670:. He declared to the judge that he had suffered torture at the police station to confess that the weapons were Czech-made. The trial sentenced him to one year in prison. According to Tarzan de Castro, the militants arrested in Goiás were tortured by the Goiás DOPS to confess that Mauro Borges was responsible for the guerrilla war. The Peasant Leagues, by political necessity, denied any relation with the guerrilla war and condemned the army and the police for their actions in Dianópolis and in the arrest of Clodomir. The inquiry into this arrest provocatively accused a connection with Julião, the USSR embassy, the PCB and Luís Carlos Prestes, which was not plausible considering the divisions within the left.
646:
others managed to escape to
Barreiras, Bahia. According to Flávio Tavares, the device was discovered when the head of the Smuggling Repression Service, José de Seixas, suspected that refrigerators had been sent to the area with no electricity. Imagining them to be weapons smuggled by the landowners, he found the guerrilla base there. However, the understanding that the discovery was random is contradicted by the accounts of Clodomir and others, according to which the authorities were already monitoring their activities before the operation. According to Tarzan de Castro, local farmers denounced the movement and he warned Clodomir de Morais of the knowledge of the camp by the army, Goiás police and the
279:, composed of merchants and landowners. Adauto Monteiro da Silva, a member of the Dianópolis device, points out that the recruits were not local residents and there was no intention to train them. The involvement of the freemasons is denied by Hagaús Araújo, a politician from the region. According to him, the local population was attracted by the social services and was unaware of the real intentions of the guerrillas, who were young dreamers and unprepared. For his brother, who worked as a dentist for the Leagues, the residents later accused of involvement had no ideological motives and neither adhered to the revolutionary proposal.
259:(PCdoB), Workers' Policy (Polop), and part of the student movement -, attracting students and intellectuals. They soon became associated with the guerrilla scheme of the Leagues. Among those involved were Wanderley Guilherme dos Santos and Alípio de Freitas. According to Clodomir, the MRT consisted of a "small group of asphalt intellectuals that artificially tried to infiltrate the guerrilla scheme and assault the Leagues' military devices". Alípio de Freitas, on the other hand, defines its social base as that of the Leagues themselves. The penetration obtained among students was minimal.
562:, who, although he did not set up the guerrilla scheme, allowed the infiltration of other movements and diverted the resources of the guerrilla to his campaign in the 1962 elections. Julião, in turn, affirmed that the idea of setting up the guerrilla was always wrong. According to Clodomir, the internal disputes subverted the movement and some of the participants themselves denounced it to the authorities. His leadership is criticized in several statements. He is accused of having lied to cover up the precariousness of the guerrilla situation.
604:, arrived in the region, buying three farms, one for planning and two for military training, under the legal facade of an agricultural company. Political proselytizing was then done, leading to the creation of approximately 13 Peasant Leagues in the region, and social services (medicine and a school) and jobs were offered. Under this façade was the training, both military and intellectual and ideological, of the guerrillas. According to Adauto Monteiro da Silva, the little training that occurred was in jungle
307:, the Cubans showed willingness to train Brazilian guerrillas, and Francisco Julião asked about it while in Cuba. Clodomir and the other military leaders, 12 in all, received training in Cuba between 28 July and 20 August 1961, so that they could transmit this knowledge to other militants in camps in Brazil. However, this course took place under improvised conditions and disappointed Clodomir, as it was purely military and did not teach survival. Some militants made subsequent training visits. The
369:
the documents seized in Dianópolis were criticisms by militants Tarzan de Castro and Carlos
Montarroyo of Clodomir's leadership; however, for the criticized, they were denunciations invented by them after his expulsion from the guerrillas. According to Tarzan de Castro, he wrote with Cuban diplomat Miguel Brugueras del Valle a detailed diagnosis of the precarious situation of the guerrillas. The document was taken out of Brazil by Raúl Cepero Bonilla, president of the
530:. The structure was compartmentalized and only the military commanders – Adauto Freire da Cruz, Mário Luiz de Carvalho, Ozias Ferreira and Adamastor Bonilha – knew the location of all the camps. Clodomir de Morais participated in the conception of the project as a whole, but was not directly responsible for its implementation. The guerrillas were transferred from one device to another to learn about various terrains.
