283:
232:
220:
271:
603:
534:
244:
512:
52:
40:
1255:
32:
259:
591:
1138:
to 0. When it does, the station flips both bits (AR and FC) to 1, if enough resources are available, and queues an SMP frame for transmission. If no such frames are received within 18 seconds, then the station reports a failure to open and de-inserts from the ring. If the station successfully participates in a ring poll, it proceeds into the final phase of insertion, request initialization.
20:
1107:
there is always sufficient buffering in the ring for the token to circulate. A third function for the AM is to ensure that exactly one token circulates whenever there is no frame being transmitted, and to detect a broken ring. Lastly, the AM is responsible for removing circulating frames from the ring.
1137:
Phase 3 (Participation in ring poll) – A station learns the address of its
Nearest Active Upstream Neighbour (NAUN) and makes its address known to its nearest downstream neighbour, leading to the creation of the ring map. Station waits until it receives an AMP or SMP frame with the AR and FC bits set
1133:
Phase 2 (Address
Verification) – A station then transmits MAC frames with its own MAC address in the destination address field of a Token Ring frame. When the frame returns and if the Address Recognized (AR) and Frame Copied (FC) bits in the frame-status are set to 0 (indicating that no other station
1262:
Bridging solutions for Token Ring and
Ethernet networks included the AT&T StarWAN 10:4 Bridge, the IBM 8209 LAN Bridge and the Microcom LAN Bridge. Alternative connection solutions incorporated a router that could be configured to dynamically filter traffic, protocols and interfaces, such as the
568:
in formal writing or colloquially as Boy George connectors, were used. The connectors have the disadvantage of being quite bulky, requiring at least 3 cm × 3 cm (1.2 in × 1.2 in) panel space, and being relatively fragile. The advantages of the connectors being that they
392:
firmware for each interface. By contrast, Ethernet included both the (simpler) firmware and the lower licensing cost in the MAC chip. The cost of a token Ring interface using the Texas
Instruments TMS380C16 MAC and PHY was approximately three times that of an Ethernet interface using the Intel 82586
199:
In 1988, the faster 16 Mbit/s Token Ring was standardized by the 802.5 working group. An increase to 100 Mbit/s was standardized and marketed during the wane of Token Ring's existence and was never widely used. While a 1000 Mbit/s standard was approved in 2001, no products were ever
1106:
The active monitor performs a number of ring administration functions. The first function is to operate as the master clock for the ring in order to provide synchronization of the signal for stations on the wire. Another function of the AM is to insert a 24-bit delay into the ring, to ensure that
1141:
Phase 4 (Request
Initialization) – Finally a station sends out a special request to a parameter server to obtain configuration information. This frame is sent to a special functional address, typically a Token Ring bridge, which may hold timer and ring number information the new station needs to
282:
1158:
In the Token Ring priority MAC, eight priority levels, 0–7, are used. When the station wishing to transmit receives a token or data frame with a priority less than or equal to the station's requested priority, it sets the priority bits to its desired priority. The station does not immediately
544:. The CAUs supported features such as Dual-Ring Redundancy for alternate routing in the event of a dead port, modular concentration with LAMs, and multiple interfaces like most later MAUs. This offered a more reliable setup and remote management than with an unmanaged MAU hub.
530:, it includes source routing to forward packets beyond the local network. The majority of MAUs are configured in a 'concentration' configuration by default, but later MAUs also supporting a feature to act as splitters and not concentrators exclusively such as on the IBM 8226.
358:
Token Ring network interface cards contain all of the intelligence required for speed autodetection, routing and can drive themselves on many
Multistation Access Units (MAUs) that operate without power (most MAUs operate in this fashion, only requiring a power supply for
1570:
231:
189:, and attachment was possible from IBM PCs, midrange computers and mainframes. It used a convenient star-wired physical topology and ran over shielded twisted-pair cabling. Shortly thereafter it became the basis for the IEEE 802.5 standard.
270:
219:
830:
P,P,P,T,M,R,R,R. The P bits are priority bits, T is the token bit which when set specifies that this is a token frame, M is the monitor bit which is set by the Active
Monitor (AM) station when it sees this frame, and R bits are reserved
1098:
frame, announcing that it wants to become the new monitor. If that token returns to the sender, it is OK for it to become the monitor. If some other station tries to become the monitor at the same time then the station with the highest
693:
Data frames carry information for upper-layer protocols, while command frames contain control information and have no data for upper-layer protocols. Data and command frames vary in size, depending on the size of the
Information field.
874:
Frame control – A one-byte field that contains bits describing the data portion of the frame contents which indicates whether the frame contains data or control information. In control frames, this byte specifies the type of control
1423:
1605:
760:
Starting delimiter – The starting delimiter consists of a special bit pattern denoting the beginning of the frame. The bits from most significant to least significant are J,K,0,J,K,0,0,0. J and K are code violations. Since
1134:
currently on the ring uses that address), the station must participate in the periodic (every 7 seconds) ring poll process. This is where stations identify themselves on the network as part of the MAC management functions.
