130:
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142:
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continued for some years. They were seemingly always caught at their
Needash celebrations. These massacres caused some unrest which led in part to the Rogue River Indian war. Many Tolowa people were incarcerated at Battery Point in 1855 to withhold them from joining an uprising led by their chief. In 1860, after the Chetco/
535:
In 1770 the Tolowa had a population of 1,000; their population soon dropped to 150 in 1910; this was almost entirely due to deliberate mass murder in what has been called genocide which has been recognized by the state of
California. In a speech before representatives of Native American peoples in
548:
decimated the cultural center of the Tolowa peoples. The natives from the surrounding areas would gather there for their celebrations and discussions. The survivors of the massacre were forced to move to the village north of Smith's River called
Howonquet. The slaughtering of the Tolowa people
570:
with 65 dead (not including those whose bodies were left in the lake) and the
Stundossun Massacre with 300 dead. In total, 902 Tolowa Native Americans were killed in 7 years. There are no records that any of the perpetrators were ever held accountable. This means over 90% of the entire Tolowa
565:
in
California. Adding to the number of dead from the Yontoket Massacre and the Battery Point Attack are many more in the following years. These massacres included the Chetko Massacre with 24 dead, the Smith creek massacre with 7 dead, the Howonquet Massacre with 70 dead, the
798:
598:
in central Oregon, tribes speaking 10 distinct languages were brought together in the mid-19th century. In the early 21st century, the remaining native language spoken is known as Siletz Dee-ni, related to Tolowa, although many of the original tribes spoke
1136:
610:
produced a "talking dictionary" in this language to aid in preservation and teaching. Alfred "Bud" Lane, among the last fluent native speakers of Siletz Dee-ni on the reservation, has recorded 14,000 words of the language in this effort.
799:
http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~karuk/karuk-dictionary.php?exact-match=&lx=&ge=Tolowa&sd=&pos=&lxGroup-id=7131&audio=&index-position=&index-order=&include-derivatives=&display-derivatives=
638:
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in
California have varied substantially. Various estimates for the 1770 population of Tolowa have ranged from as low as 450 to an upper end around 2,400.
261:(more than 27 native tribes and bands, speaking 10 distinct languages, including Athapascans speaking groups of SW Oregon, like Upper Umpqua, Coquille, Tututni, Chetco, Tolowa, Galice and Applegate River people),
619:
The Tolowa organized their subsistence around the plentiful riverine and marine resources and acorns (san-chvn). Their society was not formally stratified, but considerable emphasis was put on personal wealth.
630:, where inheritance and status passed through the male line. The men married women in neighboring tribes. The brides were usually related (sisters), in order for the wealth to remain in the paternal families.
540:
apologized for the genocide. Newsom said, "That’s what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that’s the way it needs to be described in the history books." Among these killings the
516:, broke out among the Tolowa, resulting in high mortality. These occurred before they had face-to-face encounters with non-natives because of contact through intermediaries. In 1828 the American
1180:
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78:
242:(Smith River and Elk Valley) still reside in their traditional territory in northwestern California. Those removed to the Siletz Reservation in Oregon are located there.
1566:
1546:
1173:
1158:
1561:
1556:
1166:
908:
Norton, Jack (1979). Genocide in
Northwestern California: When Our Worlds Cried. San Francisco: Indian Historian Press. pp. 56–57. 626892004.
862:
716:
607:
231:
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left 150 to 500 Tolowa people recorded dead. Because their homes had burned down, the place received the name "Burnt Ranch". The
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317:) in California, to the south. They lived in approximately eight permanent villages on present-day Crescent City Harbor and
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1267:
740:
643:
302:
246:
479:
689:
852:
562:
286:
57:
976:
Gould, Richard A. (18 February 1966). "The Wealth Quest Among the Tolowa
Indians of Northwestern California".
