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greatly increased the flow of water. They contracted with J. P. Cranford to build a pipeline into town. The pipes were 12-foot (3.7 m)-long logs that were hollowed out and attached end to end to extend from the spring to the San
Francisco Bathhouse on Government Street, from where deliveries were made to customers by wagon. The resulting increase in the water supply made it possible to fill four cisterns, ranging in size from 25,000 to 60,000 imperial gallons (114,000 to 276,000 L) to provide a reserve of water for fire protection. Coe and Martin formed the Spring Ridge Water Works Company in 1864, serving the city until 1875.
427:
of drilling, blasting, and mucking. Water was flowing through the tunnel at the rate of 140 million imperial gallons (636,000 m3) per day by 1970. At the same time, the flowline from near the town of Sooke to
Humpback was decommissioned. The remaining section coming down from the dam would continue to serve the Sooke area. 1970 also saw the construction of a new 52-foot (16 m) dam at Sooke Lake Reservoir downstream from the old one, which was then inundated. The annual amount of water now available for use was 57 billion litres.
444:, from the feces of feral cats. As a result of this, Humpback Reservoir was shut down for good and construction was begun on a disinfection plant at Japan Gulch that would use ultraviolet light to neutralize micro-organisms not killed by chlorine. When it came into operation in 2004, it was the largest such plant in North America. In 1996, the now vastly expanded water supply system was transferred from the Greater Victoria Water District to the Capital Regional District.
384:
294:
Engineer in
Toronto and had a reputation for getting things done, was brought in as City of Victoria Engineer and was soon appointed to the additional position of Water Commissioner, replacing J. L. Raymur who had held that position in addition to serving as City Comptroller, a position that he retained. Second, the City cancelled Westholme's contract in April 1913, and took over the project as a public work.
267:
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that the flowline from Sooke Lake to
Humpback would soon be outgrown. Aside from limitations of capacity, the old pipeline was leaking significantly, with fully a third of the water that entered it at Sooke Dam being lost through its 36,000 joints before reaching Humpback. Between 1967 and 1970, the level of Sooke Reservoir was raised three times by the addition of flashboards to the spillway.
415:
102:. The CRD's ownership and complete control of its entire watershed assures its customers of a supply that is secure in both quantity and quality. The main reservoir and its subsidiary reservoirs are estimated to contain 93 billion litres of water, enough to meet the needs of its customers for two years without any rainfall. The history of this remarkable system is sketched below.
318:
concrete pipe, so it was decided to use that size. A pipe factory was established at Cooper's Cove in Sooke Harbor within 2,000 ft (610 m) of the planned flowline grade, 17.5 miles (28.2 km) from Sooke Lake and 10 miles (16 km) from
Humpback. Altogether, this factory produced more than 36,000 4-foot (1.22 m) interlocking sections of concrete pipe.
357:
106:
282:, Meredith's plan involved constructing a flowline of 27.5 miles (44.3 km) from a dam at Sooke Lake to a holding reservoir to be constructed at the Humpback Road near Goldstream. From there a pipeline would run about 10.5 miles (16.9 km) through the Helmcken Fields and along Burnside Road to a distribution point in the city at Fountain Square.
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Lake. Early in the following year, the council put the question of Sooke Lake to the ratepayers in a referendum. Going to Sooke Lake was supported by a two-thirds majority of those voting. It was, however, not until
November 1910 that council finally passed the bylaw authorizing the development of Sooke Lake as a source of water supply.
199:
lawns and gardens was banned. Between 1887 and 1889 a 16-inch main was added, which for the moment solved the availability problem but exacerbated the quality problem, as the increased flow rate carried more sediment through the filters. Additional modifications to the filter beds provided only temporary relief.
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the already existing 11,025 hectares (27,240 acres) of watershed. Owing, however, to concerns about the quality of water from Leech River, its water has, at least for the time being, not been added to that of Sooke Lake
Reservoir, but instead has been dedicated to supplementing fisheries water in Sooke River.