765:
is self-clocking and has a transition for every encoded bit 0 or 1, the J and K codings violate this and will be detected by the hardware. Both the
Starting Delimiter and Ending Delimiter fields are used to mark frame
1072:
Every station in a Token Ring network is either an active monitor (AM) or standby monitor (SM) station. There can be only one active monitor on a ring at a time. The active monitor is chosen through an election or
1645:
IBM does not view high-speed Token Ring as a requirement for the majority of its customers, and therefore the decision has been made not to provide 100 Mbps high-speed Token Ring uplinks on its products...
602:
419:
Even more significant when comparing overall system costs was the much-higher cost of router ports and network cards for Token Ring vs
Ethernet. The emergence of Ethernet switches may have been the final
924:
Source address – Contains physical address of sending station. It is a six-byte field that is either the local assigned address (LAA) or universally assigned address (UAA) of the sending station adapter.
1159:
transmit; the token circulates around the medium until it returns to the station. Upon sending and receiving its own data frame, the station downgrades the token priority back to the original priority.
2815:
486:
The frame is then examined by each successive workstation. The workstation that identifies itself to be the destination for the message copies it from the frame and changes the token back to 0.
927:
Data – A variable length field of 0 or more bytes, the maximum allowable size depending on ring speed containing MAC management data or upper layer information. Maximum length of 4500 bytes.
628:
When no station is sending a frame, a special token frame circles the loop. This special token frame is repeated from station to station until arriving at a station that needs to send data.
1115:
Token Ring stations must go through a 5-phase ring insertion process before being allowed to participate in the ring network. If any of these phases fail, the Token Ring station will not
243:
1127:
at the MSAU and is able to send 2000 test frames down its transmit pair which will loop back to its receive pair. The station checks to ensure it can receive these frames without error.
2416:
2383:
2406:
489:
When the frame gets back to the originator, it sees that the token has been changed to 0 and that the message has been copied and received. It removes the message from the frame.
933:
Ending delimiter – The counterpart to the starting delimiter, this field marks the end of the frame and consists of the following bits from most significant to least significant
1151:
In some applications there is an advantage to being able to designate one station having a higher priority. Token Ring specifies an optional scheme of this sort, as does the
370:
in which certain nodes can have priority over the token. Unswitched Ethernet did not have a provision for an access priority system as all nodes have equal access to the
1788:
2156:
2236:
2199:
363:). Ethernet network interface cards can theoretically operate on a passive hub to a degree, but not as a large LAN and the issue of collisions is still present.
2129:
1103:
will win the election process. Every other station becomes a standby monitor. All stations must be capable of becoming an active monitor station if necessary.
515:
The IBM 8228 Multistation Access Unit with accompanying Setup Aid to prime the relays on each port. The unit is fully passive and does not need a power supply.
340:
if supported. Token Ring does not inherently support this feature and requires additional software and hardware to operate on a direct cable connection setup.
3022:
2241:
343:
Token Ring eliminates collision by the use of a single-use token and early token release to alleviate the down time. Legacy Ethernet alleviates collision by
2284:
584:(RJ45) connectors were used on both of the MAUs, CAUs and NICs; with many of the network cards supporting both 8P8C and DE-9 for backwards compatibility.
526:
A MAU could present in the form of a hub or a switch; since Token Ring had no collisions many MAUs were manufactured as hubs. Although Token Ring runs on
3790:
437:
with data being transmitted sequentially from one ring station to the next with a control token circulating around the ring controlling access. Similar
1844:
2555:
2401:
1855:
1367:
997:
Frame status – A one-byte field used as a primitive acknowledgment scheme on whether the frame was recognized and copied by its intended receiver.
1904:
237:
Assorted full-length Micro Channel Token Ring cards, including a LANStreamer which features multiple RJ45 ports for usage in a Token Ring network
590:
276:
A series of multiple 16/4 early Micro Channel Token Ring cards which would have predominantly been installed in many Personal System/2 machines
3920:
2312:
2098:
2079:
2149:
1737:
3826:
3816:
2216:
1939:
2119:
1514:
2665:
2186:
1682:
1626:
3091:
2610:
2421:
2279:
154:
Werner Bux and Hans Müller, in particular, worked on the design and development of IBM's Token Ring technology, while early work at
140:
123:
Token Ring was a successful technology, particularly in corporate environments, but was gradually eclipsed by the later versions of
225:
100 Mbit/s IBM Token Ring Management Adapter with wake-on-LAN. Both UTP (RJ45) and STP (IBM Data Connector) interfaces are present.
2211:
930:
Frame check sequence – A four-byte field used to store the calculation of a CRC for frame integrity verification by the receiver.
2790:
2393:
2355:
2274:
2194:
2142:
117:
3072:
2294:
1798:
1090:
a particular timer on an end station expires such as the case when a station hasn't seen a token frame in the past 7 seconds.
151:
113:
55:
IBM hermaphroditic connector with locking clip. Screen contacts are prominently visible, gold-plated signal contacts less so.
