1110:
1094:
1076:
1060:
1044:
1028:
821:
809:
1144:
1128:
797:
785:
1284:
1250:
692:
680:
1305:
1272:
76:
656:
44:
671:
58:
704:
1238:, or warning sounds that let predators know that trying to eat them will be troublesome; tobacco hornworms have been observed to thrash and bite predators after producing those clicking sounds. These clicks can be heard at a close distance with a frequency range of 5 to 50 kHz. The intensity of clicks increases with the number of attacks (Bura et al., 2012).
1231:, where they are reconverted to nicotine and released into the air from the tobacco hornworm's spiracles. The emitted nicotine is used as a way to deter spiders, a practice known as “toxic halitosis.” In one study, tobacco hornworms that fed from nicotine-deficient plants or expressed low levels of CYP6B46 were more susceptible to wolf spider predation.
422:. The larvae of these species can be distinguished by their lateral markings: Tomato hornworms have eight V-shaped white markings with no borders; tobacco hornworms have seven white diagonal lines with a black border. Additionally, tobacco hornworms have red horns, while tomato hornworms have dark blue or black horns. A
778:, and do so only once. Males may mate many times. Mating generally occurs on a vertical surface at night, and can last several hours, with the male and female facing in opposite positions, their posterior ends touching. After mating, females deposit their fertilized eggs on foliage, usually on the underside of leaves.
1227:. However, the tobacco hornworm is capable of metabolizing nicotine from the tobacco plant and using nicotine as a defense against predators. It possesses a gene called cytochrome P450 6B46 (CYP6B46) that converts nicotine into a metabolite. About 0.65% of nicotine metabolites are transported from the gut to the
850:
for experiments. They are frequently studied in the laboratory due to their large size and relative ease of rearing. They may be reared on host plants, such as tobacco and tobacco relatives, tomato plants, or wheat-germ-based artificial diet. Their rearing is straightforward, provided they receive a
1206:
of the deterrence associated peripheral neurons and
Glendinning et al. 1999 the same for caffeine. However Glendinning et al. 2001 find only a small peripheral desensitization for salicin, concluding that Schoonhoven erred, and that habituation in this case is centrally mediated. Tobacco hornworms
906:
poisonous substances found in dietary plants. Hornworms, though originally bred for laboratories, are also farmed for this purpose. They are often sold already packed into pods that include everything the larvae need, including food. Care is relatively easy, and animals seem to relish their bright
861:
Eggs are placed on diet cubes or host plants. The eggs hatch and develop at different speeds depending on temperature. The larvae are moved to a fresh diet or leaves as their food spoils or is consumed. When they start to "wander", they are about to pupate, so are placed in a pupation chamber.
1812:
Windfelder, Anton G.; Müller, Frank H. H.; Mc Larney, Benedict; Hentschel, Michael; Böhringer, Anna
Christina; von Bredow, Christoph-RĂĽdiger; Leinberger, Florian H.; Kampschulte, Marian; Maier, Lorenz; von Bredow, Yvette M.; Flocke, Vera; Merzendorfer, Hans; Krombach, Gabriele A.; Vilcinskas,
1480:
Windfelder, Anton G.; Müller, Frank H. H.; Mc Larney, Benedict; Hentschel, Michael; Böhringer, Anna
Christina; von Bredow, Christoph-RĂĽdiger; Leinberger, Florian H.; Kampschulte, Marian; Maier, Lorenz; von Bredow, Yvette M.; Flocke, Vera; Merzendorfer, Hans; Krombach, Gabriele A.; Vilcinskas,
471:) and used as a model in imaging and gut inflammation. It is used in a variety of biomedical and biological scientific experiments. It can be easily raised on a wheat-germ-based diet. The larva is large, and thus it is relatively easy to dissect it and isolate its organs.
1168:
Tobacco hornworms are facultative specialists; the larvae can grow and develop on any host plants. However, the larvae prefer solanaceous plants, such as tobacco and tomato plants. On these types of plants, larvae grow and develop faster. The lateral and medial
500:
are spherical, approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter, and translucent green. They typically hatch two to four days after they are laid. Eggs are normally found on the underside of foliage, but can also be found on the upper surface.
