457:
176:
165:
123:
2380:
186:
153:
142:
110:
41:
1008:
through the
Caucasian lands in 1385. This marked an outbreak of outright hostility between the two Islamic monarchs. Timur responded by launching a full-scale invasion of the small frontier countries, which lay between the western border of his emerging empire and Tokhtamysh's khanate. After having
984:, put up a stiff resistance and had to spend much of his reign (1395–1405) fighting the Timurid invasions. Timur personally led most of these raids to subdue the recalcitrant Georgian monarch. He did not establish firm control over Georgia. By the time George VII was forced to accept Timur's
1084:
in the spring of 1387. The enemy's numbers significantly outnumbered the
Georgian forces hastily assembled by the prince. Timur personally led the participants in the invasion. A huge number of the country's inhabitants fled to the mountains, thanks to which large casualties were avoided.
1356:, defended by a tiny Georgian garrison. Having captured the fortress in August 1403, Timur sent his army to plunder and clear the frontier regions of Georgia and set out in pursuit of the retreating king George VII as far as
1351:
went to estimate the revenues and expenses of
Georgia. George sent new presents but Timur refused them and summoned George to appear in person. In the meantime, he himself laid siege to the previously impregnable fortress of
1383:, and in exchange Timur would recognize Georgia as a Christian kingdom and the kingdom could retain its independence. Timur then passed through Tbilisi, destroying all monasteries and churches on his way, and went to
249:
1257:, but suffered a defeat. After the war, of those who survived the fighting and reprisals, many thousands died of hunger and disease, and 60,000 survivors were enslaved and carried away by Timur's troops.
1185:, near Mahmud Abad, and began preparations for a great campaign against Tokhtamish. It became clear to Timur that he could not subdue Caucasus, including Georgia, if he did not defeat Tokhtamysh.
242:
1846:
235:
1423:, where he died on February 19, 1405, while preparing for a massive invasion of China. And the subsequent power struggles among his heirs, Timur's empire became fragmented as
969:
and Timur's major rival for control over the
Islamic world. Although he invaded parts of Georgia, he did not make the country Muslim and recognized it as a Christian state.
1165:. It happened this time as well. Timur was unable to capture Darial due to the great resistance of the mountaineers. He was forced to come down from the mountain and go to
1990:
1121:. The population of the Georgian territories he occupied showed fierce resistance to the invaders, which is why the latter had to leave the region after the capture.
3097:
3092:
3032:
2613:
1145:. On the way, he destroyed everything, robbed and killed the inhabitants. Big battles took place in Aragvi valley. Timur's goal seems to have been to capture the
2500:
2495:
2487:
797:
2236:
1942:
2460:
1839:
2997:
2003:
2905:
2516:
1937:
2425:
1867:
2420:
2348:
860:
3042:
3037:
2842:
2684:
2476:
1832:
813:
1181:
and ravage the place. Timur quickly moved in this direction, but avoided the battle and turned back again. His army encamped on the banks of the
2872:
2659:
2470:
2358:
1983:
2848:
2700:
2364:
1806:
440:
1347:, who was then on bad terms with his brother, arrived with gifts, as did the king's defiant vassal Iwane Jaqeli, prince of Samtskhe. Sheikh
2827:
2598:
2450:
2338:
845:
2465:
2455:
1917:
1343:
in 1402, decided to punish the king of
Georgia for not having come to present his congratulations on his victory. George VII's brother,
1307:
In late 1401, Timur invaded the
Georgia once again. George VII had to sue for peace, and sent his brother with the contributions. Timur
1068:'s conversion to Islam. Bagrat secretly informed his son George, who raised an army and destroyed the Timurid troops, freeing Bagrat.
677:
3057:
2440:
2405:
2282:
1729:
1455:. Despite commanding an army of merely 5,000 men, George succeeded in expanding Georgia's borders temporarily to their former extent.
