barry Dean Kernfeld
2163:, a constituent of
2139:Associate's Degrees
1976:New York University
1736:, PhD, Dean of the
1710:University of Miami
1594:Southern University
879:from 1947 to 1973.
860:, who had earned a
850:New York University
665:Albert Mangelsdorff
625:Raymond Harry Brown
550:Prairie View Co-eds
355:DuSable High School
308:Manassa High School
289:Birmingham, Alabama
242:Livery Stable Blues
214:Lincoln High School
35:, averred that the
4035:Timelines of music
4000:2017-09-28 at the
3949:2017-06-02 at the
3895:Park Cities People
3804:2022-10-11 at the
3711:2022-10-11 at the
3638:2022-10-11 at the
3563:2017-09-29 at the
3532:Carl Straumsheim,
3528:2017-09-28 at the
3131:2017-09-29 at the
3045:(a publication of
3018:2008-10-15 at the
2995:2017-09-27 at the
2949:2009-06-01 at the
2898:2017-09-30 at the
2847:2016-04-06 at the
2815:2022-10-11 at the
2741:2011-08-29 at the
2692:Grove Music Online
2658:2017-09-27 at the
2574:2022-10-11 at the
2541:2022-10-11 at the
2516:2017-09-29 at the
2133:) did not award a
2094:Jazz Educated, Man
1659:Thom David Mason,
1520:Indiana University
1492:Rutgers University
1414:Canadian provinces
1013:Indiana University
799:Mahidol University
467:Tuskegee Institute
401:Rochester, Indiana
357:. Alumni include
347:Capt. Walter Dyett
125:, an orphanage in
3955:Mathew Klickstein
3927:Portsmouth Herald
3367:978-0-268-00677-8
3141:a website of the
3126:"Jazz Education,"
2825:(2002), pg. 139;
2706:Why Jazz Happened
2294:Original link at
2242:Hoch Conservatory
2135:Bachelor of Music
2131:Schillinger House
2107:Schillinger House
2040:
2039:
2030:Warrick L. Carter
1714:Bachelor of Music
1689:Bachelor of Music
1669:Bachelor of Music
1644:Bachelor of Music
1640:Howard University
1420:
1419:
1377:Manhattan, Kansas
1350:
1349:
1242:
1241:
1164:Bachelor of Music
1156:McGill University
1089:Towson University
1070:Towson University
846:Hoch Conservatory
828:
827:
822:Ningbo University
653:Frankfurt am Main
649:Hoch Conservatory
631:
630:
619:soloist with the
556:
555:
452:
451:
353:and from 1935 at
196:
195:
127:Kingston, Jamaica
88:Jenkins Orphanage
49:U.S. Armed Forces
21:(a chronology of
4042:
4015:
4014:, April 26, 2000
3992:
3986:
3985:January 10, 1978
3976:
3970:
3941:
3935:
3924:(title needed),
3922:
3916:
3906:
3900:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3840:
3825:
3809:(rev. 1989), by
3795:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3742:
3733:
3725:(2014), pg. 66;
3702:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3666:
3660:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3599:
3593:
3580:
3574:
3555:
3549:
3534:Inside Higher Ed
3520:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3463:
3457:
3439:
3433:
3417:
3411:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3351:
3341:
3335:
3321:
3315:
3294:Washington, D.C.
3287:
3278:
3212:
3206:
3188:
3182:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3147:Washington, D.C.
3122:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3026:), Dezember 2004
3010:
3004:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2959:
2953:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2890:
2884:
2866:
2860:
2839:
2833:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2757:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2702:
2696:
2642:
2636:
2598:
2592:
2565:
2559:
2532:
2526:
2508:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2445:David J. Elliott
2439:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2185:
2174:
2168:
2148:
2142:
2090:
2084:
2081:schools of music
2057:
1993:
1836:Gunther Schuller
1825:
1762:
1620:, bandleader of
1579:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1469:
1427:
1357:
1273:Gunther Schuller
1261:
1256:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1086:
1081:
1040:Marshall Stearns
908:Marshall Stearns
835:
638:
579:African American
568:
544:
543:
459:
417:Jazzmobile, Inc.
