482:
470:
3437:
150:
2087:'s analysis of creoles, on the other hand, claims that the syntax of creoles is imposed on the grammarless pidgin by its first native speakers: the children who grow up exposed to only a pidgin rather than a more developed language such as one of the local languages or English. In this analysis, the original syntax of creoles is in some sense the default grammar humans are born with.
261:
620:, which developed in parallel, have traditionally been treated as varieties of a single Melanesian Pidgin English or "Neo-Melanesian" language. The flourishing of the mainly English-based Tok Pisin in German New Guinea (despite the language of the metropolitan power being German) is to be contrasted with
2443:= "church bell". By extension "lunch" or "midday break" (from the bell rung to summon diners to the table). A fanciful derivation has been suggested from the "bellows" of horns used by businesses to indicate the beginning of the lunch hour, but this seems less likely than the straightforward derivation.
656:. Most government documents are produced in English, but public information campaigns are often partially or entirely in Tok Pisin. While English is the main language in the education system, some schools use Tok Pisin in the first three years of elementary education to promote early literacy.
1894:
immediately before the verb. This may or may not be written separate from the verb, occasionally written as a prefix. Although the word is thought to be derived from "he" or "is", it is not itself a pronoun or a verb but a grammatical marker used in particular constructions, e.g.,
2060:
Tok Pisin is a language that developed out of regional dialects of the languages of the local inhabitants and
English, brought into the country when English speakers arrived. There were four phases in the development of Tok Pisin that were laid out by Loreto Todd.
426:
Between five and six million people use Tok Pisin to some degree, although not all speak it fluently. Many now learn it as a first language, in particular the children of parents or grandparents who originally spoke different languages (for example, a mother from
3287:
Yumi olgeta mama karim umi long stap fri na wankain long wei yumi lukim i gutpela na strepela tru. Yumi olgeta igat ting ting bilong wanem samting i rait na rong na mipela olgeta i mas mekim gutpela pasin long ol narapela long tingting bilong brata
264:
268:
267:
263:
262:
269:
5475:
266:
603:
was also spoken). It became a widely used lingua franca and language of interaction between rulers and ruled, and among the ruled themselves who did not share a common vernacular. Tok Pisin and the closely related
2078:
Tok Pisin is also known as a "mixed" language. This means that it consists of characteristics of different languages. Tok Pisin obtained most of its vocabulary from the
English language (i.e., English is its
481:
3785:
5468:
556:
The Tok Pisin language is a result of
Pacific Islanders intermixing, when people speaking numerous different languages were sent to work on plantations in Queensland and various islands (see
3937:. Melanesian Pidgin and Tok Pisin: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Pidgins and Creoles in Melanesia. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 20. p. 345.
4346:
5461:
3218:= "forbidden", but also "in-laws" (mother-in-law, brother-in-law, etc.) and other relatives whom one is forbidden to speak to, or mention the name of, in some PNG customs (from
3303:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
265:
5802:
5610:
3774:
457:
as the dominant lingua franca among town-dwellers. Perhaps one million people now use Tok Pisin as a primary language. Tok Pisin is slowly "crowding out" other
2083:). The origin of the syntax is a matter of debate. Edward Wolfers claimed that the syntax is from the substratum languages—the languages of the local peoples.
1780:
is very common in Tok Pisin. Sometimes it is used as a method of derivation; sometimes words just have it. Some words are distinguished only by reduplication:
856:
of the speaker. More educated speakers, and/or those where the substrate language(s) have larger phoneme inventories, may have as many as 10 distinct vowels.
4157:. Languages For Intercultural Communication In The Pacific Area Project of The Australian Academy of The Humanities, no. 1. Australian National University:
4339:
469:
5792:
5756:
5721:
5582:
4138:. Proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968. Cambridge University Press. pp. 413–422.
653:
5797:
4332:
4176:
4120:
4070:
4043:
3999:
3973:
3950:
3923:
3888:
3857:
3277:
4290:
Tokpisin
Grammar Workbook for English Speakers. A Practical Approach to Learning the Sentence Structure of Melanesian Pidgin (or Tokpisin).
4277:
1122:
1129:
436:
412:
404:
93:
5761:
5625:
4143:
4093:
3463:
369:
326:
664:
There are considerable variations in vocabulary and grammar in various parts of Papua New Guinea, with distinct dialects in the
4607:
4384:
1322:
1066:
233:
5377:
5771:
3849:
3586:
440:
85:
5367:
5362:
5328:
5731:
5716:
5688:
5645:
4355:
1041:
458:
400:
5655:
4427:
1329:
1100:
1073:
652:, Tok Pisin is one of the three official languages of Papua New Guinea. It is frequently the language of debate in the
5751:
5711:
5575:
5432:
5427:
4871:
4472:
1301:
1084:
4838:
5520:
5746:
5726:
5531:
5525:
5387:
5083:
3538:
1514:
1343:
1136:
978:
971:
5194:
4999:
5537:
5050:
3965:
3341:(itself evidence that the linguistic community considers it a language in its own right, and prefers to name it
538:
is not a pidgin in the latter sense, since it has become a first language for many people (rather than simply a
5635:
5548:
4247:
4061:
Smith, Geoff P. (2008). "Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea: phonology". In
Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd (eds.).
2957:). (The homophony of this word with the name of the language has led to a limited association between the two;
2213:
1308:
243:
217:
4085:
223:
2090:
Pidgins are less elaborated than non-Pidgin languages. Their typical characteristics found in Tok Pisin are:
672:
speak rather quickly and often have difficulty making themselves understood elsewhere. The variant spoken on
5022:
2221:
1510:
1012:
1005:
987:
849:
668:, the north coast of Papua New Guinea, and islands outside of New Guinea. For example, Pidgin speakers from
443:
members, often communicate among themselves in Tok Pisin, either never gaining fluency in a local language (
176:
2931:= "what?", "what's going on?" (literally "like what"?); sometimes used as an informal greeting, similar to
2403:). The word is commonly used, with no vulgar undertone, in Tok Pisin and even in Papua New Guinea English.
5605:
5568:
5542:
5437:
3436:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
Less differentiated phonology: and are not distinguished in Tok Pisin (they are in free variation). The
1878:
1256:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
817:
813:
677:
577:
4714:
527:
often refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin" when speaking
English. This usage of "Pidgin" differs from the term
5620:
5313:
4926:
4737:
4512:
1156:
939:
932:
762:
600:
3817:
2068:
Pidgin
English was used between the local people. The language expanded from the users' mother tongue.
