132:
125:
36:
360:
353:, while its top features flow folds and wrinkles. The dome reaches an elevation of 5,018 metres (16,463 ft). Two separate vents and two different geologic units are discernible. It and Tocorpuri, which are 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) distant from each other, have been described as a volcano pair, whose existence may be a consequence of tectonics.
473:. Snow has been observed on the summit, and a 1985 map displays a persistent ice/snow cover there. The Putana River south of Tocorpuri flows towards the Salar de Atacama and receives important tributaries from the Tocorpuri area, such as Quebrada La Torta, Rio Blanco o Tocorpuri and Quebrada Agua Brava.
468:
climate with a low mean temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) and a diurnal temperature range of 20 °C (36 °F). Annual precipitation on the summit has been estimated to exceed 360 millimetres (14 in), while about 159 millimetres (6.3 in) fall every year south of
Tocorpuri. Most of
443:
filled the crater of
Tocorpuri. South of La Torta, moraines extending from East Tocorpuri extend south-southwestward. Between Tatio and La Torta, there are two tongues of moraines side-by-side. The moraines from the western valley have overrun the eastern valley moraines and are accompanied by thin
1589:
Palacios, David; Stokes, Chris R.; Phillips, Fred M.; Clague, John J.; Alcalá-Reygosa, Jesus; Andrés, Nuria; Angel, Isandra; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Briner, Jason P.; Hall, Brenda L.; Dahms, Dennis; Hein, Andrew S.; Jomelli, Vincent; Mark, Bryan G.; Martini, Mateo A.; Moreno, Patricio; Riedel, Jon;
543:
and
Tocorpuri were emplaced around 100,000–90,000 years ago. The total volume of these domes exceeds 40 cubic kilometres (9.6 cu mi), of which Cerro Chao is by far the largest. These domes are part of a northwest–southeast alignment that is associated with the margin of the
348:
is located between the
Tocorpuri volcano to the east and Tatio volcano to the west. It is a flat-topped, about 200 metres (660 ft) high body with steep flanks that covers a surface of about 11 square kilometres (4.2 sq mi) in a flat area. Its flanks are covered with
678:
geothermal fields lie north and east of
Tocorpuri, respectively, and Trujillo-RamĂrez 1974 reported additional manifestations south of Tocorpuri. El Tatio may receive its heat flux from a heat reservoir under La Torta. GeotĂ©rmica del Norte, a consortium between the companies
741:; it appears to have formed through a single event. It is not clear whether volcanism at La Torta and the other lava domes is a relic of the previous activity of the APVC or the beginning of a new magmatic cycle. La Torta has been mentioned as a possible vent of the
359:
294:
Tocorpuri volcano is a complex of three different edifices. East
Tocorpuri is 5,808 metres (19,055 ft) high and rises 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) around the surrounding terrain. A large, slightly elongated 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) wide
319:
occur on the southern flank, with younger, smaller flows present in the summit region. West
Tocorpuri consists mainly of blocky lava flows which are particularly noticeable on the western side while East Tocorpuri consists of lava flows,
336:
of
Tocorpuri, which crops out on an area of 9 square kilometres (3.5 sq mi) on the southeastern flank within a horseshoe-shaped scar. Tocorpuri is part of the main volcanic chain of the border region between Chile and Bolivia.
2083:
de Silva, S. L.; Self, S.; Francis, P. W.; Drake, R. E.; Carlos, Ramirez R. (10 September 1994). "Effusive silicic volcanism in the
Central Andes: The Chao dacite and other young lavas of the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex".
1504:
Ward, Dylan J.; Cesta, Jason M.; Galewsky, Joseph; Sagredo, Esteban (15 November 2015). "Late
Pleistocene glaciations of the arid subtropical Andes and new results from the Chajnantor Plateau, northern Chile".
523:(APVC) has been episodically active between 10 and 1 million years ago. Surges in activity took place 8, 6 and 4 million years ago; since 2.6 million years ago activity has declined. In the late
1380:"CaracterizaciĂłn de lavas vĂtreas de fuentes y sitios arqueolĂłgicos del Formativo Temprano en la Subárea Circumpuneña: Resultados preliminares y proyecciones para la prehistoria atacameña"
1175:
Lucchi, F.; Tranne, C.A.; Gallardo, C.; Rossi, P.L.; Pini, G.A.; De Astis, G. (2009). GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE EL TATIO VOLCANIC AREA(central Andes – northern Chile (Report) – via
200:
is a volcano in Chile, close to the border with Bolivia. Its peak height is most recently given as 5,808 metres (19,055 ft) and it features a 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) wide
695:
Volcanism in the area commenced 800,000 years ago. Tocorpuri formed in four stages, the first two built the two Tocorpuri volcanoes, the third produced lava flows emanating from
699:
on Tocorpuri's southern and northwestern flank and the fourth the La Torta dome. DĂ©ruelle 1979 inferred that East Tocorpuri was more recent than La Torta or West Tocorpuri.