809:
2937:
2859:
2732:
2586:
2566:
2251:
2132:
1976:
1778:
1704:
1687:
1667:
1646:
1555:
1524:
785:
641:
1469:
2649:
2591:
2302:
2894:
2807:
2608:
2581:
2527:
2189:
2179:
1932:
1464:
262:
3122:
2867:
2694:
2571:
2415:
2388:
2267:
801:
701:
988:
and agree to pay tribute, he was a master of little more than "gutted towns, ravaged countryside and a shattered monarchy".
2832:
2554:
1927:
693:
319:
3052:
2990:
2715:
2689:
2637:
2576:
2292:
2277:
2011:
1952:
1872:
870:
805:
541:
448:
2152:
2031:
1902:
657:
473:
50:
3062:
2674:
2664:
2400:
2343:
2174:
1912:
1892:
1221:
by tactical evasion, and those who were forewarned escaped to the caves and forests. Timur's forces looted and burned
855:
673:
597:
1229:. They slaughtered civilians in their hiding places. Tens of thousands were pressed into slavery or were massacred.
3006:
2899:
2837:
2812:
2333:
2086:
840:
681:
565:
537:
510:
456:
355:
1699:
Grousset, René (1970), The Empire of the
Steppes: A History of Central Asia, pp. 433–4. Rutgers University Press,
1109:, etc. In the spring of 1394, he came to southern Georgia and sent four commanders with an army of 40,000 to raid
3072:
2942:
2623:
2603:
2241:
2214:
1897:
1278:
778:
765:
749:
653:
553:
324:
2157:
665:
545:
312:
32:
3117:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3047:
3011:
2654:
2353:
2199:
2142:
2076:
1547:
1344:
980:
in 1386. Georgian resistance prompted a renewed attack by the Turco-Mongol armies. Bagrat's son and successor,
898:
865:
753:
533:
400:
348:
2036:
477:
1788:
Bedrosian, Robert (1997). "Armenian during the Seljuk and Mongol
Periods". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
2957:
2679:
2204:
2127:
1037:
745:
625:
609:
338:
305:
40:
3112:
3107:
3102:
2102:
1907:
1887:
1636:
1514:
661:
593:
376:
2209:
1327:
soldiers were fortified, capture it and destroyed it after a five-day battle, and cut off the soldiers.
1274:
1246:
981:
741:
395:
291:
180:
1217:
by surprise before they could flee, and hide their property. A Georgian general
Khimisha delayed the
2618:
2112:
1348:
1202:
954:
714:
601:
381:
2792:
2769:
2430:
2272:
2246:
2169:
2122:
2026:
1947:
1411:
to the
Timurids, Georgia was allowed to retain its independence and remain as a Christian kingdom.
1250:
977:
669:
629:
529:
466:
362:
169:
49:'s army attacking the survivors of a town in Georgia, in the spring of 1396, by the Persian artist
1792:. Vol. I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. St. Martin's Press.
1319:
special privileges. In the spring, Timur's army left for the Ottomans. On the way, he came to the
3067:
2817:
2312:
2297:
2226:
2194:
2184:
2147:
2117:
2107:
1957:
1539:
1270:
1242:
1198:
1150:
1110:
1065:
1030:
907:
850:
817:
789:
737:
733:
725:
645:
617:
605:
286:
175:
164:
127:
122:
2887:
2882:
2778:
2747:
2379:
2221:
2162:
2137:
2066:
1999:
1856:
1802:
1774:
1735:
1725:
1700:
1683:
1663:
1642:
1630:
1551:
1520:
1508:
1440:
1436:
1222:
1214:
1209:
on a patoon bridge, and hacked the path with machetes to avoid Georgian sentries. They caught
1166:
1081:
887:
729:
637:
621:
525:
2947:
2752:
2727:
2435:
2328:
2046:
2041:
1376:
1336:
1312:
1308:
985:
835:
578:
561:
489:
485:
419:
343:
1360:. Timur's historian reports that 700 towns were destroyed and their inhabitants massacred.