234:
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called a mole was used to drill an 8 ft (2.4 m) diameter tunnel into the mountain. The equipment, however, kept breaking down and the contractor went bankrupt. Once again, the project was taken over by the public authority, now the
District, and was completed using more conventional methods
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as a possible source, but members of city council thought it too expensive. Over the next three years, several attempts to claim
Goldstream water and/or expropriate or purchase the Esquimalt Water Works failed. Adams was called upon for advice again in 1907. This time he put greater emphasis on Sooke
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In 1900 the North Dairy pumping station was established on Quadra Street at
Reynolds Road. This improved the quantity but not the quality. In August, 1904, a fire in downtown Victoria devastated several city blocks because despite increased quantity there was still insufficient water for such a large
182:
Debentures were issued raising the money needed, and work began in 1874. Beaver Lake was the smaller and lower of the two lakes. A dam and filter bed were built at its southwest corner where its water flowed into Colquitz Creek. This raised the water level to that of Elk Lake, forming a single larger
155:
Of course the newly established Fort Victoria could not exist without a water supply. Exploration of the surrounding area located two sources, both about one mile (1.6 km) east of the fort at what became known as Spring Hill and Harris Pond (near the present location of Victoria High School). At
451:
10 cu ft). A tunnel had been built in the 1980s from Leech River to Deception Reservoir, a small body of water adjacent to the south end of Sooke Lake Reservoir and separated from it by a saddle dam. The Leech watershed was finally purchased in 2007, adding 8,791 hectares (21,720 acres) to
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The project was completed in May 1915 with the official opening ceremony held at Sooke Dam on the 28th of that month, Mayor Alexander Stewart presiding. A notice appeared in the city's two newspapers on 1 June that water restrictions would no longer be enforced. There was then more than ample water
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The final task of the project was to lay a 36-inch (914 mm) diameter rivetted steel pipeline from the Humpback dam to Fountain Square from which a 12-inch (305 mm) main delivered water into town. These pipes were produced by the Burrard Engineering Co. In addition, a 24-inch (610 mm)
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The watershed was secured through purchase by the City of the 30 square miles (78 km) surrounding Sooke Lake. The consulting engineer recommended that the neighboring Leech River watershed also be acquired and connected to Sooke Lake by a 5-mile (8 km) conduit, but this was not undertaken
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The quality of this water was problematic from the start. The filter beds were altered and enlarged four times between 1876 and 1883 with only minimally noticeable effect, while demand was constantly increasing. Connections to users outside the city were cut off in 1885, and use within the city for
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By 1869 it was evident that the spring and pond would soon be incapable of supplying Victoria's growing population. Concerns were also expressed about the business practices of the Spring Ridge Water Company. The city engineer, Mr. Buckley, was asked to investigate the possibilities. He submitted a
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from Sooke Lake Reservoir to Japan Gulch in the Goldstream valley. The possibility of a tunnel had already been broached by the engineering consultant Arthur L. Adams in 1905, and again in 1907, but was discouraged by council's concern about cost as well as threatened legal action by the Esquimalt
391:
With district population rising, it became necessary in 1954 to add a 39-inch (991 mm) main from Humpback to a new balancing reservoir on Mount Tolmie. The reservoir on Smith Hill could no longer handle the added pressure and was taken out of service. By the late 1950s it was becoming evident
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Boyd Ehle retired from the project in February 1915, to take up an assignment in Cuba. For the last year, Leonard Frederick Young was acting as resident engineer, with Harry Huston Crawford as his assistant. The on-site engineering team included Ivar Hallen, Frederick Sealy, John Krog, Philip Fox,
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The initial contract for the construction work was awarded to Solomon Cameron and Parker Clarke of the Westholme Lumber Co. in December, 1911. The work began in January, 1912. Problems with the Westholme company led to two significant moves in 1912. First, Charles Henry Rust, who had been the City
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would not be adequate in the long term. The city brought in a consulting engineer from San Francisco, Arthur L. Adams, to study the problem and recommend solutions. He recommended that the city continue to use the then existing source but with extensive improvements, and if possible to acquire the
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included the scarcity of fresh water. "There are several good Runs in Winter," he wrote, "but we found them all dried up, and we could not manage to fill a single Beaker in the Harbour." But for all its other advantages, Camosack, which became Fort Victoria, had the same problem. Lieutenants Warre