304:Jimmie Lunceford
203:
179:
178:
169:
168:
140:
139:
82:
81:
72:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4002:Wayback Machine
3993:
3989:
3977:
3973:
3951:Wayback Machine
3942:
3938:
3923:
3919:
3907:
3903:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3866:
3857:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3806:Wayback Machine
3796:
3792:
3776:
3743:
3736:
3713:Wayback Machine
3703:
3699:
3682:
3667:
3663:
3640:Wayback Machine
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3584:Dan Morgenstern
3581:
3577:
3567:by Aidan Levy,
3565:Wayback Machine
3556:
3552:
3530:Wayback Machine
3521:
3517:
3500:
3464:
3460:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3390:
3383:
3368:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3322:
3318:
3288:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3250:
3245:
3232:
3213:
3209:
3192:Leonard Feather
3189:
3185:
3165:
3161:
3133:Wayback Machine
3123:
3119:
3102:
3081:
3074:
3057:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3020:Wayback Machine
3011:
3007:
2997:Wayback Machine
2988:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2951:Wayback Machine
2943:
2939:
2935:
2918:
2900:Wayback Machine
2891:
2887:
2867:
2863:
2853:A Blog Supreme,
2849:Wayback Machine
2840:
2836:
2817:Wayback Machine
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2743:Wayback Machine
2733:
2729:
2718:(2013), pg. 1;
2703:
2699:
2660:Wayback Machine
2643:
2639:
2599:
2595:
2584:(2002), pg. 238
2576:Wayback Machine
2566:
2562:
2551:(2011), pg. 2;
2549:Scarecrow Press
2543:Wayback Machine
2533:
2529:
2518:Wayback Machine
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2479:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2360:
2357:
2338:/20060322085120
2332:
2311:
2295:
2193:
2191:Further reading
2188:
2175:
2171:
2149:
2145:
2091:
2087:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
1988:
1951:ethnomusicology
1905:
1863:in 1984, and a
1821:
1758:
1750:Master of Music
1738:School of Music
1724:– who had been
1673:Master of Music
1580:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1528:master's degree
1465:
1433:
1425:
1401:The Netherlands
1355:
1254:
1247:
1116:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1038:was founded by
1016:School of Music
900:Leonard Feather
877:School of Music
833:
792:Denny Euprasert
645:Bernhard Sekles
636:
600:summa cum laude
566:
561:
527:Erskine Hawkins
491:University Park
457:
445:Jamey Aebersold
375:Nat "King" Cole
324:Fisk University
314:, known as the
201:
186:Louis Armstrong
180:Home for Boys,
70:
65:
12:
11:
5:
4048:
4046:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4011:New York Times
3987:
3971:
3936:
3917:
3901:
3885:
3863:newspapers.com
3849:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3790:
3734:
3719:Robert Freeman
3697:
3661:
3624:
3594:
3592:(1969), pg. 11
3575:
3550:
3515:
3458:
3434:
3430:
3412:
3406:
3381:
3366:
3336:
3316:
3279:
3268:
3246:
3228:
3207:
3183:
3159:
3117:
3092:Ithaca College
3072:
3031:
3005:
2982:
2954:
2933:
2917:Repository at
2885:
2870:Master of Arts
2861:
2834:
2801:
2774:
2752:
2727:
2697:
2637:
2602:Bill Milkowski
2593:
2560:
2527:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2441:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2356:
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732:. Professor
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23:jazz pedagogy
20:
16:
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3815:Alfred Music
3797:
3793:
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3704:
3700:
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3664:
3631:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3606:
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3553:
3533:
3518:
3493:
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3420:
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3042:
3008:
2985:
2974:. Retrieved
2965:
2957:
2936:
2911:
2888:
2864:
2852:
2837:
2808:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2755:
2734:
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2704:
2700:
2690:
2687:
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2640:
2615:
2611:
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2172:
2146:
2122:
2093:
2088:
2061:World War II
2055:
2011:Lewis Porter
1987:
1978:, offered a
1962:
1939:music theory
1915:Billy Taylor
1902:
1876:
1847:
1820:
1779:
1757:
1700:
1651:
1631:
1621:
1585:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1532:Wilfred Bain
1511:
1500:Kenny Barron
1496:Larry Ridley
1483:
1464:
1457:Mid-Atlantic
1439:
1430:
1393:Dave Liebman
1251:
1250:
1227:nomination.
1195:Roy Hargrove
1147:nomination.
1141:Leon Breeden
1099:
1078:
921:founded the
858:Wilfred Bain
714:Phil Nimmons
621:Xavier Cugat
598:
583:race barrier
537:
530:
518:
514:
470:
443:
420:
367:Eddie Harris
332:Willie Smith
328:Eddie Wilcox
326:– including
292:
224:in Chicago.