793:
Heights of 5,018 metres (16,463 ft), 5,830 metres (19,130 ft) or of over 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) have been reported for Tocorpuri; the Chilean geographer
1378:
Seelenfreund H, Andrea; Sinclaire A, Carole; de Souza H, Patricio; Dinator R, MarĂa InĂ©s; Fonseca P, Eugenia; Chesta A, Miguel; Morales P, JosĂ© Roberto (2004).
882:"Effusive eruption of viscous silicic magma triggered and driven by recharge: a case study of the Cerro Chascon-Runtu Jarita Dome Complex in Southwest Bolivia"
2131:
Letelier, Juvenal A.; O’Sullivan, John; Reich, Martin; Veloso, Eugenio; Sánchez-Alfaro, Pablo; Aravena, Diego; Muñoz, Mauricio; Morata, Diego (January 2021).
1749:"U-series in zircon and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology reveal the most recent stage of a supervolcanic cycle in the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, Central Andes"
2334:
3003:
1300:"Os destinos turĂsticos do centro sul americano. Instrumentos que transfronteirizam a integraçao regional: um exemplo aplicado a Rota Pantanal Pacifico"
2235:
2998:
2303:
1485:
1460:
3018:
639:
2182:"Volcanic and tectonic history of El Tatio area (central Andes, northern Chile): explanatory notes to the 1:50000 scale geological map"
536:
1055:
3008:
2133:"Reservoir architecture model and heat transfer modes in the El Tatio-La Torta geothermal system, Central Andes of northern Chile"
2019:"40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province"
684:
68:
2017:
Salisbury, Morgan J.; Jicha, Brian R.; Silva, Shanaka L. de; Singer, Brad S.; Jiménez, Néstor C.; Ort, Michael H. (1 May 2011).
520:
179:
2327:
1214:
SepĂşlveda Rivera, Isabel; Molina Otárola, RaĂşl; Delgado-Serrano, MarĂa del Mar; Guerrero Ginel, JosĂ© Emilio (December 2015).
366:
1892:
710:
have offset Pliocene to Quaternary deposits around and on Tocorpuri, including in the summit region and the summit crater.
1379:
1215:
124:
754:
315:
deposits can be found in the summit region and were mined in the past. Other craters are heavily eroded and old, eroded
61:
940:"Fluid geochemistry of hydrothermal systems in the Arica-Parinacota, Tarapacá and Antofagasta regions (northern Chile)"
938:
Tassi, F.; Aguilera, F.; Darrah, T.; Vaselli, O.; Capaccioni, B.; Poreda, R. J.; Delgado Huertas, A. (20 April 2010).
186:
3013:
2790:
2359:
759:
582:
have influenced the development of the volcanoes, including that of Tocorpuri, and La Torta formed at the end of a
283:
region passes south of the volcano. This road system is considered to be the oldest in Chile, was in use since the
388:
2677:
2320:
1550:"Across the Arid Diagonal: deglaciation of the western Andean Cordillera in southwest Bolivia and northern Chile"
2284:
1715:
2118:
1590:
Sagredo, Esteban; Stansell, Nathan D.; Vázquez-Selem, Lorenzo; Vuille, Mathias; Ward, Dylan J. (1 April 2020).
470:
456:
and by about 30,700 years ago the western glaciers were gone. Erosional debris covers the flanks of Tocorpuri.
2860:
2018:
1299:
263:. The border with Bolivia runs around the eastern side of Tocorpuri's summit crater. The area lies in Chile's
1624:
1549:
2880:
2123:
449:
2542:
501:
2070:
1091:
Duque, Carlos E. (1981). "PresentaciĂłn Cartográfica de toponimia IndĂgena Chilena.(Area Septentrional)".
243:. The most recent eruption generated the La Torta lava dome 34,000 ± 7,000 years ago; presently there is
2532:
2492:
880:
Watts, Robert B.; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Jimenez de Rios, Guillermina; Croudace, Ian (1 September 1999).