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The laying of the flowline involved building a small gauge railway on the grade from the pipe factory to Sooke Lake and to Humpback. Sections of pipe were loaded on cars, 22 at a haul, and pulled by a small engine up to the end of the line where they were placed into position. As the pipeline was
274:
The engineering of the project was contracted to the firm of Sanderson & Porter, with offices in New York and San Francisco. The responsible design engineer was Wynn Meredith of San Francisco, who had overseen several significant recent engineering projects in British Columbia. Initially, the
164:
By the late 1850s, especially with Victoria's growth as a port in response to the gold rushes on the Fraser River in 1858 and in the Cariboo in 1861, transport of water by wagon was becoming impractical. In 1863, entrepreneurs John Coe and Thomas Martin undertook to dig a shaft at the spring that
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5 feet (1.52 m) per 1 mile (1.6 km) (0.0947%) for the 27.5 miles (44.3 km). The plan had been for 40-inch (1,016 mm) internal diameter pipe, but a contractor, the Pacific Lock Joint Pipe Co., was found, which already had forms for a 42-inch (1,067 mm) diameter reinforced
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The concrete dam at Sooke Lake raised the water level 12 ft (3.7 m), expanding the surface area from 978 to 1,180 acres (396 to 478 hectares) and creating an available storage capacity of 3.355 billion imperial gallons (15,240,000 m3). The balancing reservoir at Humpback was created by
298:
at the time. Sufficient land was acquired around the planned reservoir at Humpback, and a 100 ft (30.5 m) right-of-way for the 27.5-mile (44.3 km) flowline from Sooke Lake to Humpback, as well as the necessary right-of-way for the water main to the city, were added to the package.
206:
Despite these improvements, the supply and quality of water remained problematic until 1915. Between 1909 and 1915 the Water Department was constantly dealing with complaints about quality and low pressure. Water had to be rationed during this period. At one point the Water Commissioner, Charles
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first, water was transported to the fort in barrels. Eventually the trail became a road over which wagons could be driven. As the town developed around the fort, private operators took over the operation and provided customers with two buckets a day for the equivalent of fifty cents a week.
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laid, the railway tracks were taken up. When the rails were first laid, 56 wooden trestles had to be built across gullies. When it came to laying the pipeline, 51 of those trestles were replaced by concrete trestles; in five cases they were replaced by inverted siphons.
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building a concrete dam to a height of 31 feet (9.4 m), closing off a sloping valley that would fill with the water piped down from Sooke Lake. The resulting reservoir would cover 13.57 hectares (33.5 acres) and hold up to 136 million imperial gallons (612,000 m3).
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that lay about 6 miles (9.7 km) north of the city. One result of his report was passage of the Victoria Waterworks Act of 1873 by the Provincial Legislature giving the City of Victoria disposal over all water sources within a radius of 20 miles (32 km).
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and Vavason of the Royal Engineers noted on their inspection of the place in 1845: "This fort has lately been established; it is badly situated with regard to water and position, which latter has been chosen for its agricultural advantages only."
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fire. A separate high-pressure system was built in the city using saltwater solely for fire protection. Work was also begun on a balancing reservoir on Smith's Hill, which was completed in 1909 and is now the location of Summit Park.
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resident engineer was Harry Hartwell, but he was replaced in July 1912 by Boyd Ehle from Sanderson & Porter's New York Office. The firm established an office in Victoria in the Drake Block at 1414 Douglas St.
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lake. A 9-mile (14 km) pipeline ranging in diameter from 7 to 9 inches (178 to 229 mm) was laid along what is now Pipeline Road to a distribution point known as Fountain Square at the intersection of
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Until 1943 there had been no need for disinfection. In that year, however, Victoria was a marshaling point for both Canadian and American troops. Under pressure from U.S. military authorities
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stations were installed at Japan Gulch and Humpback. In 1948 the Greater Victoria Water District was formed to manage the overall water supply for the municipalities of Victoria,
142:), Is-whoy-malth (now Esquimalt), and Camosack (now Victoria). Of these he picked Camosack as "the most advantageous." He rejected the first two for various reasons, which for
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98:(CRD), served in 2010 over 330,000 people with clean drinking water from a catchment area of 11,025 hectares (27,240 acres) centered on its main reservoir at
188:
26:
726:"Leaves Victoria for Larger Field: Mr. Harry Hartwell, Resident Engineer on Sooke Lake Work, Accepts New Position," The Daily Colonist, Jul., 1912, p. 4.
