862:
852:
783:
907:
733:
446:
569:
1095:
348:
51:
360:
715:
to zeunerite, and metatorbernite is isostructural to metazeunerite. All four compounds are of the layered autunite type with the structural motif (with X = P or As). The Cu ions are coordinated in a square-planar fashion by water molecules in all these compounds, and further coordinate to the uranyl
823:
and . The analysis by Locock and Burns confirms the finding by
Stergiou et al., that the Cu ions only have an 88% crystallographic occupancy. The authors assume that by protonation of some of the water molecules there is a charge compensation for electronic neutrality, as it is discussed with the
685:. In these studies they were able to finally analyse the crystal structure of torbernite for the very first time, and to get a significantly more precise analysis for the structure of metatorbernite, compared with previous studies (Makarov and Tobelko
839:, who show that the different steps of hydration between torbernite and metatorbernite have clear boundaries, and the water content of each compound remains constant and does not vary, in contrast for instance, as seen in minerals of the
1619:
941:
Torbernite is relatively common, and world-wide there are more than 1100 documented localities known by 2022. In
Germany it is known not only from its type locality Johanngeorgenstadt, but also from other areas in the
874:
The mineral is often encountered as small thin tabular crystals, but may also be flaky or powdery. More rare are thicker plates, resembling a stacked deck of cards. More frequent than these are dipyramidal forms.
865:
Intergrowth of dipyramidal crystals of metatorbernite in a geode from Les
Montmins Mine (Ste Barbe Ader), ĂchassiĂšres, Kanton Ăbreuil, DĂ©partement Allier, Auvergne, France (Field of view: 1 mm Ă 1 mm)
1187:
473:
uses Born's work and describes the mineral in more detail, calling it at first "grĂŒner
Glimmer" (green mica), later naming it "torbernite" in honour of the Swedish mineralogist and chemist
760:. It forms as torbernite withers, and can also be obtained by artificially heating torbernite above 75 °C. The crystals are rather opaque and only weakly translucent with a glassy lustre.
489:(IMA), which last updated its list in 2009, the Nickel-Strunz system lists torbernite in the section of "uranyl phosphates and arsenates". There it is part of the sub-section "UO
815:
The crystal structure of metatorbernite is different from torbernite as every second uranyl phosphate layer is moved about one half of the length of the crystallographic
861:
835:
The analysis by Locock and Burns shows eight molecules of water per formula unit in metatorbernite. This is in accord with the works by Arthur
Francis Hallimons and
1149:
Crystal structures and synthesis of the copper-dominant members of the autunite and meta-autunite groups: torbernite, zeunerite, metatorbernite and metazeunerite
851:
633:
In a study in 2003, using fresh, synthetic crystals, Locock and Burns have compared the crystal structures of the copper uranyl phosphates torbernite, Cu
556:
Dana groups the mineral into the class "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates", into the section "hydrated phosphates etc." into an unnamed group with
898:
Contrary to its calcium analogue autunite the mineral does not fluoresce. The mineral is very brittle. Its hardness (Mohs) is between 2 and 2.5.
486:
1759:
1116:
1304:
1245:
122:
1650:
999:
64:
1749:
232:
1744:
1729:
265:
1754:
1724:
1102:
Because of the inherent toxicity of uranium compounds, samples of this mineral should be kept in air tight glass jars.
843:
group. Therefore, sum formulae indicating varying degrees of water for torbernite and metatorbernite must not be used.