1109:
1093:
1210:
Tobacco hornworm larvae prefer humid environments. When dehydrated, tobacco hornworm larvae will move towards a source of water or to an area with a high relative level of humidity. They use their antennae to locate water to drink .
2312:
Windfelder, Anton G., Jessica
Steinbart, Ulrich Flögel, Jan Scherberich, Marian Kampschulte, Gabriele A. Krombach, and Andreas Vilcinskas. "A quantitative micro-tomographic gut atlas of the lepidopteran model insect Manduca sexta."
1249:
1075:
1059:
885:-which is a yellow pigment- needed to produce their green coloration; instead they appear blue. On some diets, they have very little pigment and pigment precursors, so are a very pale blue-white. As vitamin A and other
1043:
1027:
618:(aorta), which is a long, pulsating vessel running along the length of the caterpillar's dorsal side. The heart becomes visible through the skin just as the caterpillar is reaching the end of the final instar.
566:, which are primarily yellow in hue. The resulting combination is green. Under laboratory conditions—when fed a wheat-germ-based diet—larvae are turquoise in color due to the lack of carotenoids in their diet.
901:
Captive-bred hornworms fed on an artificial diet are often given to insectivorous exotic animals, such as certain reptiles, fish and small mammals. They are preferred over wild-collected hornworms, which may
1143:
1127:
2302:
Windfelder, Anton G., Jessica
Steinbart, Leonie Graser, Jan Scherberich, Gabriele A. Krombach, and Andreas Vilcinskas. "An Enteric Ultrastructural Surface Atlas of the Model Insect Manduca sexta."
1878:
Koshkina, Olga; Rheinberger, Timo; Flocke, Vera; Windfelder, Anton; Bouvain, Pascal; Hamelmann, Naomi M.; Paulusse, Jos M. J.; Gojzewski, Hubert; Flögel, Ulrich; Wurm, Frederik R. (July 19, 2023).
614:, burrows underground, and pupates. This searching behavior is known as "wandering". The imminence of pupation—suggested behaviorally by the wandering—can be anatomically confirmed by spotting the
820:
1207:
are considered pests because they feed on the upper leaves of tobacco plants and leave green or black droppings on the plants. As adults, they do not damage plants since they feed on nectar.
719:
Before the larva pupates, it goes through a stage called the pre-pupa, where it shrinks considerably and prepares to pupate. Often people mistake this stage for a dead or dying caterpillar.
1283:
808:
1943:
del Campo, M.L.; Miles, C.I.; Schroeder, F.C.; Mueller, C.; Booker, R.; Renwick, J.A. (2001). "Host recognition by the tobacco hornworm is mediated by a host plant compound".
796:
918:
larvae grow up to 100 millimeters in length, reaching up to 20 grams. Due to their large size, they are used as alternative animal models for medical imaging modalities like
1782:
426:
to remember the markings is tobacco hornworms have straight white lines like cigarettes, while tomato hornworms have V-shaped markings (as in "vine-ripened" tomatoes).
1465:
1234:
Tobacco hornworm caterpillars emit short clicking sounds from their mandibles when they are being attacked. This sound production is believed to be a type of acoustic
679:
2528:
784:
2593:
1367:
581:
caterpillar has seven white diagonal lines with a black border at the first seven abdominal segments, and the horn is red or green with a red tip. The
2502:
2541:
727:
The pupal stage lasts approximately 14–18 days under laboratory conditions (17 hours light, 7 hours dark, 27 °C). When reared on a short-day
866:
larvae are sealed in the chamber using a stopper and allowed to pupate. After pupation, the pupae are placed in a breeding or colony chamber to
2664:
691:
1304:
585:
caterpillar has V-shaped white markings with no borders at all eight of its abdominal segments, and the horn is dark blue or black in color.