514:, which is descriptive of the typical development and use of pidgins as inter-ethnic trade languages.
5766:
5670:
5591:
5515:
5417:
5392:
4989:
2209:
1173:
1021:
744:(meaning "language of the colonizers", unsystematically simplified English with some Tok Pisin words)
681:
665:
564:). The labourers began to develop a pidgin, drawing vocabulary primarily from English, but also from
4036:
Growing Up With Tok Pisin: Contact, Creolization, and Change in Papua New Guinea's
National Language
2421:= "bird" or more specifically a pigeon or dove (an Austronesian loan word); by extension "aeroplane"
423:, the use of Tok Pisin has a shorter history and is less universal, especially among older people.
5741:
5665:
5442:
5422:
4984:
4542:
4230:
4158:
3780:
3095:
3022:
673:
573:
5660:
5650:
5640:
5630:
5412:
5222:
5141:
4974:
4964:
4939:
4823:
4750:
4649:
4562:
4532:
4412:
4282:
4261:
4099:
3880:
3263:
2351:
2227:
2071:
As the interracial contact increased, the vocabulary expanded according to the dominant language.
1502:
1498:
948:
625:
557:
420:
403:
and the most widely used language in the country. However, in parts of the southern provinces of
125:
5453:
3800:"TOKSAVE LONG OL RAITS BILONG OL MANMERI LONG OLGETA HAP BILONG DISPELA GIRAUN AS BILONG TOKTOK"
3321:
The published court reports of Papua New Guinea refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin": see for example
3799:
2841:= "small boy"; by extension, "young man" (probably from the English jocular/affectionate usage
1224:
may be marginal, with contrastive use present only in heavily
Anglicized varieties. The use of
5736:
5693:
5615:
5267:
5227:
4969:
4949:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4765:
4679:
4547:
4497:
4182:
4172:
4139:
4116:
4089:
4066:
4049:
4039:
4005:
3995:
3979:
3969:
3946:
3919:
3894:
3884:
3863:
3853:
3760:
3582:
919:
909:
904:
837:
754:
596:
449:) or learning a local language as a second (or third) language, after Tok Pisin (and possibly
3188:
for a sibling of the opposite gender, while a sibling of the same gender as the speaker is a
5372:
5257:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5159:
5151:
5136:
5078:
4861:
4790:
4699:
4689:
4684:
4669:
4537:
4522:
4492:
4452:
4369:
4162:
4022:
3938:
3911:
2347:
2198:
1148:
899:
685:
645:
589:
524:
450:
396:
340:
289:
155:
53:
4315:
4305:
4272:
544:
to facilitate communication with speakers of other languages). As such, it is considered a
5489:
5382:
5303:
5290:
5280:
5275:
5217:
5207:
5093:
5063:
5035:
5012:
4944:
4896:
4876:
4866:
4846:
4813:
4798:
4775:
4760:
4745:
4694:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4636:
4602:
4592:
4572:
4567:
4557:
4527:
4447:
4432:
4407:
4402:
4309:
4251:
4202:
2359:
2084:
2074:
In areas where
English was the official language, a depidginization occurred (Todd, 1990).
1372:
914:
870:
617:
581:
565:
545:
392:
77:
67:
3471:
2709:= "traditional Sepik-region house with artifacts of ancestors or for honoring ancestors;
3709:
Tok Pisin and its relevance to theoretical issues in creolistics and general linguistics
5505:
5341:
5336:
5308:
5247:
5202:
5164:
5131:
5121:
5101:
5068:
5058:
4959:
4954:
4934:
4916:
4886:
4881:
4856:
4828:
4818:
4808:
4803:
4770:
4755:
4704:
4674:
4644:
4617:
4587:
4577:
4502:
4487:
4482:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4437:
4422:
4417:
3492:
3379:
2182:
569:
130:
114:
209:
5786:
5346:
5318:
5298:
5252:
5212:
5169:
5126:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5073:
5030:
5007:
4979:
4722:
4612:
4597:
4582:
4517:
4507:
4477:
4442:
3543:
3335:
3099:
3026:
2958:
2704:
2065:
Casual contact between English speakers and local people developed a marginal pidgin.
1847:
1804:
1777:
629:
540:
408:
5040:
4891:
4851:
4780:
4552:
4319:
4207:
3581:(2nd ed.). Hawthorn, Vic., Australia: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 99.
2217:
2194:
1833:
1206:
633:
585:
561:
416:
121:
4299:
4026:
4727:
4324:
2051:
English: "If you take just any nails that happen to be around, those will rust."
1851:
1796:
1295:
1283:
1269:
1116:
669:
17:
4239:
2288:
means "fish" (and usually has a sound closer to , almost like the English word
4131:
3728:
The scientific study of Tok Pisin: language planning and the Tok Pisin lexicon
3429:
3031:
1882:
1393:"eat", can be transitive without it. Tense is indicated by the separate words
1337:
1288:
926:
859:
Nasal plus plosive offsets lose the plosive element in Tok Pisin e.g. English
4234:
3424:
722:(meaning "language of the villages") which is the traditional rural Tok Pisin
4374:
4295:
4254:, a collaborative internet project to revise and update Fr. Frank Mihalic's
4186:
4082:
Toward a Reference Grammar of Tok Pisin: An Experiment in Corpus Linguistics
4053:
4009:
3867:
2537:
2490:
2355:
1506:
1435:
1316:
1059:
1053:
1031:
964:
853:
845:
805:
696:
649:
621:
454:
202:
186:
168:
4288:
3983:
3910:. Varieties of English Around the World. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
3564:
3942:
3898:
3205:
193:
4316:
Traditional "house cry"/"kisim sori na kam" ceremony for big man Paul Ine
3845:
3520:
3518:
3516:
2845:, applied to mischievous children, although a derivation from the German
2118:
2080:
833:
379:
251:
239:
42:
4267:
4103:
2489:= "grandparent", any elderly relation; also "grandchild". Possibly from
5560:
5510:
4240:
A bibliography of Tok Pisin dictionaries, phrase books and study guides
4167:
3464:"Tok Pisin | Definition of Tok Pisin in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
2362:(part of the country was under German rule until 1919). Some examples:
2094:
A smaller vocabulary which leads to metaphors to supply lexical units:
1494:
958:
829:
609:
605:
247:
3933:
Mundhenk, Norm (1990). "Linguistic decisions in the Tok Pisin Bible".
