271:
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253:"justif concluding that a figure between 700 and 800 is likely to be near the norm, and that variation in either direction is due on the one hand to epidemic disaster and slow recovery thereafter (1921 (640), 1931 (597), 1941 (630)) or on the other hand to an excess of double enumeration (suggested already by census officers for 1901 and 1911, and possibly for 1951). Another factor in the uncertainty in the figures is the declared or undeclared inclusion or exclusion of Christian Todas by the various enumerators ... Giving a figure between 700 and 800 is highly impressionistic, and may for the immediate present and future be pessimistic, since
43:
138:. During the 20th century, the Toda population has hovered in the range 700 to 900. Although an insignificant fraction of the large population of India, since the early 19th century the Toda have attracted "a most disproportionate amount of attention from anthropologists and other scholars because of their ethnological aberrancy" and "their unlikeness to their neighbours in appearance, manners, and customs". The study of their culture by anthropologists and linguists proved significant in developing the fields of
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build a traditional house for his ailing father. The administration agreed to provide the funds. Quite soon, it was ready and one Sunday morning, the
Collector, additional Collector and the Superintendent of police inaugurated the house. The construction was so impressive that advances were paid on the spot for two more houses. Nine houses came up that year. Today, over 35 traditional houses have been constructed.
620:
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470:, are of an oval, pent-shaped construction with sliding door. This sliding door is placed inside the hut, and is arranged and fixed on two stout stakes, as to be easily moved back and forth. These huts called dogles are usually 10 feet (3.0 m) high, 18 feet (5.5 m) long and 9 feet (2.7 m) wide. They are built of
550:
People also gather in their best clothes for festivities and dancing. There are specific areas dedicated to funeral ceremonies separated for men and women. A hut is made in these areas where the body is prepared. Due to the celebratory nature of Toda funerals, outsiders are typically invited to participate in the festivities.
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The forced interaction with other peoples with technology has caused a lot of changes in the lifestyle of the Todas. They used to be primarily a pastoral people but now, they are increasingly venturing into agriculture and other occupations. They used to be strict vegetarians but now, some people eat
557:
exists as a separate entity from the buffalo centric practices. Diviners work in pairs and explain misfortunes that have occurred in the Toda villages like the burning down of a dairy. The reasons typically would be that the one seeking explanation committed some offense or that a sorcerer caused the
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Although many Toda abandoned their traditional distinctive huts for houses made of concrete, in the early 21st century, a movement developed to build the traditional barrel-vaulted huts. From 1995 to 2005, forty new huts were built in this style, and many Toda sacred dairies were renovated. Each has
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take up the role of temples in Toda religion. At the dairies, the milk of the buffalos is separated into two qualities: low grade milk, called tarvali, and high grade milk, called kudrpali. There is not a distinction between what buffalos can produce tarvali or kudrpali other than a sacred bell worn
482:
The front and back of the hut are usually made of dressed stones (mostly granite). The hut has a tiny entrance at the front, about 3 feet (91 cm) wide and 3 feet (91 cm) tall, through which people must crawl to enter the interior. This unusually small entrance is a means of protection from
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Funerals in the Toda religion are far more celebratory compared to western funerals. The dead are prepared with slaughtered buffalo to accompany them to the afterworld. The buffalos for this process are chased and captured before slaughter as an opportunity for the men to demonstrate their prowess.
536:
The mountains and hills of their home region are a large part of their religion for two reasons: the importance of grass for buffalo herds and the belief that the hills are the homes of the gods. There is a belief that the gods lived on the hills prior to the creation of the Todas, and that special
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Toda religious tradition is directly tied to the buffalo herding practices. Every part of the dairy process is ritualized including “the twice daily milking and churning of butter to the great seasonal shifting of pastures, the burning over of the dry pastures, and the giving of salt to the herd.”