2689:
2654:
610:(molting), but may add larval instars when nutrient conditions are poor. Near the end of this stage, the caterpillar seeks a location for
2345:
1329:
2669:
2554:
641:. Parasitized hornworms are often seen covered with multiple white, cottony wasp cocoons, which are often mistaken for large eggs. A
2644:
735:
that can last several months. During the pupal stage, structures of the adult moth form within the pupal case, which is shed during
2270:
Bura, Veronica L.; Hnain, Antoine K.; Hick, Justin N.; Yack, Jayne E. (2011). "Defensive Sound
Production in the Tobacco Hornworm,
1549:
2684:
1880:"Biodegradable polyphosphoester micelles act as both background-free 31P magnetic resonance imaging agents and drug nanocarriers"
1220:
1790:
2649:
2639:
637:, which lays its eggs in the bodies of the hornworms. The wasp larvae feed internally and emerge from the body to spin their
2546:
2580:
1674:"Flexible responses to visual and olfactory stimuli by foraging Manduca sexta: larval nutrition affects adult behaviour"
1271:
927:
468:
2437:
2003:
943:
525:
577:. The larvae of these two species can however be readily distinguished by their lateral markings. Specifically, the
2012:
1256:
1203:
923:
533:
464:
2598:
2063:
1815:"High-throughput screening of caterpillars as a platform to study host–microbe interactions and enteric immunity"
1483:"High-throughput screening of caterpillars as a platform to study host–microbe interactions and enteric immunity"
1400:
75:
2674:
1581:"Notes on the Life Cycle of the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera; Sphingidae), in Puerto Rico"
647:
2192:
Bura, V.L.; Hnain, A.K.; Hick, J.N.; Yack, J.E. (2012). "Defensive sound production in the tobacco hornworm,
2059:
1409:
838:
622:
574:
1173:
styloconia (sensory receptors) on their mouthparts help them to identify solanaceous plants by recognizing
2659:
2370:
1224:
2559:
2442:
1363:
545:
170:
1580:
2476:
1952:
1891:
1826:
1494:
893:), an artificial-diet-reared hornworm may have poor vision due to lack of carotenoids in the diet.
383:
374:
191:
2572:
2679:
2408:
2291:
2213:
2040:
1976:
1610:
1457:
1294:
1261:
1174:
633:
560:
200:
70:
486:
has about two generations per year, but can have three or four generations per year in
Florida.
2533:
2318:
2307:
1643:
2606:
2463:
2258:
2174:
2119:
2032:
2024:
1968:
1925:
1907:
1860:
1842:
1703:
1629:
1602:
1528:
1510:
1449:
1431:
1359:
870:. Providing a cup of sugar water and a tobacco (or related) plant will allow mated females to
767:
763:
529:
513:
2351:
1333:
2634:
2611:
2419:
2330:
2283:
2248:
2205:
2164:
2154:
2109:
2101:
2016:
1960:
1915:
1899:
1850:
1834:
1693:
1685:
1592:
1518:
1502:
1439:
1421:
1413:
1219:
Nicotine is poisonous to most animals that use muscles to move because nicotine targets the
931:
573:
stage of the tobacco hornworm is quite similar in appearance to that of the closely related
2336:
540:
on the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and last abdominal segments in all larval instars. The
2020:
407:
516:
segment is tipped with a dorsocaudal horn that earns them the name "hornworm". The final
512:
larvae are bright green in color and grow up to 100 millimeters in length. The posterior
1956:
1920:
1895:
1879:
1830:
1498:
1444:
1391:
703:
655:
2169:
2138:
2114:
2085:
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1814:
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947:
847:
452:
444:
43:
2628:
1461:
1390:
Asai, Masanori; Li, Yanwen; Newton, Sandra; Robertson, Brian; Langford, Paul (2023).
903:
858:
Eggs are rinsed for one to five minutes in dilute household bleach for disinfection.
756:
638:
497:
378:
187:
2295:
2217:
2086:"Humidity detection and hygropreference behavior in larvae of the tobacco hornworm,
2044:
2001:
Chapman, R. F. (2003). "Contact
Chemoreception in Feeding by Phytophagous Insects".