1877:
Several of these features derive from the common grammatical norms of
523:, it is also called "New Guinea Pidgin" in English. Papua New Guinean
498:, but has a wider application, also meaning 'word, speech, language'.
5485:
3360:
2940:
2777:= "chicken" (probably onomatapoetic, from the crowing of the rooster)
1865:
1456:
for adjectives; from "fellow") when modifying nouns; an exception is
1093:
998:
529:
506:
432:
428:
388:
274:
4244:
3915:
3906:
Mühlhäusler, Peter; Dutton, Thomas Edward; Romaine, Suzanne (2003).
3060:
is the transitive form) = "get out, throw out, remove" (from German
2879:= "it doesn't matter", "don't worry about it" (probably from German
2493:, where it is a familiar form of "tubu", as in "tubuna" or "tubugu".
1817:), which is equivalent to "of", "from" and some uses of "for": e.g.
2165:(grass of the head) = "hair" (Hall, 1966: 90f) (Most commonly just
4017:
Romaine, Suzanne (1991). "The Pacific". In Cheshire, Jenny (ed.).
3227:
2130:
841:
758:
689:
613:
480:
468:
259:
1881:– although usually in a simplified form. Other features, such as
473:
A 1971 reference book on Tok Pisin (referring to the language as
2142:
1429:
1358:
5564:
5457:
4328:
4222:
Offers Tok Pisin translator, vocabulary, and discussion groups.
3775:"Prince of Wales, 'nambawan pikinini', visits Papua New Guinea"
1172:
Voiced plosives are pronounced by many speakers (especially of
4084:. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, no. 26. Honolulu:
3994:(in Tok Pisin). The Bible Society of Papua New Guinea. 1980.
1888:
Sentences which have a 3rd person subject often put the word
346:
4225:
4219:
4021:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 619–636.
3203:
1965:
Completive or perfective aspect expressed through the word
4226:
Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin) English Bilingual Dictionary
2151:
almost always indicates the knee. In liturgical contexts,
1413:). The present progressive tense is indicated by the word
736:(meaning "talk of the Towns") which is the urban Tok Pisin
453:). Over the decades, Tok Pisin has increasingly overtaken
295:
250:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4130:
Wolfers, Edward (1971). "A report on Neo-Melanesian". In
3877:
The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin
358:
315:
309:
4298:– with recorded dialogs, children's ditties and a hymn (
4065:. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 188–209.
3524:
3386:
as having had an important influence on early Tok Pisin.
3176:= "sister", though nowadays very commonly supplanted by
1517:
is less so. The largest Tok Pisin pronoun inventory is,
1509:. The paradigm varies depending on the local languages;
1462:"little". It is also found on numerals and determiners:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
4019:
English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives
2346:
Many words in the Tok Pisin language are derived from
1846:), which is used for various other relations (such as
4262:
Tok Pisin background, vocabulary, sounds, and grammar
1939:
Continuative same tense is expressed through: verb +
871:
voiced plosives become voiceless at the ends of words
370:
361:
355:
349:
327:
318:
312:
298:
3539:"Papua New Guinea's incredible linguistic diversity"
2751:= "food", "eat", "to bite" (Austronesian loan word)
595:
This English-based pidgin evolved into Tok Pisin in
343:
306:
292:
5702:
5679:
5598:
5405:
5355:
5327:
5289:
5266:
5193:
5150:
5092:
5049:
5021:
4998:
4925:
4837:
4789:
4736:
4713:
4635:
4626:
4393:
4362:
4063:
Varieties of English 3: The Pacific and Australasia
3405:
3403:
1194:can be either dental or alveolar consonants, while
303:
216:
200:
184:
166:
161:
141:
136:
111:
74:
59:
49:
37:
32:
4278:Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin (The Bible in Tok Pisin)
3773:
714:(meaning "talk of the people of the remote areas")
4314:Audio and video recordings of a Tok Pisin event.
3908:Tok Pisin Texts from the Beginning to the Present
2809:= "church", "worship" from Fijian, but sometimes
632:, the vernacular of the indigenous people of the
510:; the latter, in turn, may originate in the word
4258:. An illustrated online dictionary of Tok Pisin.
4220:Tok Pisin Translation, Resources, and Discussion
3565:Nupela Testamen bilong Bikpela Jisas Kraist 1969
2851:, meaning "little man", has also been suggested)
4285:Anglican liturgy of Holy Communion in Tok Pisin
3732:
3713:
3364:
3354:
3285:
3257:
3249:
3237:
3213:
3197:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3159:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3089:
3077:
3069:
3055:
3049:
3037:
3016:
3004:
2998:
2988:
2982:
2970:
2948:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2906:
2896:
2888:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2836:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2772:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2710:
2702:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2604:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2530:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2406:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2366:
2306:
2297:
2283:
2277:
2201:, then known through his relation to the Queen.
2188:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2136:
2124:
2108:
2100:
2040:
2026:
2010:
1996:
1980:
1966:
1950:
1940:
1924:
1910:
1896:
1889:
1869:
1855:
1837:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1787:
1781:
1760:
1746:
1732:
1718:
1699:
1685:
1671:
1657:
1634:
1620:
1606:
1584:
1570:
1556:
1542:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1420:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1362:
1247:
1241:
878:
864:
739:
731:
725:
717:
709:
703:
518:
499:
489:
444:
3094:= "know", "to do habitually" (ultimately from
1432:does not indicate number, though pronouns do.
628:, which was derived not from English but from
435:). Urban families in particular, and those of
5576:
5469:
4340:
4113:Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin English Dictionary
3842:A New Course in Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin)
3840:Dutton, Thomas Edward; Thomas, Dicks (1985).
2961:speakers, for example, refer to Tok Pisin as
1935:English: "And the prime minister spoke thus."
1901:is "car forbidden here", i.e., "no parking".
1232:is variable. There is also variation between
688:but is much closer to that than it is to the
8:
4115:. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
3061:
2880:
2846:
2610:
2452:
2311:in Tok Pisin could have represented English
692:spoken in the rest of the Solomon Islands.
383:), often referred to by English speakers as
4153:Wurm, S. A.; Mühlhäusler, P., eds. (1985).