1469:
258:
3047:
2411:
2327:
2251:
2228:
2124:
1449:
344:
1766:
3890:
2548:
1711:
3900:
3456:
3017:
2720:
2635:
2615:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2426:
1964:
827:
Access control – This byte field consists of the following bits from most significant to least significant bit order
3859:
2588:
2564:
1094:
When any of the above conditions take place and a station decides that a new monitor is needed, it will transmit a
631:
Tokens are three octets in length and consist of a start delimiter, an access control octet, and an end delimiter.
397:
83:
569:
are genderless and have superior shielding over standard unshielded 8P8C. Connectors at the computer were usually
3885:
3426:
2625:
2490:
2860:
2485:
561:
333:
483:
When a computer has a message to send, it seizes the token. The computer will then be able to send the frame.
3915:
3905:
3864:
2725:
2715:
2695:
2541:
1814:
1585:
3037:
2598:
2495:
541:
3910:
3831:
2954:
2690:
2480:
2169:
2165:
914:
303:
109:
523:, with 'MAUs' in the center, 'arms' out to each station, and the loop going out-and-back through each.
1915:
1405:
511:
3097:
3027:
2845:
2775:
2464:
1571:"Sponsers, Communities, and Standards: Ethernet vs. Token Ring In The Local Area Networking Business"
527:
389:
322:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
608:
8P8C 'Media Filters' that plug into an IBM Data Connector converting it for use with 8P8C connectors
2204:
762:
540:
Later IBM would release Controlled Access Units that could support multiple MAU modules known as a
533:
371:
307:
2134:
1130:
Phase 1 (Physical Insertion) – A station then sends a 5-volt signal to the MSAU to open the relay.
2979:
2855:
1597:
1537:
1386:
557:
136:
101:
89:
74:
396:
Initially both networks used expensive cable, but once Ethernet was standardized for unshielded
332:
Ethernet supports a direct cable connection between two network interface cards by the use of a
306:. These differences have become immaterial, as modern Ethernet networks consist of switches and
170:
introduced their proprietary 12 Mbit/s Apollo Token Ring (ATR) network running over 75-ohm
2009:
1745:
51:
3895:
3528:
3523:
3503:
3487:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3431:
3067:
2897:
2459:
2431:
2373:
2177:
2094:
2075:
506:
388:
Token Ring was more complex than Ethernet, requiring a specialized processor and licensed MAC/
44:
24:
3656:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
1982:
1943:
302:
Early Ethernet and Token Ring both used a shared transmission medium. They differed in their
3421:
3087:
2446:
2346:
1823:
1589:
1545:
1529:
1376:
1263:
IBM 2210-24M Multiprotocol Router, which contained both Ethernet and Token Ring interfaces.
1254:
577:
430:
413:
405:
205:
185:
IBM launched their own proprietary Token Ring product on October 15, 1985. It ran at 4
177:. Proteon later evolved a 16 Mbit/s version that ran on unshielded twisted pair cable.
70:
39:
1690:
921:
Destination address – A six-byte field used to specify the destination(s) physical address.
2850:
1637:
1272:
288:
Texas Instruments TMS380C26PQL network communication processor, used in a Hewlett Packard
174:
167:
67:
162:
10 Mbit/s ProNet-10 Token Ring network in 1981 – the same year that
1162:
Here are the following eight access priority and traffic types for devices that support
385:
mainframes). Switched Ethernet cannot support duplicate MAC addresses without reprimand.
31:
3705:
2835:
2830:
2750:
2700:
1288:
570:
465:
348:
63:
2011:
IBM 2210 Nways Multiprotocol Router Description and Configuration Scenarios - Volume I
3879:
3811:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3651:
3627:
3615:
3604:
3593:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3553:
3542:
3032:
3012:
2865:
2840:
2770:
2660:
2605:
1987:
1657:
1601:
1314:
1293:
438:
434:
250:
249:
Token Ring Network Interface Cards (NICs) with varying interfaces from: ISA, PCI and
201:
147:
144:
105:
2021:
International Technical Support Organization Raleigh Center. June 1997. SG24-4446-02
1541:
1390:
3795:
3785:
3533:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3441:
3082:
3077:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3002:
1793:
1358:
1276:
553:
520:
450:
352:
127:. Gigabit Token Ring was standardized in 2001, but development has stopped since.
1123:
Phase 0 (Lobe Check) – A station first performs a lobe media check. A station is
3667:
3407:
3161:
3042:
3007:
2997:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2942:
2937:
2927:
1593:
1100:
378:
311:
163:
1340:
573:
female. Several other types of cable existed such as type 2, and type 3 cable.
3780:
3775:
3107:
2989:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2892:
409:
337:
150:, and many teams worldwide began working on their own implementations. At the
3841:
3821:
3679:
2932:
2825:
2820:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2765:
2760:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2710:
2705:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2655:
2620:
2436:
1454:
446:
289:
2125:
Futureobservatory.org discussion of IBM's failure in Token Ring technology
1533:
3112:
2884:
2875:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2368:
2363:
2269:
1715:
1381:
1362:
401:
193:
124:
1812:
Bux, W. (1989). "Token-ring local-area networks and their performance".
