113:
372:
252:
240:
101:
308:
137:
357:
1759:
83:
depends on the properties of the snow, which depend on its temperature and water content—wetter, warmer snow compacts better than dry, colder snow up to a point where the snow is so wet that it lubricates the tire-road interface. New and powder snow have densities of 0.1 to 0.3 g/cm (6 to 20 lb/cu ft). Compacted snow may have densities of 0.45 to 0.75 g/cm (28 to 47 lb/cu ft).
1749:
31:
112:
129:
87:
passes over them than at warmer conditions with snow or ice on the road surface. However, as temperatures rise above −2 °C (28 °F), the presence of free water increasingly lubricates the snow or ice and diminishes tire friction. Hydrophilic rubber compounds help create friction in the presence of water or ice.
343:
In many prefectures, tread grooves of snow tires are worn off for more than 50% of their original depth, tires must be replaced to meet the legal requirements. Drivers will be fined for failing to comply with the snow tire or tire chains requirements, and checkpoints are in place on major highways.
82:
Snow tires operate on a variety of surfaces, including pavement (wet or dry), mud, ice, or snow. The tread design of snow tires is adapted primarily to allow penetration of the snow into the tread, where it compacts and provides resistance against slippage. The snow strength developed by compaction
225:
The deeper the snow that the tire rolls through, the higher the resistance encountered by the tire, as it compacts the snow it encounters and plows some of it to either side. At some point on a given angle of uphill pitch, this resistance becomes greater than the resistance to slippage achieved by
86:
Snow or ice-covered roadways present lower braking and cornering friction, compared to dry conditions. The roadway friction properties of snow, in particular, are a function of temperature. At temperatures below −7 °C (20 °F), snow crystals are harder and generate more friction as a tire
347:
Nationwide studded tire restrictions in Japan for passenger vehicles came into effect in April 1991, followed by restrictions for commercial trucks in 1993. Studded tires are still legal in Japan, but their usage is restricted by environmental law and it is a criminal offence to operate a vehicle
200:
high performance ceramic. The softer base is the part that anchors the stud in the rubber of the tire. As the tire wears with use, the softer base wears so that its surface is at about the same level as the rubber, whereas the hard pin wears so that it continues to protrude from the tire. The pin
187:
Many jurisdictions in Asia, Europe, and North
America seasonally allow snow tires with metal or ceramic studs to improve grip on packed snow or ice. Such tires are prohibited in other jurisdictions or during warmer months because of the damage they may cause to road surfaces. The metal studs are
221:
The compacted snow develops strength against slippage along a shear plane parallel to the contact area of the tire on the ground. At the same time, the bottom of the tire treads compress the snow on which they are bearing, also creating friction. The process of compacting snow within the treads
212:
at the bottom of the jacket can be fitted nicely to the bottom of the hole. The metal studs come in specific heights to match the depths of the holes molded into the tire tread based on the tread depths. For this reason, stud metals can only be inserted when the tires have not been driven on. A
65:
on snow and ice. Such tires that have passed specific winter traction performance tests are entitled to display a 3PMSF (Three-Peak
Mountain Snow Flake) and/or a IMP (Icy Mountain Peak) symbols on their sidewalls. Tires designed for winter conditions are optimized to drive at temperatures below
70:
are a type of snow tires which have metal or ceramic studs that protrude from the tire to increase traction on hard-packed snow or ice. Studs abrade dry pavement, causing dust and creating wear in the wheel path. Regulations that require the use of snow tires or permit the use of studs vary by
226:
the tread's contact with the snow and the tires with power begin to slip and spin. Deeper snow means that climbing a hill without spinning the powered wheels becomes more difficult. However, the plowing/compaction effect aids in braking to the extent that it creates rolling resistance.
383:– The following countries required snow tires between specified dates or when roads are snowy or icy: Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Norway, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, and Russia.