593:. There were gold miners "recognized as fearless men and thus fit for the revolutionary struggle" and many poor peasants. The peasant leader José Porfírio de Souza supported the guerrilla project. Near the site, in the current municipality of Combinado, a settlement of the "Combined Agro-Urbanos" program of Mauro Borges, governor of Goiás, was established in 1962. Inspired by Israeli
771:
785:
27:
234:
mass sectors diverged. Julião criticized the pro-guerrilla faction of the
Leagues, which in turn did not accept participation in elections, a path already taken by him when he was elected deputy in the 1962 elections. In their testimonies, Julião and Clodomir criticize each other regarding the directions of the
118:, present in 13 Brazilian states. The movement was heterogeneous and "an important actor in the debates on agrarian reform and the Brazilian revolution". The lawyer Francisco Julião, called to defend the SAPPP, became an important representative of the Leagues. At first legalistic in character, they defended
645:
The Dianópolis focus was dismantled by the army's intelligence sectors allied to the Goiás government. In
November 1962, the army invaded the device and its members fled. According to Adauto, they were only not captured because they were outside the headquarters when the military invaded. He and many
514:
and political and land conflicts. According to
Leagues militant Alexina Crespo, there were two proposals for geographical distribution, one to divide the country horizontally and the other vertically. The vertical strategy was the one chosen, although Fidel Castro had liked the horizontal one when he
241:
According to Julião in his later writings, he was against the guerrilla war from the beginning and has no responsibility for its preparation. This has already been questioned, as the organization of the camps would not have been possible without his connivance and he spoke in defense of revolutionary
228:
Francisco Julião was the main leader of the
Leagues and seen by both the left and the coup plotters' right, "not for nothing", as a possible leader of an armed peasant revolt. However, he did not participate in the implementation of the guerrilla bases and did not even know where they were; this lack
368:
and the
Guerrilla of Caparaó, these documents proved Cuban funding and had been seized by the army. Goulart felt betrayed, as he had been favorable to Cuba at various times, but to avoid a diplomatic incident, he handed the material to the Cubans, and thus it ended up in the wreckage in Lima. Among
233:
suggested the division of the
Leagues into military, political and mass sectors, in hierarchical order. They would be respectively commanded by Adauto Freire da Cruz, Clodomir de Morais and Francisco Julião. Thus, Clodomir, not Julião was the figure involved in the guerrilla war. The military and
154:
The direct contact between the
Leagues and the Communist Party was made by communists led by Clodomir de Morais, known as the "anti-party" group, which disagreed with the PCB's direction. Clodomir was expelled from the party in 1962 for his participation in the guerrilla project with the Leagues,
130:
This change occurred due to the influence of the Cuban
Revolution, including the visit of Francisco Julião and other figures to Cuba, and, in part due to the different interpretation of Cuban events, the divergence of the Communist Party and its branch in the countryside, the Union of Farmers and
219:
on 21 April 1962, by Francisco Julião, the MRT was a political organism of the Peasant Leagues, but with a broader base of support than the countryside. Its members were intellectuals and journalists initially engaged in publicizing Julião's work, and then in the guerrilla nuclei, whose founding
126:
and revolutionary content. The term "by force", not necessarily excluding "by law", could mean immediate change of the social structure, armed revolution, or collective action through marches, strikes, and land invasions. It existed in a context in which violence was already present in conflicts
542:
the terrain, acquiring political training, and organizing local peasants into associations. The preparations were inefficient: the ambition of the guerrillas ran into obstacles due to their precocity and spontaneity, lack of structure, material means and financing, surveillance by the organs of
384:
Gesílio Carvalho mentions the receipt of money in kind by the guerrillas. According to rumors, it came from Cuba through a businessman in Dianópolis; Clodomir de Morais denied the financing in a statement, explaining that the funds came from Brazilians; in another, he said he received financial
84:
The militants spent a year in the camps, dispersed throughout the regions of Brazil, but there was little effective military preparation due to internal disputes and lack of resources. The security agencies monitored the movement and the Army, supported by the Goias government, dismantled the
943:
For example, Alexina Crespo relates that "There, in Goiás, it was a real betrayal. A police officer denounced us. We had a way to approach the devices. We approached them singing or whistling the Cuban anthem because nobody knew it. It was the password. This person went there and denounced
207:, and were focused on disputes over land and better working conditions – but from Francisco Julião, the Communist Party, and other figures on the left. Still, even among sectors of the Leagues not involved in the military there was a certain degree of sympathy for the guerrilla project.
694:
The guerrilla device in Dianópolis, with its small number of people involved, had repercussions disproportionate to the threat it actually represented, being seen as an indication of the imminence of a socialist revolution. The Cuban involvement aggravated the polemic: The
147:-democratic stage, without the need for armed struggle, and the peasants would not play a central role. Francisco Julião, unlike the PCB, believed in a revolution initially based in the countryside, immediately socialist and without revolutionary participation of the
389:
and workers' organizations from socialist countries. This version matches the existence of divergent opinions in Cuba about support for the guerrillas in Brazil. Still, ANAC's funding would be impossible without the blind eye or endorsement of the Cuban state.
341:, and thus preferred that the Leagues could approach the Brazilian government. But the "export of the revolution" was a real effort, called for by all Latin American revolutionaries through the Second Declaration of Havana, "an event that sounded like a
722:
For the U.S. government, Cuban involvement reinforced the alarmist interpretation of the Peasant Leagues as a possible armed threat and contributed to the deterioration of diplomatic relations and the decision to destabilize the Goulart government.