1087:
an active monitor station is not detected by other stations on the ring.
1080:
The monitor contention process is initiated when the following happens:
936:
J,K,1,J,K,1,I,E. I is the intermediate frame bit and E is the error bit.
496:
frame, ready to be taken by a workstation when it has a message to send.
3836:
3632:
3598:
3547:
3492:
3387:
3352:
3327:
3302:
3297:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3121:
2755:
2740:
2264:
2045:
1152:
458:
326:
159:
19:
3699:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
2800:
2630:
2302:
2259:
1167:
1163:
442:
186:
1827:
1406:"14.18 Proteon in Chapter 14 - Internetworking: Emergence 1985-1988"
1155:, (widely used in automotive applications) – but Ethernet does not.
468:
where a single server provides service to queues in a cyclic order.
2040:
192:
During this time, IBM argued that Token Ring LANs were superior to
3557:
3412:
2947:
2810:
2650:
2378:
1253:
510:
416:), it had a distinct advantage and sales of it increased markedly.
382:
171:
139:
technologies were developed in the early 1970s, of which one, the
50:
38:
30:
18:
2533:
552:
Cabling is generally IBM "Type-1", a heavy two-pair 150 ohm
480:
Empty information frames are continuously circulated on the ring.
200:
brought to market and standards activity came to a standstill as
2780:
2645:
2640:
1880:
1275:
merged a patch to remove token ring networking support from the
909:
indicates LLC frame IEEE 802.2 (data) and ignore control bits;
581:
556:
cable. This was the basic cable for the "IBM Cabling System", a
454:
2537:
2138:
2018:
1851:
1767:"networking - Duplicate MAC address on the same LAN possible?"
1633:
1513:
David R. Boggs; Jeffrey C. Mogul; Christopher A. Kent (1988).
1499:
1344:
360:
355:
could precipitate collisions due to repeating traffic blindly.
317:
Token Ring and legacy Ethernet have some notable differences:
155:
78:
1991:. Vol. 8, no. 21. IDG Network World Inc. p. 56
1119:
into the ring and the Token Ring driver may report an error.
2114:
1712:"What is the difference between an Ethernet hub and switch?"
1636:
International Technical Support Organization. Archived from
1482:
1296:- The battle between Internet and OSI standards in the 1980s
596:
IBM Data Connectors on the IBM 8228 Multistation Access Unit
532:
112:
providing fair access for all stations, and eliminating the
913:
indicates MAC frame and control bits indicate the type of
1976:
1974:
196:, especially under load, but these claims were debated.
1258:
Both Token Ring and Ethernet interfaces on the 2210-24M
23:
Two examples of Token Ring networks: a) Using a single
560:
system that IBM hoped would be widely adopted. Unique
1515:"Measured capacity of an Ethernet: myths and reality"
501:
Multistation Access Units and Controlled Access Units
3804:
3768:
3666:
3406:
3106:
2988:
2883:
2874:
2571:
2508:
2473:
2445:
2392:
2354:
2345:
2326:
2311:
2293:
2250:
2227:
2185:
2176:
1620:
1618:
1219:Normal data traffic (forwarded from other devices)
665:Used by the sending station to abort transmission.
2120:Troubleshooting Cisco Router Token Ring Interfaces
457:, and they have theoretical advantages over the
519:Physically, a Token Ring network is wired as a
476:The data transmission process goes as follows:
381:are supported on Token Ring (a feature used by
2549:
2150:
1839:
1837:
1227:Data sent with time sensitivity requirements
27:b) Using several MAUs connected to each other
8:
2089:Gallo, Michael; Hancock, William M. (2001).
1789:"Does anyone actually still USE Token Ring?"
1569:Urs Von Burg; Martin Kenny (December 2003).
1496:IEEE 802.3 Local Area Network considerations
1235:Data with real time sensitivity (i.e. VoIP)
208:dominated the local area networking market.
2880:
2556:
2542:
2534:
2351:
2182:
2157:
2143:
2135:
1450:"Major Vendors Differ On Network Approach"
325:, compared to Ethernet's contention-based
1522:ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
1483:IEEE Standards: P802.5 Working Group Area
1380:
1084:a loss of signal on the ring is detected.
464:A Token Ring network can be modeled as a
1942:. Scottsnetworkclass.com. Archived from
1172:
1000:
939:
878:
834:
769:
696:
667:
633:
576:In later implementations of Token Ring,
1485:. Ieee802.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-30.
1458:. Vol. 8, no. 12. p. 27.