4136:Pidginization and Creolization of Languages
3992:Nupela Testamen bilong Bikpela Jisas Kraist
3577:Mühlhäusler, Peter; Monaghan, Paul (1999).
2296:was reduplicated to keep it distinct: thus
5583:
5569:
5561:
5476:
5462:
5454:
4632:
4347:
4333:
4325:
3345:), as well as numerous references therein.
2993:, literally "you close mouth" = "shut up!"
2962:
2681:(vulgar) = "toilet" ("shit house"), also:
517:While Tok Pisin's name in the language is
29:
4166:
4155:Handbook of Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin)
3164:= "stay", "be (somewhere)", "live" (from
2276:would have been realised in Tok Pisin as
485:Hotel room door signs in Papua New Guinea
27:English creole spoken in Papua New Guinea
4256:Grammar and Dictionary of Neo-Melanesian
3601:
2501:= "tree", "wood", "plant", "stick", etc.
1519:
1274:
1201:In most Tok Pisin dialects, the phoneme
890:
708:(meaning "talk of the remote areas") or
3818:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
3756:
3744:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3399:
3314:
2665:= "animal hospital" ("house dog sick")
2371:= "bottom", "cause", "beginning" (from
1995:Transitive words are expressed through
1255:Likewise, there may be marginal use of
244:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3525:Mühlhäusler, Dutton & Romaine 2003
2945:- homosexual man, or transsexual woman
2025:Future is expressed through the word "
1991:English: "He had got out of the boat."
848:. However, this varies with the local
378:
41:
4038:. London: Battlebridge Publications.
3658:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3296:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3278:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2609:= "house" or "building" (from German
7:
2673:= "place of mourning" ("house cry")
2627:= "a male/female domestic servant";
840:. It has around 24 core phonemes: 5
765:. The letters are (vowels in bold):
680:is moderately distinct from that of
2697:= "toilet/bathroom" ("small house")
2190:nambawan pikinini bilong misis kwin
1868:are used as prepositions, such as '
1450:, though more so for pronouns, and
1209:, . There can be variation between
753:The Tok Pisin alphabet contains 21
730:(meaning "talk of the schools") or
3451:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
2715:means "ancestor spirit" or "ghost"
2399:= "broken", "to break down" (from
1387:, "see"). But some verbs, such as
828:Tok Pisin has a smaller number of
25:
5793:English-based pidgins and creoles
4268:Radio Australia Tok Pisin service
3009:= "he is confused" (from English
2901:= "woman" (from the English name
2633:can also mean "servants quarters"
2451:= "petrol/gasoline" (from German
2021:English: "Finish your story now!"
1885:, are however closer to English.
1342:
1328:
1321:
1307:
1300:
1155:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1099:
1083:
1072:
1065:
1040:
1020:
1011:
1004:
986:
977:
970:
947:
938:
931:
273:A Tok Pisin speaker, recorded in
3788:from the original on 2022-01-12.
3435:
3074:= "frog" (probably onomatopoeic)
2509:= "pregnant" (lit. "has belly";
2113:= "heavy" (adj) and "weight" (n)
1860:. "We went to the black market".
339:
288:
148:
4385:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
3935:Melanesian Pidgin and Tok Pisin
2911:(lit. "bull-cow female") = cow.
2105:= "election" (n) and "vote" (v)
599:(where the German-based creole
5611:Federated States of Micronesia
5521:Loyalty Islands Pidgin English
4296:Robert Eklund's Tok Pisin Page
3850:Australian National University
3228:various Austronesian languages
3202:= "milk, breasts" (from Malay
3182:. Some Tok Pisin speakers use
2987:= "shut up", "be quiet", i.e.
2302:means "urine" or "to urinate".
1961:English: "He/She is sleeping."
1857:Mipela i bin go long blekmaket
504:derives from the English word
1:
5803:Subject–verb–object languages
5798:Languages of Papua New Guinea
5526:New Caledonian Pidgin English
4356:Languages of Papua New Guinea
3468:Oxford Dictionaries | English
2967:, literally "bird language".)
2893:= "moustache" ("mouth grass")
459:languages of Papua New Guinea
4245:Revising the Mihalic Project
4027:10.1017/CBO9780511611889.042
3960:Murphy, John Joseph (1985).
3369:, "this slightly big stone".
3242:= "only, just"; "but" (from
3003:= "wrong", "confused", i.e.
2831:= "kangaroo" ("big wallaby")
2657:= "hospital" ("house sick")
2641:= restaurant ("house food")
2429:= "angry" (lit. "belly hot")
2253:are also not distinguished.
1713:
1652:
1598:
1537:
401:language of Papua New Guinea
4080:Verhaar, John W.M. (1995).
3733:Wurm & Mühlhäusler 1985
3726:Mühlhäusler, Peter (1984),
3714:Wurm & Mühlhäusler 1985
3707:Mühlhäusler, Peter (1984),
3366:dispela bikpela liklik ston
3021:= "child", ultimately from
2785:= "arrive", "become" (from
2335:. In fact, it means "ship".
2208:A reduced grammar: lack of
2193:(literally "first child of
1220:The labiodental fricatives
852:languages and the level of
548:in linguistic terminology.
5819:
5532:Micronesian Pidgin English
5484:Mid-Pacific English-based
4273:Tok Pisin Radio on Youtube
3962:The Book of Pidgin English
3363:meaning "slightly", as in
3042:= "thief, criminal" (from
1795:There are only two proper
5538:Queensland Kanaka English
5496:
3966:Bathurst, New South Wales
3875:Mihalic, Francis (1971).
2731:= "he has a big problem".
2649:= "bank" ("house money")
2583:= "the other side" (from
2282:. In fact, the Tok Pisin
2256:All of the English words
1829:"They are from Gordon's".
1341:
1147:
1115:
1052:
1030:
957:
925:
896:
230:
143:Official language in
5757:Northern Mariana Islands
5549:Samoan Plantation Pidgin
4034:Smith, Geoff P. (2002).
2975:= "close", "lock" (from
2905:); also "female", e.g.,
2756:kaikai bilong moningtaim
2571:= a piece of wood (from
2391:= "the stump of a tree".
2354:influences), indigenous
2056:Development of Tok Pisin
1438:usually take the suffix
534:as used in linguistics.