68:
In the beginning of the 1960s, the Leagues had radicalized their positions, both the right and part of the Brazilian left saw in the countryside the possibility of a revolution, and the Cuban experience led to the questioning of the theses of the
673:
But the repercussion of the discovery, with the repression and persecution of the movement, damaged the Leagues. Apart from the impact of the guerrilla war, their radical agrarian reform project was rejected by the right as well as by the
597:, the program had an appeasing character, of a peaceful counter-revolution, and is characterized as an agrarian reform or counter-reform. It is possible that the settlement was a reaction to the Peasant Leagues, or that it attracted them.
242:
solutions, outside the institutions, thus worrying his political enemies and the security agencies. This radicalism, however, may have been only rhetorical and represented the voice of the movement and not his personal opinions.
678:
and President Goulart, and they were intent on demobilizing it. Besides considering the Leagues illegitimate, since they existed outside the union system, the government feared a costly counterinsurgency campaign –
113:
The Peasant Leagues of the 1960s had radiated from the Pernambuco Planters' Agricultural and Livestock Society (SAPPP) of 1955. Organizing thousands of rural workers, they reached their peak under the government of
262:
According to Clodomir, there would be local recruitment and those recruited for guerrilla training were "housewives, fishermen, tailors, miners, students, workers, but the majority were peasants". In the case of
739:
board of directors, in the founding of the party in 1962. The Peasant Leagues were also pioneers in sending militants to train in Cuba. The MRT evidences that the armed struggle, considered a response to the
719:, to destabilize the imminent holding of the referendum on parliamentarism. In the Diário do Oeste, journalist Edison Hermano stated of the Dianópolis case, "if it happened it was enormously misrepresented."
282:
Besides the Cuban issue, the financing of the guerrilla came, according to Clodomir, from the bourgeoisie and landowners revolted by "the coup tendencies that had manifested themselves since the death of
92:
Despite its small size, the guerrilla attempt made repercussions in the national press, was taken seriously by authorities in the United States, and contributed to the decline of the Peasant Leagues. The
687:, mentioned the topic in a Council of Ministers meeting in April 1962 – and supported rural unionization. The unions, focused on the wage question and not on agrarian reform, were also supported by the
131:
Agricultural Workers of Brazil (ULTAB). Cuba was a reference for having had a revolution focused on agrarian reform, occurring in a country, like Brazil, with an "agrarian-exporting society based on
522:. Of the eight, some had special functions: the one in Rio Preto could sabotage the infrastructure between Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais, while the border station in Acre was used for
1939:
731:
The movement was a precursor of left-wing armed struggle in Brazil and one of the first attempts to start a rural guerrilla, an ambition that would only be effectively implemented with the
180:, and the right, for whom this radicalization justified the 1964 coup d'état as a defense of legality. The United States government also thought of this possibility, especially in the
349:
were the only option to apply this policy, since the other organization willing to start a guerrilla war, the Polop, would only do it in urban areas. Communist Parties aligned to the
143:
labor relations in the countryside. His experience opened the way for criticism of the orthodoxy of Latin American Communist Parties, for whom the revolution would have a first
85:
Dianópolis device at the end of 1962. During this same period Clodomir de Morais was arrested and documents linking Cuba to the guerrilla movement were found in the wreckage of
2999:
102:
20:
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within the institutions, through political and judicial action. From 1960 to 1961, this gave way to "agrarian reform by law or by force" and their documents acquired a
158:
According to Clodomir, the Leagues embraced the guerrilla war for more defensive than offensive reasons: the supply of weapons to the landowners by the governor of
73:(PCB), which did not accept armed struggle. With the training of militants and possible financing by Cuba, the guerrilla camps were established at the end of 1961.
904:"overland transportation was done on precarious roads by truck, on horses through "tracks" in the woods or boarding by river, journeys that could last for months."
172:
It was not only within the Leagues that the rural man was seen as a possible armed revolutionary. So also thought a small part of the Brazilian left, inspired by
2984:
843:
581:, then the town of Dianópolis. It had appropriate terrain for the formation of hiding places and, while it was isolated by land, it had air transportation to
151:. For the Leagues, the role of political vanguard would fall not to a communist party, but to a guerrilla organization, around which the masses would rally.
2813:
Masseroni, Vinícius de Oliveira (2019). "Na disputa das memórias: a caracterização dos objetivos da luta armada na memória de seus militantes (1968–1972)".
715:. The Diário Carioca denounced that the accusations would be part of a plan of psychological terrorism, with the participation of the governor of Guanabara
326:
was against it due to the good relations with the Brazilian government. The Cuban state was divided between those interested in "exporting the revolution"
450:, Mato Grosso, ("on the Juribo and Tiquira Rivers and in the Mata Petrovina, organized by Adauto Freire da Cruz"), later transferred to Serra da Jaciara;
308:
2940:
O declínio das Ligas Camponesas e a ascensão dos sindicatos: As organizações de trabalhadores rurais em Pernambuco na Segunda República, 1955–1963
380:
Tarzan de Castro and Francisco Julião affirm the existence of Cuban financing, the latter clarifying that the money never passed through him. The
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revolver, and four hundred (400) rifle bullets". At the time of the discovery the group was waiting for a delivery of armaments by a ferry.