921:"Guide to using the Siletz Dictionary" by Amy Smolek, in Anderson, Gregory D.S. and K. David Harrison. (2007)
691:
American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico 2010 (retrieved 4 November 2019)
250:
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882:
761:
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The
Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization I: The Indian Versus the Spanish Mission
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330:
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309:. The area is bounded by the California/Oregon border to the north, and Wilson Creek, north of the
270:
285:(“Tolowa ancestral-land”) lies along the Pacific Coast between the watersheds of Wilson Creek and
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religion from 1872 to 1882, in hopes of getting relief from
European-American encroachment.
170:
1034:
Baumhoff, Martin A (1963). "Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations".
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Tolowa villages were organized around a headman and usually consisted of related men, in a
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937:
665:
655:
584:
550:
429:
174:
20:
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In 2007, in coordination with the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, the
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William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
854:
An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873
508:
The Tolowa or Dee-ni’ population exceeded 10,000. In the 19th century, epidemics of new
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1427:
1252:
1068:
Cook, Sherburne F. 1956. "The Aboriginal Population of the North Coast of California".
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210:
817:. United States. Bureau of American Ethonology. Bulletin,78. Washington. p. 883.
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In 1910, there were reportedly 150 Tolowa. The 1920 census listed 121 Tolowa left in
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and his exploration party were the first known non-natives to contact the Tolowa.
239:
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Understanding Tolowa Histories: Western Hegemonies and Native American Responses
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397:) to the northeast, all of which were removed to the Siletz Reservation, and
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925:
Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages; accessed 25 November 2016
318:
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University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
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University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
883:"'It's Called Genocide': Newsom Apologizes to the State's Native Americans"
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1024:. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C., p. 883
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470:(″Place of the Downriver Indians″). Today the Karuk use also the term
273:(Wiyot, Yurok, and Tolowa) as well as the unrecognized Tolowa Nation.
1505:
1454:
1406:
1391:
502:
178:
157:
152:
1091:
Drucker, Philip. 1937. "The Tolowa and their Southwest Oregon Kin,"
1059:. Ibero-Americana No. 21. University of California, Berkeley, p. 170
1154:
Clinton Hart Merriam photograph collection, Images of Tolowa People
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245:
Related to current locations, Tolowa people are members of several
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19:
This article is about the ethnic group. For their language, see
1162:
329:- "large body of water"). The most important Tolowa village is
709:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
25:
16:
Athabaskan-speaking Native American group in the United States
1121:
1116:
728:
741:"Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria"
561:
in the Central Coastal Range. Later, some were moved to the
765:
San Diego State University Library and Information Access.
646:. By 2009, there were approximately 1,000 Tolowa Indians.
668:, Tolowa historian, genealogist and language advocate
581:
Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni' Wee-ya' (Tolowa Dee-ni' Language),
1072:
16:81-130. University of California, Berkeley, p.101
204:
184:
164:
121:
111:
1141:Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution
1137:"Marr / Harrington sound recordings : Tolowa"
505:)" or "a person belonging to a place or village."
466:name also for the Yurok, and the Tolowa territory
978:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
485:They called themselves in a political sense also
265:(Chetco, Hupa, Karuk, Tolowa, Wiyot, and Yurok),
73:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
1552:Native Americans in Del Norte County, California
1102:, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 128–136.
571:population was killed in deliberate massacres.
938:"BBC News - Digital tools 'to save languages'"
557:in Oregon, including what is now known as the
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8:
876:
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190:Traditional tribal religion and mainstream
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762:California Indians and Their Reservations.
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105:
1124:Tolowa Tribe of the Smith River Rancheria
745:Alliance for California Traditional Arts.
916:
914:
553:, 600 Tolowa were forcibly relocated to
462:("Indian from downriver") and used this
1567:History of Del Norte County, California
711:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
682:
757:
755:
753:
1547:Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
1098:Gould, Richard A. 1978. "Tolowa," In
1022:Handbook of the Indians of California
815:Handbook of the Indians of California
608:Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
7:
1270:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
808:
806:
122:Regions with significant populations
1104:Handbook of North American Indians,
451:meaning "person" or "human being".
