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carrot, and maize. For this use, the plant is first grown in hedges around the edges of harvest land. It is important though to keep the maximum amount of growing area a farmer has. The green stems (not the woody stems), leaves, and flowers can be removed from the plant at a farmer selected time, though it is recommended that cutting every 5 months will give a plentiful amount of nutrients in the biomass. The biomass can also be used as a mulch and can be left on top of the soil to decompose into the ground. It has been found that the biomass from
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can be used as a green fertilizer for farmers. It can also be used as chicken feed, fuelwood, soil erosion control, and building materials. For fertilization, it is used as a mulch which can be spread on top of the soil or buried beneath it. The advantages here is that using the plant as a fertilizer
369:
A study on the use of this green fertilizer on tomato plants shows that this is a useful method to increase crop yields in order to benefit the farmer’s wealth. However, this is not without a serious look at the labour requirements. A different study found that, with maize, the overall labour demand
301:
is 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) in height with upright and sometimes ligneous stalks in the form of woody shrubs. Leaves are sub-ovate, serrate, acute, 10 to 40 cm long, simply or mostly 3-7 lobed, somewhat glandular, and slightly grayish beneath. The leaves of the plant alternate in sides they
326:
This plant was originally domesticated in Mexico and spread to other parts of
Central and South America and north into the United States. It was brought over to parts of Africa and Asia as an ornamental plant and has become an invasive weed that is widely spread. It is most commonly found in areas
277:
Originating in Mexico; research has shown its potential in benefiting poor
African farmers. This plant is a weed that grows quickly and has become an option as an affordable alternative to expensive synthetic fertilizers. It has shown to increase plant yields and the availability of soil nutrients
408:
When applying the mulch or biomass to the soil, it should be applied at the minimum amount of one ton to every hectare of land. However, the best yield is given when 5 tons/hectare is applied. The downside here is that a lot of foliage is needed to cover a small area of land because it has a high
400:
can be used as organic fertilizer biomass. The biomass refers to materials that are derived from the plant, such as its foliage, being worked into the soil as a dry fertilizer. Since its use as fertilizer requires high labour, it is recommended for use with high value crops such as tomato, kale,
409:
water content. Mixing this biomass with a synthetic fertilizer will bring higher yields. A study found that when applying tithonia with triple superphosphate (TSP) that the yields increased by 220% compared to a control test containing only an inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (Urea). When using
446:, they were imported as ornamental plants although seldom cultivated there. Having a characteristic bitter taste, they were used to induce a fever to help fight poisoning, although not used for direct medicinal purposes. There is also the story of the species being introduced to Japan by
305:
The large, showy honey-scented flowers are yellow to orange colored, 5–15 cm wide and 10–30 cm long. Flowering occurs in spring, though more profusely during autumn and early winter. Its seeds are spread through way of wind, water, and animals. The seeds are
377:
on farmer land is not as beneficial from an economic standpoint. Instead, it is better to harvest from an off site location and transport to the fields. From this study, fields that received only a P fertilizer yielded an income to the farmer of $ 50USD/ha. When only
327:
with an altitude between 550m and 1950m. It is commonly found scattered among rivers and roadsides. In Asia and Latin
America this plant is also referred to as kembang bulan (Indonesian and Javanese), jalacate (Spanish), buatong (Thai) and dã quỳ (Vietnamese).
632:
938:
Liasu, M. O., & Achakazi, A. (2007). Influence of tithonia diversifolia Leaf mulch and fertilizer application on the growth and yield of potted tomato plants. American-Eurasion
Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2(4),
909:
Opala, P. A., Othineno, C. O., Okalebo, J. R., & Kisinyo, P. O. (2009). Effects of combining organic materials with inorganic phosphorus sources on maize yield and financial benefits in western kenya. Expl
Agriculture, 46(1),
598:
Achieng, J. O., Ouma, G., Odhiambo, G., & and
Muyekho, F. (2007). Effect of tithonia diversifolia (hemsley) and inorganic fertilizers on maize yield on alfisols and ultisols of western kenya . Biennial Conference, Kenya.
357:
can grow in many different environmental conditions. It has a moderate drought tolerance. It is ideally grown in areas with an annual rainfall ranging from 1000–2000 mm and a temperature of 15-31 degrees
Celsius.
