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considered contemptible among the
Tlingit and a sign of poverty. Indeed, shamans and their families were required to abstain from all food gathered from the beach, and men might avoid eating beach food before battles or strenuous activities in the belief that it would weaken them spiritually and perhaps physically as well. Thus for both spiritual reasons as well as to add some variety to the diet, the Tlingit harvest many other resources for food besides those they easily find outside their front doors. No other food resource receives as much emphasis as
55:
46:
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indicators of rank, but so is generosity and proper behavior, all signs of "good breeding" and ties to aristocracy. Art and spirituality are incorporated in nearly all areas of
Tlingit culture, with even everyday objects such as spoons and storage boxes decorated and imbued with spiritual power and historical beliefs of the Tlingits.
485:
374:, Chilkat Indian Village, Chilkoot Indian Association, Craig Tribal Association, Hoonah Indian Association, Ketchikan Indian Corporation, Klawock Cooperative Association, the Organized Village of Kasaan, the Organized Village of Kake, the Organized Village of Saxman, Petersburg Indian Association, Skagway Village, the
659:
Tlingit people as a whole participate in the commercial economy of Alaska. As a consequence, they live in typically
American nuclear family households with private ownership of housing and land. Many also possess land allotments from Sealaska or from earlier distributions predating ANCSA. Despite the
1792:
are also important staples, that can be eaten fresh or dried and stored for later use. Fish provide meat, oil, and eggs. Sea mammals, such as sea lions and sea otters, are used for food and clothing materials. In the forests near their homes, Tlingit hunted deer, bear, mountain goats and other small
1638:
Tlingit has an estimated 200 to 400 native speakers in the United States and 100 speakers in Canada. The speakers are bilingual or near-bilingual in
English. Tribes, institutions, and linguists are expending extensive effort into revitalization programs in Southeast Alaska to revive and preserve the
1737:
Food is a central part of
Tlingit culture, and the land is an abundant provider. Most of the richness of intertidal life found on the beaches of Southeast Alaska can be harvested for food. Though eating off the beach could provide a fairly healthy and varied diet, eating nothing but "beach food" is
592:
Delineating the modern territory of the
Tlingit is complicated because they are spread across the border between the United States and Canada, they lack designated reservations, other complex legal and political concerns make the situation confusing, and there is a relatively high level of mobility
1667:
Tlingit tribes historically built plank houses made from cedar and today call them clanhouses; these houses were built with a foundation such that they could store their belongings under the floors. It is said that these plank houses had no adhesive, nails, or any other sort of fastening devices.
741:
The trade and cultural interactions between each of these
Tlingit groups and their disparate neighbors, the differences in food harvest practices, and dialectal differences in language contribute to these identifications. These academic classifications are supported by similar self-identification
1453:
The
Tlingit culture is multifaceted and complex, a characteristic of Northwest Pacific Coast people with access to easily exploited rich resources. In Tlingit culture a heavy emphasis is placed upon family and kinship, and on a rich oratory tradition. Wealth and economic power are important
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1600:
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Today, some young
Tlingits look back towards their traditional tribal religions and worldview for inspiration, security, and a sense of identity. While many elders converted to Christianity, contemporary Tlingit "reconcile Christianity and the 'traditional culture.'"
1523:
Tlingit thought and belief, although never formally codified, was historically a fairly well organized philosophical and religious system whose basic axioms shaped the way
Tlingit people viewed and interacted with the world around them. Tlingits were traditionally
1721:
428:
culture based on semi-sedentary management of fisheries. Hereditary servitude was practiced extensively until it was outlawed by the United States Government. An inland group, known as the Inland Tlingit, inhabits the far northwestern part of the province of
1416:
1598:
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Various cultures of indigenous people have continuously occupied the Alaska territory for thousands of years, leading to the Tlingit. Human culture with elements related to the Tlingit originated around 10,000 years ago near the mouths of the
1676:
Many Tlingit men work in the fishing industry while women are employed at canneries or in the local handicraft industry. These handicrafts include items like wood carvings and woven baskets which are sold for practical or tourist consumption.
1532:, primarily men, cured diseases, influenced weather, aided in hunting, predicted the future, and protected people against witchcraft. A central part of the Tlingit belief system was the belief in reincarnation of both humans and animals.
644:(ANCSA), which established regional corporations throughout Alaska with complex portfolios of land ownership rather than bounded reservations administered by Tribal Governments. The corporation in the Tlingit region is
1465:, which are subdivided into lineages or house groups. They have a matrilineal kinship system, with descent and inheritance passed through the mother's line. These groups have heraldic crests, which are displayed on
1432:
2818:—An online destination where users create comics, write stories, watch webisodes, download podcasts, play games, read stories and comics by other members, and find out about the Tlingit people of Canada.
