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434:. The few people who occasionally stay on the island for this purpose use the huts of the abandoned village of Manaka on the east coast of the island as accommodation. Other settlements on the island were Hotaʻane in the west and Hokula in the north. In the 1996 census, five people were still counted, but since 2006, the island has been considered uninhabited.
387:. Danielsson identified Bligh's cave as lying on the sheltered northwest coast, where Bligh identified it; Marden's cave lies on the exposed southeast coast. Additionally, Danielsson thought it highly unlikely that the Tofuans would have allotted any grave site to Norton, or that the grave, if allotted, would have been preserved for two centuries.
187:
453:
Three deities from Samoa, Tuvuvata, Sisi, and
Faingaa, conspired to steal Tofua. So they came and tore up the high mountain by its very roots and its place was taken by a large lake. This enraged the Tongan gods very much and one of them, Tafakula, essayed to stop the thieves. He stood on the island
454:
of
Luahako and bent over so as to show his anus. It shone so brilliantly that the Samoan deities were struck with fear, thinking that the sun was rising and that their dastardly works was about to be revealed. Hence, they dropped the mountain and fled to Samoa. The mountain became the island of Kao.
256:
with a depth of 500 m (1,600 ft). The caldera was formed by a major eruption around 1,000 years BP, which left deposits up to 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) thick on islands over 40 kilometres (25 mi) away.
349:
and a compass. The mutineers refused them charts so Bligh had to navigate to Timor from memory. He recorded the distance as 3,618 nautical miles (6,701 km; 4,164 mi). He passed through the difficult
354:
along the way and reached Kupang on June 14. The only casualty on this voyage was a crewman named John Norton who was stoned to death by the natives of Tofua, the first island they tried to land on.
299:
Most historical eruptions have been small explosions from Lofia cone along the northern caldera rim. The eruptions of 1958–59 caused most of the islanders to evacuate for a year or more.
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In 2008–2009, the Swiss adventurer Xavier Rosset spent 10 months alone on the island. Having a camera, he turned his survivalist endeavor into a documentary called
28:
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941:
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E. W. Gifford, recording Tongan myths and tales in the 1920s, documented this explanation for Tofua's caldera and the creation of Kao Island to the north:
627:
694:
Caulfield, J. T.; Cronin, S. J.; Turner, S. P.; Cooper, L. B. (2011). "Mafic
Plinian volcanism and ignimbrite emplacement at Tofua volcano, Tonga".
252:
The island is oval, measuring approximately 80 square kilometers. Its sides rise steeply to the rim of the caldera, which is partially filled by a
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sailed between Tofua and Kao, but did not land. He observed smoke rising from the island, and that " brow of the Hill had been consumed by fire".
863:
1136:
1080:
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took place on 28 April 1789, about 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) from Tofua. After being cast off the ship, Captain
284:
and lavas from intracaldera cones, and recent pyroclastic fall deposits on the outer cone. Eruptive products are mainly basaltic
1219:
602:
Ewart, A.; Bryan, W.B.; and Gill, J.B. "Mineralogy and
Geochemistry of the Younger Volcanic Islands of Tonga, S.W. Pacific."
210:
130:
361:), Bligh and eighteen loyalists sought refuge in a cave to augment their meager provisions. In the March 1968 issue of the
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navigated the overcrowded 23-foot (7.0 m) open launch on an epic 41-day voyage first to Tofua and then to the
73:
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565:"Magma Evolution in the Primitive, Intra-oceanic Tonga Arc: Petrogenesis of Basaltic Andesites at Tofua Volcano"
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constituting the older cone, followed on the northern part of the island by froth lavas or welded and unwelded
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claimed to have found this cave and the grave of John Norton. Both findings were later disproved by
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Tofua is no longer inhabited, but it is used for agriculture, specifically for the cultivation of
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on 30 April 1943, landed. The crew survived on shellfish and coconuts until spotted by a
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Caulfield, J. T.; Turner, S. P.; Smith, I. E. M.; Cooper, L. B.; Jenner, G. A. (2012).
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in Tonga, and was designated a national park in 2001. It has been designated an
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942:"Swiss alone on remote Tongan island attracting a lot of interest"
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island group, it is a steep-sided composite cone with a summit
398:, which sank after being torpedoed by the Japanese submarine
233:. It lies about 100 km (62 mi) above a very active
897:. Kingdom of Tonga, Statistics Department. 30 November 2006
260:
Tofua's pre-caldera activity is recorded by a sequence of
979:. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas (DOPA) Explorer
390:
In May 1943, a lifeboat containing 23 survivors from the
856:
The
Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II
296:
activity (Lofia) is in the northern part of the caldera
292:
flows within the older cone. A postcaldera cone with
966:, Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, No. 8
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and were picked up the following day by the US Navy
174:
162:
157:
118:
79:
67:
57:
47:
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280:and lavas from the caldera-wall fissure zones,
463:The island is the largest area of undisturbed
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8:
917:"Xavier Rosset: 300 days alone on an island"
621:
619:
33:Tofua Island (lower left) and neighbouring
1111:
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381:expedition) in the June 1985 issue of the
237:. It is connected to the nearby island of
18:
580:
225:, and is formed by the subduction of the
760:
758:
524:
1105:Active and extinct volcanoes in Tonga.