389:– The following countries ban the use of studded tires: Albania, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
239:
1084:
251:
419:
US states and
Canadian provinces control the use of snow tires. Of these, Quebec is the only jurisdiction that requires snow tires throughout. Some may require snow tires or chains only in specified areas during the winter.
222:
requires it to be expelled in time for the tread to compact snow anew on the next rotation. The compaction/contact process works both in the direction of travel for propulsion and braking, but also laterally for cornering.
863:
395:– The following countries allowed the seasonally restricted use of studded tires: Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.
1092:
637:
Nordström, Olle (2004), "Nya och begagnade vinterdäcks isfriktion: sammanfattningsrapport : undersökning avseende inverkan av ålder, mönsterdjup, slitbanehårdhet, dubbutstick och dubbkraft",
208:. Usually, there are 80 to 100 molded holes per tire for stud insertion. The insertion is done by using a special tool that spreads the rubber hole so that a stud jacket can be inserted and the
100:
315:(Three-Peak Mountain Snow Flake) symbol, denoting a qualifying snow tire, and a separate snow flake symbol, that recommends tire replacement with 4 millimetres (0.16 in) of tread remaining
368:
As of 2016, regulations pertaining to snow tires in Europe varied by country. The principal aspects of regulations were whether the use was mandatory and whether studded tires were permitted.
416:
symbol to indicate that the tire has exceeded the industry requirement from a reference (non-snow) tire. As of 2016, snow tires were 3.6% of the US market and 35% of the
Canadian market.
74:
All-season tires have tread gaps that are smaller than snow tires and larger than conventional tires. They are quieter than winter tires on clear roads, but less capable on snow or ice.
201:
should protrude at least 1 millimetre (0.04 in) for the tire to function properly. Snow tires do not eliminate skidding on ice and snow, but they greatly reduce risks.
737:
405:
371:
1691:
162:
A narrower aspect ratio between the diameter of the tire and the tread width to minimize resistance from the plowing effect of the tire through deeper snow
1140:
1798:
1157:
From 1 December to 15 March, your vehicle must be equipped with four winter tires that meet established standards and are in good condition.
213:
proper stud insertion results in the metal jacket that is flush with the surface of the tire tread having only the pin part that protrudes.
1808:
245:
Compaction of snow under an advancing snow tire, causing rolling resistance while passing through about 10 centimetres (4 in) of snow.
597:
568:
517:
464:
336:
when the road is covered by ice or snow. In addition, tire chains must be fitted for all vehicles on rural designated highways in
823:
1590:
1186:
766:
951:
701:"ASTM F1805 – 16: Standard Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a Straight Line on Snow- and Ice-Covered Surfaces"
1793:
558:
197:
1580:
1004:
751:
1701:
1221:
534:
507:
1803:
1114:
907:
159:
Shoulder blocks, a specialized tread design at the outside of the tire tread to increase snow contact and friction
881:
307:
257:
Compaction in about 5 centimetres (2 in) of snow left behind a snow tire, showing tread-snow interaction.
1542:
1499:
1429:
1638:
1509:
1504:
454:
175:, or thin slits in the rubber, that provide more biting edges and improve traction on wet or icy surfaces.
62:
1489:
731:
1469:
337:
325:
1595:
1231:
1179:
1748:
977:
356:
1633:
1464:
841:
616:
329:
293:
277:
933:
1459:
1336:
1057:
674:
642:
564:
513:
460:
156:
An open, deep tread, with a high void ratio between rubber and spaces between the solid rubber
106:
Vehicle in cold, dry, powder snow, which offers comparatively better traction than moist snow.
