1605:
2600:
1425:
92:
1758:
1331:
488:
2565:
374:
76:
99:
2110:
1727:
attacked from the sea. A preparatory air raid by RAF heavy bombers served only to alert the
Italian and German defenders. The special forces were unable to silence the coastal artillery batteries and the seaborne assault had to be abandoned after some of the Commandos had been landed in the wrong
1459:
and cliffs to the south of Tobruk, providing substantial physical barriers to any advance on the port over land. Tobruk was also on a peninsula, allowing it to be defended by a minimal number of troops, which the Allies used to their advantage when the port was under siege. An attacker could not
2102:
1744:
to Tobruk during the course of the war. This rail line was significant both for purposes of supply and as a sense of pride to the Allied troops, as the rail line was built through a little-populated, inhospitable desert.
2306:
2436:
1471:
But Tobruk was also strategically significant, due to its location with regard to the remainder of
Cyrenaica. Attackers from the east who had secured Tobruk could then advance through the desert to
2466:
1728:
place. The retiring vessels were then attacked from the air. The
British sustained almost 800 casualties, together with a cruiser, two destroyers and several smaller ships and boats.
2692:
2314:
518:(cliffs) to the south of Tobruk, as is common across Cyrenaica, the eastern half of Libya. These escarpments generally have their high sides to the south and their low sides (
1552:
The counterstrike involved the
British pocketing two of the Italian camps against the Mediterranean, forcing their surrender. This led to a general Italian retreat to
2368:
503:, although due to the lack of important nearby land sites it is certainly not the most popular. The city is effectively surrounded by a desert lightly populated with
2044:
2345:
2284:
445:
the following year resulted in Tobruk being captured in June 1942. It was held by the Axis forces until
November 1942, when it was recaptured by the Allies.
2955:
1436:
Tobruk had a deep, natural, and protected harbour, which meant that even if the port were bombed, ships would still be able to anchor there and be safe from
2428:
1723:, intended to destroy port facilities and stores being used to support the Axis forces further west. Special forces approached from across the desert while
1590:
2855:
2036:
2458:
2223:
2940:
2685:
2137:
2960:
2488:
1491:
in the desert, getting cut off in this area was disastrous. Therefore, whoever held both Suluq and Tobruk controlled the majority of
Cyrenaica.
2161:
1494:
Finally, 24 km (15 mi) south of the port was the largest airfield in eastern Libya. This was significant due to the importance of
1740:. It remained in Allied hands thereafter. Although not as much a reason for its strategic significance, the British built a rail line from
1650:
1594:
227:
2531:
123:
2678:
2599:
2553:
595:.) However, its maritime location allows it to receive significantly more precipitation than areas further inland in the Sahara desert.
2076:
471:
had his palace at Bab Zaytun. Tobruk was traditionally a stronghold of the
Senussi royal dynasty and one of the first to rebel against
2019:
1684:
1646:
to achieve this rank. The following units were deployed in Tobruk on 20 June 1942, and most of them were captured by the Axis forces:
1354:
1341:
1985:
1373:
2950:
1797:
1302:
592:
1273:) was once on the site of modern Tobruk, and the ancient name is still occasionally in use. The name roughly meant "across from
2848:
2253:
1821:
1812:
also known as the Al Masira Hotel in Tobruk. In
November 2014 that government was declared illegal by Libya's highest court.
1586:
1416:. Tobruk was strategically important to the conquest of Eastern Libya, then the province of Cyrenaica, for several reasons.
1956:
1805:
1793:
1248:
2406:
2337:
2276:
1930:
522:) to the north. This constitutes a substantial physical barrier between the north and south of Libya in the Tobruk area.
2935:
1737:
1527:
1413:
91:
1973:
1900:
On 1 January 1934, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan were united as the
Italian colony of Libya. However, during
1887:
1724:
2841:
1882:
1547:
1511:
541:
reduced the distance between those two cities from 620 km (390 mi) to about 410 km (250 mi).