470:
Capital Regional District: Facts and Figures: Greater Victoria Water Supply System, May 2009. hxtp://www.crd.bc.ca/water/documents/factsfigs_2009.pdf
619:
313:
The greatest engineering challenge was to build the flow line of concrete pipe from Sooke Lake to Humpback. A grade was established that would
860:
845:
535:
782:
Capital Regional District Water Department: Water Quality Protection Plan for Sooke Reservoir Expansion Plan. Oct. 18, 2002. pp. 8-8, 8-9.
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830:
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Capital Regional District: Greater Victoria Water Supply System: Historical Development and Future Improvements (no date, ca. 1990).
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that came into the harbour. He warned that the hotel would be shut off completely if it did not cease this practice immediately.
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and Charles Pollock. The records of others have been lost except for one engineer with the surname Bartholomew.
212:
119:
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Sanderson & Porter, Engineers: The New Water Supply System of Victoria British Columbia. New York, 1915.
518:
Robinson, Leigh Burpee: Esquimalt: Place of Shoaling Waters. Victoria, B.C.: Quality Press, 1948, pp. 26-27.
131:
616:
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In 2002, Sooke Dam was raised once again, creating a total system capacity of 95,000,000,000 litres (3.4
423:
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As with the flowline, the work was begun on the tunnel by a private company under contract. A full-face
25:
580:"The petition of Thomas Martin and John Coe," The British Colonist (Victoria), Jan. 13, 1863, p. 3.
208:
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661:”Expurgated Report on the Waterworks Improvements,” The Daily Colonist, Jun. 23, 1905, pp. 1-3.
856:
841:
826:
436:
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135:
753:"Notify Company City Will Complete Work," The Victoria Daily Colonist, Apr. 24, 1913, p. 3.
838:
Cousin Harry: Glimpses into the life of Harry Huston Crawford, engineer, teacher, aviator.
623:
255:
380:. The latter two municipalities retained responsibility for distribution in their areas.
349:, thus acquiring Goldstream Lake and about 10 square miles (25.90 km) of additional
383:
744:"To Ratify Change in Civic Offices," The Victoria Daily Colonist, Oct. 13, 1912, p. 22.
634:"Victoria Scene of Destructive Fire," The Victoria Daily Colonist, Aug. 10, 1904, p. 1.
365:
350:
279:
228:
127:
123:
762:
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773:"City Buys Esquimalt Waterworks," The Victoria Daily Colonist, Aug. 6, 1925, pp. 1,3.
571:"The Question of Water Supply," The British Colonist (Victoria), Oct. 31, 1862, p. 2.
441:
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314:
216:
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36:
251:
414:
873:
259:
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697:”No Opposition to Sooke Lake Bylaw,” The Daily Colonist, Nov. 29, 1910, p. 3.
607:"Victoria Water Works," The British Colonist (Victoria), Feb. 25, 1873, p. 2.
598:"Serious Defalcations," The British Colonist (Victoria), Jan. 11, 1870, p. 3.
652:
Crockford, Ross: "A Drop to Drink," Monday Magazine, Apr. 16-22, 2009, p. 7.
369:
143:
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735:”Gives Details of Sooke Work,” The Daily Colonist, Nov. 14, 1911, pp. 1-2.
105:
800:"Full Data Received on Water Question," The Daily Colonist, Jan. 3, 1908,
670:
E.g., “City Loses the Waterworks Case,” The Daily Colonist, Aug. 1, 1907.
418:
Current regional water supply (courtesy of CRD Integrated Water Services)
715:
305:
643:
Water Commissioner's Correspondence, 1913-1915. Victoria City Archives.
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Water Works Co., which had a prior claim to the Goldstream watershed.
373:
109:
The flowline pipe manufacturing plant at Cooper's Cove near Sooke, 1914
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863:. (With an Afterword by Ted Robbins on "The Next Century," 1915-2015)
688:”Hall Elected to Mayorality,” The Daily Colonist, Jan. 17, 1908, p. 1
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809:"Government's Reply to City," The Daily Colonist, May 1, 1908, p. 17
434:, which was still in service, became contaminated with the parasite
329:
791:"City Goes to Goldstream," The Daily Colonist, 23 Aug., 1905, p. 1,
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Leonard Frederick Young, Resident Engineer at end of project, 1915
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679:”The Referendum Bylaw,” The Daily Colonist, Jan. 12, 1908, p. 23.