1368:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
1306:
586:
492:The frame continues to circulate as an
215:
1410:The History of Computer Communications
1343:(Press release). Zurich, Switzerland:
143:, had demonstrated the potential of a
81:in 1984, and standardized in 1989 as
7:
1881:"8226 TR RJ45 Connection /Model 001"
1662:IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee
43:Token Ring network: operation of an
1940:"Local Area Networks - Token Ring"
351:; primitive Ethernet devices like
264:Madge 4/16Mbit/s TokenRing ISA NIC
16:Technology for computer networking
14:
1905:"IBM 8230 Controlled access Unit"
1341:"IEEE honors Zurich LAN pioneers"
429:Stations on a Token Ring LAN are
347:and by the use of an intelligent
2041:"The end of the token ring era?"
1787:Sheesley, John (April 2, 2008).
601:
589:
281:
269:
257:
242:
230:
218:
96:that is passed around a logical
1861:from the original on 2020-06-16
1683:"8228 Multistation Access Unit"
580:cabling was also supported, so
88:. It uses a special three-byte
1363:"Early Token Ring Work at MIT"
744:Up to 4500 × 8 bits
152:IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
1:
2474:Delay and disruption tolerant
1250:Interconnection with Ethernet
345:carrier-sense multiple access
3921:Systems Network Architecture
2130:What if Ethernet had failed?
2072:Network Consultants Handbook
1448:Crabb, Don (24 March 1986).
292:Token Ring print server card
1594:10.1080/1366271032000163621
1068:Active and standby monitors
3939:
3860:IEEE Standards Association
2070:Castelli, Matthew (2002).
1981:Mier, Edwin (1991-06-03).
1769:. Server Fault. 2013-01-03
866:
715:PDU from LLC (IEEE 802.2)
504:
321:Token Ring access is more
135:A wide range of different
3850:
1885:Ardent Tool of Capitalism
1625:Jonathan Follows (2000).
898:
895:
887:
884:
863:
860:
857:
849:
846:
843:
840:
562:hermaphroditic connectors
73:technology used to build
1738:"A Passive Ethernet Hub"
1586:Taylor & Francis Ltd
1424:"IBM TOKEN-RING NETWORK"
1267:Operating system support
1147:Optional priority scheme
1060:= 1, Address recognized
298:Comparison with Ethernet
3865:Category:IEEE standards
1815:Proceedings of the IEEE
1658:"IEEE 802.5 activities"
1578:Industry and Innovation
1315:"IEEE 802.5 Activities"
1111:Token insertion process
441:mechanisms are used by
120:-based access methods.
77:. It was introduced by
2496:Dynamic Source Routing
2166:Channel access methods
1259:
548:Cabling and interfaces
542:Lobe Attachment Module
537:
516:
304:channel access methods
56:
48:
36:
28:
1534:10.1145/205447.205460
1257:
554:shielded twisted pair
536:
514:
110:channel access method
54:
42:
34:
22:
2170:media access control
2091:Networking Explained
1627:Token Ring Solutions
1382:10.1109/MAHC.2014.14
1187:Normal data traffic
308:point-to-point links
3891:Local area networks
2394:Collision avoidance
2115:IEEE 802.5 Web Site
1845:"Why buy from IBM?"
1472:. 21 November 1988.
1361:(April–June 2014).
1243:Station management
763:Manchester encoding
566:IBM Data Connectors
461:of early Ethernet.
431:logically organized
377:Multiple identical
372:transmission medium
366:Token Ring employs
100:of workstations or
75:local area networks
71:computer networking
3901:IBM PC compatibles
2356:Collision recovery
2039:Corbet, Jonathan.
2017:(Third ed.).
1912:Public.dhe.ibm.com
1742:Zen22142.zen.co.uk
1260:
1075:monitor contention
1064:= 1, Frame copied
558:structured cabling
538:
517:
137:local area network
57:
49:
37:
35:Token Ring network
29:
3873:
3872:
3764:
3763:
2531:
2530:
2510:Duplexing methods
2504:
2503:
2341:
2340:
2100:978-1-55558-252-4
2093:. Digital Press.
2081:978-1-58705-039-8
1247:
1246:
1055:
1054:
994:
993:
903:
902:
871:
870:
824:
823:
757:
756:
686:
685:
658:
657:
614:Technical details
564:, referred to as
507:Media Access Unit
3928:
3886:Network topology
2881:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2352:
2183:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2104:
2085:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1967:. 25 April 1988.
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1914:. Archived from
1909:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1849:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1797:. Archived from
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1744:. Archived from
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1718:on 14 March 2017
1714:. Archived from
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1689:. Archived from
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1604:. Archived from
1575:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1544:. Archived from
1519:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1347:. 14 April 2003.
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1311:
1173:
1001:
940:
879:
835:
770:
697:
668:
637:Start Delimiter
634:
605:
593:
285:
273:
261:
246:
234:
222:
206:Gigabit Ethernet
3938:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3846:
3800:
3760:
3662:
3410:
3402:
3110:
3102:
2984:
2870:
2567:
2562:
2532:
2527:
2500:
2469:
2441:
2388:
2337:
2322:
2307:
2289:
2246:
2223:
2172:
2163:
2111:
2101:
2088:
2082:
2074:. Cisco Press.