1700:. The historic Tlingit's first contact with Europeans came in 1741 with Russian explorers. Spanish explorers followed in 1775. Tlingits maintained their independence but suffered from epidemics of
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or blankets that represented trust. Only a Tlingit can inherit one but they can also pass it down to someone they trust, who becomes responsible for caring for it but does not rightfully own it.
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legal and political complexities, the territory historically occupied by the Tlingit can be reasonably designated as their modern homeland. Tlingit people today consider the land from around
271:
2014:
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The Gulf Coast Tlingit live along a narrow strip of coastline backed by steep mountains and extensive glaciers, north of Cape Spencer, and along the coast of the
1668:
Clan houses were usually square or rectangular in shape and had front facing designs and totem poles to represent to which clan and moiety the makers belonged.
577:
tribes of the interior, and commonly intermarried with them. From this regular travel and trade, a few relatively large populations of Tlingit settled around
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The Coastal Tlingit tribes controlled one of the mountain passes into the Yukon interior; they were divided into three tribes: the Chilkat Tlingit (
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The extant Tlingit territory can be roughly divided into four major sections, paralleling ecological, linguistic, and cultural divisions:
3063:
641:
2602:
The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874.
2580:
1806:
2725:
2706:
2645:
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2485:
2456:
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277:
370:. Tlingit people today belong to several federally recognized Alaska Native tribes including the Angoon Community Association, the
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912:
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887:
761:
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Kan, Sergei. 1999. Memory eternal: Tlingit culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity through two centuries. P.xix-xxii
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such as Tlingit. The scientists suggest that the main ancestor of the Ainu and of the Tlingit can be traced back to
2029:
391:
54:
2601:
412:, and property and hereditary roles passing through the mother's line. Their culture and society developed in the
1644:
711:
The Inland Tlingit live along large interior lakes and the drainage of the Taku River as well as in the southern
2161:
139:
24:
2087:"Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible to Receive Services from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
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1894:
1854:
1580:
1544:
1540:
1223:
610:
302:
135:
2370:
2952:
2815:
2009:
1686:
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1383:
1356:
1329:
1302:
1270:
1243:
1215:
1170:
1145:
1117:
1092:
1061:
1048:
1022:
997:
969:
937:
929:
904:
878:
837:
810:
787:
618:
142:
2739:. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Douglash & MicIntyre, University of Washington Press. p. 144.
2004:
1900:
1836:
1773:
1437:
546:
470:
466:
421:
383:
375:
982:
45:
1801:
Genetic analyses of HLA I and HLA II genes as well as HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 gene frequencies links the
1547:
missionaries had translated their liturgy into the Tlingit language. It has been argued that they saw
2762:. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Douglash & MicIntyre, University of Washington Press. pp.
1535:
Between 1886 and 1895, in the face of their shamans' inability to treat Old World diseases including
1315:
645:
413:
1288:
1201:
1033:
730:
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1732:
1065:
823:
1401:
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2019:
1993:
1930:
1860:
1705:
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637:
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rivers. With regular travel up these rivers, the Tlingit developed extensive trade networks with
558:
2787:
1503:
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2763:
2740:
2721:
2702:
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2653:
2634:
2605:
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2452:
2418:
2316:
2140:
1876:
1624:
1420:
1282:
686:
665:
636:
The territory occupied by the modern Tlingit people in Alaska is not restricted to particular
515:
363:
3058:
2203:
1918:
1818:
1614:
1587:
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as a way of resisting assimilation to the "American way of life", which was associated with
1473:, feast dishes, house posts, weavings, jewelry, and other art forms. The Tlingits pass down
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1391:
1337:
1125:
462:
430:
339:
309:
209:
187:
177:
121:
100:
2849:
2827:
2551:"Genetic link between Asians and Native Americans: Evidence from HLA genes and haplotypes"
2534:
1998:
1988:
1974:
1942:
1936:
1924:
1842:
1552:
1196:
1005:
705:
682:
661:
622:
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367:
64:
2701:. Translated by Bland, Richard L.; Solovjova, Katerina G. University of Nebraska Press.
2999:
2891:
2780:
2415:
Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity through Two Centuries
1906:
1441:
1395:
1310:
1130:
977:
818:
726:
630:
488:
454:
405:
298:
68:
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3052:
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2917:
2756:
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2650:
Across the Boundaries of Belief: Contemporary Issues in the Anthropology of Religion.