1734:
918:
Torbernite forms as a secondary mineral on the oxidation zone of uranium ores. It is often found in paragenesis with
413:
and other uranium-bearing deposits as a secondary mineral. The chemical formula of torbernite is similar to that of
686:
1579:
BeitrÀge zur
Kenntnis seltener Arsenatmineralien unter besonderer BerĂŒcksichtigung von Vorkommen des Schwarzwaldes
741:
782:
112:
717:
1556:
1475:
1178:
906:
470:
829:
222:
1608:
O, a new uranyl-oxide hydroxy-hydrate mineral from
Shinkolobwe with a novel uranyl-anion sheet-topology
1602:
T. A. Olds, J. PlĂĄĆĄil, A. R. Kampf, R. Ć koda, P. C. Burns, J. Äejka, V. Bourgoin and J.-C. Boulliard:
465:, calling it "mica viridis crystallina, ibid." (green crystalline mica from Johanngeorgenstadt, Sax.;
1685:
534:
474:
418:
530:
510:
1334:
1229:
737:
522:
255:
245:
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212:
80:
506:
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1300:
1241:
955:
947:
884:
526:
1225:
1111:
293:
202:
87:
60:
1484:
1276:
1703:. Database of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemistry of minerals (rruff.info)
1565:
1240:, E. Schweizerbartâsche Verlagsbuchhandlung (NĂ€gele u. Obermiller), Stuttgart, 524 pages.
951:
1342:
1590:
1583:
Tschermaks mineralogische und petrographische
Mitteilungen (Mineralogy & Petrology)
995:
923:
557:
458:
422:
132:
1718:
1427:
Crystal structure of copper bis(uranyl phosphate) octahydrate (metatorbernite), Cu(UO
943:
828:. The same is postulated by the same authors for autunite. Due to the limitations of
721:
712:
542:
323:
303:
192:
142:
1654:
1632:
1454:
1317:
1160:
732:
568:
445:
1388:
1063:
820:
514:
174:
1538:
1094:
1067:
935:
612:
502:
392:
351:
313:
157:
50:
31:
1377:
Studies of the torbernite minerals. II. The crystal structure of metatorbernite
1234:
Strunz
Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System
1208:
1075:
1071:
1023:
586:
333:
149:
744:, France (Size: 4 cm Ă 3 cm Ă 1.8 cm)
963:
959:
931:
927:
892:
888:
546:
406:
355:
35:
883:
Because of its uranium content of about 48 % the material is strongly
720:. The additional water molecules are held in the crystal structure only by
1413:
1098:
A torbernite specimen from the
Margabal Mine in the Midi-Pyrénées, France
1055:
1051:
1043:
919:
911:
658:
604:
498:
457:
in the Erzgebirge Mountains in Saxony. It was first mentioned in 1772 by
414:
17:
347:
1497:
1047:
1031:
1011:
975:
971:
967:
840:
788:
748:
Torbernite dehydrates readily to metatorbernite with the sum formula Cu
574:
410:
396:
376:
275:
56:
763:
Metatorbernite crystallises tetragonally-dipyramidally in space group
1552:
Meta-torbernite I. Its physical properties and relation to torbernite
1039:
1035:
1027:
1003:
983:
979:
592:
580:
497: = 1 : 1", forming the autunite group along with
403:
400:
1700:
453:
Torbernite was found for the first time at Georg Wagsfort Mine near
359:
1686:"American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database â Metatorbernite"
1093:
1059:
1019:
1015:
1007:
991:
987:
905:
860:
850:
781:
731:
598:
567:
444:
1267:
J. W. Anthony, R. A. Bideaux, K. W. Bladh, M. C. Nichols (Eds.):
887:. According to the sum formula a specific activity of 85.9 k
779: = 17.349(2) Ă
and 2 formula units per unit cell.
630: = 20.807(2) Ă
and 2 formula units per unit cell.
1671:"American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database â Torbernite"
832:
this postulate is practically not verifiable with this method.
417:
in which a Cu cation replaces a Ca cation. Torbernite tends to
197:
Tabular crystals; Foliated to earthy masses and encrustations
1083:
1079:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1402:
Refinement of the crystal structure of metatorbernite
1343:
http://cnmnc.main.jp/IMA2009-01%20UPyear%20160309.pdf
342:
332:
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183:
179:
641 â 713 g/mol, depending the degree of water loss
173:
168:
156:
141:
131:
121:
111:
86:
76:
71:
43:
1400:A. C. Stergiou, P. J. Rentzeperis, S. Sklavounos:
1471:The crystallography and dehydration of torbernite
914:(yellow, acicular) with torbernite (green, platy)
855:A pyramidal torbernite crystal from Brest, France
1465:
1463:
1516:The crystal structure of synthetic autunite, Ca
1639:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. 2022-10-10.