1614:
2468:
1980:
1739:
1177:, a steroidal glycoside found in those particular plants (del Campo et al., 2001).
939:
774:
at the end of the abdomen. Female moths are typically ready to mate one week after
448:
670:
2585:
2567:
2515:
2402:
1235:
1199:
882:
728:
570:
556:
127:
17:
2393:
2356:
2147:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1903:
1838:
1597:
1506:
406:(as larvae), it is closely related to and often confused with the very similar
2287:
2209:
886:
629:
626:
593:
563:
431:
419:
366:
137:
57:
2028:
1911:
1846:
1606:
1514:
1435:
1417:
2489:
2159:
1764:
1426:
1228:
1170:
951:
890:
552:
541:
107:
87:
2262:
2178:
2123:
2036:
1972:
1929:
1864:
1707:
1689:
1532:
1453:
2429:
2450:
2387:
2105:
1192:
871:
867:
852:
775:
736:
732:
642:
434:
423:
370:
1195:
is a phagodeterrent that is actually toxic. Schoonhoven 1969 found that
2507:
2253:
2236:
1672:
Goyret, Joaquin; Kelber, Almut; Pfaff, Michael; Raguso, Robert (2009).
1178:
919:
607:
559:. When the larva feeds on its normal diet of plant foliage, it ingests
460:
147:
2455:
548:, and additional pairs occur on each of the eight abdominal segments.
2520:
1964:
1721:
598:
537:
517:
117:
97:
2364:
1783:"Goliath Horn Worm – Goliath Horn Worm – Insect Feeders – Resources"
1396:–intracellular bacteria pathogen infection models: the ins and outs"
482:
has a short life cycle, lasting about 30 to 50 days. In most areas,
2494:
851:
long daylight cycle (e.g., 14 hours) during development to prevent
1187:
771:
759:
and feed on flowers, demonstrating a remarkable ability to hover.
615:
415:
2139:"Natural history-driven, plant-mediated RNAi-based study reveals
751:
have narrow wings with a wing span of approximately 100 mm.
611:
521:
362:
2481:
2368:
685:
In the larval state its back end might be confused as its head.
555:(blood) of this species contains insecticyanin, a blue-colored
2237:"Spatial accuracy of a rapid defense behavior in caterpillars"
2235:
Van
Griethuijsen, L. I.; Banks, K. M.; Trimmer, B. A. (2013).
2143:'s role in a nicotine-mediated antipredator herbivore defense"
430:
has mechanisms for selectively sequestering and secreting the
2137:
Kumar, P.; Pandit, S.S.; Steppuhn, A.; Baldwin, I.T. (2013).
418:
of both feed on the foliage of various plants of the family
1265:
Volume 5, possibly the only British record for this species
862:
Pupation chambers are holes drilled into a wood board. The
536:
segments bears a pair of true legs, and there is a pair of
520:
consists of a cylindrical body covered with fine hairlike
596:, principally tobacco, tomatoes and members of the genus
731:(12 hours light, 12 hours dark), pupae enter a state of
1678:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1644:"Biologia y comportamiento de Polistes erythrocephalus"
1585:
Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico
1579:
Casanova, Rafael Inglés; Gaud, Silverio Medina (1975).
2352:
Modelling insect wings using the finite element method
2377:
1548:Eichman, Aaron; Weston Tripp; Matt Edwards (2000).
459:is big enough for medical imaging modalities (like
1330:"CATE Creating a Taxonomic eScience – Sphingidae"
1466:Federation of European Microbiological Societies
606:has five larval instars, which are separated by
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
2060:"The Tomato Hornworm and the Tobacco Hornworm"
455:and short life cycle. Due to its immense size
2360:: A Model Organism for Imaging and Immunology
8:
2365:
766:. Males are identifiable by their broader
592:caterpillars feed on plants of the family
56:
42:
31:
2252:
2168:
2158:
2113:
1919:
1854:
1813:Andreas; Grimm, Jan (November 24, 2022).