2024:
1967:
1866:
1848:
1725:
1606:
1100:
1056:
772:
614:
570:
562:
511:
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1720:
3027:
2157:
1693:
1556:
1278:
1251:
734:
701:
649:
478:
362:
may be encountered referring to the people in older historical literature, such as
1955:
1415:
640:, unlike most tribes in the lower contiguous 48 states. This is the result of the
2842:
2810:
2805:
2696:
2616:
293:
of North America and constitute two of the 231 (As of 2022) federally recognized
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1830:
1814:
1802:
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1364:
1342:
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60:
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1912:
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traditionally provided food in the spring, while late spring and summer bring
1697:
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697:
692:
Northern Tlingit live north of Frederick Sound to Cape Spencer, and including
594:
578:
574:
566:
535:
453:
The greatest territory historically occupied by the Tlingit extended from the
2821:
2182:
715:, and subsist in a manner similar to their Athabascan neighbors in the mixed
16:
This article is about the Alaskan Native group. For the Siberian people, see
3037:
2843:
The Carving of the Raven Spirit Canoe, housed in the Smithsonian Institution
2336:
2248:
1781:
1753:
653:
2994:
589:, whose headwaters flow from areas near the headwaters of the Taku River.
541:
Inland, the Tlingit occupied areas along the major rivers that pierce the
2646:"Shamanism and Christianity: Modern-Day Tlingit Elders Look at the Past."
1964:(unknown–1791), the first chief of Klukwan to be encountered by Europeans
1961:
1789:
1761:
1743:
1701:
1640:
1632:
1619:
1536:
860:('land/country/village') because the bay is the color of jade all around
320:
17:
2737:
Understanding Northwest Coast Art. A Guide to Crests, Beings and Symbols
1712:
killed about 60% of the Mainland Tlingit and 37% of the Island Tlingit.
445:
2986:
2980:
2942:
2811:
Tlingit Language and Culture Resources, Alaska Native Knowledge Network
1785:
1757:
1749:
1652:
1628:
1525:
598:
550:
2962:
2720:(Fourth ed.). Auke Bay, Alaska: Heritage Research. p. 110.
1958:(unknown), a powerful Yakutat chief that went to war against Yeilxaak
1765:
1739:
1656:
1529:
716:
606:
458:
417:
351:
88:
2932:
2293:
1613:
The Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Canada speak the
1485:
Like other Northwest Coast native peoples, the Tlingit did practice
1528:, and hunters ritually purified themselves before hunting animals.
1461:, the Raven and the Eagle. These in turn are divided into numerous
324:), in which the name means 'People of the Tides'. The Russian name
3017:
2912:
2855:
2528:"Sealaska – Programs – Language – Culture – Curriculum – Tlingit."
2116:
1777:
1719:
1651:
have Tlingit language programs, and community classes are held in
1591:
1570:
1502:
1470:
1462:
1431:
1414:
719:
712:
602:
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among the population. They also overlap in territory with various
484:
483:
444:
434:
372:
Central Council of the Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska
104:
378:, and the Wrangell Cooperative Association. Some citizens of the
32:
Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America
1768:. Summer is a time for gathering wild and tame berries, such as
1516:
481:
moved just before the first encounters with European explorers.
409:
2864:
2631:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
668:, and including the lakes in the Canadian interior, as being
1404:, owns Saxman Corporation, which owns Cape Fox Corporation
251:
224:
2837:
2718:
The Tlingit. An Introduction to Their Culture and History
633:
and are the representative Interior Tlingit populations.
257:
248:
230:
221:
2417:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 406.
2281:
469:
delta in Alaska. The Tlingit occupied almost all of the
2451:. Auke Bay, Alaska: Heritage Research. pp. 16–17.
2015:
List of edible plants and mushrooms of southeast Alaska
1575:
Tlingit twined basket tray, late 19th c., spruce root,
2838:
Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska
2578:
de Laguna, Fredericæ. "Tlingit." Suttles, Wayne, ed.
1515:
box drum, late 19th century. Image is of a sea wolf (
815:
Tribe or People from the Direction of the North Wind
301:, there is a small minority, 2,110, who are Canadian
278:
254:
242:
227:
2315:. Anchorage: Arctic Circle Enterprises. p. 20.
754:
737:. Their territory can be battered by Pacific storms.
260:
245:
233:
218:
215:
3010:
2961:
2903:
1724:Tommy Joseph, Tlingit woodcarver and sculptor from
239:
212:
183:
173:
163:
152:
128:
114:
98:
86:
81:
2755:
2672:
297:. Although the majority, about 14,000 people, are
2781:Alaskan Tlingit and Tsimshian Essay by Jay Miller
2698:The Tlingit Indians in Russian America, 1741–1867
1939:(1908–2011), scholar, elder, and religious leader
1927:(1883–1937), a Tlingit anthropologist and curator
291:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
2758:Looking at Indian Art of the Northwest Coast Art
2633:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000: 286–7.
681:The Southern Tlingit occupy the region south of
2856:The Tlingit Culture and Language with Resources
2691:(Contributors Frederica De Laguna and Jean Low)
2604:Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999.