75:
41:World War II
30:
26:
18:
17:
15:
4006:Ben Ratliff
3870:.newspapers
3811:David Baker
3356:. pp.
2647:(2nd ed.),
2119:North Texas
2098:North Texas
1923:Donald Byrd
1895:North Texas
1760:Wm Paterson
1742:North Texas
1722:Jerry Coker
1685:North Texas
1618:Jon Batiste
1610:New Orleans
1571:David Baker
1536:North Texas
1524:David Baker
1453:New England
1375:. Based in
1325:Donald Byrd
1221:Steve Wiest
1009:North Texas
973:North Texas
870:North Texas
591:Los Angeles
485:introduced
436:Stan Kenton
405:Stan Kenton
359:Gene Ammons
336:Henry Wells
262:matrix/take
250:matrix/take
218:Kansas City
182:New Orleans
144:Jane Addams
104:Tom Delaney
100:Jabbo Smith
4024:Categories
3831:Newspapers
3758:5543013309
3482:5544613084
3478:4632732679
3265:4632720429
3261:5724929756
3257:6033021496
3243:5724929755
2976:2018-12-28
2920:repository
2794:August 23,
2767:August 23,
2712:Marc Myers
2664:Val Wilmer
2461:6883039172
2457:5912010928
2329:archive.li
2235:Peter Cahn
2005:offered a
1947:musicology
1925:earned an
1878:Bridgeport
1869:New York's
1865:bachelor's
1813:Ray Wright
1772:Rufus Reid
1504:Ted Dunbar
1317:Joe Wilder
1313:Ron Carter
1305:John Lewis
1187:David Levy
779:John Mekoa
581:, broke a
268:studio in
212:taught at
148:Hull House
92:Charleston
39:following
3876:/90975607
3853:Down Beat
3823:988327475
3786:/40373955
3766:0069-5696
3731:873985250
3658:774820086
3570:JazzTimes
3546:488447754
3542:721351944
3490:0027-4321
3428:0730-9791
3404:0730-9791
3313:73-159620
3239:424886274
3226:0027-4321
3204:0730-9791
3180:0730-9791
3112:/43958416
3067:/23505792
2831:424121060
2724:785873726
2684:863518000
2634:157011400
2626:1526-4661
2617:JazzTimes
2590:269287349
2557:720635040
2522:Down Beat
2489:/40214679
2469:1536-6006
2440:2015/2016
2434:2008/2009
2429:2009/2010
2424:2006/2007
2419:2005/2006
2414:2004/2005
2409:2003/2004
2404:2002/2003
2399:2001/2002
2394:1999/2001
2389:1998/1999
2384:1997/1998
2378:1526-4661
2369:JazzTimes
2350:/ec185a14
2348:/articles
2344:.intstudy
2315:.intstudy
2305:/ec185a14
2303:/articles
2299:.intstudy
2282:498715147
2261:720383049
2246:Frankfurt
2229:0730-9791
2215:823865998
2178:Eastman's
2065:U.S. Army
1957:in jazz:
1893:, at the
1602:free-jazz
1397:The Hague
1340:Juilliard
1309:Dick Katz
1301:Max Roach
1293:Juilliard
1110:Hank Levy
1101:Too late.
1066:Hank Levy
993:arranging
814:Tom Smith
734:Igor Bril
647:, at the
320:Lunceford
270:Manhattan
32:Down Beat
3998:Archived
3966:Whiplash
3947:Archived
3817:(1989);
3802:Archived
3709:Archived
3692:/3395906
3652:(2011);
3636:Archived
3611:Archived
3561:Archived
3526:Archived
3510:/3400925
3449:(1974);
3376:13333247
3333:43383204
3327:(1944);
3129:Archived
3016:Archived
3001:KCETLink
2993:Archived
2970:Archived
2947:Archived
2896:Archived
2882:38457830
2876:(1995);
2845:Archived
2813:Archived
2788:Archived
2739:Archived
2670:(2002);
2656:Archived
2572:Archived
2539:Archived
2514:Archived
2255:(1979);
2184:in 1940.
1861:master's
1840:master's
1809:master's
1746:Bachelor
1734:Bill Lee
1587:Southern
1455:and the
892:New York
803:Thailand
266:Victor's
236:record (
184:, where
172:Colored
3784:/stable
3748:, PhD,
3690:/stable
3508:/stable
3455:3743477
3298:Eastman
3170:, PhD,
3110:/stable
3065:/stable
2487:/stable
2447:, PhD,
2334:archive
2182:Eastman
2059:During
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