494:originates from English
65:130,000 (2004–2016)
5722:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3501:www.merriam-webster.com
3365:
3359:can also be used as an
3355:
3286:
3258:
3250:
3238:
3214:
3198:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3160:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3090:
3078:
3070:
3056:
3050:
3038:
3017:
3005:
2999:
2989:
2983:
2971:
2963:
2949:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2907:
2897:
2889:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2837:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2773:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2711:
2703:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2605:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2531:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2497:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2447:
2439:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2407:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2367:
2307:
2298:
2284:
2278:
2189:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2137:
2125:
2109:
2101:
2041:
2027:
2011:
1997:
1981:
1967:
1951:
1941:
1925:
1911:
1897:
1890:
1870:
1856:
1838:
1825:
1819:
1809:
1788:
1782:
1761:
1747:
1733:
1719:
1700:
1686:
1672:
1658:
1635:
1621:
1607:
1585:
1571:
1557:
1543:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1363:
1248:
1242:
1240:in some words, such as
879:
865:
792:Three of the digraphs (
740:
732:
726:
718:
710:
704:
624:, the lingua franca of
519:
500:
490:
445:
4306:Tok Pisin Swadesh List
3204:
3062:
2885:= "it doesn't matter")
2881:
2847:
2797:= "get", "take" (from
2725:= "heavy", "problem".
2611:
2512:pasin bilong givim bel
2453:
2141:(screw of the leg) = "
2129:(screw of the arm) = "
1909:Past tense: marked by
1879:Austronesian languages
1874:, "in the middle of".
1444:(now often pronounced
578:Austronesian languages
486:
478:
277:
232:This article contains
5705:and other territories
5592:Languages of Oceania
4111:Volker, C.A. (2008).
4086:University of Hawaiʻi
3943:10.1075/slcs.20.16mun
3537:A.V. (24 July 2017).
3474:on September 24, 2018
3230:, the origin of Eng.
2739:= "catch fish" (from
2728:Em i gat bigpela hevi
2411:= "completely broken"
1576:(both of them, and I)
1513:is common, while the
1205:is pronounced as the
1178:prenasalized plosives
484:
472:
272:
5543:Maori Pidgin English
5516:Torres Strait Creole
4231:Tok Pisin phrasebook
3449:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
3323:Schubert v The State
3254:= "English language"
2815:is used for "church"
2565:= a piece of, as in
2385:= "his birthplace".
2097:Smaller vocabulary:
1898:Kar i tambu long hia
1871:long namel (bilong)'
1626:(both of you, and I)
1590:(all of them, and I)
1207:alveolar tap or flap
757:, five of which are
666:New Guinea Highlands
580:(perhaps especially
399:. It is an official
4300:alternative address
4159:Pacific Linguistics
3883:: Jacaranda Press.
3784:. 4 November 2013.
3649:, pp. 199–200.
3339:entry for Tok Pisin
2171: —see note on
1926:Na praim minista i
1766:(they four or more)
1640:(all of you, and I)
1630:you me three fellow
1490:→ Eng. "this bloke"
1277:
1268:Tok Pisin has five
893:
892:Consonant phonemes
812:, is used for both
660:Regional variations
654:national parliament
70:speakers: 4,000,000
4363:Official languages
4250:2016-09-05 at the
3881:Milton, Queensland
3264:indefinite article
3114:= "remnant" (from
2764:kaikai bilong nait
2045:
1705:(you four or more)
1409:(past) (< Eng.
1399:Future (< Eng.
1275:
891:
873:, so that English
863:becomes Tok Pisin
810:⟨ng⟩
808:while the fourth,
802:⟨oi⟩
798:⟨au⟩
794:⟨ai⟩
558:South Sea Islander
487:
479:
431:and a father from
395:spoken throughout
380:[tokpisin]
278:
126:Tok Pisin alphabet
43:[tokpisin]
5780:
5779:
5772:Wallis and Futuna
5680:Associated states
5558:
5557:
5451:
5450:
5401:
5400:
4178:978-0-85883-321-0
4122:978-0-19-555112-9
4072:978-3-11-019637-5
4045:978-1-903292-06-8
4001:978-0-647-03671-6
3975:978-0-404-14160-8
3952:978-90-272-3023-2
3925:978-90-272-4718-6
3890:978-0-7016-8112-8
3859:978-0-85883-341-8
3579:Pidgin phrasebook
3433:(25th ed., 2022)
3294:Article 1 of the
3275:Article 1 of the
2859:= "people" (from
2767:= "dinner/supper"
2595:= "purple" (from
2382:As ples bilong em
2216:; reduced set of
2043:
1842:(etym. < Eng.
1813:(etym. < Eng.
1775:
1774:
1616:you me two fellow
1350:
1349:
1198:is only alveolar.
1169:
1168:
1096:
1062:
1001:
967:
719:Tok Bilong Asples
597:German New Guinea
475:Melanesian Pidgin
385:New Guinea Pidgin
377:
371:tawk, -zin
270:
258:
257:
240:rendering support
236:phonetic symbols.
94:Melanesian Pidgin
16:(Redirected from
5810:
5762:Pitcairn Islands
5732:French Polynesia
5717:Christmas Island
5646:Papua New Guinea
5626:Marshall Islands
5599:Sovereign states
5585:
5578:
5571:
5562:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5455:
5388:Southeast Papuan
5378:Ramu–Lower Sepik
4633:
4394:Major Indigenous
4349:
4342:
4335:
4326:
4318:. Archived with
4264:, by Jeff Siegel
4190:
4170:
4149:
4126:
4107:
4076:
4057:
4030:
4013:
3987:
3968:: Robert Brown.
3964:(6th ed.).
3956:
3929:
3902:
3871:
3826:
3825:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3470:. Archived from
3460:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3422:
3413:
3407:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3332:
3326:
3319:
3290:
3261:
3253:
3241:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3163:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3126:= "ocean" (from
3125:
3113:
3093:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3041:
3020:
3008:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2974:
2966:
2952:
2944:
2930:
2918:
2910:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2776:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2714:
2708:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2626:
2624:hausboi/hausmeri
2614:
2608:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2535:= "hello" (from
2534:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2440:belo bilong lotu
2437:= "bell", as in
2436:
2428:
2420:
2410:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2370:
2310:
2301:
2287:
2281:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2199:King Charles III
2192:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2140:
2128:
2112:
2104:
2048:
2030:
2018:
2000:
1988:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1932:
1914:
1905:Tense and aspect
1900:
1893:
1873:
1859:
1841:
1828:
1826:Ol bilong Godons
1822:
1812:
1791:
1785:
1764:
1750:
1736:
1722:
1703:
1695:you three fellow
1689:
1675:
1661:
1638:
1636:yumipela or yumi
1624:
1610:
1588:
1574:
1560:
1546:
1520:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1425:"He is eating".