2974:
2856:"Se dez vidas tivesse, dez daria": o Movimento Revolucionário Tiradentes e a participação da classe trabalhadora na resistência (1964–1971)
684:
303:
Cuba's support through training of Quadros is known for sure, while funding is more controversial. Still in 1961, under the government of
1491:
3004:
453:
2979:
650:, but Clodomir ignored the alert and reinforced Dianópolis. The peasant Hastrogildo R. de França mentions possible local denunciants.
373:, but he died in the plane crash. Both Flávio Tavares and Tarzan de Castro report the seizure of the compromising documents by the
101:, of the armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship, with one of its organizations, founded in 1969, adopting the
2905:
A negociação e a violência: ambiguidades e contradições do repertório das Ligas Camponesas (1955–1964) na Paraíba e em Pernambuco
803:
741:
386:
862:
663:
608:, and the camp served groups of more than ten militants, who would spend a few months there before being exchanged for others.
2994:
745:
385:
support not from the government in Havana, but from the National Association of Cuban Farmers (ANAC), as well as from the
2969:
708:
2128:
818:
374:
189:
748:, was already considered by a part of the Brazilian left before these events. In this sense, it is comparable to the
658:
The MRT suffered great repression. Twenty four people, including Clodomir de Morais and Tarzan de Castro, had their
1402:
2947:
Violência contra violência: a inter-relação entre as propostas de luta armada e o fechamento ditatorial: 1964–1969
220:
dated back to the end of the previous year. However, the Movement is also cited as having been organized in 1961.
736:
675:
356:
The Brazilian press reported the discovery of documents connecting Cuba to the guerrillas in the wreckage of the
256:
98:
78:
70:
2870:"Um povo sem-terra numa terra sem povo”: uma análise sobre a formação da propriedade fundiária em Goiás 1930/60
833:
647:
346:
235:
181:
42:
483:
577:. In the north of Goiás, currently Tocantins, the guerrillas fixed their base in the current municipality of
295:, mayor of São Paulo, Duque Estrada, of the Socialist Party of São Paulo, and sectors of São Paulo industry.
77:, the best known representative of the Leagues, did not have direct participation in the guerrilla war, with
555:", whose militants in Goiás went hungry. When the guerrillas were discovered, they were already collapsing.
538:
The future guerrillas spent a year in preparation, but had little military training, limiting themselves to
494:
192:, situating a Brazilian revolution in the international context, evaluated that Cuba was favorable, but the
798:
732:
292:
140:
578:
276:
62:
2808:
1964: O golpe que derrubou um presidente, pôs fim ao regime democrático e instituiu a ditadura no Brasil
272:
185:
573:
would be relevant for a guerrilla war because of its central position in the country and proximity to
255:
The MRT would serve to connect the Peasant Leagues to the urban environment and to the radical left –
2989:
2848:
Cabral, Flávio José Gomes; Medeiros, Maria da Glória Dias; Araújo, Antônio Henrique da Silva (2011).
838:
823:
808:
696:
659:
544:
425:
370:
166:
144:
558:
Clodomir de Morais blames the failure on the lack of unity of the movement and on the power held by
1940:"Livro revela conteúdo de documentos para Fidel Castro e diz que Cuba financiou guerrilha em Goiás"
756:
559:
74:
1031:. The same line of reasoning is mentioned in the discussion of the Sergeants' Revolt of 1963. See
2884:
Em algum lugar das selvas amazônicas : as memórias dos guerrilheiros do Araguaia (1966–1974)
2912:
Revolução ás margens do capitalismo: a aliança para o progresso no nordeste do Brasil, 1961–1964
691:
and the Communist Party and quickly weakened the Peasant Leagues. By 1963 they were in decline.
498:
477:
469:
415:
284:
162:
54:
89:, which crashed in Peru. The guerrilla project, that was already weak, thus reached failure.
2877:
O processo de reforma agrária no antigo norte goiano e a interiorização das Ligas Camponesas
1778:
828:
813:
680:
523:
519:
509:
465:
439:
357:
334:
304:
267:, he states that the nucleus was supported by the population, including the freemasons from
86:
46:
2933:
Praças em pé de guerra: o movimento político dos subalternos militares no Brasil, 1961–1964
2430:
699:
reported what happened in Dianópolis in December; the whole press covered the subject. For
688:
605:
119:
443:
338:
115:
364:, Peru. Part of the press doubted the discovery. According to Flávio Tavares, linked to
790:
716:
600:
In November 1961, Northeasterners from the military sector of the Leagues, mainly from
539:
527:
447:
365:
312:
2954:
O impacto da revolução cubana sobre as organizações comunistas brasileiras (1959–1974)
199:
The inspiration in the Cuban Revolution came not from the peasants – who were largely
169:, or of an attempted coup d'état, as was already occurring frequently in the country.
