1022:
656:
Verbs and nouns are inflected for person, number and, in the case of verbs, tense, using a number of different morpho-syntactic means which often conflate various meanings (polyexponentiality). These means include, prefixing, suffixing and infixing, ablaut and stress shift and the use of independent
244:. Most Tolupan had fled the Spanish from coastal regions by the early 1800s. The Tol speakers at La Montaña de la Flor fled the Yoro Valley in 1865 to avoid being conscripted into forced labor by the local governor (Campbell & Oltrogge 1980:206, Hagen 1943, Chapman 1978).
644:
The basic constituent order of Tol is SOV and the language displays a consistently head final order of constituents, i.e. verbs follow the subject and the object, there are
812:
901:
1056:
840:
657:
pronouns. Tense is also expressed by the use of particles. Number is only marked in noun phrases with animate referents. Some examples are given below.
503:
894:
483:
319:
396:
593:
182:
1051:
887:
572:
1046:
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424:
141:
565:
435:
618:
512:
312:
305:
1007:
417:
579:
940:
326:
178:
1002:
389:
382:
910:
519:
456:
449:
986:
403:
368:
361:
354:
347:
87:
648:
instead of prepositions, and subordinating conjunctions appear at the end of subordinate clauses.
465:
267:
262:
225:
214:
945:
475:
282:
272:
955:
924:
1026:
813:¿A quién le importa? Una encuesta sociolingüística de la lengua tol o jicaque de Honduras.
443:
277:
210:
81:
73:
197:
Tol speakers refer to themselves as the Tolpán, but are called
Jicaques or Turrupanes by
965:
950:
241:
221:
174:
53:
133:
1040:
960:
547:
229:
198:
645:
333:
559:
542:
233:
146:
843:
Talk given at
Workshop "State of the art of Mesoamerican linguistics". Leipzig.
795:
790:
610:
552:
587:
497:
411:
294:
126:
110:
117:
237:
186:
42:
879:
858:
Dennis, Ronald K. (1976). "La lengua tol (jicaque): los sustantivos."
289:
774:
Nouns that never take suffixes refer to body parts and kinship terms.
232:
in the inland south. This area included the areas around modern-day
851:
Campbell, Lyle, and David
Oltrogge (1980). "Proto-Tol (Jicaque)."
883:
876:. Languages of the World/Materials 170. Munich: LincomEuropa.
827:
International
Journal of American Linguistics Vol. 43, No. 2
636:
The following overview is based on
Haurholm-Larsen (2014).
815:
Talk given at 54th
Congress of Americanists. Vienna.
995:
979:
933:
917:
140:
124:
108:
103:
70:
60:
48:
38:
21:
865:Fleming, Ilah. (1977). "Tol (Jicaque) phonology."
213:, but only a few speakers were reported in the
895:
867:International Journal of American Linguistics
853:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
902:
888:
880:
256:
18:
841:Exploring grammatical categories of Tol.
536:
825:Ilah Fleming, Ronald K. Dennis (1977).
783:
726:Most nouns take one of three suffixes:
27:(Eastern) Jicaque, Jicaque de la Flor
7:
1057:Indigenous languages of the Americas
14:
617:
601:
592:
578:
571:
564:
518:
511:
502:
482:
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455:
448:
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423:
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402:
395:
388:
381:
367:
360:
353:
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332:
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318:
311:
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173:, is spoken by approximately 500
1020:
839:Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen. 2014.
811:Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen. 2012.
220:Tol used to be spoken from the
209:Tol was also spoken in much of
1:
183:Francisco Morazán Department
224:in the west, to modern-day
1073:
1016:
1008:Bay Islands Sign Language
722:'they are drinking water'
496:
488:
474:
461:
442:
429:
410:
394:
359:
331:
317:
288:
271:
259:
31:
26:
717:'you are drinking water'
702:'you are drinking water'
228:in the east, and to the
801:(subscription required)
712:'we are drinking water'
1003:Honduran Sign Language
872:Holt, Dennis. (1999).
707:'he is drinking water'
66:almost 500 (2012)
1052:Languages of Honduras
911:Languages of Honduras
697:'I am drinking water'
179:La Montaña de la Flor
934:Indigenous languages
240:, and possibly also
1047:Jicaquean languages
1027:Honduras portal
987:Bay Islands English
829:. pp. 121–127.
1034:
1033:
918:Official language
799:(18th ed., 2015)
757:'avocado' (root:
710:kupʰ üsü miskʰékʰ
640:Constituent order
627:
626:
530:
529:
378:
343:
301:
161:), also known as
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980:Other languages
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869:43(2): 121-127.