1891:(1863–1952), civil rights advocate and educator
2806:Map and list of Tlingit Kwaans and territories
685:, and live in the northernmost reaches of the
2876:
1507:
1474:
1376:
1349:
1322:
1295:
1263:
1236:
1208:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1163:
1138:
1110:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1041:
1015:
990:
962:
956:
950:
922:
897:
871:
855:
849:
843:
830:
803:
780:
747:
700:; they occupy the warmest and richest of the
669:
529:
519:
505:
496:
344:
333:
326:
313:
8:
2618:Northwest Coast: Archaeology as Deep History
2117:"Lingít Yoo X'atángi: The Tlingit Language."
2066:"Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census"
1559:, the Tlingit belief system began to erode.
356:
38:
2783:- From the University of Washington Library
2679:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
465:, north to the coast just southeast of the
2883:
2869:
2861:
2337:"NEWS_Blog_Slavery_QA | Sealaska Heritage"
2249:"NEWS_Blog_Slavery_QA | Sealaska Heritage"
2048:
2046:
1909:(1956–2016), Chilkat and Ravenstail weaver
648:, which serves the Tlingit as well as the
354:worn by women) or the related German name
44:
37:
1863:(1906–1997), artist, cultural interpreter
2832:Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 39
2648:Klass, Morton and Maxine Wiesgrau, eds.
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
1845:(b. 1945), poet, memorist, and professor
1710:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
974:Brown Bear Fort a.k.a. Burnt Wood Tribe
477:and its surroundings, where the Kaigani
424:. The Tlingit have maintained a complex
2225:
2223:
2221:
2060:
2058:
2042:
1631:and sound system and also uses certain
609:. In Canada, the modern communities of
408:, with children born into the mother's
2523:
2521:
1879:, photographer and installation artist
1839:(1927–2017), poet, author, and scholar
1635:unheard in almost any other language.
1618:
1605:Two Tlingit speakers, recorded in the
1499:Philosophy and religion of the Tlingit
319:
149:
491:, a traditional Tlingit village near
7:
2695:Grinev, Andrei Val'terovich (2005).
1457:Tlingit society is divided into two
82:Regions with significant populations
2652:Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.
1809:, especially to populations on the
1539:, many Tlingit people converted to
642:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
2581:Handbook of North American Indians
2474:Human: The Definitive Visual Guide
1903:(1911–1958), civil rights advocate
1807:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1639:Tlingit language and its culture.
775:, archaic variants or adaptations
14:
3074:First Nations in British Columbia
2068:. Statistics Canada. 21 June 2018
1746:and game are both close seconds.
1193:('dwellers'): Salmon Cache Tribe
473:, except the southernmost end of
457:along the present border between
2671:Emmons, George Thornton (1991).
2624:Society for American Archaeology
2147:Kingston: Limestone Press, 1981.
1440:, 1903. Photograph taken by the
1150:People of the Fast Moving Water
208:
53:
1851:, Chilkat and Ravenstail weaver
1374:
1347:
1320:
1293:
1261:
1234:
1206:
1161:
1136:
1108:
1097:Outside Edge of a Branch Tribe
1071:
1039:
1013:
988:
948:
920:
895:
869:
828:
801:
449:Tlingit and neighboring peoples
396:Taku River Tlingit First Nation
2145:A Voyage to America 1783–1786.
2089:(January 28, 2022), 87 FR 4636
2052:As of the 1990s. Pritzker, 209
1708:brought by the Europeans. The
1649:University of Alaska Southeast
769:Village or Community location
1:
2472:Winston, Robert, ed. (2004).
2141:Shelikhov, Gregorii Ivanovich
1946:
1871:Lieutenant Governor of Alaska
1549:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
1423:
795:Yakataga-Controller Bay area
72:
2892:Indigenous peoples of Alaska
2538:Sealaska Heritage Institute.
2120:Sealaska Heritage Institute.
1623:), which is a branch of the
1555:. After the introduction of
1027:Among The Athabascans Tribe
1002:Tribe From Across The Water
627:Carcross/Tagish First Nation
380:Carcross/Tagish First Nation
3069:Alaska Native ethnic groups
2540:(retrieved 3 December 2009)
2515:(retrieved 27 December 2009
2122:(retrieved 3 December 2009)
1645:Goldbelt Heritage Institute
674:, the Land of the Tlingit.
327:
3095:
3064:Native Americans in Alaska
2716:Olson, Wallace M. (2001).
2583:, Vol. 7: Northwest Coast.
2447:Olson, Wallace M. (1991).
2030:Alaska Native storytelling
1730:
1684:
1585:
1496:
1446:
934:Geese Flood Upriver Tribe
909:Inside the Glacier People
392:Douglas Indian Association
22:
15:
2001:(Tlingit Rebellion, 1802)
386:are of Tlingit heritage.