513:
505:
2855:
2800:
1009:"Volcan Indien, Volcan Chrétien À Propos de l'Éruption du Huaynaputina en l'An 1600 (Pérou Méridional)"
268:
2132:
1947:
1591:
939:
2895:
2865:
2835:
2795:
2732:
2717:
2607:
2469:
2343:
2247:
2144:
2093:
2030:
1959:
1948:"Structural control on volcanoes and magma paths from local- to orogen-scale: The central Andes case"
1760:
1603:
1514:
1298:
Carvalho, Vanilde Alves de; Bezerra, Fabiana de Souza; Netto, Luiz Da Rosa Garcia (21 October 2007).
951:
893:
794:
497:
453:
374:
280:
264:
745:
700,000 years old Tatio ignimbrite, whose actual vent is probably buried under the Tatio volcanoes.
378:
2820:
2424:
2198:
1056:"Evidencias formativas en una vĂa interregional entre san pedro de Atacama y el Altiplano de LĂpez"
509:
489:
382:
370:
164:
722:
age was inferred from the fact that on its southeastern flank, La Torta overlies late Pleistocene
2953:
2785:
2512:
2168:
1748:
1637:
1280:
1193:
1036:
917:
738:
727:
670:, gas seeps and bubbling pools at 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) elevation north of La Torta. The
575:
1478:
Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes: Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin
578:
crops out only farther west. These ignimbrites were produced by eruptions in the APVC. Geologic
2236:"Voluminous plutonism during volcanic quiescence revealed by thermochemical modeling of zircon"
2199:"Zooplankton of the highland bogs of Putana, a desert wetland of the high puna, northern Chile"
2943:
2900:
2875:
2737:
2414:
2379:
2364:
2299:
2263:
2218:
2160:
2046:
1975:
1629:
1571:
1530:
1481:
1456:
1397:
1307:
1272:
1233:
1073:
1028:
967:
909:
734:
493:
436:
304:
244:
2234:
Tierney, Casey R.; Schmitt, Axel K.; Lovera, Oscar M.; Silva, Shanaka L. de (1 August 2016).
1686:
2958:
2948:
2870:
2850:
2805:
2682:
2647:
2409:
2384:
2293:
2255:
2210:
2152:
2101:
2038:
1967:
1893:
Seminario sobre los Recursos Energéticos de Chile. Catastro de Recursos Geotérmicos de Chile
1653:
1651:
1619:
1611:
1561:
1522:
1387:
1264:
1223:
1063:
1020:
959:
901:
799:
341:
321:
300:
284:
209:
804:
believed it was 6,755 metres (22,162 ft) high and thus the fourth-highest peak in the
2775:
2747:
2612:
2434:
2374:
1747:
Tierney, C.; de Silva, S. L.; Schmitt, A. K.; Jicha, B.; Singer, B. S. (1 December 2010).
881:
774:
445:
333:
240:
2840:
2251:
2148:
2097:
2034:
1963:
1764:
1607:
1518:
955:
897:
291:, is also known as Michina, Cerro de Tocorpuri Cerros de Tocorpuri or Volcán Tocorpuri.
2667:
2592:
1216:"Aguas, Riego y Cultivos: Cambios y Permanencias en los Ayllus de San Pedro de Atacama"
764:
718:
Ages of less than one million years ago and of 101,000 years ago have been reported. A
545:
288:
174:
2156:
2078:. Segundo Congreso GeolĂłgico Chileno (in French). Inst. Investigaciones Geol Santiago.
1682:
702:
Between the two stages of volcanic activity, the edifices were tectonically deformed.
216:
is a 200 metres (660 ft) high flat-topped structure. The volcanoes are formed by
2992:
2915:
2910:
2890:
2522:
2394:
2172:
1641:
963:
696:
675:
631:
623:
611:
296:
260:
201:
2285:
PerforaciĂłn GeotĂ©rmica Profunda El Tatio : fase I. CapĂtulo 4 : LĂnea base
2180:
Lucchi, F.; Tranne, C. A.; Rossi, P. L.; De Astis, G.; Pini, G. A. (December 2009).
1615:
1526:
1392:
1228:
1068:
921:
687:, holds concessions for geothermal power prospecting in the El Tatio-La Torta area.
2963:
2925:
2702:
2642:
2567:
2226:
2189:
1176:
707:
643:
583:
549:
528:
272:
212:
and is subdivided into two separate edifices. Just west of Tocorpuri, the La Torta
35:
2197:
Muñoz-Pedreros, AndrĂ©s; De los RĂos-Escalante, Patricio; Möller, Patricia (2015).