1752:
1711:
1683:
1625:
1565:
1557:
1524:
1514:
1424:
1411:
1356:
1346:
1286:
1276:
1256:
1203:
712:
409:
193:
1031:
332:, have a traffic regulation requiring motorized vehicles to be fitted with winter tires or
136:
1813:
1494:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1379:
1321:
172:
480:
456:
Chassis
Handbook: Fundamentals, Driving Dynamics, Components, Mechatronics, Perspectives
1783:
1762:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1479:
1399:
1291:
1172:
188:
fabricated by encapsulating a hard pin in a softer material base, sometimes called the
152:
Attributes that can distinguish snow tires from "all-season" and summer tires include:
1788:
1777:
1570:
1537:
1434:
1419:
1266:
1226:
1211:
777:
1696:
1610:
1605:
1575:
1484:
1394:
1389:
1331:
1311:
1306:
1236:
1009:
140:
882:"Winter Regulations—European regulations for winter equipment on trucks and buses"
1724:
1648:
1600:
1585:
1532:
1301:
1281:
1271:
1216:
908:"Winter tyres legislation in Europe - An overview of the regulations | Uniroyal"
805:
429:
333:
165:
1729:
1547:
1474:
1384:
1374:
1341:
434:
205:
58:
30:
646:
1719:
1668:
1658:
1615:
1364:
1326:
1316:
1246:
118:
Vehicles in warm, moist, granular snow encounter decreased roadway traction.
700:
179:
Wet-film conditions on hard-compacted snow or ice require studs or chains.
17:
1369:
1261:
864:"The Act on Prevention of the Generation of Spike Tire Dust (Act No. 55)"
617:"How Studded Winter Tires May Damage Public Health, as Well as Pavement"
128:
34:
Winter tire, showing tread pattern designed to compact snow in the gaps.
1643:
1449:
71:
country in Asia and Europe, and by state or province in North
America.
204:
Studdable tires are manufactured with molded holes on the rubber tire
716:
209:
61:
design with larger gaps than those on conventional tires, increasing
132:
Snow tire with metal studs, which improve traction on icy surfaces.
1241:
824:"Snow Tires on Your Car: Not Just a Necessity But Sometimes a Law"
370:
355:
306:
135:
127:
29:
1734:
1296:
1195:
147:
50:
46:
1168:
54:
1164:
846:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and
Tourism
348:
fitted with a studded tire on dry asphalt or concrete.
340:
when regulated by traffic signs requiring tire chains.
563:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 428.
459:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 591.
168:
rubber compounds that improve friction on wet surfaces
272:
The 3PMSF (Three-Peak
Mountain Snow Flake) indicates
862:
1710:
1682:
1624:
1556:
1523:
1410:
1355:
1202:
560:
The
Physics of Tire Traction: Theory and Experiment
512:. St. Paul: MotorBooks International. p. 35.
952:"Cooper Recalls 7,067 Discoverer M+S Sport Tires"
978:"What You Should Know—Tires for Winter Driving"
1085:"Designated Winter Tire & Chain-up Routes"
857:
855:
406:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1180:
800:
798:
8:
1692:European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
1115:"National Parks Highway Traffic Regulations"
1091:. Transport British Columbia. Archived from
661:Effekter av vinterdäck - en kunskapsöversikt
328:, except for the southernmost prefecture of
934:"Winter driving in Iceland on winter tyres"
752:"winter tires new ice rating certification"
736:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1187:
1173:
1165:
1005:"The Joy and Terror of Urban Snow Driving"
868:law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/H02/H02HO055.html
92:Dry and moist snow conditions on roadways
1032:"Legislation for Snow Tires in the USA"
984:. Tire and Rubber Association of Canada
663:, Väg-och transportforskningsinstitutet
481:"Prall Tester - Studded Tyre Wear Test"
445:
235:
96:
1058:"Legislation for Snow Tires in Canada"
958:. Modern Tire Dealer. 21 February 2017
729:
591:
589:
587:
552:
550:
548:
375:Russian studded tires warning sticker.
288:The IMP (Icy Mountain Peak) indicates
27:Tires designed for use on snow and ice
1121:. Government of Canada. 23 March 2017
453:Heißing, Bernd; Ersoy, Metin (2010).