532:
According to the Toda religion, Ön and his wife Pinârkûrs went to a part of the
Nilgiri hills, known as the Kundahs, and set up an iron bar from one end to the other. Ön stood at one end and pulled buffalos out from the earth, which became the sacred buffalos. Pinârkûrs stood on the other end, and
528:
Toda religious life and practices stem from a pantheon of gods. The heads of this pantheon are the goddess Tökisy and the god of the underworld Ön. These two deities form the basis of many religious practices and rituals, but each Toda clan has their own nòdrochi, a deity seen as that clan’s ruler
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Toda's quaint barrel vaulted houses, which symbolise the
Nilgiris, are today hard to spot. These images have been dry transferred on T-shirts and other products as logos. Seven years ago, there were just a couple of traditional houses remaining in the permanent hamlets. One day, a Toda wanted to
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The Todas are vegetarians and do not eat meat, eggs that can hatch, or fish. The buffalo were milked in a holy dairy, where the priest/milkman also processed their gifts. Buffalo milk is used in a variety of forms: butter, butter milk, yogurt, cheese and drunk plain. Rice is a staple, eaten with
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The entrance is closed by means of a solid slab or plank of wood, and sufficient dimensions to entirely block up the entrance. This sliding door is inside the hut, and so arranged and fixed on two stout stakes buried in the earth as to be easily moved to and fro. The houses are built of bamboo
1160:
Quote: "... over the past ten years, we have approached government and private agencies for sponsoring traditional houses. Today, we have been able to assist in funding over forty barrel-vaulted houses. Added to these are the scores of existing temples – two are conical and the rest
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and are thatched. Thicker bamboo canes are arched to give the hut its basic bent shape. Thinner bamboo canes (rattan) are tied close and parallel to each other over this frame. Dried grass is stacked over this as thatch. Each hut is enclosed within a wall of loose stones.
432:, a practice in which a woman marries all the brothers of a family, but no longer do so. All the children of such marriages were deemed to descend from the eldest brother. The ratio of females to males is about three to five. The culture historically practiced female
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family. The language is typologically aberrant and phonologically difficult. Linguists have classified Toda (along with its neighbour Kota) as a member of the southern subgroup of the historical family proto-South-Dravidian. It split off from South
Dravidian, after
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by buffalos used to make kudrpali. Additionally, the Todas practice ritual calf sacrifice. The practice is derived from a story where the god Kwoto tricked the gods into eating the flesh of a slain buffalo calf. Since then, this ceremony has taken place every year.
603:. In modern linguistic terms, the aberration of Toda results from a disproportionately high number of syntactic and morphological rules, of both early and recent derivation, which are not found in the other South Dravidian languages (save Kota, to a small extent.)
648:
Registrar of
Geographical Indication gave GI status for this unique embroidery, a practice which has been passed on to generations. The status ensures uniform pricing for Toda embroidery products and provides protection against low-quality duplication of the art.
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misfortune. In the case of one committing an offense, the diviner would offer a ritual or prayer to make amends for their offense. In the case of a sorcerer, the diviner would identify which sorcerer cast the spell that caused the misfortune. Information about
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meetings would take place on a single hill. Each hill associated with a god features a stone circle called a pun. It is unknown who created the puns, but it seems that the Todas did not due to their lack of traditions associated with the stone monuments.
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Toda temples are distinct from Hindu temples and are constructed in a circular pit lined with stones. They are similar in appearance and construction to Toda huts. Women are not allowed to enter or go close to these huts that are designated as temples.
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and sorcerers is limited as it seems to be a taboo practice in Toda culture. However, sorcery is believed to be a familial practice that is passed down from father to son. Toda sorcery is feared by the Todas themselves as well as other tribes like the
533:
she pulled out the buffalos that would form the ordinary herd. The first Toda man also came from the earth, holding onto the tail of the last buffalo Ön pulled out. He then pulled out a rib from the man and created the first Toda woman.
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was fairly common; however, this practice has now been totally abandoned, as has female infanticide. During the last quarter of the 20th century, some Toda pasture land was lost due to outsiders using it for agriculture or
574:), the holy milkman was prohibited from walking across bridges while in office. He had to ford rivers by foot, or by swimming. The people are prohibited from wearing shoes or any type of foot covering.
197:. This has threatened to undermine Toda culture by greatly diminishing the buffalo herds. Since the early 21st century, Toda society and culture have been the focus of an international effort at
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and consequently, one would expect, in an increased population figure. However, earlier predictions that the community was declining were overly pessimistic and probably never well-founded."
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figures for the Toda are: 1871 (693), 1881 (675), 1891 (739), 1901 (807), 1911 (676) (corrected from 748), 1951 (879), 1961 (759), 1971 (812). In his judgment, these records
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The Toda religion exalted high-class men as holy milkmen, giving them sacred status as priests of the holy dairy. According to Sir James Frazer in 1922 (see quote below from
1458:
Sutton, Deborah (2003), "'In this the land of the Todas': Imaginary
Landscapes and Colonial Policy in Nineteenth-Century Southern India", in Dorrian, M.; Rose, G. (eds.),
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The Todas are among the most ancient tribes of the
Nilgiris. Their total population is less than 2000. They live in small villages or hamlets locally called munds.