608:
Jama, B., Palm, C. A., Buresh, R. J., Niang, A., Gachengo, C., Nziguheba, G., et al. (2000). Tithonia diversifolia as a green manure for soil fertility improvement in western kenya: A review. Agroforestry
Systems, 49.
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Nziguheba, G., Merckx, R., Palm, C. A., & Mutuo, P. (2002). Combining tithonia diversifolia and fertilizers for maize production in a phosphorus deficient soil in kenya. Agroforestry
Systems, 55, 165-174.
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Olabode, O. S., Sola, O., Akanbi, W. B., Adesina, G. O., & Babajide, P. A. (2007). Evaluation of tithonia diversifolia (hemsl.) A gray for soil improvement. World
Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(4),
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Thor Smestad, B., Tiessen, H., & Buresh, R. J. (2002). Short fallows of tithonia diversifolia and crotalaria grahamiana for soil fertility improvement in western kenya. Agroforestry Systems, 55, 181-194.
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Wanjiku, J., & Kimenye, L. N. (2006). Profitability of kale and tomato production under different soil fertility replenishment technologies in western Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 29(3),
991:
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Orwa, C., Mutua, A., Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R. & Anthony, S. (2009). Agroforestree database:A tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 . Retrieved November 21, 2013, from
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is grown off the land as to not take up growing space. For this reason, when time spent on labour has been factored, this approach may not be beneficial to a farmer.
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This plant does not require a large amount of nutrients. As a weed it spreads rapidly, which allows its use as a forage crop in grazing or cut-and-carry systems.
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has moderate drought tolerance, the amount of rainfall that the African subtropics receives may not be enough to support the growing of this biomass.
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as a fertilizer contains 1.76% N, 0.82% P, and 3.92% K. All three properties are lower in cattle manure, and P is higher in poultry and swine manure.
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currently grows in humid and semi humid areas in Africa. However, no evidence was found to suggest that it had been attempted in desert conditions.
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was applied, this income rose to $ 494USD/ha. The latter results are high, as another study showed an increase of only to $ 116USD/ha.
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it should be supplemented with a Mg fertilizer as this nutrient is lacking in quantity when compared to other green fertilizers.
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Harvesting and distributing this fertilizer over the land by hand is very labour-intensive. The best yields come when
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versus the financial prospects is not worthwhile, especially in areas of unpredictable rainfalls.
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Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka
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has the ability to restore phosphorus in high amounts to the soil.
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http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp
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grow on, which is where the plant gets the name diversifolia.
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580:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
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breaks down rapidly and releases nutrients quickly.
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659:Weeds of Australia. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
270:. It has shown great potential in raising the
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262:. Depending on the area they may be either
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31:
20:
373:This same study also found that growing
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546:United States Department of Agriculture
537:Germplasm Resources Information Network
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454:name, the Nitobe chrysanthemum (ニトベギク;
633:Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray.
522:
520:
578:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
1325:0e88a775-3f07-442d-b29f-a7a26ae4ad25
998:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
498:has proven to increase crop yields.
1671:Invasive plant species in Sri Lanka
425:A girl with tree marigold flowers (
14:
274:in soils depleted in nutrients.
1661:Garden plants of Central America
1584:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:162674-2
1377:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:255747-1
975:
961:
44:
483:It is the provincial flower of
226:that is commonly known as the
1:
542:Agricultural Research Service
461:It is the official symbol of
801:Nziguheba et al. 2002, p.171
948:Olabode et al. 2007, p.505.
919:Olabode et al. 2007, p.506.
819:Achieng et al. 2007, p.265.
758:Olabode et al. 2007, p.504.
1687:
846:Wanjiku et al. 2006, p.137
810:Wanjiku et al. 2006, p.144
722:Achieng et al. 2007, p.259
310:, 4-angled, and 5mm long.
16:Species of flowering plant
882:Jama et al. 2000, p. 208.
837:Liasu et al. 2007, p.336.
749:Jama et al. 2000, p. 202.
442:, towards the end of the
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41:Scientific classification
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1651:Plants described in 1883
900:Jama et al. 2000, p.215.
873:Liasu et al. 2007, p.336
855:Jama et al. 2000, p. 202
828:Jama et al. 2000, p.216.
767:Jama et al. 2000, p.204.
699:Jama et al. 2000, p.202.
864:Jama et al. 2000, p.205
668:Jama et al. 2000. p.204
623:Jama et al. 2000, p.202
1441:Mirasolia diversifolia
891:Orwa et al. 2009, p.3.