2969:
2445:
2307:
2287:
2231:
2081:
1408:
1384:
930:
793:
757:
697:
685:
557:
424:
414:
189:
2764:
1399:, where he died on February 19, 1405, while preparing for a massive invasion of China.
1301:
1286:
1218:
1154:
1106:
1041:
942:
915:
761:
721:
649:
633:
281:
152:
141:
115:
1076:
The death of thousands of soldiers in battle with Georgian troops led to the start of
3026:
2927:
2822:
2799:
2757:
2669:
2540:
1392:
1005:
1040:
on 22 November 1386, its inhabitants were massacred and Bagrat fell into captivity.
2952:
2785:
2737:
1420:
1396:
1254:
1206:
1182:
1161:
invasion. Every time Timur appeared in Georgia, Tokhtamysh tried to invade Eastern
1146:
1142:
1098:
966:
962:
946:
923:
521:
185:
28:
227:
2922:
1877:
1118:
585:
2964:
1424:
1158:
1064:
sent him back under surveillance of a 12,000-strong army which was to enforce
1010:
1001:
958:
157:
1739:
2877:
2410:
1882:
1324:
1226:
589:
1680:
The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to Siege of Vienna
1596:
Alexander Mikaberidze Historical dictionary of Georgia p.21 second edition
1379:
of gold struck in the name of Timur, 1,000 horses, and a ruby weighing 18
1300:
In 1401, Timur came to the borders of Georgia from the east and camped in
2932:
2535:
1357:
1353:
1282:
1162:
1138:
1114:
1045:
1026:
997:
950:
926:
911:
613:
78:
74:
2505:
2061:
2056:
1824:
1448:
1432:
1388:
1380:
1340:
1316:
1210:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1102:
1034:
973:
517:
493:
481:
1621:. Traduit per Edward Denison Ross, editat per N. Elias. Londres, 1895.
2742:
2510:
2071:
2051:
1452:
1428:
1320:
1134:
549:
497:
1968:
1293:, who took advantage of Timur's invasion and raided and looted the
1368:
1364:
1294:
1290:
1266:
1238:
1194:
1130:
1094:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1022:
919:
407:
388:
369:
298:
275:
259:
146:
46:
1311:
on condition that the King of Georgia supplied him troops during
1281:
and began to organize domestic affairs. King George and Virshel,
1253:
Tahir but George VII refused and met Timur at the Sagim River in
1017:, Timur marched into Georgia. The official history of his reign,
972:
In the first of eight invasions, Timur sacked Georgia's capital,
1431:. In the midst of this chaos, George VII, who had returned from
1014:
82:
1972:
1828:
1619:
The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia)
1371:
decided it was possible to grant the king of Georgia clemency (
231:
1444:
1435:, engaged in battles to regain lost territories. He conquered
1391:
were officially given by Timur as an appanage to his grandson
1577:
1575:
1173:. At that time, Timur learned that Tokhtamysh would invade
1375:). George VII had to pay a huge tribute, including 1,000
1201:
with 100,000 specially chosen soldiers, under Timur, and
1724:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 161.
1633:, "Tiflis", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993),
1511:, "Tiflis", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993),
1395:. Timur then finally left the Caucasus and headed for
1133:
invaded with a large army from the Koli valley to the
1056:
To regain his freedom, Bagrat pretended to convert to
1419:
Timur then finally left the Caucasus and headed for
1387:
early in 1404. All the territories from Beylagan to
906:) were eight invasions between 1386 and 1403 of the
2915:
2858:
2714:
2636:
2553:
2526:
2486:
2387:
2321:
2260:
2095:
2019:
2010:
1149:in order to ultimately prevent the withdrawal of
1790:The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times
953:and these conflicts were intimately linked with
21:
1443:while also causing destruction in places like
891:
1984:
1840:
1662:Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989.