1697:
1596:
1522:
1481:Andreas; Grimm, Jan (November 24, 2022).
1443:
1425:
1353:
1351:
874:fertile eggs, which can then be reared.
654:
2342:Butterflies and Moths of North America.
1321:
1245:
1123:
1089:
1023:
889:are necessary for the visual pigments (
780:
666:
946:or as an animal model for testing new
524:. The head is equipped with a pair of
2021:10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112629
1332:. Cate-sphingidae.org. Archived from
7:
1310:A tobacco hornworm with wasp cocoons
2319:doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106801
2308:doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109410
25:
2058:Puvuk, Dan (September 23, 2009).
1474:This review cites this research.
1303:
1282:
1270:
1248:
1142:
1126:
1108:
1092:
1074:
1058:
1042:
1026:
819:
807:
795:
783:
702:
690:
678:
669:
74:
2241:Journal of Experimental Biology
2084:Rowley, M.; Hanson, F. (2007).
991:(Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
934:have established the larvae of
451:, due to its easily accessible
1358:Villanueva, Raul (June 2009).
1:
2665:Animal models in neuroscience
1765:"Hornworms AKA Goliath Worms"
877:When fed an artificial diet,
2274:(Bombycoidea: Sphingidae)".
2196:(Bombycoidea: Sphingidae)".
928:positron emission tomography
369:present through much of the
2690:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2655:Sphingidae of South America
2004:Annual Review of Entomology
966:(North and Central America)
944:inflammatory bowel diseases
697:With parasitic wasp cocoons
299:Rothschild and Jordan, 1903
2706:
2333:Colorado State University.
2276:Journal of Insect Behavior
2198:Journal of Insect Behavior
1904:10.1038/s41467-023-40089-0
1839:10.1038/s41467-022-34865-7
1598:10.46429/JAUPR.V59I1.10629
1507:10.1038/s41467-022-34865-7
1202:to salicin is mediated by
924:magnetic resonance imaging
881:larvae do not consume the
652:feeds on hornworm larvae.
544:segment bears one pair of
344:Protoparce sexta saliensis
312:Protoparce sexta peruviana
2670:Agricultural pest insects
2288:10.1007/s10905-011-9282-8
2210:10.1007/s10905-011-9282-8
2094:Journal of Insect Science
2064:Michigan State University
1628:Villanueva, Raul (1998).
1401:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1082:Manduca sexta jamaicensis
1066:Manduca sexta jamaicensis
1050:Manduca sexta jamaicensis
1034:Manduca sexta jamaicensis
588:During the larval stage,
206:
199:
176:
169:
71:Scientific classification
69:
64:
55:
50:
41:
34:
2645:Moths of Central America
1116:Manduca sexta leucoptera
1100:Manduca sexta leucoptera
648:Polistes erythrocephalus
2685:Moths described in 1763
2160:10.1073/pnas.1314848111
1722:"Great Lakes Hornworms"
1410:Oxford University Press
1277:Feeding on tomato plant
839:Drosophila melanogaster
412:Manduca quinquemaculata
304:Protoparce sexta luciae
241:Phlegethontius carolina
2650:Moths of the Caribbean
2640:Moths of North America
1690:10.1098/rspb.2009.0456
1418:10.1093/femsre/fuad011
1225:neuromuscular junction
1221:acetylcholine receptor
846:is commonly used as a
664:
390:Commonly known as the
256:Protoparce jamaicensis
1884:Nature Communications
1819:Nature Communications
1487:Nature Communications
1364:University of Florida
930:. Researchers around
658:
625:for hornworms is the
437:present in tobacco.
296:Protoparce leucoptera
2106:10.1673/031.007.3901
1787:thereptilecenter.com
1726:Great Lakes Hornworm
1560:on September 8, 2006
1360:"Featured Creatures"
1336:on November 14, 2012
1150:Manduca sexta paphus
1134:Manduca sexta paphus
770:and the presence of
532:. Each of the three
398:(as adults) and the
392:Carolina sphinx moth
1957:2001Natur.411..186D
1896:2023NatCo..14.4351K
1831:2022NatCo..13.7216W
1684:(1668): 2739–2745.