1575:"How Traditional Ecological Knowledge addresses Global Climate change: the perspective of the Todas - the indigenous people of the Nilgiri hills of South India"
1551:"How Traditional Ecological Knowledge addresses Global Climate change: the perspective of the Todas - the indigenous people of the Nilgiri hills of South India"
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a narrow stone pit around it and the tiny door is held shut with a heavy stone. Only the priest may enter it. It is used for storage of sacred buffalo milk.
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Emeneau, M. B. (1988), "A Century of Toda
Studies: Review of 'The Toda of South India: A New Look' by Anthony R. Walker; M. N. Srinivas",
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Ganesh, Balasubramanian; Rajakumar, Thangarasu; Acharya, SubhenduKumar; Vasumathy, Sridharan; Sowmya, Sridharan; Kaur, Harpreet (2021).
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173:; consequently, rituals are performed for all dairy activities as well as for the ordination of dairymen-priests. The religious and
157:, consisting of three to seven small thatched houses, constructed in the shape of half-barrels and located across the slopes of the
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126:. Before the 18th century and British colonisation, the Toda coexisted locally with other ethnic communities, including the
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1399:, 4:1. 19-56pp. (Earlier version in: University of California Working Papers in Phonetics. 84. 89-126 pp.). 1993.
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provide the social context in which complex poetic songs about the cult of the buffalo are composed and chanted.
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wild animals. The front portion of the hut is decorated with the Toda art forms, a kind of rock mural painting.
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The Tude or sacred bush, weapons, bow & arrow, imitation buffalo horns. Used at weddings & funerals.
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National
Committee for the Netherlands for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN-NL)
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National
Committee for the Netherlands for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN-NL)
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Sutton, Deborah (2002), "'Horrid Sights and Customary Rights': The Toda Funeral on the Colonial Nilgiris",
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The hut of a Toda Tribe of Nilgiris, India. Note the decoration of the front wall, and the very small door.
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during the time that the Todas and gods lived together. In total, there are between 1,600 and 1,800 gods.
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Their sole occupation is cattle-herding and dairy-work. Holy dairies are built to store the buffalo milk.
324:
1418:
198:
951:"Particularly vulnerable tribal groups of Tamil Nadu, India: A sociocultural anthropological review"
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Rajan, S.; Sethuraman, M.; Mukherjii, Pulok K. (2002), "Ethnobiology of the Nilgiri Hills, India",
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844:. Oxford University Press in collaboration with the Anthropological Survey of India. p. 6.
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161:, on which they keep domestic buffalo. Their economy was pastoral, based on the buffalo, whose
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Comparative Musicology and Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology
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Supported Projects: Edhkwehlynawd Botanical Refuge (EBR) - Reforestation in a Tribal Area
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Supported Projects: Edhkwehlynawd Botanical Refuge (EBR) - Reforestation in a Tribal Area
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667:"A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix"
1381:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, Pp. 396, pp. 438–449,
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The Toda dress consists of a single piece of cloth, which is worn wrap over a
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436:. In the Toda tribe, families arrange contracted child marriage for couples.
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Between Tradition and Modernity, and Other Essays on the Toda of South India
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1355:, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, Pp. xiii, 410, index (16),
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950:
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Spajic', S. Ladefoged, P. and Bhaskararao, P. 1996. "The Trills of Toda."
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Shalev, M. Ladefoged, P. and Bhaskararao, P. 1994. "Phonetics of Toda."
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316: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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efforts applied to the community seem to be resulting in an increased
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Proceedings of the Earth in Transition: First World Conference (PPT)
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1171:"GI certificate for Toda embroidery formally handed over to tribals"
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closely laid together, fastened with rattan and covered with thatch.
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Richard Barron, 1837, View in India, chiefly among the Nilgiri Hills
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1599:"Restoring the Toda Landscapes of the Nilgiri Hills in South India"
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673:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
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environmental restoration. The Toda lands are now a part of The
1733: – 2008. Travelogue with pictures of ceremonies.
1072:"The Calf Sacrifice of the Todas of the Nilgiris (South India)"
1703:
EIT PROJECT SHOWCASE: The Edhkwehlynawd Botanical Refuge (EBR)
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Proceedings of the Earth in Transition: First World Conference
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Toda Traditional Knowledge, Environment, and Modern Science
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Deterritorialisations, Revisioning Landscape and Politics
1299:, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, Pp. 103,
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for men and as a skirt for women along with shawlwrap.