280:F1805 (formalized in the year 1999)
7:
659:Gustafsson, M.; et al. (2006),
535:"How to pick the right winter tires"
364:which mandates the use of snow tires
296:F2493 (formalized in the year 2021)
1735:Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)
509:Wheel and Tire Performance Handbook
932:Brimborg ehf. (10 December 2017).
675:"Studded Tires for Winter Driving"
25:
1003:Dudley, David (6 December 2016).
1758:
1757:
1747:
487:. Cooper Research Technology Ltd
250:
238:
111:
99:
1591:Tire-pressure monitoring system
615:ScienceDaily (6 January 2011).
274:10% better acceleration on snow
596:Glenne, Bard (December 1989),
290:18% better deceleration on ice
1:
1581:Central Tire Inflation System
830:. Remington. 16 January 2015.
699:Subcommittee: F09.20 (2016).
533:Taylor, Rich (January 1985),
1799:Inclement weather management
78:Roadway conditions in winter
1809:Vehicle safety technologies
1702:Tire Science and Technology
1222:Low rolling resistance tire
192:. The pin is often made of
1830:
145:
141:Nokian bicycle winter tyre
1743:
938:Dollar Rent-a-Car Iceland
888:. Continental Tires. 2016
776:. US Army. Archived from
506:Newton, Richard (2007).
393:Studded tires restricted
66:7 °C (45 °F).
1543:Slip (vehicle dynamics)
1500:Lateral Force Variation
1450:Pacejka's Magic Formula
1430:Cold inflation pressure
810:Tire Fair Trade Council
1639:List of tire companies
1510:Traction (engineering)
1505:Radial Force Variation
1064:. Bartec USA LLC. 2017
1038:. Bartec USA LLC. 2017
912:www.uniroyal-tyres.com
870:. Government of Japan.
705:ASTM Book of Standards
598:"All about Snow Tires"
376:
365:
316:
311:Tire showing the ASTM
231:Tire/snow interactions
217:Tire/snow interactions
148:Tire § Components
143:
133:
35:
1794:Ice in transportation
1490:Tire load sensitivity
886:continental-tires.com
557:Hays, Donald (2013).
374:
359:
310:
139:
131:
33:
1470:Self aligning torque
1141:"Winter Preparation"
956:moderntiredealer.com
765:US Army, Stuttgart.
641:(in Swedish) (966),
387:Studded tires banned
338:snow country regions
326:prefectures of Japan
57:. Snow tires have a
49:designed for use on
1596:Tire-pressure gauge
1232:Michelin PAX System
828:1816 – The Magazine
767:"Winter Tire Rules"
412:allow display of a
1634:Tire manufacturing
1465:Rolling resistance
806:"冬のタイヤの滑り止めルールって？"
783:on 22 January 2016
774:stuttgart.army.mil
377:
366:
360:A Czech road sign
317:
294:ASTM International
278:ASTM International
144:
134:
36:
1804:Automotive safety
1771:
1770:
1460:Relaxation length
1337:Formula One tyres
539:Popular Mechanics
362:Winter equipment,
16:(Redirected from
1821:
1761:
1760:
1753:Outline of tires
1751:
1566:Tire maintenance
1515:Treadwear rating
1425:Circle of forces
1347:Continental tire
1287:Orange oil tires
1277:Mud-terrain tire
1257:All-terrain tire
1189:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1095:on 27 March 2017
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
948:
942:
941:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
878:
872:
871:
859:
850:
849:
838:
832:
831:
820:
814:
813:
802:
793:
792:
790:
788:
782:
771:
762:
756:
755:
748:
742:
741:
735:
727:
725:
723:
717:10.1520/F1805-16
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
671:
665:
664:
656:
650:
649:
634:
628:
627:
625:
623:
612:
606:
605:
593:
582:
581:
579:
577:
554:
543:
542:
530:
524:
523:
503:
497:
496:
494:
492:
485:www.cooper.co.uk
477:
471:
470:
450:
410:Transport Canada
254:
242:
194:tungsten carbide
115:
103:
41:, also known as
21:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1739:
1706:
1678:
1620:
1552:
1519:
1495:Tire uniformity
1455:Pneumatic trail
1445:Ground pressure
1440:Cornering force
1406:
1380:Siping (rubber)
1351:
1322:Motorcycle tyre
1198:
1193:
1163:
1150:
1148:
1145:saaq.gouv.qc.ca
1139:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1083:TranBC (2017).