731:Orwa et al. 2009, p.1.
681:, Colombo 2009, p.109.
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351:
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201:Mirasolia diversifolia
1172:Tithonia diversifolia
1094:Tithonia_diversifolia
1047:Tithonia diversifolia
1017:Tithonia diversifolia
993:Tithonia diversifolia
983:Tithonia diversifolia
969:Tithonia diversifolia
713:Orwa et al. 2009, p.2
657:Tithonia diversifolia
572:Tithonia diversifolia
530:Tithonia diversifolia
485:Mae Hong Son Province
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398:Tithonia diversifolia
355:Tithonia diversifolia
349:
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314:History and geography
299:Tithonia diversifolia
215:Tithonia diversifolia
172:Tithonia diversifolia
25:Tithonia diversifolia
972:at Wikimedia Commons
244:Nitobe chrysanthemum
154:T. diversifolia
677:Lalith Gunasekera,
258:distribution as an
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417:Symbolism and uses
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260:introduced species
246:. It is native to
240:Japanese sunflower
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1333:Open Tree of Life
1009:Taxon identifiers
966:Media related to
472:They are sold in
254:but has a nearly
236:Mexican sunflower
232:Mexican tournesol
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500:T. diversifolia
495:T. diversifolia
474:herbal medicine
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403:T. diversifolia
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387:T. diversifolia
380:T. diversifolia
375:T. diversifolia
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332:T. diversifolia
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252:Central America
220:flowering plant
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163:Binomial name
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71:Tracheophytes
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582:. Retrieved
577:
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535:
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494:
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450:, hence its
448:Nitobe Inazo
444:Meiji Period
410:
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1646:Heliantheae
1527:iNaturalist
1297:NatureServe
1232:iNaturalist
1041:Wikispecies
584:11 December
476:markets in
342:Cultivation
294:Description
256:pantropical
84:Angiosperms
1640:Categories
1351:gcc-117677
1346:Plant List
566:USDA, NRCS
551:2011-05-19
511:References
456:Nitobegiku
284:phosphorus
224:Asteraceae
130:Asteraceae
1456:Q65943639
1185:200024594
1159:200024594
365:Economics
288:potassium
286:(P), and
268:perennial
148:Species:
120:Asterales
54:Kingdom:
1592:Tropicos
1558:10202463
1545:162674-2
1450:Wikidata
1398:Tropicos
1302:2.151257
1263:10202343
1250:255747-1
1032:Q1642155
1026:Wikidata
929:503-507.
568:(n.d.).
489:Thailand
452:Japanese
431:Việt Nam
427:Lâm Đồng
280:nitrogen
278:such as
192:Synonyms
141:Tithonia
126:Family:
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
1623:1175986
1597:2711876
1506:3122832
1429:1107390
1403:2701460
1198:5396557
1115:Ecocrop
467:Vietnam
393:Biomass
350:A shrub
308:achenes
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1571:196303
1532:429322
1480:209005
1467:103773
1464:APDB:
1390:3305-1
1359:PLANTS
1322:NZOR:
1315:684020
1237:132451
1133:503399
1068:104105
1065:APDB:
1055:AoFP:
777:p.138.
478:Taiwan
465:city,
463:Da Lat
330:While
264:annual
248:Mexico
204:Hemsl.
184:A.Gray
180:Hemsl.
1618:WoRMS
1553:IRMNG
1519:24472
1493:43LT3
1424:WoRMS
1385:SANBI
1364:TIDI2
1338:32107
1289:38530
1276:54020
1258:IRMNG
1224:36733
1167:FoAO2
1146:TITDI
1107:57863
1081:80036
939:p.336
910:p.27.
609:p.202
599:p.259
440:Japan
290:(K).
282:(N),
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1579:POWO
1566:ITIS
1540:IPNI
1514:GRIN
1501:GBIF
1475:APNI
1372:POWO
1310:NCBI
1284:ITIS
1245:IPNI
1219:GRIN
1211:1320
1206:GISD
1193:GBIF
1141:EPPO
1120:2088
1089:ATRF
1076:APNI
586:2015
250:and
1605:WFO
1488:CoL
1411:WFO
1271:ISC
1180:FoC
1154:FNA
1128:EoL
1102:CoL
1058:293
996:in
438:In
266:or
242:or
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178:(
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