2376:
538:
534:
1582:
1578:
1483:, due to escarpments that were quite difficult for a military force to climb, running generally from Tobruk to
411:
155:
2546:
1877:
1789:
1690:
1678:
1660:
1655:
1643:
1604:
1531:
1519:
1387:
28:
359:
2215:
1618:
1565:
1409:
1262:
1223:
530:
324:
287:
35:
1847:
1829:
219:
2496:
1636:
1628:
396:
1808:
parliament continued to operate in
Tripoli. In October 2014 they again re-located, to a hotel named
1720:
1632:
1507:
568:
75:
2945:
2702:
2670:
2539:
1825:
1672:
1598:
584:
434:
415:
177:
1569:(DAK). Italy also sent several more divisions to Libya. These forces, under Lieutenant-General
2644:
2157:
1981:
1833:
1696:
1666:
1523:
1424:
1282:
1171:
1123:
355:
2521:
1573:, drove the Allies back across Cyrenaica to the Egyptian border, leaving Tobruk isolated and
533:, but this distance was shortened to 450 km (280 mi) after the construction of the
1736:
Tobruk remained in Axis hands until 11 November 1942, when the Allies captured it after the
1624:
1429:
400:
307:
248:
2065:
2016:
2965:
2569:
2141:
2023:
1960:
1702:
1574:
1522:
forces—an armoured division and two infantry divisions—launched a counterstrike codenamed
1391:
1306:
472:
461:
427:
367:
363:
335:
315:
182:
2909:
2802:
2722:
2649:
2614:
2526:
1865:
1843:
1449:
1445:
1254:
496:
468:
453:
384:
377:
299:
1757:
2929:
2914:
2883:
2870:
2817:
1585:
and some British tanks and artillery. They were later reinforced and replaced by the
1480:
1401:
1301:. Only one of its ancient bishops is known by name: Aemilianus, who took part in the
1298:
1002:
2727:
1444:. This was of critical importance, as it made Tobruk an excellent place to supply a
2878:
2767:
2747:
2732:
2659:
2245:
1901:
1853:
1570:
1556:. Tobruk was captured by British, Australian and Indian forces on 22 January 1941.
1535:
1515:
1476:
1397:
1286:
572:
561:
557:
457:
449:
442:
407:
388:
2191:
2132:
2757:
2742:
1465:
1441:
1314:
1310:
487:
476:
438:
2398:
1951:
2762:
1922:
1741:
1553:
1456:
515:
1635:
earlier in the year, where over 80,000 were captured. Rommel was promoted to
1305:
in 553. No longer a residential bishopric, Antipyrgus is today listed by the
138:
125:
17:
1640:
1514:
in early September 1940 but halted their advance after a week and dug in at
1495:
1488:
1440:, so the port could never be rendered wholly useless regardless of military
1294:
1244:
519:
392:
373:
347:
210:
170:
395:. Over the centuries, Tobruk also served as a waystation along the coastal
1820:
Professor Omar El Barasi (b. 1951), who once managed the Libyan branch of
2893:
2737:
2717:
1472:
1290:
1274:
526:
419:
2777:
2752:
423:
2822:
2782:
2654:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
1846:, a Libyan woman who was abused by the Gaddafi government during the
1461:
1455:
In addition to these prepared fortifications, there were a number of
1437:
1405:
556:, and for travellers between the two countries as well as those from
500:
215:
2369:"Insight - Libya's runaway parliament seeks refuge in Tobruk bubble"
2833:
2489:"Libyan Transitional Government-Bureau Of Prime minister (defunct)"
2073:
Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
2888:
2812:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2706:
2573:
2564:
1837:
1801:
1623:
Rommel's second offensive took place in May and June 1942. Tobruk
1603:
1597:
and a British tank brigade. The siege lasted until December, when
1560:
1484:
1278:
553:
549:
545:
508:
504:
486:
372:
351:
160:
1475:, cutting off all enemy troops along the coast, such as those at
1460:
simply bypass the defenders, for if they did, the besieged would
548:
by land, Tobruk is also an important hub for merchants from both
2772:
1297:
frontier. With the spread of Christianity, Antipyrgus became an
418:") pulled back to Tobruk to avoid encirclement after actions at
414:, took Tobruk on 22 January 1941. The Australian 9th Division ("
2837:
2674:
2535:
544:
Because it is approximately 150 km (93 mi) away from
1752:
1324:
1719:
A British raid on Tobruk on 13–14 September 1942, codenamed
525:
Previously, Tobruk was some 470 km (290 mi) from
278:
254:
2192:"Operation Agreement: Victory Over Allied Commando Forces"
1976:(2003) , Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.),
452:, Tobruk was later expanded during the 1960s to include a
266:
1804:
relocated to a Greek car ferry in Tobruk harbor. A rival
1506:
Italian forces (and their native Libyan allies—about two
430:
followed, against a siege by German and Italian forces.