334:
133:
119:
52:
43:
2852:Smithsonian Ocean Portal
2754:Stewart, Hilary (1979).
2735:Shearar, Cheryl (2000).
2341:www.sealaskaheritage.org
2311:Chandonnet, Ann (2013).
2253:www.sealaskaheritage.org
2162:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1436:Two Tlingit girls, near
1419:A Tlingit totem pole in
985:, Hoochenoo, Kootznahoo
518:, the Chilkoot Tlingit (
124:, Russian (historically)
25:Tlingit (disambiguation)
2823:Tlingit Myths and Texts
2587:Smithsonian Institution
2375:www.alaskan-natives.com
2313:Alaska's Native Peoples
2143:and Richard A. Pierce.
1970:, playwright and author
1933:(b. 1963), glass artist
1885:(b. 1955), photographer
1857:(born 1938), woodcarver
1855:Nathan Jackson (artist)
1811:Pacific Northwest Coast
1627:. Lingít has a complex
1625:Na-Dené language family
1581:Cleveland Museum of Art
1508:
1493:Philosophy and religion
1475:
1377:
1350:
1323:
1296:
1264:
1237:
1209:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1164:
1139:
1111:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1042:
1016:
991:
963:
957:
951:
923:
898:
872:
856:
850:
844:
831:
804:
781:
748:
670:
611:Atlin, British Columbia
530:
520:
506:
497:
345:
314:
59:Chief Anotklosh of the
3079:First Nations in Yukon
2513:Alaska Native Artists.
2294:"Sealaska Corporation"
2010:History of the Tlingit
1952:–1986), Chilkat weaver
1825:Notable Tlingit people
1728:
1687:History of the Tlingit
1610:
1583:
1520:
1449:Culture of the Tlingit
1444:
1429:
888:Prince of Wales Island
619:Teslin Tlingit Council
613:(Taku River Tlingit),
501:
475:Prince of Wales Island
450:
357:
308:Their language is the
143:Alaska Native religion
2792:The Houses of Mankind
2600:Boyd, Robert Thomas.
2158:"Tlingit & Haida"
2005:Battle of Port Gamble
1915:(b. 1959), politician
1901:Elizabeth Peratrovich
1897:(1885–1977), attorney
1837:Nora Marks Dauenhauer
1833:(b. 1978), politician
1723:
1604:
1574:
1541:Orthodox Christianity
1506:
1438:Copper River (Alaska)
1435:
1418:
547:Saint Elias Mountains
487:
471:Alexander Archipelago
448:
422:Alexander Archipelago
384:Sitka Tribe of Alaska
376:Yakutat Tlingit Tribe
158:"People of the Tides"
2848:17 June 2010 at the
2413:Kan, Sergei (1999).
1977:, scholar and author
1643:Heritage Institute,
792:Salmon Stream Tribe
646:Sealaska Corporation
414:temperate rainforest
390:are enrolled in the
23:For other uses, see
2675:The Tlingit Indians
2629:Pritzker, Barry M.
2533:28 May 2014 at the
1733:Food of the Tlingit
1706:infectious diseases
1122:Bitter Water Tribe
742:among the Tlingit.
401:The Tlingit have a
321:[ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ]
134:Christianity, esp.
40:
2622:Washington, D.C.:
2585:Washington, D.C.:
2478:Dorling Kindersley
2282:Taku River Tlingit
2272:de Laguna, 203-28.
2020:Maritime fur trade
1994:Ravenstail weaving
1931:Preston Singletary
1861:Esther Littlefield
1729:
1620:[ɬɪ̀nkítʰ]
1611:
1584:
1577:American dunegrass
1521:
1487:hereditary slavery
1445:
1430:
1229:Taku River Tlingit
1133:, Stikine Tlingit
1105:Sitka, Shee Atika
879:tʼaqtʃikʔaːnqʰʷáːn
873:Tʼaḵjik.aan Ḵwáan:
664:south through the
595:Athabascan peoples
549:and flow into the
502:
451:
394:in Alaska and the
3046:
3045:
2816:Anash Interactive
2773:978-0-295-95645-9
2746:978-1-55054-782-5
2686:978-0-295-97008-0
2658:978-0-8133-2695-5
2639:978-0-19-513877-1
2610:978-0-295-97837-6
2371:"Tlingit Culture"
2360:Pritzker, 209–210
1877:Da-ka-xeen Mehner
1805:of Japan to some
1602:
1408:
1407:
1394:(formerly) &
1334:Small Lake Tribe
1281:(formerly) &
1231:, Inland Tlinkit
1068:, Inland Tlinkit
1036:, Dry Bay people
983:Hootchenoo people
899:Laax̱aayík Kwáan:
883:Coast Town Tribe
687:Western Red cedar
666:Alaskan Panhandle
516:Chilkat Peninsula
433:and the southern
416:of the southeast
382:in Yukon and the
364:Grigory Shelikhov
193:
192:
159:
148:
147:
63:Tribe, wearing a
3086:
2989:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2862:
2795:
2794:. p. 55,58.