1653:. bdigital.unal.edu
1499:2022NatCo..13.7216W
1394:Galleria mellonella
993:(Galápagos Islands)
964:Manduca sexta sexta
920:computed tomography
739:(adult emergence).
384:Centuria Insectorum
288:Protoparce griseata
246:Protoparce carolina
2317:26, no. 6 (2023).
2254:10.1242/jeb.070896
1793:on August 28, 2016
1630:"Tobacco Hornworm"
1554:"Carolina sphinx""
1295:Cotesia congregata
1262:British Entomology
1255:Illustration from
938:as an alternative
907:color and flavor.
832:Laboratory rearing
764:sexually dimorphic
665:
634:Cotesia congregata
623:biological control
583:M. quinquemaculata
530:chewing mouthparts
373:. The species was
264:Sphinx lycopersici
251:Macrosila carolina
223:Phlegethontius sex
2622:
2621:
2607:Open Tree of Life
2371:Taxon identifiers
1951:(6834): 186–189.
1769:Rainbow Mealworms
1181:is a distasteful
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
979:M. s. jamaicensis
974:
973:(Blanchard, 1854)
659:Droppings from a
396:tobacco hawk moth
354:
353:
348:
340:
332:
328:Sphinx eurylochus
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
272:Sphinx nicotianae
268:
260:
232:
214:
16:(Redirected from
2697:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2588:
2586:NHMSYS0000503157
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2366:
2299:
2266:
2256:
2222:
2221:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2048:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1965:10.1038/35075559
1940:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1789:. Archived from
1779:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1740:"Live Hornworms"
1736:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1556:. Archived from
1545:
1539:
1536:
1526:
1469:
1447:
1429:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1326:
1307:
1286:
1274:
1252:
1185:, found only in
1146:
1130:
1112:
1096:
1078:
1062:
1046:
1030:
1017:
1009:(Kernbach, 1964)
1008:
999:
990:
988:M. s. leucoptera
981:
972:
932:Anton Windfelder
826:Female underside
823:
811:
799:
787:
706:
694:
682:
673:
447:, especially in
400:tobacco hornworm
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
236:Manduca carolina
230:
218:Protoparce sexta
212:
182:
79:
78:
60:
46:
32:
21:
18:Tobacco hornworm
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2675:Tomato diseases
2625:
2624:
2623:
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2229:Further reading
2226:
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1299:
1292:parasitized by
1287:
1278:
1275:
1266:
1253:
1244:
1217:
1204:desensitization
1166:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1104:
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1086:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1006:M. s. saliensis
1002:(South America)
960:
948:contrast agents
913:
899:
834:
827:
824:
815:
812:
803:
800:
791:
788:
745:
725:
717:
710:
707:
698:
695:
686:
683:
674:
575:tomato hornworm
507:
492:
477:
408:tomato hornworm
375:first described
323:Blanchard, 1854
228:Sphinx carolina
195:
184:
178:
165:
73:
28:
27:Species of moth
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2703:
2701:
2693:
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2687:
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2349:
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2326:
2325:External links
2323:
2322:
2321:
2310:
2300:
2282:(2): 114–126.
2267:
2247:(3): 379–387.
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2204:(2): 114–126.
2184:
2153:(4): 1245–52.