1424:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1366:
1346:
1332:
1325:
1311:
1304:
1278:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1176:backgrounds) as
1159:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1103:
1092:
1087:
1076:
1069:
1058:
1044:
1024:
1015:
1008:
997:
990:
981:
974:
963:
951:
942:
935:
894:
882:
868:
819:
815:
811:
803:
799:
795:
743:
735:
729:
721:
713:
707:
686:East New Britain
590:East New Britain
522:
503:
493:
448:
397:Papua New Guinea
382:
375:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
352:
351:
348:
345:
333:
330:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
301:
300:
297:
294:
287:
271:
226:
212:
196:
189:
180:
179:
171:
156:Papua New Guinea
154:
152:
151:
117:
80:
54:Papua New Guinea
45:
30:
21:
18:Tok Pisin script
5818:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5704:
5698:
5681:
5675:
5656:Solomon Islands
5594:
5589:
5559:
5554:
5492:
5482:
5452:
5447:
5397:
5368:Kainantu–Goroka
5363:Finisterre–Huon
5356:Larger families
5351:
5329:Turama–Kikorian
5323:
5285:
5262:
5189:
5146:
5088:
5051:East Strickland
5045:
5017:
4994:
4921:
4833:
4785:
4732:
4709:
4628:
4622:
4395:
4389:
4358:
4353:
4310:Rosetta Project
4252:Wayback Machine
4216:
4203:Throwim Way Leg
4198:
4196:Further reading
4193:
4179:
4152:
4146:
4129:
4123:
4110:
4096:
4079:
4073:
4060:
4046:
4033:
4016:
4002:
3990:
3976:
3959:
3953:
3932:
3926:
3916:10.1075/veaw.t9
3905:
3891:
3874:
3860:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3527:, pp. 1–5.
3523:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3493:"Definition of
3491:
3490:
3486:
3477:
3475:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3353:
3349:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3273:
3151:sop bilong gras
3138:= "soap"; also
2953:= "bird" (from
2615:and/or English
2523:= "hair" (from
2388:As bilong diwai
2358:languages, and
2344:
2174:skru bilong lek
2162:gras bilong het
2138:skru bilong lek
2126:skru bilong han
2085:Derek Bickerton
2058:
1982:Em i lusim bot
1907:
1767:
1765:
1753:
1751:
1739:
1737:
1725:
1723:
1706:
1704:
1692:
1690:
1678:
1676:
1664:
1662:
1641:
1639:
1627:
1625:
1613:
1611:
1591:
1589:
1580:me three fellow
1577:
1575:
1563:
1561:
1549:
1547:
1422:Hem kaikai stap
1355:
1276:Vowel phonemes
1266:
889:
877:is rendered as
869:. Furthermore,
826:
809:
801:
797:
793:
751:
733:Tok Bilong Taun
662:
642:
640:Official status
618:Solomon Islands
554:
467:
393:creole language
354:
342:
338:
331:
328:
302:
291:
285:
284:
260:
238:Without proper
222:
208:
192:
185:
175:
174:
167:
149:
147:
144:
137:Official status
129:
118:
113:
107:
81:
78:Language family
76:
66:
62:
61:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5816:
5814:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5785:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5752:Norfolk Island
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5712:American Samoa
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5685:
5683:
5682:of New Zealand
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5458:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5406:Sign languages
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4303:
4293:
4286:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4242:
4237:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4214:External links
4212:
4211:
4210:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4177:
4150:
4144:
4127:
4121:
4108:
4094:
4077:
4071:
4058:
4044:
4031:
4014:
4000:
3988:
3974:
3957:
3951:
3930:
3924:
3903:
3889:
3872:
3858:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3822:United Nations
3809:
3791:
3765:
3749:
3747:, p. 315.
3737:
3735:, p. 640.
3718:
3716:, p. 462.
3699:
3697:, p. 631.
3687:
3685:, p. 629.
3675:
3673:, p. 354.
3663:
3661:, p. 196.
3651:
3639:
3637:, p. 200.
3627:
3625:, p. 195.
3606:
3604:, p. 372.
3594:
3587:
3569:
3557:
3529:
3512:
3484:
3455:
3442:
3414:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3371:
3347:
3327:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3281:in Tok Pisin:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:= "one", "a" (
3255:
3247:
3235:
3211:
3195:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3147:
3146:= "toothpaste"
3143:sop bilong tut
3131:
3119:
3107:
3102:, cf. English
3087:
3075:
3067:
3066:meaning "out")
3047:
3035:
3029:; cf. English
3014:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2968:
2946:
2936:
2924:
2919:= "all" (from
2912:
2894:
2886:
2872:
2852:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2828:bikpela magani
2816:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2744:
2732:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2528:
2516:
2515:= "fertility")
2502:
2494:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2444:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2408:bagarap olgeta
2392:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2303:
2224:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2134:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2023:
2022:
2019:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1906:
1903:
1862:
1861:
1830:
1773:
1772:
1758:
1744:
1730:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1697:
1683:
1681:you two fellow
1669:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1632:
1618:
1604:
1601:
1600:1st inclusive
1597:
1596:
1582:
1568:
1562:(he/she and I)
1554:
1540:
1539:1st exclusive
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1371:) to indicate
1361:has a suffix,
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1218:
1199:
1181:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1002:
994:
993:
991:
984:
982:
975:
968:
961:
955:
954:
952:
945:
943:
936:
929:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
888:
885:
883:in Tok Pisin.