2777:
2761:
2750:
2731:
2712:
2690:
2678:
2589:, 1990: 203–28.
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2547:
2541:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2154:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2053:
2050:
1951:
1948:
1921:(b. 1985), actor
1919:Martin Sensmeier
1819:Southern Siberia
1622:
1615:Tlingit language
1603:
1588:Tlingit language
1545:Russian Orthodox
1511:
1478:
1428:
1425:
1392:Cape Fox Village
1388:Southward Tribe
1385:
1380:
1358:
1353:
1331:
1326:
1304:
1299:
1272:
1267:
1245:
1240:
1217:
1212:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1147:
1142:
1119:
1114:
1112:Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
1094:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1053:Big Sinew Tribe
1050:
1045:
1024:
1019:
1017:G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan
999:
994:
971:
966:
960:
954:
931:
926:
906:
901:
880:
875:
859:
853:
847:
839:
834:
812:
807:
789:
784:
755:
751:
673:
553:, including the
533:
523:
509:
500:
463:British Columbia
431:British Columbia
360:
348:
337:
336:
330:
323:
317:
310:Tlingit language
295:Tribes of Alaska
285:
281:
276:
275:
274:
273:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
207:
157:
150:
136:Russian Orthodox
101:British Columbia
77:
74:
57:
48:
41:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3006:
2995:Central Alaskan
2985:
2981:Alutiiq–Sugpiaq
2957:
2953:Upper Kuskokwim
2899:
2896:Tribal entities
2889:
2850:Wayback Machine
2828:John R. Swanton
2802:
2786:
2774:
2753:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2715:
2709:
2694:
2687:
2670:
2667:
2665:Further reading
2615:Moss, Madonna.
2575:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2535:Wayback Machine
2526:
2519:
2510:"Tommy Joseph."
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2480:. p. 354.
2471:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
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2389:
2379:
2377:
2369:
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2310:
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2305:
2292:
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2287:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2115:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2034:
1999:Battle of Sitka
1989:Chilkat weaving
1984:
1975:Lance Twitchell
1949:
1943:Jennie Thlunaut
1937:Walter Soboleff
1925:Louis Shotridge
1843:Ernestine Hayes
1827:
1799:
1735:
1718:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1592:
1590:
1569:
1553:Presbyterianism
1501:
1495:
1451:
1426:
1413:
1316:Chilkoot people
1307:Chilkoot Tribe
1303:tʃiɬqʰuːtqʰʷáːn
1275:Sea Lion Tribe
1220:Big Lake Tribe
1216:ʔáːtɬʰeːnqʰʷáːn
1181:('food cache')
1171:tʃiɬqʰáːtqʰʷáːn
1146:séːtʰkʰʌ́qʰʷáːn
1118:ʃtaxʼhíːnqʰʷáːn
1043:Deisleen Ḵwáan:
970:xutsnuːwúqʰʷáːn
905:ɬaːχaːjíkqʰʷáːn
753:
706:Western Hemlock
683:Frederick Sound
623:Carcross, Yukon
543:Coast Mountains
443:
426:hunter-gatherer
368:Russian America
366:'s 1796 map of
340:Sugpiaq-Alutiiq
283:
279:
270:
269:
268:
238:
211:
205:
204:
156:
138:
87:United States (
75:
65:Chilkat blanket
58:
36:
33:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
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3051:
3050:
3044:
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3035:
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3020:
3014:
3012:
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3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
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2958:
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2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2840:
2835:
2819:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2800:External links
2798:
2797:
2796:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2751:
2745:
2732:
2726:
2713:
2707:
2692:
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2100:
2091:
2079:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1907:Clarissa Rizal
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1798:
1795:
1731:Main article:
1717:
1714:
1685:Main article:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1586:Main article:
1568:
1565:
1497:Main article:
1494:
1491:
1447:Main article:
1442:Miles Brothers
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:Stomach Tribe
1359:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1289:Tongass people
1286:
1276:
1273:
1271:tʰaːntʼaqʰʷáːn
1268:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:Áa Tlein Ḵwáan
1205:
1204:
1202:Chilkat people
1199:
1194:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1158:Séet Ká Ḵwáan
1156:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1131:Stikine people
1128:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1093:ʃiːtʼkʰáqʰʷáːn
1090:
1070:
1069:
1062:Teslin Tlingit
1059:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1034:Gunahoo people
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:qunaːχuːqʰʷáːn
1020:
1012:
1011:
1010:Henya, Hanega
1008:
1003:
1000:
995:
987:
986:
980:
975:
972:
967:
947:
946:
942:Taku Tlingit,
940:
935:
932:
927:
919:
918:
915:
910:
907:
902:
894:
893:
890:
884:
881:
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868:
867:
864:
861:
840:
838:sʼawdáːnqʰʷáːn
835:
832:S'awdáan Ḵwáan
827:
826:
821:
816:
813:
808:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
785:
782:G̱alyáx̱ Ḵwáan
777:
776:
770:
767:
764:
759:
758:Tlingit tribe
752:
744:
739:
738:
731:Controller Bay
727:Gulf of Alaska
723:
709:
690:
597:, such as the
495:, home of the
489:Hoonah, Alaska
455:Portland Canal
442:
439:
420:coast and the
406:kinship system
299:Alaska Natives
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
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146:
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126:
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84:
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69:Juneau, Alaska
50:
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34:
31:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3091:
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2824:
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2814:
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2809:
2807:
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2799:
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2779:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2727:0-9659009-0-8
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2708:0-8032-0538-4
2704:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:Kan, Sergei.