2129:
2076:
2050:
2013:Annual Reviews
1986:
1935:
1870:
1804:
1774:
1756:
1744:Mulberry Farms
1731:
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1183:phagodeterrent
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1125:
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1018:(Pixley, 2016)
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1000:(Cramer, 1779)
994:
985:
982:(Butler, 1875)
976:
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895:
848:model organism
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476:
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453:nervous system
445:model organism
365:of the family
352:
351:
350:
349:
347:Kernbach, 1964
341:
333:
331:Philippi, 1860
325:
320:Sphinx caestri
317:
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2660:Animal models
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2421:
2420:Manduca-sexta
2415:
2410:
2409:Manduca sexta
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2389:
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2379:Manduca sexta
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2272:Manduca sexta
2268:
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2088:Manduca sexta
2080:
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1552:Manduca sexta
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1103:Female dorsal
1101:
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1069:Female dorsal
1067:
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1029:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
989:
986:
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977:
971:
970:M. s. caestri
968:
965:
962:
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953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
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905:
904:bioaccumulate
896:
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757:nectarivorous
754:
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661:Manduca sexta
657:
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635:
631:
630:braconid wasp
628:
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619:
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601:
600:
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561:pigmentacious
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531:
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397:
393:
388:
386:
385:
380:
379:Carl Linnaeus
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
358:Manduca sexta
345:
342:
337:
336:Sphinx tabaci
334:
329:
326:
321:
318:
313:
310:
305:
302:
297:
294:
289:
286:
281:
280:Sphinx paphus
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202:
198:
193:
189:
183:
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180:Manduca sexta
175:
172:
171:Binomial name
168:
164:
163:
162:M. sexta
158:
155:
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151:
150:
146:
143:
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68:
63:
59:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
36:Manduca sexta
33:
30:
19:
2378:
2357:
2337:
2314:
2303:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2244:
2240:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2100:(39): 1–10.
2097:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2053:
2008:
2002:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1822:
1818:
1807:
1797:November 21,
1795:. Retrieved
1791:the original
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1749:November 21,
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1650:
1638:
1623:
1591:(1): 51–62.
1588:
1584:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1551:
1543:
1490:
1486:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1338:. Retrieved
1334:the original
1324:
1293:
1289:
1260:
1233:
1218:
1209:
1196:
1186:
1167:
1153:Male ventral
1149:
1133:
1115:
1099:
1081:
1065:
1053:Male ventral
1049:
1033:
1015:M. s. garapa
1014:
1005:
997:M. s. paphus
996:
987:
978:
969:
963:
942:for chronic
940:animal model
935:
915:
914:
911:Animal model
900:
878:
876:
863:
860:
857:
843:
837:
835:
761:
752:
748:
746:
726:
718:
660:
646:
632:
620:
603:
597:
589:
587:
582:
578:
568:
550:
509:
508:
494:
493:
483:
479:
478:
456:
449:neurobiology
443:is a common
440:
439:
427:
411:
404:Goliath worm
403:
399:
395:
391:
389:
382:
381:in his 1763
357:
356:
355:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
307:Gehlen, 1928
303:
295:
291:Butler, 1875
287:
283:Cramer, 1779
279:
271:
263:
259:Butler, 1876
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
227:
222:
217:
210:Sphinx sexta
209:
179:
177:
161:
160:
148:
51:Caterpillar
35:
29:
2568:NatureServe
2516:iNaturalist
2403:Wikispecies
2331:Fact sheet.
2015:: 455–484.
1890:(1): 4351.
1825:(1): 7216.
1657:October 14,
1564:October 21,
1493:(1): 7216.