81:
as its main leader, but historians debate whether Julião had indirect responsibility.
2963:
2836:
Revisitando as ligas camponesas: lideranças e disputas internas do movimento camponês
776:
459:
433:
264:
58:
49:, and together with members of the Leagues, it aimed at a socialist revolution with
617:
609:
548:
429:
350:
319:
230:
193:
159:
752:
in Uruguay, who started their activities when the country was still democratic.
639:
632:
625:
621:
574:
505:, but the guerrilla presence in these two cities is denied by Tarzan de Castro.
323:
288:
148:
136:
132:
766:
712:
700:
601:
582:
421:
407:
342:
329:
and those who knew the difficulties of implanting focuses in other countries.
216:
2919:
Reforma agrária e revolução: Cuba e as Ligas Camponesas do Brasil nos anos 60
2898:
Reforma agrária e revolução: Cuba e as Ligas Camponesas do Brasil nos anos 60
1496:
CPDOC – Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil
2926:
O plebiscito de 1963: inflexão de forças na crise orgânica dos anos sessenta
749:
662:
requested. Denounced from within the organization, Clodomir was arrested on
268:
177:
123:
1490:
Brasil, CPDOC-Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação História Contemporânea do.
704:
755:
Later, an organization of the same name was founded in September 1969 in
635:
586:
570:
473:
345:" in February 1962. In Brazil, the largest country in Latin America, the
204:
200:
165:
and the possibilities of an American invasion, with the precedent of the
497:, near the Mato Grosso border, and, according to Clodomir de Morais, in
628:
594:
381:
315:
knew in May 1962 of the sending of Leagues militants to train in Cuba.
155:
which came to the attention of the PCB through informants in the Army.
50:
229:
of knowledge about their location is confirmed by Clodomir de Morais.
26:
667:
613:
543:
repression, centralizing direction and negative repercussions of the
502:
330:
291:
in our economy". Among them, he cites D. Maria Prestes Maia, wife of
173:
590:
411:
25:
361:
2863:
A contra revolução antes da revolução: o golpe de 1964 em Goiás
2850:
Lugar de mulher é na revolução: confissões de uma clandestina.
2900:
Revista Brasileira do Caribe, v. 10, n. 19, p. 163–189.
2843:
Ditadura militar, esquerda armada e memória social no Brasil
403:
Guerrilla devices were deployed at the following locations:
2191:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFCabralMedeirosAraújo2011 (
950:
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759:. The group was so named as a way to honor the first MRT.
518:
The first three were created a few days after the fall of
57:
bases were created in the country, among which the one in
2893:
Anais do XVI Encontro Regional de História da Anpuh-Rio.
735:
and was already dreamed of by its future realizers, the
184:, where the Leagues were concentrated, and directed the
707:". The plane crash in Peru also had repercussions. The
2891:
A questão agrária, o governo Goulart e o golpe de 1964
414:(by "Amaro Luís de Carvalho, in Piauí, source of the
2689:
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2186:
2004:
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945:
744:
and the hardening of the military dictatorship with
616:
were purchased. The army reported finding "four (4)
1403:"Arquivo CIA: Fidel e URSS divergiram sobre Brasil"
526:. There was also a radio station on a barge on the
45:and disbanded in 1962. Under the influence of the
2806:Ferreira, Jorge; Gomes, Angela de Castro (2014).
589:. Clodomir chose this point for its proximity to
2727:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMasseroni2019 (
508:The locations were remote and with a history of
203:, did not see themselves as participants in the
65:, Tocantins) was discovered at the end of 1962.
41:was a clandestine political group linked to the
2921:Revista Brasileira do Caribe. 10 (19): 163–189.
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2129:"Ditadura quis ligar Mauro Borges à guerrilha"
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2415:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
2396:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
2333:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
2295:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
2257:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMoraes2011 (
2172:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
2150:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
2045:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
2026:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMoraes2011 (
1999:
1741:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMoraes2011 (
1722:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
1681:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
1662:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFRonchi2011 (
1518:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMoraes2011 (
1446:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMorais2011 (
1126:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFGenaro2020 (
1025:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFRonchi2011 (
1001:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFAngelo2011 (
970:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFCorrêa2013 (
918:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
898:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBritto2020 (
844:Tiradentes Revolutionary Movement (1969-1971)
703:, "Sierra Maestra is moving to the Brazilian
21:Tiradentes Revolutionary Movement (1969–1971)
8:
2765:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
2708:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
2613:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBorba2018 (
2556:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
2496:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
2477:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBorba2018 (
2458:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFAlves2015 (
2377:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
2355:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBorba2018 (
2314:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBorba2018 (
2276:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
2213:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
2108:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBorba2018 (
2086:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
2064:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
1961:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
1857:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
1838:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
1800:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
1763:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
1703:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFAlves2015 (
1640:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFAlves2015 (
1621:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFAlves2015 (
1583:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFAlves2015 (
1542:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
1330:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
1292:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBorba2018 (
1251:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBorba2012 (
1167:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
1145:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
1108:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBorba2012 (
1089:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
989:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSales2005 (
929:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBorba2018 (
2670:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMelo2009 (
2651:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFLara2019 (
2594:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMelo2009 (
2515:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFLara2019 (
2135:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 16 January 2017.