1581:
1414:
798:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
243:
8:
1722:Perpetual Happiness: the Ming Emperor Yongle
1029:, the southernmost principality within the
1021:, represents this campaign in Georgia as a
16:Turco-Mongol invasions of Georgia 1386–1403
2720:
2642:
2559:
2393:
2016:
1991:
1977:
1969:
1948:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's sack of Tbilisi
1868:Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of the Caucasus
1847:
1833:
1825:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
435:
250:
236:
228:
18:
933:that kept its independence and religion.
1752:
1605:
945:stretched, at its greatest extent, from
922:, the Timurids ultimately conquered the
1486:
1427:and his sons struggled over control of
1025:. Timur set out from Kars and assailed
447:
3098:15th century in the Kingdom of Georgia
3093:14th century in the Kingdom of Georgia
1566:
1535:
1533:
1415:George's campaign against the Timurids
3033:Wars involving the Kingdom of Georgia
1933:Shah Tahmasp I's invasions of Georgia
1799:Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia
1715:
1713:
1592:
1590:
1363:Timur only stopped his army when the
904:temurlengis lashkrobebi sakartveloshi
686:Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia
7:
1943:Shah Abbas I's invasions of Georgia
1313:his campaign against Ottoman Empire
1245:once and for all. He demanded that
893:თემურლენგის ლაშქრობები საქართველოში
2283:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
810:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
14:
2133:Unification of the Georgian realm
1818:Тамерлан. Эпоха. Личность. Деяния
1544:The Making of the Georgian Nation
1470:Timur's fifth invasion of Georgia
786:Georgia within the Russian Empire
642:Unification of the Georgian realm
2378:
2252:Absorption by the Russian Empire
1097:raided and sacked the cities of
996:Timur's first appearance in the
455:
184:
174:
163:
151:
140:
121:
108:
39:
1660:The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane.
1465:Timurid conquests and invasions
3043:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
3038:Invasions of Georgia (country)
2268:Democratic Republic of Georgia
1720:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002).
957:between Timur (Tamerlane) and
903:
802:Democratic Republic of Georgia
702:Collapse of the Georgian realm
678:Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)
1:
1323:fortress, in which about 200
694:Turkoman invasions of Georgia
2528:Russian-occupied territories
2359:Timeline of Georgian history
1958:Russian intervention of 2008
1953:Red Army invasion of Georgia
1883:Sasanian invasion of 541–562
1878:Sasanian invasion of 526–532
1113:. Timur invaded and ravaged
884:Timurid invasions of Georgia
806:Red Army invasion of Georgia
690:Timurid invasions of Georgia
22:Timurid invasions of Georgia
1873:Georgian campaign of Pompey
674:Mongol invasions of Georgia
598:Umayyad invasion of Georgia
220:most of civilians massacred
3139:
2087:Christianization of Iberia
1801:. London: Reaktion Books.
1769:Baumer, Christoph (2023).
1309:made peace with George VII
1241:moved back to destroy the
682:Kingdom of Western Georgia
566:Christianization of Iberia
538:Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
3058:Military history of Islam
2984:
2723:
2645:
2562:
2396:
2376:
2242:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
2215:Principality of Mingrelia
1888:Turkic-Byzantine invasion
1863:
1797:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
1773:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1044:army spent the winter in
1004:'s marauding inroad into
892:
766:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
750:Principality of Mingrelia
654:Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
554:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
272:
209:
196:
133:
101:
57:
38:
26:
2496:Administrative divisions
2237:Shah Abbas I's invasions
2200:Principality of Abkhazia
2143:First Kingdom of Kakheti
1938:Ottoman invasion of 1578
1548:Indiana University Press
1289:raided and punished the
1197:breached the borders of
976:, and captured the king
754:Principality of Abkhazia
534:Georgia in the Roman era
222:At least 60,000 enslaved
218:80% of Georgia destroyed
2205:Principality of Svaneti
2128:Kingdom of the Iberians
2032:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
1771:History of the Caucasus
1678:Sicker, Martin (2000),
1617:Mirza Muhammad Haidar.