1373:October 12,
1298:wasp larvae
1257:John Curtis
1236:aposematism
1200:habituation
1191:spp. while
1175:indioside D
1137:Male dorsal
1037:Male dorsal
1011:(Argentina)
984:(Caribbean)
897:As pet food
887:carotenoids
883:xanthophyll
762:Adults are
729:photoperiod
571:caterpillar
564:carotenoids
557:biliprotein
542:prothoracic
339:Boisduval,
275:Boisduval,
267:Boisduval,
128:Lepidoptera
65:Adult moth
2629:Categories
2346:Microscopy
1316:References
958:Subspecies
755:moths are
594:Solanaceae
475:Life cycle
432:neurotoxin
420:Solanaceae
367:Sphingidae
315:Bryk, 1953
138:Sphingidae
108:Arthropoda
2680:Pet foods
2069:April 20,
2029:0066-4170
1912:2041-1723
1847:2041-1723
1607:0041-994X
1515:2041-1723
1462:257483883
1436:1574-6976
1229:hemolymph
952:radiology
891:rhodopsin
645:species,
627:parasitic
621:A common
553:hemolymph
546:spiracles
514:abdominal
156:Species:
94:Kingdom:
88:Eukaryota
2573:2.111898
2555:LepIndex
2534:10470044
2451:BugGuide
2427:BioLib:
2417:BAMONA:
2394:Q1366539
2388:Wikidata
2315:Iscience
2304:iScience
2296:18667417
2263:23325858
2218:18667417
2179:24379363
2124:20302460
2045:20607683
2037:12414737
1973:11346793
1930:37468502
1921:10356825
1865:36433960
1708:19419987
1615:82843148
1533:36433960
1454:36906279
1445:10045907
1340:June 16,
1197:M. sexta
1193:caffeine
1171:sensilla
1159:Behavior
1020:(Saipan)
936:M. sexta
916:M. sexta
872:oviposit
853:diapause
844:M. sexta
776:eclosion
772:claspers
768:antennae
753:M. sexta
749:M. sexta
737:eclosion
733:diapause
715:Pre-pupa
612:pupation
604:M. sexta
590:M. sexta
579:M. sexta
534:thoracic
510:M. sexta
495:M. sexta
484:M. sexta
480:M. sexta
457:M. sexta
441:M. sexta
435:nicotine
428:M. sexta
424:mnemonic
402:and the
394:and the
371:Americas
201:Synonyms
188:Linnaeus
134:Family:
104:Phylum:
98:Animalia
84:Domain:
2635:Manduca
2508:1863978
2306:(2024).
2170:3910579
2141:CYP6B46
2115:2999434
1981:4342772
1953:Bibcode
1892:Bibcode
1856:9700799
1827:Bibcode
1699:2839956
1651:Biology
1524:9700799
1495:Bibcode
1468:(FEMS).
1412:(OUP).
1242:Gallery
1223:at the
1215:Defense
1179:Salicin
1164:Feeding
975:(Chile)
879:Manduca
864:Manduca
639:cocoons
608:ecdysis
538:prolegs
414:); the
149:Manduca
144:Genus:
124:Order:
118:Insecta
114:Class:
2612:116647
2547:936100
2495:MANDSE
2482:506145
2430:276088
2294:
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2177:
2167:
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1945:Nature
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868:eclose
814:Female
747:Adult
599:Datura
526:ocelli
518:instar
416:larvae
2560:53481
2529:IRMNG
2521:61505
2469:72SYK
2443:48183
2292:S2CID
2214:S2CID
2041:S2CID
2011:(1).
1977:S2CID
1647:(PDF)
1611:S2CID
1458:S2CID
1408:(2).
1188:Salix
926:, or
836:Like
743:Adult
663:larva
616:heart
522:setae
505:Larva
467:, or
361:is a
2599:7130
2594:NCBI
2542:ITIS
2503:GBIF
2490:EPPO
2456:3244
2438:BOLD
2259:PMID
2175:PMID
2120:PMID
2071:2014
2033:PMID
2025:ISSN
1969:PMID
1926:PMID
1908:ISSN
1861:PMID
1843:ISSN
1799:2015
1751:2022
1704:PMID
1659:2014
1603:ISSN
1566:2006
1529:PMID
1511:ISSN
1450:PMID
1432:ISSN
1375:2012
1368:IFAS
1342:2011
950:for
790:Male
723:Pupa
709:Pupa
643:wasp
569:The
551:The
528:and
498:eggs
490:Eggs
363:moth
192:1763
2581:NBN
2477:EoL
2464:CoL
2284:doi
2249:doi
2245:216
2206:doi
2165:PMC
2155:doi
2151:111
2110:PMC
2102:doi
2017:doi
1961:doi
1949:411
1916:PMC
1900:doi
1851:PMC
1835:doi
1694:PMC
1686:doi
1682:276
1593:doi
1519:PMC
1503:doi
1440:PMC
1422:hdl
1414:doi
1259:'s
469:PET
465:MRI
377:by
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