1504:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. 2022-10-10.
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
55:Torbernite crystals from Mashamba West Mine,
8:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1287:
1285:
1375:M. Ross, H. T. Evans Jr., D. E. Appleman:
611:Torbernite crystallises in the tetragonal
1275:, Mineralogical Society of America 2001 (
891:/g can be given (for comparison: natural
786:Packing of metatorbernite. Colour code:
1127:
487:International Mineralogical Association
857:(Field of view: 7 mm Ă 5 mm)
40:
1649:List of localities for torbernite at
716:oxygen atoms, forming octahedra with
298:nÏ = 1.590 â 1.592 nΔ = 1.581 â 1.582
7:
946:, as well as from the Black Forest,
704:1 = 9.2 % vs. Locock und Burns
572:Packing of torbernite. Colour code:
280:measured: 3.22; calculated: 3.264(1)
1356:Crystal structure of metatorbernite
1293:Klockmanns Lehrbuch der Mineralogie
1117:List of minerals named after people
711:The study shows that torbernite is
1174:IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols
775: = 6.9756(5) Ă
and
700:1 = 5.6 %, Calos and Kennard
626: = 7.0267(4) Ă
und
25:
147:Ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm)
1447:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie
1406:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie
1000:Democratic Republic of the Congo
879:Physical and chemical properties
696:1 = 9.7 %, Stergiou et al.
657:with those of the copper uranyl
469:= "as the item above"). In 1780
358:
346:
65:Democratic Republic of the Congo
49:
1701:"Metatorbernite search results"
1425:N. J. Calos, C. H. L. Kennard:
1339:IMA/CNMNC List of Minerals 2009
27:Copper uranyl phosphate mineral
1612:European Journal of Mineralogy
1354:E. S. Makarov, K. I. Tobelko:
1299:, Enke, Stuttgart, 655 pages.
1207:David Barthelmy (2022-10-10).
1:
270:Transparent to subtranslucent
958:. Further localities are in
771:with the lattice parameters
622:with the lattice parameters
379:with the chemical formula Cu
187:Emerald green to apple green
1760:Minerals in space group 139
1633:"Localities for Torbernite"
1514:A. J. Locock, P. C. Burns:
1147:A. J. Locock, P. C. Burns:
1776:
1360:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
1318:"Entdeckung von Torbernit"
375:, is a relatively common
29:
1209:"Torbernite Mineral Data"
1153:The Canadian Mineralogist
902:Occurrence and localities
692:= 25 %, Ross et al.
48:
463:Lythophylacium Bornianum
30:Not to be confused with
1688:. rruff.geo.arizona.edu
1673:. rruff.geo.arizona.edu
934:and, very rarely, with
673:, and metazeunerite, Cu
425:with the sum formula Cu
1557:Mineralogical Magazine
1476:Mineralogical Magazine
1273:Handbook of Mineralogy
1179:Mineralogical Magazine
1099:
915:
895:: 0.0312 kBq/g).
866:
858:
812:
745:
742:Entraygues-sur-TruyĂšre
718:Jahn-Teller distortion
645:and metatorbernite, Cu
608:
471:Abraham Gottlob Werner
450:
1750:Radioactive gemstones
1531:American Mineralogist
1381:American Mineralogist
1097:
909:
864:
854:
785:
735:
571:
448:
441:Etymology and history
343:Other characteristics
123:Strunz classification
1745:Radioactive minerals
1730:Uranium(VI) minerals
736:Metatorbernite from
560:, number 40.02a.13.