2920:
2770:
2637:
2632:
2622:
2562:
2369:
2181:
1971:
1896:
635:
540:
524:
482:
308:
232:
2113:
570:, except for the area at the frontier between Bolivia and Chile which features
2830:
2662:
2657:
2617:
2587:
2497:
2464:
2459:
2419:
2214:
1691:(1 ed.). 1:250000 (in Spanish). Instituto Geografico Militar Chile. 1985.
769:
667:
663:
627:
615:
571:
567:
532:
236:
205:
2267:
2222:
2164:
2050:
1979:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1633:
1575:
1534:
1476:
Reutter, Klaus-Joachim; Scheuber, Ekkehard; Wigger, Peter (6 December 2012).
1401:
1311:
1276:
1237:
1077:
1032:
971:
913:
403:
390:
83:
70:
2780:
2765:
2742:
2707:
2687:
2672:
2527:
2507:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
651:
607:
579:
557:
553:
345:
316:
276:
259:
Tocorpuri lies in northern Chile, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of
213:
2389:
1727:
1725:
854:
852:
826:
Low lava domes in the Central Andes are frequently referred to as "tortas".
1413:
1411:
1361:
1359:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1024:
905:
2968:
2905:
2845:
2815:
2722:
2652:
2582:
2577:
2547:
2517:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2429:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1701:
1657:
805:
719:
671:
603:
595:
564:
248:
225:
217:
1040:
1008:
2810:
2727:
2712:
2697:
2602:
2572:
2404:
2399:
1108:
1106:
723:
647:
619:
485:
440:
428:
424:
420:
329:
2105:
1592:"The deglaciation of the Americas during the Last Glacial Termination"
1566:
1284:
1252:
496:. This subduction process is responsible for volcanism in most of the
2885:
2825:
2692:
2627:
2597:
2557:
2537:
2502:
2474:
2259:
2042:
703:
654:
composition of La Torta resembles that of the other APVC lava domes.
599:
465:
432:
312:
221:
51:
2312:
2072:
Les volcans de Tocorpuri: pétrologie des laves et genèse magmatique
1268:
2552:
2439:
350:
2295:
Producción y circulación prehispánicas de bienes en el sur andino
1716:
Hoyas hidrográficas de Chile : Segunda Región de Antofagasta
987:
985:
983:
981:
680:
325:
2316:
642:
has been proposed. The volcanic rocks in the summit region are
1916:
1878:
2980:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
1946:
Tibaldi, A.; Bonali, F. L.; Corazzato, C. (15 March 2017).
556:, having built numerous volcanic cones. The formation of a
1346:
1344:
1141:
1992:
1933:
1837:
1813:
1801:
1731:
1417:
1365:
1335:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
2004:
1789:
1777:
1438:
858:
835:
Dacite on West Tocorpuri and andesite on east Tocorpuri.
638:
and differ between the various rocks. An origin through
1702:
Muñoz-Pedreros, De los RĂos-Escalante & Möller 2015
1658:
Muñoz-Pedreros, De los RĂos-Escalante & Möller 2015
1548:
Ward, D.; Thornton, R.; Cesta, J. (15 September 2017).
1209:
1207:
730:
eventually yielded an age of 34,000 ± 7,000 years ago.
423:
erosion has cut into the flanks of the volcanoes, with
1480:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 109.
1007:
BOUYSSE-CASSAGNE, Thérèse; BOUYSSE, Philippe (1984).
586:
that may have served as the path of ascent of magma.
439:
occurring on the Tocorpuri volcanoes. In the past, a
2934:
2756:
2483:
2350:
247:which may be connected to that of the neighbouring
185:
173:
163:
158:
150:
112:
104:
99:
60:
50:
45:
23:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
817:West Tocorpuri is located north of East Tocorpuri.
1625:20.500.11820/ce32fbdc-98f1-41f3-a366-2af5c9eb7ee7
1499:
1497:
733:The La Torta lava dome was emplaced through an
1742:
1740:
1453:Volcaniclastic Rocks, from Magmas to Sediments
944:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
299:caps the summit. From Tocorpuri's summit, the
231:The Tocorpuri volcanoes developed in the late
2328:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1002:
1000:
235:in three separate stages and were subject to
8:
2283:S.A, SGA; Geotermia, G. D. N. (2015-05-18).
2086:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
481:Off the western coast of South America, the
448:deposits. These moraines have been dated by
431:deposits covering the foot of La Torta and
1188:
1186:
933:
931:
594:The volcanic rocks of Tocorpuri consist of
548:caldera. Volcanism today is focused on the
2335:
2321:
2313:
1451:Leyrit, H.; Montenat, C. (8 August 2000).