337:). Their tribal neighbors were the
936:Jonathan Amos (18 February 2012).
454:The neighboring Karuk called them
424:The name "Tolowa" is derived from
63:for transliterated languages, and
43:of its non-English content, using
14:
436:(meaning "people of Lake Earl").
1562:Native American tribes in Oregon
1557:Indigenous peoples of California
1197:Indigenous peoples of California
1190:
151:
140:
128:
30:
1004:Population of Native California
851:Madley, Benjamin (2016-05-24).
579:They have traditionally spoken
536:June 2019, California governor
1368:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
79:multilingual support templates
1:
881:Cowan, Jill (June 19, 2019).
777:Bright, William; Susan Gehr.
767:2009 (retrieved 8 April 2009)
747:2009. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
661:Tolowa traditional narratives
478:- ″Tolowa Indian place, i.e.
391:Galice Creek / Taltushtuntede
259:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
779:"Karuk Dictionary and Texts"
644:Del Norte County, California
434:Yurok (Klamath River People)
238:ethno-linguistic group. Two
247:federally recognized tribes
1583:
923:Siletz Talking Dictionary,
729:The Smith River Rancheria.
432:name given to them by the
426:Taa-laa-welh (Taa-laa-wa),
379:See-staa-k’wvt-sta Dee-ni’
18:
1203:
857:. Yale University Press.
480:Crescent City, California
351:Chit-dee-ni / Chit-dee-ne
253:(Tolowa, Chetco, Yurok),
209:
189:
169:
126:
116:
963:Tolowa People's Language
961:Bommelyn, Loren (2006).
731:(retrieved 8 April 2009)
563:Hoopa Valley Reservation
523:The Tolowa embraced the
468:Yuh'aráriik / Yuh'ararih
375:Shis-taa-k'wvs-sta-dv-ne
301:) basin and vicinity in
1466:Plains and Sierra Miwok
1325:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1131:About the Tolowa Nation
1070:Anthropological Records
823:2027/mdp.39015006584174
813:Kroeber, A. L. (1925).
491:Dee-ne, Dvn-’ee, Dee-te
409:) to the east; and the
1084:Collins, James. 1996.
295:Xaa-wvn’-taa-ghii~-li~
1435:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
1268:Eel River Athapaskans
1095:36:221–300. Berkeley.
331:Yontocket, California
251:Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation
205:Related ethnic groups
1117:Elk Valley Rancheria
1088:. London: Routledge.
589:Athabaskan languages
493:which means "(is a)
419:Dvtlh-mvsh Xee-she’
291:Xaa-wun-taa-ghii~-li
269:(Yurok and Tolowa),
267:Big Lagoon Rancheria
257:(Tolowa and Yurok),
255:Elk Valley Rancheria
77:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
41:specify the language
39:This article should
1542:California genocide
707:Pritzker, Barry M.
555:Indian reservations
510:infectious diseases
271:Blue Lake Rancheria
236:Athabaskan-speaking
108:
1053:Cook, Sherburne F.
888:The New York Times
596:Siletz Reservation
559:Siletz Reservation
407:Ch’vm-ne Xee-she’
263:Trinidad Rancheria
228:Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni’
1524:
1523:
864:978-0-300-18217-0
717:978-0-19-513877-1
546:Yontoket massacre
542:Yontoket Massacre
439:Their autonym is
403:Ch'vm-ne Dee-ni'
395:Talh-dash-dv-ne'
367:Tu-́tutûn t̟ûn-nĕ
220:
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81:may also be used.
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413:(Tolowa-Chetco:
401:(Tolowa-Chetco:
393:(Tolowa-Chetco:
385:(Tolowa-Chetco:
373:(Tolowa-Chetco:
369:) to the north;
359:T’uu-du’-dee-ni’
357:(Tolowa-Chetco:
341:(Tolowa-Chetco:
333:(Tolowa-Chetco:
321:(Tolowa-Chetco:
313:(Tolowa-Chetco:
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289:(Tolowa-Chetco:
281:Their homeland,
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