475:Torbern Olof Bergman
449:Torbern Olof Bergman
1755:Tetragonal minerals
1725:Copper(II) minerals
1604:Gauthierite, KPb·8H
1322:www.strahlen.org/tw
549:with system number
1735:Phosphate minerals
1100:
916:
867:
859:
813:
746:
609:
455:Johanngeorgenstadt
451:
285:Optical properties
217:Perfect; Distinct
81:Phosphate minerals
1550:A. F. Hallimond:
1469:A. F. Hallimond:
1337:, M. C. Nichols:
956:Thuringian Forest
948:Fichtel Mountains
830:X-ray diffraction
708:1 = 2.3 %).
564:Crystal structure
485:According to the
366:
365:
338:Decomposes before
328:Decomposes before
308:ÎŽ = 0.009 â 0.010
16:(Redirected from
1767:
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1653:(German) and at
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1498:"Metatorbernite"
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1145:
1112:List of minerals
811:
807:
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799:
795:
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722:hydrogen bridges
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
371:, also known as
362:
350:
294:Refractive index
250:Vitreous; pearly
237:
93:
92:(repeating unit)
61:Katanga Province
53:
41:
21:
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1651:Mineralienatlas
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1483:(82), 326â339 (
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910:Paragenisis of
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591:
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573:
566:
535:uranocircite II
496:
493: : RO
492:
483:
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390:
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235:
152:: (4/m 2/m 2/m)
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1664:External links
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1595:
1589:(3), 252â282 (
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924:metatorbernite
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558:metatorbernite
531:uranocircite I
511:kirchheimerite
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481:Classification
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459:Ignaz von Born
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1564:(89), 43â47 (
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1345:PDF 1.82 MB])
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738:Margabal Mine
734:
727:
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713:isostructural
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661:zeunerite, Cu
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523:novĂĄÄekite-II
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516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
488:
480:
478:
477:(1735â1784).
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
447:
440:
438:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:
402:
398:
394:
378:
374:
370:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
325:
324:Melting point
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
305:
304:Birefringence
301:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
277:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
247:
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
214:
210:
206:
204:
200:
196:
194:
193:Crystal habit
190:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
143:Crystal class
140:
136:
134:
130:
126:
124:
120:
116:
114:
110:
95:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1705:. Retrieved
1690:. Retrieved
1675:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1627:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:K. Walenta:
1573:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1450:
1446:
1426:
1421:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1338:
1335:E. H. Nickel
1330:
1321:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1272:
1268:
1237:
1233:
1230:E. H. Nickel
1226:K. H. Strunz
1221:
1212:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1172:L. N. Warr:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1101:
1064:South Africa
940:
917:
897:
882:
873:
837:Kurt Walenta
834:
826:chernikovite
816:
814:
776:
772:
768:
764:
762:
747:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
555:
550:
539:uranospinite
519:novĂĄÄekite-I
515:metarauchite
484:
466:
462:
461:in his work
452:
372:
368:
367:
288:Uniaxial (â)
175:Formula mass
162:
1618:, 129â141 (
1537:, 240â244 (
1455:PDF 85.1 kB
1453:, 701â702 (
1389:PDF 1126 kB
1316:T. Witzke.
1161:PDF 2500 kB
1159:, 489â502 (
1090:Precautions
1068:Switzerland
936:gauthierite
885:radioactive
613:space group
503:heinrichite
409:, found in
393:radioactive
352:Radioactive
314:Pleochroism
266:Diaphaneity
158:Space group
32:Tobermorite
1719:Categories
1707:2022-10-10
1692:2022-10-10
1677:2022-10-10
1657:(English).