20:
1623:
1565:
1391:
1227:
1067:
1861:
1849:
1825:
1350:
1145:
1013:Journal de la Société des américanistes
848:
786:
332:. There is evidence of a southeastward
1554:Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica
516:(AVZ). Tocorpuri is part of the CVZ.
7:
1891:Trujillo-RamĂrez, Patricio (1974).
1718:(Report) (in Spanish). p. 172.
537:Cerro Chascon-Runtu Jarita complex
452:: They formed during the regional
14:
2157:10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101940
563:Most of the region is covered by
204:. The volcano consists mainly of
131:
2298:(in Spanish). Editorial Brujas.
964:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.02.006
358:
130:
123:
108:11 km (4.2 sq mi)
34:
2999:Volcanoes of Antofagasta Region
1669:
1616:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103113
1527:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.022
1393:10.4067/S0718-10432004002800005
1229:10.4067/S0718-10432015000200012
1112:
1069:10.4067/S0718-10432008000100002
991:
560:under the APVC may be ongoing.
521:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
464:The region has a high-altitude
180:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
3004:Volcanoes of PotosĂ Department
574:volcanics; the pre-ignimbrite
1:
1115:, Synonyms & Subfeatures.
742:
685:Empresa Nacional del PetrĂłleo
275:road connecting the Bolivian
56:5,808 m (19,055 ft)
1054:Pimentel G, Gonzalo (2008).
755:List of volcanoes in Bolivia
662:Tocorpuri is reported to be
16:Volcano in Bolivia and Chile
3019:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
1972:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.01.005
1253:"The Altitude of Aconcagua"
469:it occurs during summer as
311:in the world, are visible.
3035:
1753:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
1714:Niemeyer F., Hans (1980).
1507:Quaternary Science Reviews
1251:Patron, Luis Riso (1928).
760:List of volcanoes in Chile
646:altered. The crystal-rich
640:fractional crystallization
287:. The name comes from the
2977:
2292:Nielsen, Axel E. (2007).
2215:10.1163/15685403-00003482
1455:. CRC Press. p. 56.
737:that commenced with weak
117:
40:View from the south-west.
33:
28:
3009:Stratovolcanoes of Chile
2119:Global Volcanism Program
1895:(Report). Archived from
500:, which consists of the
471:convective precipitation
340:The La Torta ("cake" in
2124:Smithsonian Institution
1198:volcano.oregonstate.edu
886:Bulletin of Volcanology
450:surface exposure dating
2757:Southern Volcanic Zone
2543:Andagua volcanic field
2351:Northern Volcanic Zone
2287:(Report) (in Spanish).
994:, General Information.
666:active, and there are
502:Northern Volcanic Zone
265:Antofagasta Department
2935:Austral Volcanic Zone
2861:Puyehue-CordĂłn Caulle
2533:Huambo volcanic field
2484:Central Volcanic Zone
2069:DĂ©ruelle, B. (1979).
1596:Earth-Science Reviews
1025:10.3406/jsa.1984.2238
906:10.1007/s004450050274
514:Austral Volcanic Zone
506:Central Volcanic Zone
460:Climate and hydrology
404:22.55333°S 67.85389°W
2470:Licto volcanic field
2209:(10–11): 1235–1244.
2005:de Silva et al. 1994
1917:Letelier et al. 2021
1879:Letelier et al. 2021
1790:de Silva et al. 1994
1778:de Silva et al. 1994
1439:de Silva et al. 1994
1304:Espacio y Desarrollo
859:de Silva et al. 1994
498:Andean Volcanic Belt
454:last glacial maximum
409:-22.55333; -67.85389
281:San Pedro de Atacama
269:Sur Lipez Department
210:pyroclastic deposits
191:34,000 ± 7,000 years
2252:2016Geo....44..683T
2149:2021Geoth..8901940L
2098:1994JGR....9917805D
2092:(B9): 17805–17825.
2035:2011GSAB..123..821S
1993:Tierney et al. 2016
1964:2017Tectp.699...16T
1804:, pp. 684–685.
1802:Tierney et al. 2016
1765:2010AGUFM.V41B2277T
1732:Tierney et al. 2016
1608:2020ESRv..20303113P
1519:2015QSRv..128...98W
1384:Estudios Atacameños
1257:Geographical Review
1220:Estudios Atacameños
1060:Estudios Atacameños
956:2010JVGR..192....1T
898:1999BVol...61..241W
658:Hydrothermal system
510:South Volcanic Zone
490:South America Plate
400: /
385:. Camera location:
383:Cerros de Tocorpuri
245:geothermal activity
80: /
2856:Carrán-Los Venados
2801:Nevados de Chillán
2786:Descabezado Grande
1934:Lucchi et al. 2009
1838:Lucchi et al. 2009
1814:Lucchi et al. 2009
1418:Lucchi et al. 2009
1366:Lucchi et al. 2009
1336:Lucchi et al. 2009
739:explosive activity
728:Argon-argon dating
437:glacial striations
303:salt flat and the
251:geothermal field.