844:and around 19
825:
822:
790:
789:
784:, p, r, s, t,
780:, k, l, m, n,
750:
747:
746:
745:
737:
723:
715:
699:of Tok Pisin:
661:
658:
641:
638:
584:, that of the
576:and their own
553:
552:Classification
550:
466:
463:
256:
255:
242:, you may see
228:
227:
220:
214:
213:
206:
198:
197:
190:
182:
181:
172:
164:
163:
162:Language codes
159:
158:
145:
142:
139:
138:
134:
133:
131:Pidgin Braille
119:
115:Writing system
112:
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
86:English Creole
84:
82:
75:
72:
71:
63:
60:
57:
56:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5815:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5747:New Caledonia
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Easter Island
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5479:
5474:
5472:
5467:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:Rossel Island
5431:
5429:
5428:Mount Avejaha
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5023:East Kutubuan
5020:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Somba-Siawari
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4145:9780521078337
4141:
4137:
4133:
4132:Dell H. Hymes
4128:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4095:9780824816728
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3781:The Telegraph
3776:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:Mundhenk 1990
3598:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3546:
3545:
3544:The Economist
3540:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3485:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3381:
3378:The language
3375:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:Lingua franca
3097:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3082:= "if" (from
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:Lingua franca
3024:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2990:yu pasim maus
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:bulmakau meri
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2759:= "breakfast"
2757:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2705:haus tambaran
2701:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:bilong wanem?
2459:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2031:" (< Eng.
2029:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1778:Reduplication
1771:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:you me fellow
1637:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1566:me two fellow
1559:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419: – e.g.
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1219:
1208:
1200:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
985:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
960:
956:
953:
950:
946:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
928:
924:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
895:
886:
884:
881:
876:
872:
867:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
821:
807:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
767:
766:
764:
760:
756:
748:
742:
738:
734:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
706:
702:
701:
700:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
551:
549:
547:
543:
542:
541:lingua franca
537:
533:
531:
526:
521:
515:
513:
509:
508:
502:
497:
492:
483:
476:
471:
464:
462:
460:
456:
452:
447:
442:
441:defence force
438:
434:
430:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
373:
372:
366:
336:
335:
323:
282:
276:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
235:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
204:
199:
195:
191:
188:
183:
178:
173:
170:
165:
160:
157:
146:
140:
135:
132:
127:
123:
120:
116:
110:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
87:
83:
79:
73:
69:
64:
58:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
38:Pronunciation
36:
31:
19:
5703:Dependencies
5689:Cook Islands
5500:
4839:Chimbu–Wahgi
4627:Other Papuan
4513:Mussau-Emira
4379:
4320:Kaipuleohone
4289:
4255:
4208:Tim Flannery
4201:
4154:
4135:
4112:
4081:
4062:
4035:
4018:
3991:
3961:
3934:
3907:
3876:
3841:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3779:
3768:
3757:Wolfers 1971
3752:
3745:Verhaar 1995
3740:
3727:
3721:
3708:
3702:
3695:Romaine 1991
3690:
3683:Romaine 1991
3678:
3671:Verhaar 1995
3666:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3597:
3578:
3572:
3560:
3548:. Retrieved
3542:
3532:
3504:. Retrieved
3500:
3494:
3487:
3476:. Retrieved
3472:the original
3467:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3428:
3374:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3317:
3302:
3298:in English:
3295:
3293:
3276:
3274:
3271:Example text
3243:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3165:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3098:-influenced
3083:
3051:raus, rausim
3043:
3030:
3025:-influenced
3010:
2976:
2954:
2932:
2921:all together
2920:
2902:
2882:macht nichts
2842:
2823:= "wallaby"
2798:
2786:
2740:
2662:haus dok sik
2616:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2536:
2524:
2481:= "betelnut"
2400:
2376:
2372:
2345:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2293:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2222:conjunctions
2218:prepositions
2157:is "kneel.")
2089:
2077:
2059:
2032:
2024:
2013:
2002:
1994:
1983:
1972:
1964:
1953:
1938:
1927:
1916:
1908:
1887:
1876:
1863:
1843:
1836:preposition
1823:"your key";
1820:Ki bilong yu
1814:
1807:preposition
1797:prepositions
1794:
1776:
1769:
1756:three fellow
1755:
1752:(they three)
1741:
1727:
1708:
1694:
1680:
1666:
1647:
1643:
1629:
1615:
1593:
1579:
1565:
1551:
1493:
1481:→ Eng. "two"
1472:→ Eng. "one"
1434:
1427:
1410:
1400:
1373:transitivity
1368:
1356:
1267:
874:
860:
858:
827:
791:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
752:
695:There are 4
694:
674:Bougainville
663:
643:
634:Port Moresby
601:Unserdeutsch
594:
562:blackbirding
555:
539:
535:
528:
516:
511:
505:
495:
488:
474:
425:
384:
280:
279:
231:
218:Linguasphere
201:
122:Latin script
98:
5636:New Zealand
5195:Ok–Oksapmin
5000:Duna–Pogaya
4990:Warwar Feni
4927:New Ireland
4738:Binanderean
4168:1885/145234
3453:, Edinburgh
3384:often named
3154:= "shampoo"
2928:olsem wanem
2838:mangi/manki
2686:liklik haus
2638:haus kaikai
2396:bagarap(im)
2292:). English
2214:determiners
2183:Periphrases
2154:brukim skru
2042:Nil nabaut
2039:Tok Pisin:
2009:Tok Pisin:
2001:(< Eng.
1979:Tok Pisin:
1971:(< Eng.
1949:Tok Pisin:
1923:Tok Pisin:
1915:(< Eng.
1754:< Eng. *
1740:< Eng. *
1724:(he/she/it)
1707:< Eng. *
1693:< Eng. *
1691:(you three)
1679:< Eng. *
1642:< Eng. *
1628:< Eng. *
1622:yumitripela
1614:< Eng. *
1612:(you and I)
1564:< Eng. *
1511:dual number
1487:dispela boi
1484:Tok Pisin:
1475:Tok Pisin:
1466:Tok Pisin:
1367:(< Eng.
1270:pure vowels
1117:Approximant
776:, f, g, h,
761:, and four
682:New Ireland
670:Finschhafen
644:Along with
525:anglophones
246:instead of
5787:Categories
5393:Torricelli
4985:Sursurunga
4543:Numanggang
4235:Wikivoyage
3833:References
3759:, p.
3659:Smith 2008
3647:Smith 2008
3635:Smith 2008
3623:Smith 2008
3588:0864425872
3506:2022-11-16
3478:2018-09-24
3430:Ethnologue
3410:Smith 2008
3251:Tok Inglis
3244:that's all
3128:salt water
3096:Portuguese
3032:pickaninny
3023:Portuguese
2984:pasim maus
2935:in English
2933:what's up?
2865:"man" and
2689:= "toilet"
2670:haus karai
2356:Melanesian
2352:Australian
2342:Vocabulary
2305:Likewise,
2016:stori nau.