1335:Once the Ottomans were
1265:After the departure of
1237:In the spring of 1400,
1193:In the winter of 1399,
1157:raiders and a possible
1129:On September 13, 1394,
1000:was a response to Khan
746:Principality of Svaneti
658:Byzantine–Georgian wars
626:Kingdom of the Iberians
474:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
264:conquests and invasions
2103:Principality of Iberia
1908:Great Turkish Invasion
1816:Rakhmanalieva (1992).
1658:Beatrice Forbes Manz,
1637:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1515:Encyclopaedia of Islam
662:Great Turkish Invasion
594:Principality of Iberia
134:Commanders and leaders
45:A miniature depicting
3123:Islam in the Caucasus
2247:1795 Persian Invasion
2210:Principality of Guria
1918:Azat Mousa's invasion
1249:should hand over the
742:Principality of Guria
210:Casualties and losses
2843:World Heritage Sites
2426:Environmental issues
1635:E. J. Brill's First
1513:E. J. Brill's First
1349:Ibrahim I of Shirvan
1205:. They then crossed
1203:Ibrahim I of Shirvan
1052:Liberation of Bagrat
715:Early modern history
666:Georgian–Seljuk wars
602:Arab rule in Georgia
546:Iberian–Armenian War
313:Tokhtamysh–Timur war
33:Tokhtamysh-Timur war
3053:Religion-based wars
2293:Independent Georgia
2123:Kingdom of Abkhazia
2037:Kura–Araxes culture
2027:Prehistoric Georgia
1682:, p. 155. Praeger,
1540:Suny, Ronald Grigor
670:Georgian Golden Age
630:Kingdom of Abkhazia
530:Pharnavazid dynasty
478:Kura–Araxes culture
467:Prehistoric Georgia
51:Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād
3063:Islam and violence
2685:Telecommunications
2313:Russo-Georgian War
2227:Kingdom of Kakheti
2195:Kingdom of Imereti
2190:Turkmen incursions
2185:Samtskhe atabegate
2148:Kingdom of Georgia
2118:Emirate of Tbilisi
2108:Bagrationi dynasty
1928:Turkoman invasions
1903:Byzantine invasion
1631:Minorsky, Vladimir
1582:Rakhmanalieva 1992
1509:Minorsky, Vladimir
1243:Kingdom of Georgia
1199:Kingdom of Georgia
1117:, Kors, Kola, and
1111:Samtskhe-Saatabago
1031:Kingdom of Georgia
908:Kingdom of Georgia
818:Russo-Georgian War
814:Georgia since 1991
790:1832 Georgian plot
738:Kingdom of Imereti
734:Kingdom of Kakheti
726:Samtskhe-Saatabago
646:Kingdom of Georgia
618:Bagrationi dynasty
606:Emirate of Tbilisi
542:Campaign of Pompey
449:History of Georgia
128:Kingdom of Georgia
3020:
3019:
2980:
2979:
2873:Ethnic minorities
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2710:
2709:
2632:
2631:
2614:Political parties
2577:Foreign relations
2549:
2548:
2374:
2373:
2278:Red Army invasion
2222:Kingdom of Kartli
2180:Timur's invasions
2163:Battle of Didgori
2138:Kingdom of Hereti
2067:Kingdom of Iberia
1966:
1965:
1923:Timurid invasions
1808:978-1-78023-070-2
1641:, p. 757. Brill,
1519:, p. 757. Brill,
1339:, Timur, back in
880:
879:
730:Kingdom of Kartli
638:Duchy of Kldekari
622:Kingdom of Hereti
614:Duchy of Klarjeti
526:Kingdom of Iberia
482:Legend of Kartlos
433:
432:
226:
225:
97:
96:
3130:
3073:Battles of Timur
3000:
2993:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2721:
2643:
2560:
2501:Cities and towns
2436:Greater Caucasus
2394:
2382:
2344:Military history
2329:Names of Georgia
2175:Mongol invasions
2047:Colchian culture
2042:Trialeti culture
2017:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1913:Mongol invasions
1893:Umayyad invasion
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1821:
1820:. Москва: Гураш.