2069:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:"Network World"
1963:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:10.1109/5.18625
1811:
1810:
1806:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1687:Ps-2.kev009.com
1680:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1643:on 2016-08-06.
1640:
1632:(White paper).
1629:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1517:
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1507:
1494:
1493:
1489:
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1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1404:Pelkey, James.
1403:
1402:
1398:
1359:J. Noel Chiappa
1357:
1356:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1285:
1273:David S. Miller
1269:
1252:
1149:
1113:
1070:
691:
663:
640:Access Control
626:
621:
616:
609:
606:
597:
594:
550:
509:
503:
474:
427:
368:access priority
334:crossover cable
300:
293:
286:
277:
274:
265:
262:
253:
247:
238:
235:
226:
223:
214:
183:
181:1985 IBM launch
175:coaxial cabling
168:Apollo Computer
133:
68:data link layer
17:
12:
11:
5:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3916:Link protocols
3913:
3908:
3906:IEEE standards
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
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3798:
3793:
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3255:
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3228:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
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3055:
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3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
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2986:
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2977:
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2798:
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2753:
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2713:
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2703:
2698:
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2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2565:IEEE standards
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2447:Collision-free
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
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2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2349:
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2305:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2109:External links
2107:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2086:
2080:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2031:
2001:
1983:"Buying Smart"
1970:
1956:
1931:
1896:
1879:Louis Ohland.
1871:
1833:
1804:
1801:on 2013-10-09.
1779:
1758:
1729:
1703:
1681:Louis Ohland.
1673:
1649:
1614:
1611:on 2018-02-19.
1561:
1528:(1): 123–136.
1505:
1502:. GG22-9422-0.
1487:
1475:
1461:
1440:
1415:
1396:
1350:
1332:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1289:IBM PC Network
1284:
1281:
1268:
1265:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1229:
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959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
938:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
917:control frame
901:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
877:
876:
869:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
852:
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848:
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839:
833:
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828:
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768:
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755:
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719:
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713:
710:
707:
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690:
687:
684:
683:
680:
676:
675:
672:
662:
659:
656:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
643:End Delimiter
641:
638:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
600:
598:
595:
588:
549:
546:
505:Main article:
502:
499:
498:
497:
490:
487:
484:
481:
473:
472:Access control
470:
466:polling system
426:
423:
422:
421:
417:
394:
386:
375:
364:
356:
341:
330:
299:
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263:
256:
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248:
241:
239:
236:
229:
227:
224:
217:
213:
210:
182:
179:
141:Cambridge Ring
132:
129:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3934:
3933:
3922:
3919:
3917:
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2953:
2949:
2948:WiMAX · d · e
2946:
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2369:Slotted ALOHA
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2178:Channel-based
2175:
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2148:
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2131:
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2020:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1988:Network World
1984:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1946:on 2013-08-01
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1921:on 2020-06-16
1917:
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1748:on 2016-08-24
1747:
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1713:
1707:
1704:
1693:on 2018-03-28
1692:
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1551:on 2012-03-02
1547:
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1199:
1198:
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1186:
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1182:
1179:Traffic type
1178:
1176:Priority bits
1175:
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908:
905:Frame type –
899:Control Bits
892:
891:
881:
880:
873:
872:
854:
853:
837:
836:
829:
826:
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819:
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456:
453:(802.12) and
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:token passing
436:
435:ring topology
432:
424:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
380:
379:MAC addresses
376:
373:
369:
365:
362:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
323:deterministic
320:
319:
318:
315:
313:
310:operating in
309:
305:
297:
291:
284:
279:
272:
267:
260:
255:
252:
251:Micro Channel
245:
240:
233:
228:
221:
216:
211:
209:
207:
203:
202:Fast Ethernet
197:
195:
190:
188:
180:
178:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:ring topology
146:
145:token passing
142:
138:
130:
128:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:token passing
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
85:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
53:
46:
41:
33:
26:
21:
3911:Serial buses
3854:
3650:
3626:
3592:
3541:
3486:
3250:
3223:
3196:
2902:
2454:
2347:Packet-based
2090:
2071:
2050:. Retrieved
2044:
2034:
2023:. Retrieved
2010:
2004:
1993:. Retrieved
1986:
1959:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:the original
1934:
1923:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1911:
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1874:
1863:. Retrieved
1819:
1813:
1807:
1799:the original
1794:TechRepublic
1792:
1782:
1771:. Retrieved
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1741:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1706:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1686:
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1644:
1638:the original
1606:the original
1581:
1577:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1525:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1490:
1478:
1464:
1453:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1430:. 1985-10-15
1427:
1418:
1409:
1399:
1375:(2): 80–85.
1372:
1366:
1353:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1318:
1309:
1277:Linux kernel
1270:
1261:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1061:
1057:
1056:
910:
906:
904:
875:information.
867:Reservation
692:
664:
630:
627:
575:
565:
551:
539:
525:
518:
493:
475:
463:
451:100VG-AnyLAN
428:
398:twisted pair
393:MAC and PHY.