2103:"Daily Hours of Sunshine - Tobruk - Climate Robot Libya"
2174:
Agar-Hamilton, J. A. I. & Turner, L. F. C. (1952).
1769:
1534:, and had now made a military incursion into a British
1432:
in May 1942, which was fought in the vicinity of Tobruk
1349:
537:
between the years 1975 and 1985. Construction of the
269:
2307:"Libya's Islamist militias claim control of capital"
2134:
Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus
1559:
Italy called on her German ally, which sent an army
329:
275:
263:
260:
251:
2902:
2869:
2607:
2580:
2338:"Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry"
2277:"Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry"
1452:prior to their invasion of Egypt in November 1940.
499:. It is probably the best natural port in northern
257:
226:
209:
201:
196:
188:
176:
166:
154:
46:
2313:. Associated Press. 24 August 2014. Archived from
1625:was taken in an outflanking attack on 21 June 1942
1601:pushed the DAK and Italians back out of Cyrenaica.
2246:"Greek oil tanker bombed in Libyan port of Derna"
1792:, the city quickly came under the control of the
1639:, shortly thereafter and was the youngest in the
1577:. The defenders of the fortress consisted of the
2459:"Libyan court rules elected parliament illegal"
2045:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1868:, with two major domestic airlines serving it.
370:) and has a population of 120,000 (2011 est.).
2399:"Libya's government holed up in a 1970s hotel"
2849:
2686:
2547:
1358:that contextualizes different points of view.
1344:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
1313:. Later the site became a way station on the
57:
8:
51:
1828:is from Tobruk and gained his doctorate in
1591:Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade
1448:campaign. It was also heavily fortified by
2856:
2842:
2834:
2693:
2679:
2671:
2554:
2540:
2532:
598:
426:and reached Tobruk on 9 April 1941. There
43:
2522:Tobruk: Australian toughness beats Rommel
2012:, 2006, Britannica Concise Encyclopedia,
1980:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1468:of the attacker, spoiling their advance.
1374:Learn how and when to remove this message
437:in November 1941, a renewed offensive by
1824:, and later became a deputy of Libya PM
1423:
1404:and Tobruk became the site of important
497:strong, naturally protected deep harbour
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1914:
1487:. Due to the importance of maintaining
1479:. This advance would be protected from
410:, Allied forces, mainly the Australian
225:
208:
195:
187:
153:
118:
84:
72:
2348:from the original on 16 September 2014
2287:from the original on 16 September 2014
1608:Smiling Indian Soldiers in Tobruk 1941
2469:from the original on 11 February 2018
2439:from the original on 27 December 2015
2409:from the original on 29 November 2015
2256:from the original on 10 February 2016
2178:. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
2176:Crisis in the Desert: May - July 1942
2075:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst.
1798:internationally recognized government
1226:(Sunshine 1996–2015), Weather Online
200:
175:
165:
7:
2144:, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 633-634
1710:25th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
1532:occupied part of the south of France
602:Climate data for Tobruk (1991-2020)
491:An aerial image of Tobruk's harbour.
2956:Populated places in Butnan District
1707:68 Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
1651:2nd South African Infantry Division
575:of sea water has been built there.