1812:
1793:
1784:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1717:
1708:
1697:
1691:
1676:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1537:
1528:
1506:
1315:and granted the
1261:Seventh invasion
1080:new invasion of
1066:Georgian Kingdom
905:
902:
895:
894:
856:Military history
830:History by topic
562:Chosroid dynasty
490:Colchian culture
486:Trialeti culture
459:
436:
267:
265:
252:
245:
238:
229:
188:
179:
178:
168:
167:
156:
155:
145:
144:
126:
125:
114:
112:
111:
59:
58:
43:
19:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3118:1400s in Europe
3088:1400s conflicts
3083:1390s conflicts
3078:1380s conflicts
3048:Spread of Islam
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2976:
2911:
2854:
2828:Public holidays
2706:
2670:Lari (currency)
2628:
2599:Law enforcement
2545:
2522:
2482:
2461:Protected areas
2446:Lesser Caucasus
2383:
2370:
2317:
2308:Rose Revolution
2303:War in Abkhazia
2288:April 9 tragedy
2256:
2232:Safavid Georgia
2091:
2082:Sasanian Iberia
2006:
1997:
1967:
1962:
1859:
1853:
1815:
1809:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1698:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1538:
1531:
1507:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1461:
1417:
1407:Georgia became
1405:
1333:
1331:Eighth invasion
1279:Eastern Georgia
1263:
1235:
1233:Sixth invasions
1191:
1155:North Caucasian
1127:
1125:Fourth invasion
1091:
1074:
1072:Second invasion
1054:
1033:later in 1386.
994:
939:
931:tributary state
897:
876:
875:
831:
823:
822:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
794:Gurian Republic
792:
788:
781:
771:
770:
764:
760:
758:Safavid Georgia
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
707:
706:
700:
698:Duchy of Aragvi
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
634:Theme of Iberia
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
581:
571:
570:
564:
560:
558:Sasanian Iberia
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:
511:Ancient history
503:
502:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
469:
434:
429:
320:Kondurcha River
268:
263:
258:
256:
221:
219:
190:Ivane II Jaqeli
183:
173:
172:
162:
150:
149:
139:
120:
109:
107:
93:Timurid victory
85:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3136:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Stock Exchange
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2624:Prime Minister
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:National parks
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2153:Byzantine wars
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Sajid invasion
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:, p. 152.
1745:
1731:978-0295981246
1730:
1709:
1692:
1671:
1651:
1623:
1610:
1608:, p. 148.
1598:
1586:
1571:
1559:
1529:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1332:
1329:
1262:
1259:
1234:
1231:
1190:
1189:Fifth invasion
1187:
1126:
1123:
1090:
1089:Third invasion
1087:
1073:
1070:
1053:
1050:
993:
992:First invasion
990:
986:terms of peace
938:
935:
929:and made it a
916:Timurid Empire
878:
877:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
782:
779:Modern history
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
762:Childir Eyalet
722:Duchy of Ksani
718:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
650:Duchy of Racha
582:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
514:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
470:
465:
464:
461:
460:
452:
451:
445:
444:
431:
430:
428:
427:
422:
417:
404:
403:
398:
385:
384:
379:
366:
365:
356:North Caucasia
352:
351:
346:
341:
328:
327:
322:
309:
308:
295:
294:
289:
284:
273:
270:
269:
257:
255:
254:
247:
240:
232:
224:
223:
216:
212:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
194:
193:
160:
136:
135:
131:
130:
118:
116:Timurid Empire
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
73:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3135:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:1400s in Asia
3111:
3109:
3108:1390s in Asia
3106:
3104:
3103:1380s in Asia
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Bolnisi cross
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2541:South Ossetia
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:Invasions of
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1780:9780755636303
1776:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1753:Rayfield 2012
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:0-8135-1304-9
1702:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:0-275-96892-8
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:0-521-63384-2
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:90-04-08265-4
1644:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:Rayfield 2012
1602:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:, p. 75.