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Esquimalt Water Works Company which was then drawing water from
589:"Important if True," The British Colonist, Oct. 22, 1869, p. 3.
853:
Bringing Water to Victoria: An Illustrated History, 1843-1915.
82:
211:. Investigation revealed that the hotel, which was owned by
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line ran from this point to the reservoir on Smith's Hill.
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Aside from acquiring ownership of the lake and surrounding
195:, from which water was supplied to customers in the city.
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Charles Henry Rust, Victoria Water Commissioner, 1912-15
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It was understood already in 1905 that the supply from
529:"Harris Pond / Rock Bay Watershed Awareness Program"
430:In 1995, 100 people became ill when water from the
78:
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58:
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32:
207:Henry Rust, noticed an unusually heavy usage at
406:In 1960 work began on a 5.5-mile (8.9 km)
169:The Elk Lake/Beaver Lake Reservoir (1875–1915)
138:. He examined three harbours: Sy-yousung (now
223:Sooke Lake and Humpback Reservoir (1915–1970)
8:
879:A video based on the book of the same title.
18:
483:. Capital Regional District. Archived from
174:report in May 1872 recommending the use of
387:Victoria's Sooke Lake Water System in 1915
17:
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821:Ellis, J. J., & Lillard, C. (1989).
466:
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151:Spring Hill and Harris Pond (1843–1863)
825:Victoria, B.C.: Orca Book Publishers.
353:as well as facilities at Japan Gulch.
289:Flowline crosses gully as siphon, 1915
215:, was washing all the laundry for the
898:Water supply and sanitation in Canada
893:History of Victoria, British Columbia
840:Victoria, B.C.: Proprius Publishers.
338:for the city's population of 50,000.
7:
481:"Sooke Reservoir Historical Storage"
855:Sooke, B. C.: Sooke Region Museum.
160:The Coe-Martin pipeline (1863–1875)
345:In 1925 the city expropriated the
130:to find a suitable location for a
14:
396:The Kapoor Tunnel (1970–present)
309:Humpback Dam and Reservoir, 1915
254:but also held the rights to the
24:
501:. Unknown Victoria. 2009-04-15
94:, Canada, now operated by the
1:
360:Steel pressure pipeline, 1915
19:CRD Integrated Water Services
347:Esquimalt Waterworks Company
90:The water supply system for
74:Ted Robbins, General Manager
617:North Dairy pumping station
924:
875:Bringing Water to Victoria
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92:Victoria, British Columbia
63:Victoria, British Columbia
908:Capital Regional District
270:Flowline on trestle, 1915
134:trading post on southern
96:Capital Regional District
23:
903:Dams in British Columbia
122:led an expedition from
851:Tolman, C. W. (2015).
836:Tolman, C. W. (2012).
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114:Beginnings (1842–1843)
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763:Harry Huston Crawford
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833:(See pp. 40–48)
176:Elk and Beaver Lakes
823:The Fernwood Files.
258:. Adams considered
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622:2014-07-09 at the
432:Humpback reservoir
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861:978-0-9694942-5-6
848:. (See Chapter 8)
846:978-0-9880429-0-2
499:"A Drop to Drink"
437:Toxoplasma gondii
209:the Empress Hotel
185:Government Street
120:Sir James Douglas
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59:Headquarters
33:Company type
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252:Thetis Lake
887:Categories
505:2024-08-15
456:References
260:Sooke Lake
100:Sooke Lake
70:Key people
716:Boyd Ehle
370:Esquimalt
351:watershed
280:watershed
144:Esquimalt
83:crd.bc.ca
620:Archived
118:In 1842
43:Industry
378:Saanich
374:Oak Bay
126:on the
79:Website
51:Founded
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408:tunnel
376:, and
539:(PDF)
532:(PDF)
140:Sooke
46:Water
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315:drop
245:and
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54:1996
243:Elk
889::
547:^
463:^
372:,
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449:Ă—
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