1078:, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 485–489,
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Ritual Structure and Language Structure of the Todas
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Ritual Structure and Language Structure of the Todas
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242:According to M. B. Emeneau in 1984, the successive
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76:
62:
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149:The Toda traditionally live in settlements called
815:. Asian Educational Services. 1994. p. 232.
771:World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, April 2007
738:
736:
1540:
1505:, archived from the original on 13 October 2007
524:A Toda hut in Muthunadu Mund near Ooty, India.
1701:and Indigenous Peoples' Restoration Network.
1404:Journal of International Phonetic Association
1377:Nettl, Bruno; Bohlman, Phillip Vilas (1991),
1314:Tyler, Stephen A. (1975), "Reviewed Work(s):
690:
688:
644:Toda people in front of their hut circa 1870.
516:Photograph (1871-72) of a Toda green funeral.
165:they traded with neighbouring peoples of the
8:
1369:Nara, Tsuyoshi and Bhaskararao, Peri. 2003.
1215:(1958), "Oral Poets of South India: Todas",
35:
1725:India: Nilgiri Hills, NGO (EBR), 8 Hectares
1636:India: Nilgiri Hills, NGO (EBR), 8 Hectares
812:The Siddhanta Deepika Or the Light of Truth
1255:Hockings, Paul (1972), "Reviewed Work(s):
1250:, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pp. xvii, 1003.
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1470:Indian Economic and Social History Review
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388:The Toda are most closely related to the
376:Learn how and when to remove this message
1431:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1373:. Osaka : ELPR Series A3-011.91pp .
1206:Toda Music, Linguistics, Ethnomusicology
1157:
773:. Whc.unesco.org (27 June 2013) in 2012.
1411:Modern Anthropology, Sociology, History
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727:
658:
452:The Todas live in small hamlets called
1531:From: Chhabra, Tarun. 15 August 2002.
1508:
1147:. Macmillan Company. pp. 255–261.
1010:"Oral Poets of South India: The Todas"
797:
785:
1737:Ethnologue: Toda, A language of India
1423:, Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation
1003:
1001:
697:South India Heritage: An Introduction
213:; their territory is declared UNESCO
7:
867:"The Diverse Faces of Toda Religion"
392:both ethnically and linguistically.
314:adding citations to reliable sources
169:. Toda religion features the sacred
63:Regions with significant populations
1200:. Delhi: Hindustan Publishing Corp.
1198:The Toda of South India: A New Look
1699:Society for Ecological Restoration
1070:Peter, Prince (31 December 1960),
25:
1132:. Macmillan Company. p. 252.
1117:. Macmillan Company. p. 340.
994:. Macmillan Company. p. 446.
938:. Macmillan Company. p. 184.
923:. Macmillan Company. p. 443.
908:. Macmillan Company. p. 183.
27:Ethnic group of Tamil Nadu, India
1772:Indigenous peoples of South Asia
1684:
1397:PILC Journal of Dravidic Studies
1059:. Macmillan Company. p. 40.
1014:The Journal of American Folklore
699:. East West Books. p. 194.
290:
955:Indian Journal of Public Health
301:needs additional citations for
211:International Biosphere Reserve
1:
1333:10.1525/aa.1975.77.4.02a00930
1143:Rivers, William H.R. (1906).
1128:Rivers, William H.R. (1906).
1113:Rivers, William H.R. (1906).
1055:Rivers, William H.R. (1906).
990:Rivers, William H.R. (1906).
934:Rivers, William H.R. (1906).
919:Rivers, William H.R. (1906).
904:Rivers, William H.R. (1906).
114:ethnic group who live in the
1533:"Toda's Traditions In Peril"
1261:The Journal of Asian Studies
1217:Journal of American Folklore
1008:Emeneau, M. B. (July 1958).
883:10.5771/0257-9774-2018-2-395
1767:Social groups of Tamil Nadu
1497:Walker, Anthony R. (2004),
1349:Emeneau, Murray B. (1984),
1295:Emeneau, Murray B. (1974),
1196:Walker, Anthony R. (1986).
865:Walker, Anthony R. (2018).
424:Polyandry among Toda people
193:by the State Government of
1793:
1499:"The Truth About The Toda"
1482:10.1177/001946460203900102
421:
1757:Scheduled Tribes of India
1708:India Environmental Trust
1619:India Environmental Trust
1515:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1462:, London: Black Dog Press
1084:10.9783/9781512819526-079
508:Toda temple in the 1900s.
203:Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
93:
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47:Elderly Toda Couple, 1873
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1777:South Indian communities
1573:Chhabra, Tarun (2005b),
1549:Chhabra, Tarun (2005a),
1417:Walker, Anthony (1998),
461:. The Toda huts, called
1597:Chhabra, Tarun (2006),
1320:American Anthropologist
747:Encyclopædia Britannica
695:Kasturi, Prema (2007).
464:
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1352:Toda Grammar and Texts
968:10.4103/ijph.ijph_2_21
671:www.censusindia.gov.in
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1693:at Wikimedia Commons
1644:Phytotherapy Research
1259:, by M. B. Emeneau",
1190:Classic Ethnographies
840:Singh, K. S. (1994).
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282:Toda Maiden, ca. 1873
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89:Related ethnic groups
1503:Frontline, the Hindu
842:The Scheduled Tribes
428:They once practiced
310:improve this article
199:culturally sensitive
184:in traditional Toda
1567:on 4 September 2012
1318:by M. B. Emeneau",
590:is a member of the
492:dairy products and
430:fraternal polyandry
266:Culture and society
215:World Heritage Site
140:social anthropology
58:2,002 (2011 census)
37:
1731:Toasting the Todas
1613:on 10 October 2007
1591:on 11 October 2007
1044:– via JSTOR.
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610:Toda women dancing
553:In Toda religion,
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1762:Dravidian peoples
1752:Nilgiris district
1689:Media related to
1371:Songs of the Toda
1093:978-1-5128-1952-6
851:978-0-19-563255-2
822:978-81-206-0884-9
706:978-81-88661-64-0
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1309:
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1239:
1223:(281): 312–324,
1201:
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1161:barrel-vaulted."
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53:Total population
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1177:(15 June 2013).
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321:Find sources:
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299:This section
297:
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308:Please help
303:verification
300:
252:
241:
209:-designated
179:
150:
148:
122:in southern
107:
106:
32:Ethnic group
29:
1691:Toda people
1099:25 November
434:infanticide
108:Toda people
95:Kota people
1746:Categories
1603:Plant Talk
1267:(2): 446,
1257:Toda Songs
1248:Toda Songs
1185:References
961:(4): 403.
677:3 November
636:Embroidery
555:divination
422:See also:
336:newspapers
259:birth rate
221:Population
195:Tamil Nadu
180:Fraternal
120:Tamil Nadu
97:and other
70:Tamil Nadu
1539:. Quote:
1490:144011673
1289:162001485
1175:The Hindu
1145:The Todas
1130:The Todas
1115:The Todas
1057:The Todas
1034:0021-8715
992:The Todas
977:0019-557X
936:The Todas
921:The Todas
906:The Todas
891:0257-9774
871:Anthropos
601:Malayalam
592:Dravidian
244:decennial
182:polyandry
112:Dravidian
101:speakers
99:Dravidian
77:Languages
1719:. 2006.
1710:. 2005.
1672:46735024
1664:11933110
1630:. 2006.
1621:. 2005.
1511:citation
1246:(1971),
749:. (2007)
582:Language
500:Religion
418:Marriage
396:Clothing
237:Nilgiris
68:India, (
1281:2052652
615:Culture
597:Kannada
565:Badagas
560:sorcery
543:Dairies
494:curries
410:Economy
350:scholar
186:society
171:buffalo
159:pasture
136:Kurumba
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476:rattan
472:bamboo
440:Houses
352:
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331:
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207:UNESCO
132:Badaga
110:are a
1668:S2CID
1589:(PDF)
1578:(PDF)
1565:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1486:S2CID
1447:JSTOR
1338:JSTOR
1285:S2CID
1277:JSTOR
1233:JSTOR
1038:JSTOR
653:Notes
465:dogle
403:dhoti
357:JSTOR
343:books
235:s in
232:dogle
229:Toda
124:India
116:State
18:Todas
1697:The
1660:PMID
1517:link
1383:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1101:2023
1088:ISBN
1030:ISSN
973:ISSN
887:ISSN
846:ISBN
817:ISBN
701:ISBN
679:2017
586:The
487:Food
456:mund
390:Kota
329:news
205:, a
153:mund
142:and
134:and
128:Kota
83:Toda
36:Toda
1652:doi
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