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:0-253-20915-3
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:90-04-08265-4
1522:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Aragvi valley
1132:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:In 1392-1393
1088:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1006:Northern Iran
1003:
999:
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
936:
934:
932:
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
900:
889:
885:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
827:
826:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
783:
780:
775:
774:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
719:
716:
711:
710:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
583:
580:
575:
574:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
515:
512:
507:
506:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
471:
468:
463:
462:
458:
454:
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:
390:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:
371:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
357:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
333:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
307:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
271:
266:
261:
253:
248:
246:
241:
239:
234:
233:
230:
217:
214:
213:
208:
204:
201:
200:
195:
191:
187:
182:
177:
171:
166:
161:
159:
154:
148:
143:
138:
137:
132:
129:
124:
119:
117:
106:
105:
100:
92:
89:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2953:Saint George
2938:Coat of arms
2904:
2860:Demographics
2847:
2733:Architecture
2699:
2655:Central bank
2587:Human rights
2567:Constitution
2515:
2488:Subdivisions
2475:
2363:
2273:Armenian War
1922:
1817:
1798:
1789:
1770:
1763:Bibliography
1748:
1721:
1695:
1679:
1674:
1659:
1654:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1601:
1562:
1543:
1512:
1421:Central Asia
1418:
1406:
1397:Central Asia
1393:Khalil Mirza
1372:
1362:
1334:
1306:
1299:
1295:Ksani valley
1264:
1255:Kvemo Kartli
1236:
1192:
1143:Kvemo Kartli
1128:
1099:Central Iran
1092:
1075:
1055:
1018:
995:
971:
967:Golden Horde
947:Central Asia
940:
883:
881:
689:
610:Duchy of Tao
522:Aryan Kartli
406:
405:
387:
386:
368:
367:
354:
353:
331:
330:
329:
311:
310:
297:
296:
276:Central Asia
274:
192:(until 1400)
102:Belligerents
29:Timurid Wars
27:Part of the
2895:Health care
2650:Agriculture
2421:Earthquakes
2158:Seljuk wars
1639:, 1913–1936
1567:Baumer 2023
1517:, 1913–1936
1345:Constantine
1227:monasteries
1147:Darial Pass
1119:Akhaltsikhe
961:, the last
943:vast empire
586:Iberian War
579:Middle Ages
325:Terek River
3027:Categories
2965:Saint Nino
2793:Mingrelian
2774:Languages
2609:Parliament
2582:Government
2170:Golden Age
1481:References
1437:Nakhchivan
1425:Miran Shah
1247:George VII
1207:Kura river
1159:Tokhtamysh
1011:Azerbaijan
1002:Tokhtamysh
982:George VII
959:Tokhtamysh
871:Chronology
420:2nd Ankara
415:1st Ankara
181:George VII
158:Miran Shah
81:, western
77:, eastern
3068:Invasions
2878:Georgians
2868:Education
2818:Mythology
2695:Transport
2660:Companies
2619:President
2572:Elections
2471:Volcanoes
2411:Black Sea
2389:Geography
2298:Civil War
2113:Arab rule
2077:Roman era
1740:870409962
1546:, p. 45.