46:Highest point
3014:Complex volcanoes
2986:
2985:
2796:Nevado de LongavĂ
2738:Cueros de Purulla
2718:CordĂłn del Azufre
2380:Nevado del Tolima
2305:978-987-591-107-9
2106:10.1029/94JB00652
1567:10.18172/cig.3209
1487:978-3-642-77353-2
1462:978-90-5699-278-1
735:effusive eruption
527:, the lava domes
494:Peru-Chile Trench
305:Chuquicamata mine
267:and on Bolivia's
195:
194:
84:22.433°S 67.967°W
3026:
2981:
2851:Mocho-Choshuenco
2385:Nevado del Huila
2344:Andean volcanoes
2337:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2309:
2288:
2271:
2260:10.1130/G37968.1
2230:
2193:
2176:
2127:
2109:
2079:
2077:
2055:
2054:
2043:10.1130/B30280.1
2014:
2008:
2007:, p. 17824.
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1792:, p. 17806.
1787:
1781:
1780:, p. 17805.
1775:
1769:
1768:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1679:
1673:
1672:, Photo Gallery.
1667:
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1545:
1539:
1538:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1442:
1441:, p. 17821.
1436:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1375:
1369:
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1339:
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995:
989:
976:
975:
935:
926:
925:
877:
862:
861:, p. 17804.
856:
836:
833:
827:
824:
818:
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809:
803:
791:
744:
691:Geologic history
415:
414:
412:
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405:
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398:
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393:
362:
301:Salar de Atacama
285:Formative Period
134:
133:
127:
95:
94:
92:
91:
90:
89:-22.433; -67.967
85:
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78:
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38:
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2748:Ojos del Salado
2678:Aguas Calientes
2485:
2479:
2375:Nevado del Ruiz
2352:
2346:
2341:
2306:
2291:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2233:
2196:
2179:
2130:
2112:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1923:
1915:
1911:
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1900:
1890:
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1784:
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1772:
1746:
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1713:
1712:
1708:
1704:, p. 1237.
1700:
1696:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:, p. 1238.
1656:
1649:
1588:
1587:
1583:
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1222:(51): 185–206.
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797:
795:Luis RisopatrĂłn
792:
788:
783:
775:Laguna Colorada
751:
716:
693:
660:
592:
479:
462:
418:
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375:Cerros de Tatio
368:
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334:sector collapse
257:
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88:
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17:
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2668:Purico complex
2665:
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2278:
2277:External links
2275:
2273:
2272:
2246:(8): 683–686.
2231:
2194:
2177:
2128:
2110:
2080:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2009:
1997:
1995:, p. 684.
1985:
1952:Tectonophysics
1938:
1921:
1909:
1883:
1866:
1864:, p. 221.
1854:
1852:, p. 216.
1842:
1830:
1828:, p. 213.
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1736:
1734:, p. 683.
1721:
1706:
1694:
1674:
1662:
1647:
1581:
1556:(in Spanish).
1540:
1493:
1486:
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1461:
1443:
1422:
1407:
1370:
1355:
1353:, p. 215.
1340:
1317:
1290:
1269:10.2307/208029
1243:
1203:
1182:
1150:
1148:, p. 214.
1117:
1102:
1095:(in Spanish).
1093:Revista Signos
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767:
765:Putana Volcano
762:
757:
750:
747:
715:
712:
692:
689:
664:solfatarically
659:
656:
644:hydrothermally
591:
588:
552:and is mainly
546:Pastos Grandes
512:(SVZ) and the
478:
475:
461:
458:
379:Cerro La Torta
365:
364:
357:
356:
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307:, the largest
289:Kunza language
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175:Volcanic field
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2353:(6° N – 3° S)
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1899:on 2021-08-04
1898:
1894:
1887:
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1875:
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1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:DĂ©ruelle 1979
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:DĂ©ruelle 1979
1846:
1843:
1840:, p. 25.
1839:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:DĂ©ruelle 1979
1822:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1759:: V41B–2277.
1758:
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1743:
1741:
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1717:
1710:
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1458:
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1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:, p. 16.
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1386:(28): 45–57.