319:
52:
2336:Chris Stephen (9 September 2014).
2275:Chris Stephen (9 September 2014).
2226:from the original on 19 March 2011
2216:"Gaddafi defiant as state teeters"
2113:from the original on 19 April 2018
2082:from the original on 15 April 2019
1856:was born in Zanjhur, near Tobruk.
1627:, capturing the largest number of
391:fortress guarding the frontier of
25:
2156:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013
1933:from the original on 4 March 2016
1904:these names continued to be used.
1890:WW2 British Commonwealth Cemetery
433:Although the siege was lifted by
2598:
2563:
2066:"Klimatafel von Tobruk / Libyen"
1756:
1329:
1317:route that ran along the coast.
1303:Second Council of Constantinople
399:. By 1911, Tobruk had become an
247:
97:
90:
74:
2941:Catholic titular sees in Africa
2367:Ulf Laessing (2 October 2014).
1685:Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders
2961:Port cities and towns in Libya
1978:English Pronouncing Dictionary
1822:Society of Petroleum Engineers
1587:British 70th Infantry Division
1526:. The Italians had previously
1277:", referring to a location in
98:
1:
1806:New General National Congress
1289:era, the town became a Roman
1249:North Africa during Antiquity
593:Köppen climate classification
2527:Tobruk War cemetery - video
2037:"Climate Normals 1991-2020"
1738:Second Battle of El Alamein
1402:Libya was an Italian colony
1075:Average precipitation days
861:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
721:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
571:problem. A factory for the
362:. It is the capital of the
330:
2982:
2190:N., Anthony (2013-02-07).
1888:Knightsbridge War Cemetery
1616:
1545:
1385:
1266:
1242:
1221:
1216:
601:
383:Tobruk was the site of an
291:
33:
26:
2713:
2596:
1883:Railway stations in Libya
1548:British capture of Tobruk
1542:British capture of Tobruk
1169:
1121:
1074:
1000:
930:
860:
790:
720:
650:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
567:Tobruk suffers a serious
507:herdsmen who travel from
119:
85:
73:
66:
2701:Administrative seats of
2154:Annuario Pontificio 2013
1923:"Tubruq - Wolfram-Alpha"
1796:. In September 2014 the
1613:German capture of Tobruk
1285:from Antipyrgos. In the
387:colony and, later, of a
41:City in Cyrenaica, Libya
34:Not to be confused with
2951:Greek colonies in Libya
2107:www.weatheronline.co.uk
2010:Encyclopædia Britannica
1878:List of cities in Libya
1691:Mahratta Light Infantry
1679:Worcestershire Regiment
1661:7th Royal Tank Regiment
1656:4th Royal Tank Regiment
1583:Australian 18th Brigade
1579:Australian 9th Division
1464:and cut off the nearby
1388:Western Desert Campaign
29:Tobruk (disambiguation)
2014:Concise.Britannica.com
1864:The city is served by
1848:First Libyan Civil War
1790:First Libyan Civil War
1619:Axis capture of Tobruk
1609:
1595:Czechoslovak battalion
1566:Deutsches Afrika Korps
1433:
1224:Deutscher Wetterdienst
531:Libyan Coastal Highway
492:
380:
311:
303:
58:
2101:weatheronline.co.uk.
1830:petroleum engineering
1788:At the outset of the
1715:British Commando raid
1607:
1518:. In early December,
1427:
1352:by rewriting it in a
1257:agricultural colony,
1243:Further information:
490:
376:
192:5 m (16 ft)
139:32.07611°N 23.96139°E
2222:. 23 February 2011.
2008:"Tobruk" (history),
1701:67 Medium Regiment,
1637:Generalfeldmarschall
1629:British Commonwealth
1420:Strategic importance
1396:At the beginning of
651:Record high °C (°F)
539:Tobruk–Ajdabiya Road
535:Charruba–Timimi Road
27:For other uses, see
2405:. 16 October 2014.