1952:Em i slip
1930:tok olsem.
1883:word order
1768:< Eng.
1742:two fellow
1738:(they two)
1726:< Eng.
1709:you fellow
1665:< Eng.
1608:yumitupela
1550:< Eng.
1436:Adjectives
1381:, "look";
1174:Melanesian
887:Consonants
846:consonants
836:language,
806:diphthongs
711:Tok Kanaka
697:sociolects
588:people of
574:Portuguese
532:(language)
387:or simply
5606:Australia
5501:Tok Pisin
5223:Ninggerum
5142:Samberigi
4975:Ramoaaina
4965:Niwer Mil
4940:Fanamaket
4824:Onobasulu
4751:Binandere
4650:Angaataha
4629:languages
4563:Ramoaaina
4533:Niwer Mil
4413:Awad Bing
4396:languages
4380:Tok Pisin
4375:Hiri Motu
3804:ohchr.org
3495:Tok Pisin
3425:Tok Pisin
3394:Citations
3343:Tok Pisin
3337:Glottolog
3325:PNGLR 66.
3006:em i paul
2890:maus gras
2736:hukim pis
2694:smol haus
2646:haus moni
2585:half side
2568:hap diwai
2557:= "happy"
2554:(h)amamas
2491:Hiri Motu
2473:= "brown"
2401:bugger up
2228:sibilants
2195:Mrs Queen
2119:Metaphors
2033:by and by
1792:"sheep".
1687:yutripela
1677:(you two)
1594:me fellow
1572:mitripela
1507:clusivity
1401:by and by
1060:voiceless
1054:Fricative
1032:Affricate
965:voiceless
854:education
850:substrate
832:than its
824:Phonology
804:) denote
788:, v, w, y
741:Tok Masta
650:Hiri Motu
622:Hiri Motu
536:Tok Pisin
520:Tok Pisin
455:Hiri Motu
421:Milne Bay
376:Tok Pisin
286:English:
281:Tok Pisin
224:52-ABB-cc
203:Glottolog
187:ISO 639-3
169:ISO 639-2
99:Tok Pisin
33:Tok Pisin
5621:Kiribati
5438:Sinasina
5228:Oksapmin
4970:Patpatar
4950:Konomala
4912:Tembagla
4907:Sinasina
4902:Salt-Yui
4766:Orokaiva
4680:Safeyoka
4553:Pele-Ata
4548:Nyindrou
4498:Mangseng
4283:Eukarist
4248:Archived
4187:12883165
4104:20006762
4054:49834526
4010:12329661
3868:15812820
3846:Canberra
3786:Archived
3334:See the
3191:b(a)rata
3018:pikinini
2964:wan weng
2871:"woman")
2848:Männchen
2799:get them
2712:tambaran
2678:sit haus
2654:haus sik
2630:haus boi
2597:half red
2549:= "good"
2465:= "why?"
2145:" (Just
2081:lexifier
2012:Yu pinis
1854:): e.g.
1848:locative
1805:genitive
1786:"ship",
1673:yutupela
1558:mitupela
1525:Singular
1495:Pronouns
834:lexifier
830:phonemes
772:, b, d,
763:digraphs
749:Alphabet
727:Tok Skul
512:business
446:tok ples
252:Help:IPA
210:tokp1240
5767:Tokelau
5671:Vanuatu
5511:Bislama
5490:creoles
5486:pidgins
5268:Teberan
5258:Yonggom
5243:Telefol
5238:Suganga
5233:Setaman
5185:Tairuma
5180:Toaripi
5175:Orokolo
5160:Kaki Ae
5137:Lembena
5107:Bisorio
5079:Odoodee
4862:Kandawo
4715:Awin–Pa
4700:Yagwoia
4690:Susuami
4685:Simbari
4670:Kawacha
4538:Nobonob
4523:Nekgini
4493:Mandara
4433:Bugawac
4370:English
4134:(ed.).
4088:Press.
3984:5354671
3550:20 July
3259:wanpela
3123:solwara
3084:suppose
2856:manmeri
2787:come up
2774:kakaruk
2592:hap ret
2580:hapsait
2506:gat bel
2348:English
2177:above.)
1866:phrases
1834:oblique
1748:tripela
1603: –
1534:Plural
1469:wanpela
1353:Grammar
1252:'five'.
959:Plosive
920:Glottal
910:Palatal
905:Coronal
838:English
755:letters
705:Tok Bus
646:English
616:in the
610:Vanuatu
606:Bislama
451:English
413:Central
405:Western
391:, is a
248:Unicode
90:Pacific
5742:Hawaii
5666:Tuvalu
5418:Kailge
5373:Madang
5304:Baramu
5281:Folopa
5276:Dadibi
5218:Ngalum
5208:Faiwol
5152:Eleman
5064:Gobasi
5036:Fiwaga
5013:Pogaya
4955:Kuanua
4945:Kandas
4897:Nomane
4877:Maring
4867:Kaugel
4847:Chuave
4814:Kaluli
4799:Aimele
4791:Bosavi
4776:Yekora
4761:Korafe
4746:Baruga
4695:Tainae
4665:Kamasa
4660:Hamtai
4655:Ankave
4603:Uneapa
4593:Tangga
4573:Solong
4568:Seimat
4558:Petats
4528:Ngaing
4468:Kuanua
4448:Iatmul
4408:Amanab
4403:Adzera
4185:
4175:
4142:
4119:
4102:
4092:
4069:
4052:
4042:
4008:
3998:
3982:
3972:
3949:
3922:
3899:213236
3897:
3887:
3866:
3856:
3585:
3361:adverb
3356:Liklik
3071:rokrok
3057:rausim
3044:rascal
3039:raskol
2977:fasten
2955:pigeon
2941:palopa
2916:olgeta
2843:monkey
2820:magani
2748:kaikai
2454:Benzin
2448:bensin
2426:belhat
2360:German
2350:(with
2299:pispis
2272:, and
2249:, and
2220:, and
2210:copula
2046:i ros.
1973:finish
1954:i stap
1942:i stap
1852:dative
1815:belong
1810:bilong
1789:sipsip
1734:tupela
1701:yupela
1663:(thou)
1648:you me
1592:Eng. *
1586:mipela
1578:Eng. *
1505:, and
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1459:liklik
1403:) and
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1264:Vowels
1190:, and
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