1985:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFLara2019 (
1914:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMelo2009 (
1779:"Cuba apoiou guerrilha já no governo Jânio"
1492:"MOVIMENTO REVOLUCIONARIO TIRADENTES (MRT)"
1387:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFLara2019 (
1227:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFLara2019 (
878:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMelo2009 (
30:Guerrilla bases operated from 1961 to 1962.
3000:Paramilitary organisations based in Brazil
436:, would be organized by Mariano da Silva")
2931:Parucker, Paulo Eduardo Castello (2006).
2722:
2779:
2230:
1938:Belém, Euler de França (30 April 2016).
1890:
1814:
1597:
1559:
1465:
1419:
1363:
1344:
1306:
1265:
1200:
1181:
1065:
1032:
1008:
884:The author also ridicules the discovery.
666:while transporting weapons in his Rural
309:Department of Political and Social Order
97:is notable as a precursor, still in the
2882:Corrêa, Carlos Hugo Studart da (2013).
2810:Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
2627:
1871:
1058:
854:
127:between peasants and large landowners.
2945:Ronchi, Luis Fernando de Lima (2011).
2815:História: espaço fecundo para diálogos
2741:
2570:
2547:
2545:
2529:
2449:
2447:
2410:
2391:
2368:
2366:
2346:
2344:
2328:
2290:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2226:
2224:
2204:
2202:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2145:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2099:
2097:
2077:
2075:
2040:
2021:
2017:
2015:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1754:
1752:
1736:
1717:
1694:
1692:
1676:
1657:
1513:
1441:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1122:
1020:
996:
965:
914:
893:
2868:Borba, Carlos Alberto Vieira (2018).
2865:VII Simpósio Nacional Estado e Poder.
2861:Borba, Carlos Alberto Vieira (2012).
2760:
2703:
2608:
2551:
2491:
2472:
2453:
2372:
2350:
2331:, pp. 42–46, 67, 97 and 118–119)
2309:
2271:
2208:
2103:
2081:
2059:
1956:
1852:
1833:
1795:
1758:
1698:
1653:
1651:
1635:
1616:
1578:
1555:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1437:
1435:
1325:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1246:
1162:
1140:
1103:
1084:
984:
925:
16:Brazilian clandestine political group
7:
2985:Guerrilla movements in Latin America
2834:Alves, Bernard José Pereira (2015).
2665:
2646:
2589:
2510:
1980:
1909:
1382:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1158:
1156:
873:
493:There is also mention of a focus in
287:" and "the intervention of American
2903:Genaro, Eduardo Guandalini (2020).
2187:Cabral, Medeiros & Araújo (2011
946:Cabral, Medeiros & Araújo (2011
14:
36:Tiradentes Revolutionary Movement
2924:Melo, Demian Bezerra de (2009).
2841:Angelo, Vitor Amorim de (2011).
783:
769:
387:World Federation of Trade Unions
2875:Britto, Saimon de Lima (2020).
863:Cuban military internationalism
472:, later transferred to between
2952:Sales, Jean Rodrigues (2005).
2917:Lopes Ferreira, André (2009).
2896:Ferreira, André Lopes (2009).
2879:(Thesis). Porto Nacional: UFT.
2838:Revista IDeAS. 9 (2): 202–224.
1:
2910:Lara, José Victor de (2019).
2824:São Paulo: Expressão Popular.
2854:Carvalho, Yuri Rosa (2014).
489:Border with Bolivia in Acre.
2975:Far-left politics in Brazil
2858:(Thesis) Santa Maria: UFSM.
1385:, pp. 7–9 and 185–187)
1068:, pp. 167–170 and 179)
819:Central Intelligence Agency
685:Minister of Foreign Affairs
318:The course was approved at
3021:
3005:Social movements in Brazil
2845:(PhD). São Carlos: UFSCar.
2822:A esquerda e o golpe de 64
2685:Ferreira & Gomes (2014
2148:, pp. 91 and 114–115)
2000:Ferreira & Gomes (2014
1498:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
804:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
551:refers to the devices as "
18:
2980:Fourth Brazilian Republic
2938:Pereira, Anthony (2008).
2889:Dezemone, Marcus (2014).
2820:Moraes, Dênis de (2011).
2293:, pp. 86–88 and 114)
624:"Flaubet", eighteen (18)
399:Geographical distribution
394:Guerrilla warfare devices
257:Communist Party of Brazil
188:funds to the region. The
79:Clodomir Santos de Morais
71:Brazilian Communist Party
2956:(PhD) Campinas: Unicamp.