2311:The Washington Post
1721:Operation Agreement
1689:2nd Battalion, 5th
1498:in desert warfare.
931:Record low °C (°F)
791:Daily mean °C (°F)
569:saltwater intrusion
356:Mediterranean coast
135: /
2936:Baladiyat of Libya
2608:Towns and villages
2499:on 17 January 2012
2379:on 18 January 2015
2317:on August 25, 2014
2252:. 5 January 2015.
2140:2016-01-03 at the
2022:2008-01-02 at the
1959:2014-10-06 at the
1850:, is from Tobruk.
1826:Abdurrahim El-Keib
1768:. You can help by
1673:Sherwood Foresters
1610:
1599:Operation Crusader
1434:
585:hot desert climate
583:Tobruk features a
493:
435:Operation Crusader
428:prolonged fighting
416:The Rats of Tobruk
381:
228:License Plate Code
202: • Total
144:32.07611; 23.96139
80:Panorama of Tobruk
2923:
2922:
2831:
2830:
2668:
2667:
2433:tripadvisor.co.uk
2429:"Al Masira Hotel"
2162:978-88-209-9070-1
1834:Waseda University
1786:
1785:
1749:Libyan Civil Wars
1732:British recapture
1697:7th Gurkha Rifles
1667:Coldstream Guards
1633:fall of Singapore
1631:troops after the
1563:, under the name
1524:Operation Compass
1384:
1383:
1376:
1338:This article may
1283:Mediterranean Sea
1230:
1229:
1124:relative humidity
591:according to the
360:border with Egypt
328:
236:
235:
111:Location in Libya
16:(Redirected from
2973:
2864:Libyan Oil-ports
2858:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2602:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2495:. Archived from
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2375:. Archived from
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2151:
2145:
2131:Michel Lequien,
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2006:
1991:
1990:
1970:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1927:wolframalpha.com
1919:
1781:
1778:
1760:
1753:
1430:Battle of Gazala
1379:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1355:balanced fashion
1333:
1332:
1325:
1268:
1078:
599:
403:military post.
333:
323:
321:
293:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
101:
100:
94:
78:
61:
55:
54:
44:
21:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2898:
2865:
2862:
2832:
2827:
2709:
2699:
2669:
2664:
2603:
2594:
2576:
2570:Butnan District
2562:
2560:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2196:Comando Supremo
2189:
2188:
2184:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2142:Wayback Machine
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2024:Wayback Machine
2007:
1994:
1988:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1961:Wayback Machine
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1897:
1874:
1862:
1818:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1766:needs expansion
1751:
1734:
1717:
1703:Royal Artillery
1695:2nd Battalion,
1683:2nd Battalion,
1677:1st Battalion,
1671:1st Battalion,
1665:3rd Battalion,
1621:
1615:
1550:
1544:
1528:invaded Albania
1510:of the latter)
1504:
1502:Italian advance
1422:
1394:
1392:Siege of Tobruk
1386:Main articles:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1350:help improve it
1347:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1307:Catholic Church
1251:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1217:Source 1: NOAA
1076:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
581:
514:There are many
485:
473:Muammar Gaddafi
462:Sarir oil field
368:Tobruk District
364:Butnan District
274:
250:
246:
143:
141:
137:
134:
129:
126:
124:
122:
121:
115:
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
102:
81:
69:
62:
56:
49:
42:
39:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2650:Zawiyat Janzur
2647:
2645:Bi'r al Ashhab
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2516:External links
2514:
2511:
2510:
2480:
2450:
2420:
2390:
2359:
2328:
2298:
2267:
2237:
2207:
2182:
2166:
2146:
2124:
2093:
2057:
2028:
1992:
1986:
1965:
1944:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1866:Tobruk Airport
1861:
1860:Transportation
1858:
1844:Eman al-Obeidi
1817:
1816:Notable people
1814:
1784:
1783:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1747:
1733:
1730:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1617:Main article:
1614:
1611:
1546:Main article:
1543:
1540:
1520:British Empire
1503:
1500:
1446:desert warfare
1421:
1418:
1382:
1381:
1337:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:sunshine hours
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
604:
603:
597:
580:
577:
484:
481:
469:Idris of Libya
448:Rebuilt after
378:Port of Tobruk
336:transliterated
234:
233:
230:
224:
223:
213:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
117:
116:
110:
104:
103:
96:
95:
89:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
50:
47:
40:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2978:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2871:Gulf of Sidra
2868:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:the districts
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2468:
2464:
2463:aljazeera.com
2460:
2454:
2451:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1987:3-12-539683-2
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:Jones, Daniel
1969:
1966:
1963:, 2011 Aug 23
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1780:
1771:
1767:
1764:This section
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:invaded Egypt
1509:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:counterattack
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1378:
1375:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:episcopal see
1296:
1293:guarding the
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1263:Ancient Greek
1260:
1256:
1255:Ancient Greek
1250:
1246:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:Mean monthly
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1003:precipitation
999:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
929:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
859:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
789:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
719:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
649:
605:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
578:
576:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:Tobruk has a
489:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
456:linked by an
455:
454:port terminal
451:
446:
444:
441:forces under
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
397:caravan route
394:
390:
386:
385:ancient Greek
379:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
326:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
288:Ancient Greek
283:
244:
240:
231:
229:
221:
217:
214:
212:
204:
191:
184:
181:
179:
172:
169:
162:
159:
157:
148:
120:Coordinates:
93:
77:
65:
60:
45:
37:
30:
19:
18:Tobruk, Libya
2807:
2660:Gasr el Jadi
2588:
2587:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:the original
2492:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2462:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2432:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2402:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2377:the original
2372:
2362:
2352:24 September
2350:. Retrieved
2342:The Guardian
2341:
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:the original
2310:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2281:The Guardian
2280:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2249:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2219:
2210:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2153:
2149:
2133:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2106:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2072:
2060:
2050:18 September
2048:. Retrieved
2040:
2031:
2013:
2009:
1977:
1968:
1952:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1902:World War II
1863:
1854:Omar Mukhtar
1852:
1842:
1819:
1810:Dar al-Salam
1809:
1787:
1777:October 2020
1774:
1770:adding to it
1765:
1735:
1718:
1622:
1571:Erwin Rommel
1564:
1558:
1551:
1536:protectorate
1516:Sidi Barrani
1505:
1493:
1470:
1466:supply lines
1454:
1450:the Italians
1435:
1408:between the
1398:World War II
1395:
1370:
1364:October 2020
1361:
1353:
1342:undue weight
1339:
1321:World War II
1270:
1258:
1252:
1005:mm (inches)
588:
582:
573:desalination
566:
543:
529:through the
524:
513:
494:
466:
458:oil pipeline
450:World War II
447:
443:Erwin Rommel
432:
412:6th Division
408:World War II
405:
382:
343:
339:
295:
242:
238:
237:
2894:Ez Zweitina
2473:26 December
2443:26 December
2413:26 December
2383:26 December
2291:26 December
2260:26 December
2230:23 February
1953:Der Spiegel
1937:26 December
1575:under siege
1462:sally forth
1457:escarpments
1442:bombardment
1414:Axis powers
1311:titular see
1281:across the
516:escarpments
477:Arab Spring
358:, near the
354:'s eastern
142: /
2930:Categories
2884:Ra's Lanuf
2373:Reuters UK
2220:Al Jazeera
2201:2021-04-30
2180:Appendix C
1909:References
1742:El Alamein
1554:El Agheila
1295:Cyrenaican
1271:Antipyrgos
1267:Ἀντίπυργος
1259:Antipyrgus
1222:Source 2:
1077:(≥ 0.1 mm)
520:dip slopes
511:to oasis.