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1002:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
976:
975:
971:
961:
959:
950:
949:
945:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
906:
905:
901:
891:
889:
880:
879:
875:
861:
860:
853:
840:
839:
835:
822:
821:
817:
804:
803:
796:
786:
784:
780:
769:
764:
763:
759:
750:
749:
745:
728:
721:
719:
698:
697:
693:
683:
681:
673:
672:
668:
658:
657:
653:
636:
635:
631:
621:
619:
614:
613:
609:
595:
594:
585:
575:
573:
571:
556:
555:
546:
532:
531:
527:
520:
505:
504:
500:
490:
488:
479:
478:
474:
467:
452:
451:
447:
443:
426:
402:
354:
322:
305:
299:
286:
270:
265:
258:
255:
246:
243:
234:
219:
185:
150:
126:
119:
116:
107:
104:
95:
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1712:Identification
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1674:Ozone cracking
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1654:Tire recycling
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Steering ratio
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1400:Schrader valve
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:Whitewall tire
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1132:
1106:
1075:
1049:
1023:
995:
969:
943:
924:
899:
873:
851:
833:
815:
794:
757:
743:
691:
666:
651:
639:VTI Meddelande
629:
607:
583:
569:
544:
525:
518:
498:
472:
465:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
432:
425:
422:
401:
398:
397:
396:
390:
384:
353:
350:
321:
318:
304:
301:
285:
282:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
249:
247:
244:
237:
233:
232:
228:
218:
215:
184:
181:
177:
176:
169:
163:
160:
157:
146:Main article:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
110:
108:
105:
98:
94:
93:
89:
79:
76:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1826:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1684:Organizations
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:Tire rotation
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:Groove wander
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:Contact patch
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Camber thrust
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Aircraft tire
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:Run-flat tire
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:Tubeless tire
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1120:
1119:justice.gc.ca
1116:
1110:
1107:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1063:
1062:bartecusa.com
1059:
1053:
1050:
1037:
1036:bartecusa.com
1033:
1027:
1024:
1012:
1011:
1006:
999:
996:
983:
979:
973:
970:
957:
953:
947:
944:
939:
935:
928:
925:
913:
909:
903:
900:
887:
883:
877:
874:
869:
865:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
837:
834:
829:
825:
819:
816:
811:
807:
801:
799:
795:
779:
775:
768:
761:
758:
753:
747:
744:
739:
733:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
692:
680:
676:
670:
667:
662:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
630:
618:
611:
608:
603:
599:
592:
590:
588:
584:
572:
570:9781475713701
566:
562:
561:
553:
551:
549:
545:
540:
536:
529:
526:
521:
519:9781610592512
515:
511:
510:
502:
499:
486:
482:
476:
473:
468:
466:9783834897893
462:
458:
457:
449:
446:
440:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
421:
417:
415:
411:
407:
400:North America
399:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:Mandatory use
379:
378:
373:
369:
363:
358:
351:
349:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