1637:mindat.org
1566:PDF 228 kB
1539:PDF 408 kB
1502:mindat.org
1485:PDF 559 kB
1414:PDF 391 kB
1269:Torbernite
1188:PDF 320 kB
1123:References
1076:Uzbekistan
1072:Tajikistan
1024:Madagascar
870:Morphology
847:Properties
821:directions
798:phosphorus
587:phosphorus
391:. It is a
373:chalcolite
369:Torbernite
334:Fusibility
260:Pale green
233:Mohs scale
150:H-M symbol
137:Tetragonal
113:IMA symbol
44:Torbernite
1277:PDF 63 kB
1186:291â320 (
964:Australia
960:Argentina
932:zeunerite
928:uraninite
893:potassium
659:arsenates
547:zeunerite
507:kahlerite
419:dehydrate
407:phosphate
356:Poisonous
36:Torbanite
18:Tobernite
1740:Hydrates
1106:See also
1082:and the
1056:Slovenia
1052:Slovakia
1044:Portugal
920:autunite
912:kasolite
824:mineral
810:hydrogen
605:hydrogen
527:saléeite
499:autunite
415:autunite
411:granites
397:hydrated
236:hardness
223:Fracture
213:Cleavage
207:Rare on
203:Twinning
77:Category
1620:Weblink
1366:, 87â89
1048:Romania
1032:Namibia
1012:Ireland
976:Bolivia
972:Belgium
968:Austria
841:zeolite
789:uranium
575:uranium
551:8.EB.05
377:mineral
318:Visible
276:Density
227:Brittle
127:8.EB.05
88:Formula
72:General
57:Kolwezi
1655:Mindat
1614:2017,
1591:online
1585:1964,
1560:1920,
1533:2003,
1479:1916,
1449:1996,
1408:1993,
1383:1964,
1362:1960,
1303:
1295:1978,
1244:
1236:2001,
1182:2021,
1155:2003,
1040:Poland
1036:Norway
1028:Mexico
1004:France
984:Canada
980:Brasil
802:oxygen
794:copper
593:oxygen
581:copper
404:uranyl
401:copper
399:green
256:Streak
246:Luster
163:I4/mmm
1412:1â7 (
1060:Spain
1020:Japan
1016:Italy
1008:Gabon
992:China
988:Chile
806:water
599:water
467:ibid.
240:2â2.5
184:Color
1610:In:
1581:In:
1554:In:
1529:In:
1473:In:
1445:In:
1439:·8(H
1404:In:
1379:In:
1358:In:
1301:ISBN
1271:In:
1242:ISBN
1176:In:
1151:In:
545:and
354:and
1451:211
1410:205
1364:131
1022:,
620:mmm
421:to
117:Tor
34:or
1721::
1635:.
1616:20
1562:19
1535:88
1526:11
1524:O)
1520:(H
1500:.
1481:17
1462:^
1457:)
1443:O)
1431:PO
1385:49
1341:(
1320:.
1297:16
1284:^
1252:^
1232::
1228:,
1211:.
1195:^
1190:)
1184:85
1157:41
1130:^
1086:.
1084:US
1080:UK
1078:,
1074:,
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
1054:,
1050:,
1046:,
1042:,
1038:,
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
1018:,
1014:,
1010:,
1006:,
1002:,
998:,
994:,
990:,
986:,
982:,
978:,
974:,
970:,
966:,
962:,
954:,
950:,
938:.
930:,
926:,
922:,
889:Bq
808:,
804:,
800:,
796:,
792:,
767:4/
756:O)
752:(H
740:,
724:.
681:O)
677:(H
671:12
669:O)
665:(H
653:O)
649:(H
643:12
641:O)
637:(H
618:4/
602:,
596:,
590:,
584:,
578:,
553:.
541:,
537:,
533:,
529:,
525:,
521:,
517:,
513:,
509:,
505:,
501:,
437:.
433:O)
429:(H
395:,
389:12
387:O)
383:(H
106:12
104:O)
100:(H
96:Cu
63:,
59:,
1710:.
1695:.
1680:.
1622:)
1606:2
1593:)
1587:9
1568:)
1541:)
1522:2
1518:2
1487:)
1441:2
1437:2
1435:)
1433:4
1429:2
1416:)
1391:)
1324:.
1279:)
1238:9
1215:.
1163:)
817:a
777:c
773:a
769:n
765:P
758:8
754:2
750:2
706:R
702:R
698:R
694:R
690:1
688:R
683:8
679:2
675:2
667:2
663:2
655:8
651:2
647:2
639:2
635:2
628:c
624:a
616:I
495:4
491:2
435:8
431:2
427:2
385:2
381:2
102:2
98:2
38:.
20:)
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