366:(formerly
304:Antipyrgus
296:Antipyrgos
292:Ἀντίπυργος
197:Population
130:23°57′41″E
2946:Cyrenaica
2493:pm.gov.ly
2321:26 August
2164:), p. 834
2017:BC-Tobruk
1725:Commandos
1641:Wehrmacht
1508:divisions
1496:air power
1245:Marmarica
483:Geography
420:Er Regima
393:Cyrenaica
348:port city
325:romanized
211:Time zone
189:Elevation
171:Cyrenaica
127:32°4′34″N
2738:Benghazi
2728:‘Aziziya
2718:Ajdabiya
2503:19 April
2467:Archived
2437:Archived
2407:Archived
2403:BBC News
2346:Archived
2285:Archived
2254:Archived
2250:BBC News
2224:Archived
2138:Archived
2117:19 April
2111:Archived
2086:28 March
2077:Archived
2041:NOAA.gov
2020:Archived
1957:Archived
1931:Archived
1872:See also
1473:Benghazi
1291:fortress
1212:3,413.3
1122:Average
1001:Average
716:(112.5)
701:(104.9)
696:(108.7)
691:(107.2)
686:(112.5)
681:(112.3)
676:(109.4)
671:(108.7)
666:(103.1)
527:Benghazi
178:District
2803:Tripoli
2778:Misrata
2753:Gharian
2723:Al Jawf
2615:Jaghbub
2581:Capital
1438:squalls
1406:battles
1348:Please
1315:caravan
1239:Ancient
1234:History
1070:(6.81)
1065:(1.70)
1060:(0.61)
1055:(0.61)
1050:(0.06)
1030:(0.30)
1025:(0.12)
1020:(0.38)
1015:(1.19)
1010:(1.83)
996:(33.4)
991:(38.1)
986:(43.9)
981:(50.9)
976:(53.2)
971:(59.7)
966:(51.8)
961:(53.6)
956:(40.6)
951:(40.1)
946:(41.0)
941:(33.4)
936:(35.8)
926:(61.9)
921:(52.2)
916:(59.4)
911:(67.5)
906:(72.7)
901:(74.8)
896:(73.2)
891:(69.1)
886:(63.0)
881:(57.2)
876:(53.1)
871:(50.2)
866:(49.6)
856:(68.7)
851:(59.5)
846:(66.7)
841:(73.9)
836:(78.8)
831:(80.4)
826:(79.0)
821:(75.4)
816:(70.3)
811:(65.3)
806:(61.0)
801:(57.7)
796:(56.7)
786:(75.6)
781:(65.1)
776:(74.1)
771:(81.0)
766:(84.9)
761:(86.2)
756:(84.9)
751:(81.9)
746:(77.5)
741:(73.4)
736:(68.9)
731:(65.1)
726:(63.7)
711:(85.6)
706:(93.2)
661:(94.1)
656:(79.0)
579:Climate
505:nomadic
475:in the
460:to the
424:Mechili
406:During
401:Italian
346:) is a
340:Tobruch
334:; also
327::
312:Tobruch
308:Italian
243:Tobruck
205:120,000
156:Country
59:Tobruch
2966:Tobruk
2915:Zawiya
2910:Tobruk
2823:Zuwara
2818:Zawiya
2808:Tobruk
2783:Murzuk
2655:Kambut
2640:Al Adm
2635:Acroma
2630:Musaid
2625:Gazala
2620:Bardia
2589:Tobruk
2160:
1984:
1581:, the
1489:supply
1410:Allies
1275:Pyrgos
1209:179.8
1206:285.0
1203:257.3
1200:288.0
1197:331.7
1194:350.3
1191:348.0
1188:306.9
1185:246.0
1182:288.3
1179:299.5
1176:232.5
607:Month
501:Africa
344:Tubruk
331:Ṭubruq
316:Arabic
239:Tobruk
183:Butnan
167:Region
105:Tobruk
48:Tobruk
2903:Other
2889:Brega
2879:Sidra
2813:Ubari
2798:Sirte
2793:Sebha