314:
309:
302:
300:
297:
295:
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
267:
262:
253:
248:
241:
236:
230:
229:
227:
223:
216:
214:
211:
207:
202:
199:
195:
191:
182:
180:
174:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
153:
149:
142:
138:
130:
123:
114:
109:
102:
97:
91:
90:
88:
84:
77:
75:
72:
69:
68:Studded tires
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
1697:Tire Society
1611:Tire changer
1606:Bead breaker
1576:Bicycle pump
1485:Tire balance
1395:Presta valve
1390:Dunlop valve
1332:Racing slick
1327:Tractor tire
1312:Tubular tire
1307:Bicycle tire
1251:
1237:Airless tire
1156:
1149:. Retrieved
1147:. SAAQ. 2019
1144:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1093:the original
1088:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1061:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1035:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1008:
998:
986:. Retrieved
982:tracanada.ca
981:
972:
960:. Retrieved
955:
946:
937:
927:
915:. Retrieved
911:
902:
890:. Retrieved
885:
876:
867:
845:
842:"チェーン規制について"
836:
827:
818:
809:
785:. Retrieved
778:the original
773:
760:
746:
732:cite journal
720:. Retrieved
708:
704:
694:
682:. Retrieved
679:Tirerack.com
678:
669:
660:
654:
638:
632:
620:. Retrieved
610:
604:: 52–55, 272
601:
574:. Retrieved
559:
538:
528:
508:
501:
489:. Retrieved
484:
475:
455:
448:
418:
413:
408:(NHTSA) and
403:
392:
386:
380:
367:
361:
346:
342:
323:
312:
298:
289:
287:
273:
271:
224:
220:
203:
189:
186:
178:
151:
85:
81:
73:
67:
43:winter tires
42:
38:
37:
1725:Plus sizing
1649:Waste tires
1601:Direct TPMS
1586:Tire mousse
1558:Maintenance
1533:Aquaplaning
1302:Tundra tire
1282:Paddle tire
1267:Knobby tire
1217:Radial tire
1016:13 December
576:25 December
491:1 September
430:Snow chains
334:tire chains
303:Regulations
171:Additional
166:Hydrophilic
1778:Categories
1730:Tire label
1626:Life cycle
1548:Tramlining
1475:Slip angle
1412:Attributes
1385:Valve stem
1357:Components
1342:Spare tire
1272:Large tire
1151:9 November
684:24 January
622:26 January
441:References
435:Snow socks
39:Snow tires
18:Tire studs
1720:Tire code
1669:Flat tire
1659:Tire fire
1616:Tire iron
1525:Behaviors
1317:Lego tire
1252:Snow tire
1247:Rain tyre
1089:gov.bc.ca
711:(2): 14.
647:0347-6049
404:The U.S.
263:Standards
196:, a very
1763:Category
1370:Beadlock
1262:Bar grip
1125:26 March
1099:26 March
1068:26 March
1042:26 March
988:26 March
962:26 March
892:26 March
787:29 March
722:26 March
424:See also
63:traction
1664:Blowout
1644:Retread
1010:CityLab
917:23 July
541:: 72–78
330:Okinawa
1814:Winter
645:
602:Skiing
567:
516:
463:
352:Europe
210:flange
190:jacket
173:siping
124:Treads
45:, are
1784:Tires
1375:Tread
1242:Tweel
1204:Types
1196:Tires
781:(PDF)
770:(PDF)
414:3PMSF
313:3PMSF
268:3PMSF
206:tread
183:Studs
59:tread
47:tires
1789:Snow
1365:Bead
1153:2019
1127:2017
1101:2017
1070:2017
1044:2017
1018:2016
990:2017
964:2017
919:2018
894:2017
789:2017
738:link
724:2017
686:2015
643:ISSN
624:2011
578:2016
565:ISBN
514:ISBN
493:2014
461:ISBN
324:All
320:Asia
198:hard
53:and
51:snow
713:doi
284:IMP
55:ice
1780::
1155:.
1143:.
1117:.
1087:.
1060:.
1034:.
1007:.
980:.
954:.
936:.
910:.
884:.
866:.
854:^
844:.
826:.
808:.
797:^
772:.
734:}}
730:{{
707:.
703:.
677:.
600:,
586:^
547:^
537:,
483:.
292:.
276:.
1188:e
1181:t
1174:v
1129:.
1103:.
1072:.
1046:.
1020:.
992:.
966:.
940:.
921:.
896:.
848:.
812:.
791:.
754:.
740:)
726:.
715::
709:9
688:.
626:.
580:.
522:.
495:.
469:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