834:Peasant leagues (Brazil)
333:had good relations with
2949:(Thesis). Maringá: UEM.
2935:(Thesis). Niterói: UFF.
2928:(Thesis). Niterói: UFF.
746:Institutional Act No. 5
322:'s insistence, because
53:bases in Brazil. Eight
2914:(Thesis) Maringá: UEM.
2872:(PhD). São Paulo: USP.
2817:. Ponta Grossa: Atena.
2475:, p. 262 and 265)
2002:, pp. chapter 20)
1268:, p. 174 and 185)
799:Araguaia Guerrilla War
424:, south of Bahia ("in
299:Relationship with Cuba
31:
2995:Land rights movements
2942:Clio (26–2): 245–272.
2907:12º Encontro da ABCP.
2886:(PhD). Brasília: UnB.
2687:, p. chapter 21)
2189:, pp. 1212–1213)
1783:www1.folha.uol.com.br
186:Alliance for Progress
29:
839:Bay of Pigs Invasion
824:Central Bank of Cuba
809:Cuban Missile Crisis
697:O Estado de S. Paulo
660:preventive detention
545:Cuban Missile Crisis
428:, between Bahia and
371:Central Bank of Cuba
353:were not an option.
167:Bay of Pigs invasion
19:For other uses, see
2970:Communism in Brazil
2763:, pp. 150–151)
2744:, pp. 190–191)
2668:, pp. 168–170)
2630:, pp. 253–255)
2611:, pp. 289–290)
2592:, pp. 169–170)
2513:, pp. 149–150)
2494:, pp. 144–145)
2440:. 30 November 1963.
2375:, pp. 143–144)
2353:, pp. 264–265)
2274:, pp. 147–148)
2106:, pp. 263–264)
2084:, pp. 142–144)
2062:, pp. 146–147)
1959:, pp. 145–146)
1893:, pp. 176–177)
1798:, pp. 139–141)
1701:, pp. 219–220)
1638:, pp. 217–218)
1600:, pp. 178–179)
1581:, pp. 209–210)
1540:, pp. 147–149)
1422:, pp. 137–138)
1328:, pp. 138–139)
1309:, pp. 172–173)
1184:, pp. 133–134)
1087:, pp. 128–131)
999:, pp. 190–191)
987:, pp. 150–151)
968:, pp. 406–407)
711:compared it to the
606:survival techniques
2431:"Correio da Manhã"
733:Araguaia Guerrilla
553:guerrilha mambembe
484:São João dos Patos
251:Within the country
32:
2725:, pp. 62–64)
2573:, pp. 93–94)
2255:, pp. 92–96)
2043:, pp. 91–92)
1739:, pp. 89–90)
1720:, pp. 93–94)
1660:, pp. 54–55)
1516:, pp. 88–89)
1444:, pp. 90–91)
1165:, pp. 68–70)
566:Dianópolis device
495:Santa Fé de Goiás
456:, Rio de Janeiro;
426:Serra dos Aimorés
163:Adhemar de Barros
99:democratic period
3012:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2438:Correio da Manhã
2435:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1920:
1919:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1244:
1233:
1232:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1063:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
976:
975:
962:
956:
955:
941:
935:
934:
923:
911:
905:
903:
891:
885:
883:
871:
865:
859:
829:Varig Flight 810
793:
788:
787:
786:
779:
774:
773:
772:
757:Campos do Jordão
742:1964 coup d'état
709:Correio da Manhã
681:San Tiago Dantas
620:rifles, two (2)
579:Rio da Conceição
560:Francisco Julião
524:arms trafficking
440:Serra da Saudade
358:Varig Flight 810
277:Rio da Conceição
87:Varig Flight 810
75:Francisco Julião
63:Rio da Conceição
47:Cuban Revolution
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2960:
2959:
2831:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2723:Masseroni (2019
2721:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2133:Diário da manhã
2127:
2126:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1937:
1936:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:. 8 April 2001.