735:
733:
665:
663:
7:
858:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
628:"The Geology of Tofua Island, Tonga"
445:The oral tradition of Kao and Tofua
375:(who had been a member of the 1947
1056:300 days of desert island solitude
209:. It is part of the highly active
14:
136:
129:
27:
1046:United States Geological Survey
962:Edward Winslow Gifford (1924),
831:"Vol. 56, No. 6 (Jun. 1, 1985)"
790:"Pitcairn Islands Study Center"
288:and andesites, plus occasional
244:The island is a national park.
888:"Kingdom of Tonga 2006 Census"
211:Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone
1:
1051:Pitcairn Islands Study Center
489:Polynesian wattled honeyeater
465:Tongan tropical moist forests
137:
854:Cressman, Robert J. (2016).
813:danielramirez (2016-05-30).
641:(3): 333–350. Archived from
364:National Geographic Magazine
766:"A Voyage to the South Sea"
408:Royal New Zealand Air Force
357:At Tofua (Bligh spelled it
1241:
1061:300 Days alone documentary
612:10.1093/petrology/14.3.429
513:List of volcanoes in Tonga
481:Crimson-crowned fruit dove
74:List of volcanoes in Tonga
63:515 m (1,690 ft)
53:515 m (1,690 ft)
1137:Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai
1114:
1110:
1103:
716:10.1007/s00445-011-0477-9
533:"Tofua: Eruptive History"
123:
26:
1023:. BirdLife International
1021:"Tofua and Kao: Details"
1001:. BirdLife International
816:National Geographic 1968
676:Global Volcanism Program
626:Bauer, Glenn R. (1970).
582:10.1093/petrology/egs013
538:Global Volcanism Program
197:is a volcanic island in
16:Volcanic island in Tonga
944:. RNZ. 10 November 2008
696:Bulletin of Volcanology
681:Smithsonian Institution
543:Smithsonian Institution
477:Many-colored fruit dove
406:patrol aircraft of the
384:Pacific Islands Monthly
964:Tongan myths and tales
743:. Captain Cook Society
473:BirdLife International
456:
241:by a submarine ridge.
191:
103:19.75000°S 175.07500°W
37:, Tonga, Pacific Ocean
1220:Volcanic crater lakes
604:Journal of Petrology.
485:Blue-crowned lorikeet
451:
248:Geography and geology
231:Indo-Australian Plate
217:, which extends from
189:
108:-19.75000; -175.07500
895:tonga-data.sprep.org
741:"The Friendly Isles"
569:Journal of Petrology
475:. Birds include the
254:volcanic crater lake
1200:Calderas of Oceania
708:2011BVol...73.1259C
501:Polynesian starling
469:Important Bird Area
221:north-northeast to
213:and its associated
99: /
1210:Volcanoes of Tonga
1097:Volcanoes in Tonga
648:on 22 January 2022
493:Polynesian triller
192:
43:Highest point
1187:
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865:978-1-68247-154-8
770:www.gutenberg.org
327:Dutch East Indies
201:. Located in the
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1215:Islands of Tonga
1205:Active volcanoes
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396:Phoebe A. Hearst
373:Bengt Danielsson
337:equipped with a
274:caldera collapse
272:. Following the
169:Volcanic caldera
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977:"Tofua Island"
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1025:. Retrieved
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643:the original
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392:Liberty ship
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343:pocket watch
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309:Captain Cook
306:
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282:pyroclastics
259:
251:
243:
235:seismic zone
215:volcanic arc
194:
193:
1149:Metis Shoal
923:(in French)
548:21 February
418:minesweeper
369:Luis Marden
262:pyroclastic
219:New Zealand
106: /
94:175°04′30″W
81:Coordinates
1194:Categories
1125:Fonuafo'ou
1027:22 January
1005:22 January
983:22 January
948:22 January
927:2020-05-07
921:TEDxGeneva
874:1030816142
840:2020-05-07
835:nla.gov.au
799:2020-05-07
775:2020-05-07
747:22 January
652:22 January
588:22 January
519:References
270:ignimbrite
229:under the
91:19°45′00″S
59:Prominence
35:Kao Island
1177:West Mata
1173:Volcano F
1153:Niuafoʻou
1133:Home Reef
724:140540145
425:Tongatapu
294:fumarolic
286:andesites
119:Geography
49:Elevation
1157:Niuatahi
1129:Fonualei
507:See also
378:Kon-Tiki
339:quadrant
329:port of
307:In 1774
1225:Haʻapai
1121:Curacoa
901:2 March
704:Bibcode
671:"Tofua"
459:Ecology
347:sextant
303:History
207:caldera
203:Haʻapai
158:Geology
69:Listing
1165:Tafahi
872:
862:
722:
499:, and
421:YMS-89
415:-class
331:Kupang
318:Bounty
290:dacite
278:scoria
1169:Tofua
891:(PDF)
720:S2CID
646:(PDF)
631:(PDF)
413:YMS-1
359:Tofoa
335:Timor
266:lavas
199:Tonga
195:Tofua
147:Tonga
22:Tofua
1145:Late
1117:ʻAta
1029:2022
1007:2022
985:2022
950:2022
903:2024
870:OCLC
860:ISBN
749:2022
654:2022
590:2022
550:2022
432:Kava
341:, a
314:The
223:Fiji
1141:Kao
712:doi
608:doi
577:doi
471:by
400:I19
394:SS
333:on
239:Kao
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552:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