2788:Nalut
2768:Khoms
2748:Derna
2733:Beida
2707:Libya
2574:Libya
2080:(PDF)
2069:(PDF)
1895:Notes
1838:Japan
1832:from
1802:Libya
1561:corps
1485:Suluq
1477:Derna
1340:lend
1309:as a
1287:Roman
1279:Crete
1165:71.1
1162:68.7
1159:68.9
1156:69.8
1153:71.9
1150:77.6
1147:76.8
1144:75.0
1141:71.2
1138:68.0
1135:67.2
1132:67.9
1129:70.4
1117:23.9
1068:173.0
646:Year
562:Derna
558:Bayda
554:Libya
550:Egypt
546:Egypt
509:oasis
467:King
389:Roman
352:Libya
300:Latin
216:UTC+2
161:Libya
36:Tabuk
2773:Marj
2758:Ghat
2743:Brak
2505:2018
2475:2015
2445:2015
2415:2015
2385:2015
2354:2014
2323:2014
2293:2015
2262:2015
2232:2011
2158:ISBN
2119:2018
2088:2016
2052:2018
1982:ISBN
1939:2015
1644:Heer
1593:, a
1530:and
1428:The
1412:and
1390:and
1247:and
1126:(%)
1114:5.2
1111:2.7
1108:2.0
1105:0.4
1096:0.1
1093:0.6
1090:0.8
1087:2.0
1084:4.2
1081:5.9
1063:43.1
1058:15.6
1053:15.6
1045:(0)
1040:(0)
1035:(0)
1013:30.3
1008:46.5
979:10.5
974:11.8
969:15.4
964:11.0
959:12.0
924:16.6
919:11.2
914:15.2
909:19.7
904:22.6
899:23.8
894:22.9
889:20.6
884:17.2
879:14.0
874:11.7
869:10.1
854:20.4
849:15.3
844:19.3
839:23.3
834:26.0
829:26.9
824:26.1
819:24.1
814:21.3
809:18.5
804:16.1
799:14.3
794:13.7
784:24.2
779:18.4
774:23.4
769:27.2
764:29.4
759:30.1
754:29.4
749:27.7
744:25.3
739:23.0
734:20.5
729:18.4
724:17.6
714:44.7
709:29.8
704:34.0
699:40.5
694:42.6
689:41.8
684:44.7
679:44.6
674:43.0
669:42.6
664:39.5
659:34.5
654:26.1
643:Dec
640:Nov
637:Oct
634:Sep
631:Aug
628:Jul
625:Jun
622:May
619:Apr
616:Mar
613:Feb
610:Jan
560:and
552:and
439:Axis
422:and
342:and
320:طبرق
68:City
53:طبرق
2763:Hun
2705:of
1800:of
1794:NTC
1772:.
1253:An
1048:1.6
1028:7.5
1023:3.1
1018:9.7
994:0.8
989:3.4
984:6.6
954:4.8
949:4.5
944:5.0
939:0.8
934:2.1
864:9.8
589:BWh
350:on
338:as
241:or
220:EET
2932::
2572:,
2491:.
2465:.
2461:.
2435:.
2431:.
2401:.
2371:.
2344:.
2340:.
2309:.
2283:.
2279:.
2248:.
2218:.
2194:.
2109:.
2105:.
2071:.
2043:.
2039:.
1995:^
1929:.
1925:.
1840:.
1836:,
1589:,
1538:.
1400:,
1269:,
1265::
1102:0
1099:0
564:.
479:.
464:.
322:,
318::
314:;
310::
306:;
302::
298:;
294:,
290::
286:;
282:-/
279:oʊ
232:14
2857:e
2850:t
2843:v
2694:e
2687:t
2680:v
2555:e
2548:t
2541:v
2507:.
2477:.
2447:.
2417:.
2387:.
2356:.
2325:.
2295:.
2264:.
2234:.
2204:.
2121:.
2090:.
2054:.
2026:.
1941:.
1779:)
1775:(
1377:)
1371:(
1366:)
1362:(
1346:.
1261:(
1043:0
1038:0
1033:0
587:(
276:t
273:,
270:k
267:ʊ
264:r
261:b
258:ˈ
255:ə
252:t
249:/
245:(
222:)
218:(
38:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