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:0-87474-187-4
2592:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2500:Pritzker, 209
2497:
2494:
2489:
2487:0-7566-0520-2
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2458:9780965900904
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2424:9780295805344
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2322:1-933837-14-4
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2229:Pritzker, 210
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2206:. Visit Sitka
2205:
2199:
2196:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2131:Pritzker, 208
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2098:Pritzker, 162
2095:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Tlingit clans
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:Vera Starbard
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:(1943–2020),
1868:
1867:Byron Mallott
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1849:Ursala Hudson
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
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1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
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1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1726:Sitka, Alaska
1722:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
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1626:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1607:United States
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1422:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:saːnjaːqʰʷáːn
1382:
1379:
1378:Saanyaa Ḵwáan
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1297:Jilḵoot Ḵwáan
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1265:Taantʼa Ḵwáan
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1165:Jilḵáat Ḵwáan
1162:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1140:Séet Ká Ḵwáan
1137:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1066:Teslin people
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:tesɬiːnqʰʷáːn
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
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930:tʼaːqʰuqʰʷáːn
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924:Tʼaaḵu Ḵwáan:
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824:Hoonah people
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531:Tʼaaḵu Ḵwáan:
527:
522:
521:Jilḵoot Ḵwáan
517:
513:
512:Chilkat River
508:
507:Jilḵáat Ḵwáan
499:
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2579:
2560:17 September
2558:. Retrieved
2555:ResearchGate
2554:
2545:
2537:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2476:. New York:
2473:
2467:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2374:
2365:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2331:
2312:
2306:
2298:sealaska.com
2297:
2288:
2277:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2234:
2208:. Retrieved
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2152:
2144:
2136:
2127:
2119:
2094:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
1895:William Paul
1883:Larry McNeil
1800:
1784:are hunted.
1748:
1736:
1690:
1675:
1666:
1637:
1612:
1561:
1557:Christianity
1534:
1522:
1512:
1484:
1479:
1456:
1452:
1402:Saanya Kwaan
1357:kʰuːjuqʰʷáːn
1330:ʔáːkʷʼqʰʷáːn
1279:Fort Tongass
1244:qʰíːχʼqʰʷáːn
1238:Ḵéex̱ʼ Kwáan
998:hinjaːqʰʷáːn
992:Hinyaa Ḵwáan
913:Yakutat area
854:('around'),
788:qaɬjáχqʰʷáːn
766:Translation
740:
735:Kayak Island
702:Sitka Spruce
676:
658:
638:reservations
635:
591:
587:Tagish Lakes
559:Tatshenshini
540:
534:) along the
526:Taku Tlingit
510:) along the
503:
498:Xúnaa Kháawu
467:Copper River
452:
400:
388:Taku Tlingit
355:
343:
325:
307:
200:
196:
194:
188:Tlingit Aaní
167:
153:
35:Ethnic group
29:
2905:Athabaskans
2788:Duly, Colin
2449:The Tlingit
2188:1 September
2167:1 September
2072:31 December
1950: 1891
1889:Tillie Paul
1873:(2014–2018)
1831:Todd Gloria
1815:Paleolithic
1803:Ainu people
1780:. In fall,
1770:salmonberry
1742:; however,
1698:Nass Rivers
1579:, pigment,
1467:totem poles
1427: 1901
1370:Kuiu people
1365:Kuiu Island
1351:Kooyu Ḵwáan
1343:Auke people
1324:Áakʼw Ḵwáan
1257:Kake people
1248:Dawn Tribe
1187:('salmon')
944:Taku people
811:χʊnaːkʰáːwʊ
805:Xunaa Ḵáawu
694:Glacier Bay
671:Lingít Aaní
656:in Alaska.
493:Glacier Bay
437:in Canada.