367:
338:auto-sensing
316:
301:
198:
191:
184:
134:
122:
97:
93:
82:
59:
58:
3427:legacy mode
1588:: 351–375.
1470:"InfoWorld"
1319:ieee802.org
1101:MAC address
1096:claim token
896:Frame type
766:boundaries.
661:Abort frame
619:Frame types
336:or through
312:full-duplex
164:workstation
158:led to the
3880:Categories
3805:Superseded
2876:802 series
2455:Token Ring
2052:2023-09-22
2025:2016-08-03
1995:2016-08-03
1950:2013-06-15
1925:2016-08-03
1890:2023-05-09
1865:2016-08-03
1822:(2): 238.
1773:2016-08-03
1752:2016-08-03
1697:2016-08-03
1667:2023-05-09
1555:2007-12-04
1434:2021-03-11
1325:29 October
1301:References
410:100BASE-TX
118:contention
114:collisions
60:Token Ring
3680:Bluetooth
2460:Token bus
2437:CSMA/CARP
1602:153804163
1455:InfoWorld
1271:In 2012,
1211:Not used
1203:Not used
1195:Not used
1077:process.
888:Bits 2–7
885:Bits 0–1
858:Priority
841:Bits 0–2
447:token bus
425:Operation
290:JetDirect
92:called a
47:explained
3896:IEEE 802
3855:See also
3812:754-1985
3769:Proposed
3113:Ethernet
2599:Revision
2465:MS-ALOHA
2270:TD-SCDMA
1856:Archived
1542:52820607
1391:30761524
1283:See also
864:Monitor
747:32 bits
741:48 bits
738:48 bits
414:Cat 5(e)
402:10BASE-T
194:Ethernet
125:Ethernet
64:physical
3796:P1906.1
3657:Wi-Fi 8
3633:Wi-Fi 7
3599:Wi-Fi 6
3548:Wi-Fi 5
3493:Wi-Fi 4
2572:Current
2417:CSMA/CA
2384:CSMA/CD
2374:R-ALOHA
2303:HC-SDMA
2285:MC-CDMA
2280:FH-CDMA
2275:DS-CDMA
2265:TD-CDMA
2237:MF-TDMA
2205:SC-FDMA
2064:General
2046:LWN.net
1240:x'111'
1232:x'110'
1224:x'101'
1216:x'100'
1208:x'011'
1200:x'010'
1192:x'001'
1184:x'000'
1153:CAN Bus
1125:wrapped
753:8 bits
750:8 bits
735:8 bits
732:8 bits
729:8 bits
682:8 bits
679:8 bits
654:8 bits
651:8 bits
648:8 bits
459:CSMA/CD
327:CSMA/CD
212:Gallery
166:vendor
160:Proteon
131:History
104:. This
102:servers
3700:Zigbee
3668:802.15
3408:802.11
2646:1149.1
2260:W-CDMA
2097:
2078:
1722:10 May
1600:
1540:
1389:
1321:. IEEE
1168:802.1p
1164:802.1Q
1117:insert
1051:1 bit
1048:1 bit
1045:1 bit
1042:1 bit
1039:1 bit
1036:1 bit
1033:1 bit
1030:1 bit
990:1 bit
987:1 bit
984:1 bit
981:1 bit
978:1 bit
975:1 bit
972:1 bit
969:1 bit
861:Token
820:1 bit
817:1 bit
814:1 bit
811:1 bit
808:1 bit
805:1 bit
802:1 bit
799:1 bit
443:ARCNET
420:straw.
408:) and
349:switch
314:mode.
187:Mbit/s
3791:P1823
3786:P1699
3781:P1619
3776:P1363
3558:WiGig
3422:-1997
3413:Wi-Fi
3122:-1983
3108:802.3
2990:802.1
2866:42010
2861:29148
2856:16326
2851:16085
2846:14764
2841:12207
2836:11073
2486:VANET
2481:MANET
2407:MACAW
2379:AX.25
2364:ALOHA
2242:STDMA
2200:OFDMA
2015:(PDF)
1919:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1859:(PDF)
1848:(PDF)
1641:(PDF)
1630:(PDF)
1609:(PDF)
1598:S2CID
1584:(4).
1574:(PDF)
1549:(PDF)
1538:S2CID
1518:(PDF)
1387:S2CID
1142:know.
831:bits.