1777:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1541:
1536:
1527:
1517:
1512:
1503:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1366:, pp. 5–6)
1362:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1245:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
983:
979:
969:
963:
959:
949:
948:, p. 1213)
942:
938:
928:
917:
912:
908:
897:
892:
888:
877:
872:
868:
860:
856:
852:
789:
784:
782:
775:
770:
768:
765:
729:
689:Catholic Church
656:
612:era rifles and
568:
536:
534:Internal crisis
401:
396:
347:Peasant Leagues
301:
253:
248:
236:Peasant Leagues
226:
213:
120:agrarian reform
111:
43:Peasant Leagues
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2782:, p. 131)
2780:Carvalho (2014
2772:
2753:
2734:
2715:
2706:, p. 127)
2696:
2677:
2658:
2649:, p. 149)
2639:
2620:
2601:
2582:
2563:
2554:, p. 145)
2541:
2532:, p. 105)
2522:
2503:
2484:
2465:
2456:, p. 221)
2443:
2422:
2413:, p. 114)
2403:
2384:
2362:
2340:
2321:
2312:, p. 290)
2302:
2283:
2264:
2242:
2233:, p. 137)
2231:Carvalho (2014
2220:
2211:, p. 144)
2198:
2179:
2170:, p. 118)
2157:
2138:
2115:
2093:
2071:
2052:
2033:
2011:
1992:
1983:, p. 150)
1968:
1949:
1921:
1912:, p. 170)
1902:
1891:Ferreira (2009
1883:
1874:, p. 270)
1864:
1855:, p. 147)
1845:
1836:, p. 140)
1826:
1817:, p. 178)
1815:Ferreira (2009
1807:
1788:
1770:
1761:, p. 146)
1748:
1729:
1710:
1688:
1669:
1647:
1628:
1619:, p. 213)
1609:
1598:Ferreira (2009
1590:
1571:
1562:, p. 179)
1560:Ferreira (2009
1549:
1525:
1501:
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1466:Carvalho (2014
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313:Rio de Janeiro
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1995:
1952:
1944:Jornal Opção
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1442:Morais (2011
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1249:, p. 8)
1225:, p. 8)
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1106:, p. 1)
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1021:Ronchi (2011
997:Angelo (2011
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966:Corrêa (2013
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894:Britto (2020
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610:World War II
599:
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549:Elio Gaspari
537:
517:
510:
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444:Rondonópolis
430:Minas Gerais
402:
379:
355:
327:
320:Fidel Castro
317:
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293:Prestes Maia
281:
261:
254:
246:Support base
240:
231:Fidel Castro
227:
214:
198:
194:Soviet Union
171:
157:
153:
129:
116:João Goulart
112:
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91:
83:
67:
38:
35:
33:
2990:Land reform
2761:Sales (2005
2704:Sales (2005
2609:Borba (2018
2552:Sales (2005
2492:Sales (2005
2473:Borba (2018
2454:Alves (2015
2373:Sales (2005
2351:Borba (2018
2310:Borba (2018
2272:Sales (2005
2209:Sales (2005
2104:Borba (2018
2082:Sales (2005
2060:Sales (2005
1957:Sales (2005
1853:Sales (2005
1834:Sales (2005
1796:Sales (2005
1759:Sales (2005
1699:Alves (2015
1636:Alves (2015
1617:Alves (2015
1579:Alves (2015
1538:Sales (2005
1407:www.bbc.com
1326:Sales (2005
1288:Borba (2018
1247:Borba (2012
1163:Sales (2005
1141:Sales (2005
1104:Borba (2012
1085:Sales (2005
985:Sales (2005
640:.38 caliber
633:.32 caliber
626:.44 caliber
622:.22 caliber
486:, Maranhão;
448:Alto Garças
324:Che Guevara
289:imperialism
215:Created in
149:bourgeoisie
137:monoculture
133:latifundium
109:Motivations
2964:Categories
2666:Melo (2009
2647:Lara (2019
2590:Melo (2009
2511:Lara (2019
1981:Lara (2019
1910:Melo (2009
1383:Lara (2019
1223:Lara (2019
1049:References
874:Melo (2009
713:Cohen Plan
701:O Cruzeiro
638:, one (1)
631:, two (2)
602:Pernambuco
468:, western
460:Dianópolis
442:, between
434:Água Preta
343:battle cry
311:(DOPS) of
273:Natividade
265:Dianópolis
224:Leadership
217:Ouro Preto
211:Foundation
201:illiterate
59:Dianópolis
1054:Citations
861:See also
750:Tupamaros
636:revolvers
454:Rio Preto
269:Barreiras
182:Northeast
178:Guevarism
160:São Paulo
145:bourgeois
124:socialist
103:same name
55:guerrilla
2829:Articles
763:See also
629:carbines
575:Brasília
511:garimpos
474:Cascavel
462:, Goiás;
205:Cold War
2796:Sources
654:Results
614:pistols
595:kibbutz
583:Goiânia
422:Itanhém
408:Gilbués
382:peasant
51:peasant
727:Legacy
705:sertão
668:Willys
503:Gurupi
478:Toledo
470:Paraná
331:Havana
174:Maoism
2801:Books
2434:(PDF)
850:Notes
737:PCdoB
591:Bahia
587:Belém
571:Goiás
432:, in
412:Bahia
339:Jango
335:Jânio
39:(MRT)
2786:help
2767:help
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2006:help
1987:help
1963:help
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1019:and
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991:help
972:help
964:See
952:help
931:help
924:and
920:help
913:See
900:help
880:help
618:7 mm
585:and
501:and
476:and
446:and
362:Lima
351:USSR
337:and
275:and
176:and
139:and
34:The
676:PCB
375:CIA
190:CIA
95:MRT
2966::
2544:^
2446:^
2436:.
2365:^
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2245:^
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2131:.
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2014:^
1971:^
1942:.
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23:.
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