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1368:, p. 13.
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:DĂ©ruelle 1979
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:, p. 12.
1337:
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1146:DĂ©ruelle 1979
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748:
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729:
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721:
713:
711:
709:
708:normal faults
705:
700:
698:
697:fissure vents
690:
688:
686:
682:
677:
676:Sol de Manana
673:
669:
665:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:orthopyroxene
629:
625:
624:clinopyroxene
621:
617:
613:
612:calc-alkaline
609:
606:and define a
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413:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Tatio Volcano
367:
361:
354:
352:
347:
343:
338:
335:
331:
327:
324:deposits and
323:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:summit crater
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
255:Geomorphology
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
239:and tectonic
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:summit crater
199:
190:
188:
187:Last eruption
184:
181:
178:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
126:
116:
111:
107:
103:
98:
93:
65:
63:
59:
55:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2841:Quetrupillán
2703:Llullaillaco
2568:Huaynaputina
2294:
2243:
2239:
2227:ResearchGate
2225:– via
2206:
2202:
2190:ResearchGate
2188:– via
2185:
2140:
2136:
2117:
2089:
2085:
2071:
2029:(5–6): 834.
2026:
2023:GSA Bulletin
2022:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1936:, p. 9.
1919:, p. 2.
1912:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:the original
1886:
1881:, p. 6.
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1816:, p. 1.
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1756:
1752:
1709:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1665:
1599:
1595:
1584:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1510:
1506:
1477:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1383:
1373:
1303:
1293:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1219:
1197:
1177:ResearchGate
1099:(17): 69–70.
1096:
1092:
1086:
1062:(35): 7–33.
1059:
1049:
1016:
1012:
947:
943:
889:
885:
831:
822:
813:
789:
732:
717:
701:
694:
661:
593:
584:thrust fault
562:
529:Cerro Chanka
518:
488:beneath the
480:
463:
419:
339:
293:
273:pre-Hispanic
258:
230:
197:
196:
18:
2937:(49°–55° S)
2921:Mate Grande
2771:Tupungatito
2759:(33°–46° S)
2638:Olca-Paruma
2633:Irruputuncu
2623:Tata Sabaya
2563:Pichu Pichu
2493:Quimsachata
2486:(14°–27° S)
2370:Cerro Bravo
2203:Crustaceana
2137:Geothermics
2114:"Tocorpuri"
798: [
668:hot springs
636:plagioclase
616:Phenocrysts
590:Composition
568:ignimbrites
541:Chillahuita
525:Pleistocene
508:(CVZ), the
504:(NVZ), the
483:Nazca Plate
407: /
322:pyroclastic
309:copper mine
233:Pleistocene
169:Pleistocene
165:Age of rock
87: /
62:Coordinates
2993:Categories
2881:Hornopirén
2866:Casablanca
2836:Villarrica
2831:Sollipulli
2791:Cerro Azul
2663:Licancabur
2658:Sairecabur
2618:Guallatiri
2608:Parinacota
2588:Purupuruni
2498:Auquihuato
2465:Tungurahua
2460:Chimborazo
2420:Reventador
2395:Doña Juana
2143:: 101940.
1903:2020-12-15
1560:(2): 683.
1306:(19): 64.
1263:(3): 488.
1194:"Tocopuri"
892:(4): 243.
843:References
770:Sairecabur
628:hornblende
580:lineaments
572:Quaternary
533:Cerro Chao
395:67°51′14″W
392:22°33′12″S
317:lava flows
237:glaciation
206:lava flows
100:Dimensions
2901:Corcovado
2821:Lonquimay
2781:Calabozos
2766:Tupungato
2743:Incahuasi
2708:Lastarria
2688:Chiliques
2528:Sabancaya
2508:Sara Sara
2425:Pichincha
2360:Paipa-Iza
2268:0091-7613
2223:0011-216X
2173:224845019
2165:0375-6505
2051:0016-7606
1980:0040-1951
1642:213225803
1634:0012-8252
1576:1697-9540
1535:0277-3791
1402:0718-1043
1312:1016-9148
1277:0016-7428
1238:0718-1043
1078:0718-1043
1033:0037-9174
972:0377-0273
914:1432-0819
652:rhyolitic
608:potassium
558:batholith
554:andesitic
346:lava dome
279:with the
277:Altiplano
226:rhyolitic
218:andesitic
214:lava dome
198:Tocorpuri
138:Tocorpuri
113:Geography
52:Elevation
24:Tocorpuri
2969:Fueguino
2954:Aguilera
2906:Mentolat
2816:Callaqui
2653:Zapaleri
2583:Yucamane
2578:Tutupaca
2548:Chachani
2518:Coropuna
2513:Solimana
2455:Quilotoa
2450:Cotopaxi
2445:Illiniza
2430:Antisana
2186:Geo Acta
1683:"CALAMA"
1041:24606254
950:(1): 2.