624:Token
578:Cat 4
494:empty
433:in a
406:Cat 3
400:with
383:S/390
172:RG-6U
108:is a
94:token
90:frame
86:802.5
62:is a
3842:1471
3837:1364
3832:1362
3827:1233
3822:1219
3092:LACP
2831:2050
2826:2030
2821:1905
2816:1904
2811:1902
2806:1901
2801:1900
2796:1855
2791:1850
2786:1849
2781:1815
2776:1801
2771:1800
2766:1733
2761:1722
2756:1685
2751:1675
2746:1667
2741:1666
2736:1619
2731:1613
2726:1603
2721:1596
2716:1588
2711:1584
2706:1547
2701:1541
2696:1516
2691:1497
2686:1451
2681:1394
2676:1355
2671:1284
2666:1278
2661:1275
2656:1164
2651:1154
2641:1076
2636:1016
2631:1014
2626:1003
2412:CSMA
2402:MACA
2328:PAMA
2313:PDMA
2295:SDMA
2252:CDMA
2229:TDMA
2217:WDMA
2187:FDMA
2168:and
2095:ISBN
2076:ISBN
1724:2016
1327:2023
1166:and
850:5–7
718:CRC
689:Data
582:8P8C
571:DE-9
521:star
455:FDDI
361:LEDs
353:hubs
204:and
98:ring
84:IEEE
66:and
3817:830
3741:.4z
3736:.4g
3731:.4f
3726:.4e
3721:.4d
3716:.4c
3711:.4b
3706:.4a
3033:Qbb
3028:Qaz
3023:Qay
3018:Qat
3013:Qav
2980:.24
2975:.22
2970:.21
2965:.20
2960:.18
2955:.17
2943:.16
2938:.14
2933:.12
2928:.10
2885:802
2621:896
2616:829
2611:828
2606:854
2594:754
2589:730
2584:693
2579:488
2523:FDD
2518:TDD
2491:DTN
2432:HCF
2427:PCF
2422:DCF
2212:WDM
2195:FDM
2019:IBM
1852:IBM
1824:doi
1634:IBM
1590:doi
1530:doi
1500:IBM
1428:IBM
1377:doi
1345:IBM
915:MAC
724:FS
721:ED
712:SA
709:DA
706:FC
703:AC
700:SD
674:ED
671:SD
528:LLC
390:LLC
156:MIT
116:of
79:IBM
45:MAU
25:MAU
3882::
3756:.7
3751:.6
3746:.5
3696:.4
3691:.3
3686:.2
3676:.1
3652:bn
3647:bk
3644:bi
3641:bh
3638:bf
3628:be
3623:bd
3620:bc
3616:bb
3612:ba
3609:az
3605:ay
3594:ax
3589:aq
3586:ak
3582:aj
3577:ai
3572:ah
3567:af
3563:ae
3554:ad
3543:ac
3538:aa
3398:df
3393:de
3388:dd
3383:db
3378:da
3373:cz
3368:cy
3363:cx
3358:cw
3353:cv
3348:cu
3343:ct
3338:cs
3333:cr
3328:cq
3323:cp
3318:cn
3313:cm
3308:ck
3303:ch
3298:cg
3293:ce
3288:cd
3283:cc
3278:cb
3273:ca
3268:bz
3263:by
3258:bu
3252:bt
3246:ba
3241:az
3236:av
3231:au
3225:at
3219:aq
3214:an
3209:ak
3204:ah
3198:af
3192:ae
3187:ad
3182:ac
3177:ab
3098:BA
3088:AX
3083:AS
3078:aq
3073:ak
3068:ah
3063:ag
3058:AE
3053:ad
3048:AB
2923:.9
2918:.8
2913:.7
2908:.6
2903:.5
2898:.4
2893:.2
2043:.
1985:.
1973:^
1910:.
1883:.
1854:.
1850:.
1836:^
1820:77
1818:.
1791:.
1740:.
1685:.
1660:.
1617:^
1596:.
1582:10
1580:.
1576:.
1536:.
1526:25
1524:.
1520:.
1498:.
1452:.
1426:.
1408:.
1385:.
1373:36
1371:.
1365:.
1317:.
1279:.
1170::
1025:0
1022:0
1019:C
1016:A
1013:0
1010:0
1007:C
1004:A
964:E
961:I
958:1
955:K
952:J
949:1
946:K
943:J
911:00
907:01
893:0
882:+
855:0
847:4
844:3
838:+
794:0
791:0
788:0
785:K
782:J
779:0
776:K
773:J
449:,
445:,
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3698:(
3682:)
3678:(
3659:)
3655:(
3635:)
3631:(
3601:)
3597:(
3560:)
3556:(
3550:)
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3529:y
3524:w
3519:v
3514:u
3509:s
3504:r
3499:p
3495:)
3491:(
3488:n
3482:k
3477:j
3472:i
3467:h
3462:g
3457:f
3452:e
3447:d
3442:c
3437:b
3432:a
3415:)
3411:(
3172:z
3167:y
3162:x
3157:u
3152:j
3147:i
3142:e
3137:d
3132:b
3127:a
3115:)
3111:(
3094:)
3090:(
3043:X
3038:w
3008:Q
3003:p
2998:D
2557:e
2550:t
2543:v
2158:e
2151:t
2144:v
2103:.
2084:.
2055:.
2028:.
1998:.
1953:.
1928:.
1893:.
1868:.
1830:.
1826::
1776:.
1755:.
1726:.
1700:.
1670:.
1592::
1558:.
1532::
1437:.
1412:.
1393:.
1379::
1329:.
1062:C
1058:A
412:(
404:(
374:.
329:.
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