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838:
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806:
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789:
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753:
748:'house' (root:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
689:'their husband'
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
654:
642:
634:
535:
293:
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211:Yoro Department
207:
195:
181:reservation in
163:Eastern Jicaque
132:
116:
109:
99:
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74:Language family
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62:Native speakers
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12:
11:
5:
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996:Sign languages
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804:
782:
781:
779:
776:
772:
771:
724:
723:
720:yupʰ üsü miˀün
715:nun üsü müskʰé
695:napʰ üsü müˀüs
691:
690:
684:'your husband'
669:'your husband'
653:
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638:
633:
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242:San Pedro Sula
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175:Tolupan people
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104:Language codes
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922:
920:
916:
912:
905:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
885:
882:
875:
874:Tol (Jicaque)
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
854:
850:
849:
842:
836:
833:
828:
821:
818:
814:
808:
805:
798:
797:
792:
787:
784:
777:
775:
769:
766:'bed' (root:
765:
760:
756:
751:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:
737:
733:
729:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
693:
692:
688:
683:
679:'our husband'
678:
674:'her husband'
673:
668:
663:
660:
659:
658:
651:
649:
647:
646:postpositions
639:
637:
631:
629:
623:
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614:
612:
609:
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604:
600:
598:
595:
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570:
567:
563:
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557:
554:
551:
549:
546:
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541:
539:
538:
532:
526:
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521:
517:
514:
510:
508:
505:
501:
499:
495:
492:
490:
485:
481:
479:
477:
473:
470:
467:
463:
458:
454:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
431:
426:
422:
419:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
391:
387:
384:
380:
375:
374:
370:
366:
363:
356:
352:
349:
345:
340:
339:
335:
328:
324:
321:
314:
310:
307:
303:
298:
296:
291:
287:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
258:
252:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
205:Former extent
204:
202:
200:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
129:
128:
123:
119:
115:
112:
107:
102:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
83:
79:
75:
69:
65:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1018:
970:
873:
866:
859:
855:, 46:205-223
852:
835:
826:
820:
807:
794:
786:
773:
767:
763:
758:
754:
749:
745:
740:
735:
731:
727:
725:
719:
714:
709:
704:
700:hipʰ üsü müs
699:
694:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
664:'my husband'
661:
655:
643:
635:
628:
219:
208:
196:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:
125:
92:
32:
705:hupʰ üsü mü
234:El Progreso
215:Yoro Valley
1041:Categories
862:1(3): 2-7.
796:Ethnologue
778:References
741:Examples:
677:kʰis wayúm
652:Inflection
253:Consonants
230:Río Sulaco
217:in 1974.
687:his wayúm
682:his wayúm
498:Semivowel
412:Fricative
342:aspirated
295:Affricate
248:Phonology
127:Glottolog
111:ISO 639-3
88:Jicaquean
49:Ethnicity
946:Garifuna
764:kʰon-íkʰ
667:w-y-ayúm
377:ejective
268:Alveolar
263:Bilabial
238:La Ceiba
226:Trujillo
222:Río Ulúa
187:Honduras
134:toll1241
84: ?
43:Honduras
16:Language
971:Tolupan
956:Miskito
941:Ch'orti
925:Spanish
755:sitʰ-ím
662:m-wayúm
632:Grammar
548:Central
476:Lateral
290:Plosive
283:Glottal
273:Palatal
199:ladinos
171:Torupan
167:Tolupan
54:Tolupan
52:19,600
860:Yaxkin
746:wo-sís
736:-(V)kʰ
728:-(sV)s
533:Vowels
169:, and
159:Tolpan
56:(1990)
39:Region
33:Tolpan
951:Lenca
732:-(V)N
672:woyúm
560:Close
543:Front
444:Nasal
300:plain
278:Velar
82:Hokan
966:Sumo
961:Pech
768:kʰan
759:sitʰ
611:Open
553:Back
397:t͡ɕʼ
362:t͡ɕʰ
193:Name
793:at
791:Tol
588:Mid
320:t͡ɕ
177:in
155:Tol
147:Tol
142:ELP
118:jic
93:Tol
22:Tol
1043::
750:wa
738:.
734:,
730:,
520:j̈
404:kʼ
390:tʼ
383:pʼ
369:kʰ
355:tʰ
348:pʰ
236:,
201:.
189:.
185:,
165:,
903:e
896:t
889:v
770:)
761:)
752:)
619:a
603:o
594:e
580:u
573:ɨ
566:i
513:j
504:w
484:l
466:ŋ
457:n
450:m
436:h
425:s
418:β
334:ʔ
327:k
313:t
306:p
292:/
157:(
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