1409:tributary
1403:Aftermath
1389:Trebizond
1277:moved to
1251:Jalayirid
1019:Zafarnama
924:Christian
918:. Led by
899:romanized
836:Etymology
590:Lazic War
363:Uskhudzhe
65:1386–1403
3007:Category
2933:Borjgali
2888:Diaspora
2833:Religion
2779:Georgian
2770:Gambling
2728:Alphabet
2604:Military
2555:Politics
2536:Abkhazia
2431:Glaciers
2334:Monarchs
2322:By topic
2004:articles
1542:(1994),
1459:See also
1385:Beylagan
1381:mithkals
1367:and the
1358:Abkhazia
1354:Birtvisi
1337:defeated
1325:Georgian
1223:churches
1219:Timurids
1177:through
1169:through
1163:Caucasus
1151:Georgian
1139:Trialeti
1115:Samtskhe
1046:Karabakh
1027:Samtskhe
1009:overrun
998:Caucasus
978:Bagrat V
955:the wars
951:Anatolia
941:Timur's
927:monarchy
912:Caucasus
888:Georgian
841:Monarchs
441:a series
439:Part of
408:Anatolia
401:Damascus
349:Birtvisi
287:Tashkent
197:Strength
170:Bagrat V
79:Anatolia
75:Caucasus
70:Location
2991:Outline
2916:Symbols
2753:Cuisine
2716:Culture
2690:Tourism
2638:Economy
2511:Regions
2506:Tbilisi
2451:Mammals
2416:Climate
2401:Borders
2354:Battles
2062:Colchis
2057:Diauehi
2012:History
2000:Georgia
1857:Georgia
1449:Erzurum
1433:Imereti
1341:Erzurum
1321:Tortumi
1317:Muslims
1302:Shamkor
1273:, King
1271:Georgia
1211:Kakheti
1183:Mtkvari
1179:Derbent
1175:Shirvan
1171:Tbilisi
1153:allied
1103:Baghdad
1101:, then
1082:Georgia
1078:Timur’s
1042:Timur's
974:Tbilisi
965:of the
937:History
914:by the
910:in the
866:Battles
851:Tbilisi
518:Colchis
494:Diauehi
339:Tbilisi
332:Georgia
306:Isfahan
260:Timurid
215:Unknown
202:200,000
3012:Portal
2923:Anthem
2838:Sports
2748:Cinema
2743:Chokha
2675:Mining
2665:Energy
2466:Rivers
2339:States
2261:Modern
2096:Middle
2072:Lazica
2052:Mushki
2002:
1805:
1777:
1738:
1728:
1703:
1686:
1666:
1645:
1554:
1523:
1453:Tabriz
1451:, and
1429:Persia
1377:tankas
1275:George
1215:Hereti
1213:, and
1035:Tbilis
890::
846:States
550:Lazica
498:Mushki
443:on the
425:Smyrna
396:Aleppo
389:Levant
377:Multan
344:Alinja
299:Persia
205:50,000
113:
90:Result
2998:Index
2970:cross
2958:cross
2948:Motto
2900:Women
2823:Names
2813:Music
2808:Media
2765:Dance
2441:Lakes
2406:Birds
2020:Early
1476:Notes
1441:Ganja
1369:mufti
1365:ulema
1291:Dvals
1287:Ksani
1269:from
1267:Timur
1239:Timur
1195:Timur
1167:Shaki
1131:Timur
1107:Syria
1095:Timur
1062:Timur
1058:Islam
1023:jihad
949:into
920:Timur
382:Delhi
370:India
292:Balkh
147:Timur
47:Timur
2943:Flag
2906:more
2883:List
2849:more
2800:Svan
2758:Wine
2701:more
2592:LGBT
2517:more
2477:more
2365:more
2349:Wars
1803:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1736:OCLC
1726:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1439:and
1373:aman
1283:Duke
1225:and
1141:and
1137:via
1060:and
1038:fell
1015:Kars
1013:and
963:khan
882:The
861:Wars
282:Belh
83:Iran
62:Date
2786:Laz
2738:Art
1445:Ani
1285:of
3029::
1734:.
1712:^
1589:^
1574:^
1550:,
1532:^
1489:^
1447:,
1304:.
1297:.
1105:,
1048:.
896:,
31:,
1992:e
1985:t
1978:v
1848:e
1841:t
1834:v
1811:.
1783:.
1742:.
1707:.
1690:.
1649:.
1584:.
1527:.
901::
886:(
251:e
244:t
237:v
53:.
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