922:56303121
806:Americas
749:See also
724:moraines
720:Holocene
714:La Torta
683:and the
672:El Tatio
618:include
604:rhyolite
596:andesite
576:basement
565:Tertiary
486:subducts
425:moraines
249:El Tatio
241:faulting
29:Tocopuri
2944:Lautaro
2896:Chaitén
2876:Calbuco
2811:Copahue
2728:Peinado
2713:Lazufre
2698:Socompa
2603:Taapaca
2573:Ticsani
2415:Cayambe
2405:Azufral
2400:Galeras
2365:Romeral
2248:Bibcode
2240:Geology
2145:Bibcode
2094:Bibcode
2062:Sources
2031:Bibcode
1960:Bibcode
1761:Bibcode
1685:(Map).
1604:Bibcode
1515:Bibcode
1513:: 107.
952:Bibcode
894:Bibcode
704:Thrusts
648:dacitic
620:biotite
614:suite.
492:in the
477:Geology
441:glacier
433:cirques
429:mudflow
421:Glacial
342:Spanish
330:breccia
228:rocks.
222:dacitic
159:Geology
151:Country
75:67°58′W
72:22°26′S
2964:Burney
2959:Reclus
2949:Viedma
2926:Hudson
2886:Huequi
2871:Osorno
2826:Llaima
2806:Antuco
2693:Aracar
2683:Lascar
2673:Pacana
2648:Azufre
2628:Isluga
2598:Tacora
2593:Casiri
2558:Ubinas
2538:Ampato
2503:Firura
2475:Sangay
2410:Chiles
2390:Puracé
2302:
2266:
2221:
2171:
2163:
2049:
1978:
1958:: 28.
1640:
1632:
1602:: 18.
1574:
1533:
1484:
1459:
1400:
1310:
1285:208029
1283:
1275:
1236:
1076:
1039:
1031:
1019:: 66.
970:
920:
912:
610:-rich
600:dacite
466:steppe
369:FLTR:
328:-like
313:Sulfur
271:and a
261:Calama
2846:LanĂn
2776:Maipo
2723:Galán
2613:Lauca
2553:Misti
2440:Soche
2435:Aliso
2169:S2CID
2076:(PDF)
1638:S2CID
1281:JSTOR
1037:JSTOR
918:S2CID
802:]
781:Notes
446:drift
351:scree
154:Chile
2916:Macá
2300:ISBN
2264:ISSN
2219:ISSN
2161:ISSN
2047:ISSN
1976:ISSN
1630:ISSN
1572:ISSN
1531:ISSN
1482:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1398:ISSN
1308:ISSN
1273:ISSN
1234:ISSN
1074:ISSN
1029:ISSN
968:ISSN
910:ISSN
706:and
681:ENEL
674:and
634:and
602:and
519:The
435:and
427:and
326:tuff
224:and
208:and
105:Area
2911:Cay
2256:doi
2211:doi
2153:doi
2102:doi
2039:doi
2027:123
1968:doi
1956:699
1688:GVP
1670:GVP
1620:hdl
1612:doi
1600:203
1562:doi
1523:doi
1511:128
1388:doi
1265:doi
1224:doi
1113:GVP
1064:doi
1021:doi
992:GVP
960:doi
948:192
902:doi
650:to
550:arc
2995::
2262:.
2254:.
2244:44
2242:.
2238:.
2217:.
2207:88
2205:.
2201:.
2184:.
2167:.
2159:.
2151:.
2141:89
2139:.
2135:.
2122:.
2116:.
2100:.
2090:99
2088:.
2045:.
2037:.
2025:.
2021:.
1974:.
1966:.
1954:.
1950:.
1924:^
1869:^
1757:41
1755:.
1751:.
1739:^
1724:^
1650:^
1636:.
1628:.
1618:.
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1594:.
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1529:.
1521:.
1509:.
1496:^
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1358:^
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1120:^
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1027:.
1017:70
1015:.
1011:.
999:^
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958:.
946:.
942:.
930:^
916:.
908:.
900:.
890:61
888:.
884:.
866:^
851:^
800:es
743:c.
726:.
630:,
626:,
622:,
598:,
539:,
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531:,
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220:,
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2192:.
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1970::
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1200:.
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896::
808:.
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