403:matrilineal
398:in Canada.
140:Traditional
76: 1913
3053:Categories
2938:Holikachuk
2918:Deg Hitʼan
2573:References
2437:Sergei, 42
1913:Dino Rossi
1817:groups in
1782:sea otters
1774:soap berry
1704:and other
1154:Petersburg
1075:Shee Tʼiká
773:Anglicized
746:Tribes or
698:Lynn Canal
575:Athabascan
536:Taku River
524:) and the
358:Koulischen
346:kulut'ruaq
312:(natively
3038:Tsimshian
2394:Boyd, 241
2204:"Culture"
2183:"Yakutat"
1793:mammals.
1754:shellfish
1509:Kóok gaaw
1421:Ketchikan
1283:Ketchikan
952:Xutsnoowú
886:northern
848:('jade')
654:Tsimshian
441:Territory
338:, from a
206:English:
120:English,
115:Languages
3000:Siberian
2928:Gwichʼin
2923:Denaʼina
2846:Archived
2531:Archived
2346:25 March
2258:25 March
2238:Moss, 27
1982:See also
1973:X̱ʼunei
1962:Yeilxaak
1797:Genetics
1790:eulachon
1778:currants
1702:smallpox
1647:and the
1641:Sealaska
1633:phonemes
1617:(Lingít
1567:Language
1537:smallpox
1526:animists
1459:moieties
1398:(today)
1338:Auke Bay
1285:(today)
1126:Wrangell
1081:Sheetʼká
1078:(a.k.a.
1030:Dry Bay
958:Xudzidaa
955:(a.k.a.
917:Yakutat
892:Tuxekan
798:Kaliakh
708:forests.
696:and the
631:reserves
350:for the
174:Language
129:Religion
99:Canada (
18:Telengit
3059:Tlingit
3033:Tlingit
2987:Chugach
2971:Iñupiat
2943:Koyukon
2626:, 2011.
2380:8 April
1786:Herring
1758:seaweed
1750:Halibut
1681:History
1672:Economy
1663:Housing
1653:Klukwan
1629:grammar
1530:Shamans
1411:Culture
1197:Klukwan
1006:Klawock
866:Sumdum
689:forest.
662:Yakutat
629:) have
621:), and
599:Tahltan
571:Stikine
563:Chilkat
551:Pacific
514:and on
418:Alaskan
328:Koloshi
197:Tlingit
184:Country
168:Tlingit
122:Tlingit
39:Tlingit
2963:Eskimo
2948:Tanana
2834:, 1909
2770:
2743:
2724:
2705:
2683:
2656:
2637:
2608:
2593:
2484:
2455:
2421:
2319:
2210:21 May
1956:X'unéi
1776:, and
1766:salmon
1756:, and
1740:salmon
1694:Skeena
1657:Angoon
1476:at.oow
1471:canoes
1396:Saxman
1311:Haines
1190:khwaan
1057:Teslin
978:Angoon
863:Sedum
819:Hoonah
749:ḵwáans
717:spruce
607:Tagish
585:, and
583:Teslin
569:, and
459:Alaska
352:labret
335:Колоши
315:Lingít
289:) are
282:-kit,
201:Lingít
178:Lingít
164:People
154:Lingít
94:14,000
89:Alaska
3028:Haida
3018:Aleut
3011:Other
2976:Yupik
2913:Ahtna
2037:Notes
1463:clans
1224:Atlin
1184:xhaat
1178:Chaal
1175:From
1101:Sitka
1087:Ḵwáan
964:Ḵwáan
845:S'oow
842:From
720:taiga
713:Yukon
650:Haida
603:Kaska
579:Atlin
555:Alsek
479:Haida
435:Yukon
342:term
284:KLING
280:TLING
267:
110:2,110
105:Yukon
3023:Eyak
2768:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2681:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2562:2019
2482:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2382:2022
2348:2022
2317:ISBN
2260:2022
2212:2024
2190:2023
2169:2023
2074:2021
1788:and
1764:and
1762:seal
1744:seal
1716:Food
1696:and
1655:and
1517:orca
1252:Kake
938:Taku
733:and
704:and
652:and
605:and
567:Taku
545:and
461:and
410:clan
286:-kit
195:The
61:Taku
2933:Hän
2764:112
1480:(s)
857:aan
851:daa
762:IPA
729:to
199:or
3055::
2830:,
2826:,
2790:.
2766:.
2553:.
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2373:.
2339:.
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2103:^
2057:^
2045:^
1947:c.
1821:.
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1752:,
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252:ŋ
249:ɪ
246:l
243:k
240:ˈ
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234:t
231:ɪ
228:k
225:ŋ
222:ɪ
219:l
216:t
213:ˈ
210:/
203:(
107:)
91:)
27:.
20:.
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