121:
22:
371:
679:, and to reconcile why there are two versions in the legendarium. Despite his desire to abandon or heavily revise the Flat World Version, he found himself unable to do so, as it was already too deeply embedded in the universe he had created. Tolkien was attempting, but failing, to reinforce the sense of believability in his mythology by bringing it more into line with scientific knowledge of the history of the Earth.
138:("Music of the Ainur"). He wrote the original version in the 1930s, calling it the "Flat World Version", or later the "Old Flat World Version" after he had created a new flat world version. In 1946 he wrote the "Round World Version", intending this to be the published version. Tolkien sent both the "Old Flat World Version" and the "Round World Version" to Katharine Farrer (mystery novelist and wife of the theologian
650:. Tolkien saw that he would have to rewrite the early tales that set out his cosmology, and stop work on the legends until the cosmology had been made fully consistent. In Rateliff's view, Tolkien "became convinced that he had to make changes he simply couldn't bring himself to make" and became stuck; this problem was compounded by his publisher's rejection of
421:, the Earth is in fact round from the beginning, and the Elves teach the NĂșmenĂłreans that it is so; but one of Sauron's deceptions is to tell the NĂșmenĂłreans that it is flat. As a result, when the survivors of the Downfall explore the Earth in search of their lost home, thus finding proof that the world is round, they then believe that it had been made so only
437:, the legends of the Silmarillion would be passed down through NĂșmenor. Thus, even though the High Elves of Valinor would know the astronomical truth from the Valar, the actual stories as transmitted are "blended and confused"; they arise from Mannish mythology and cosmology, as well as the traditions of the Elves who had never left Middle-earth.
390:. As well as removing the flat Earth, it abolishes the need for the Sun and Moon to be transported by mythical beings. Also gone are the two enormous lamps that light the Earth before the creation of the Sun: the Sun shines from the beginning. In the Round World Version, the Earth has always been round, and
832:
for its 1977 publication, Christopher
Tolkien was aware that his father had intended to update it to a new Round World Version. He considered editing the manuscripts to comply with this wish. In other respects, he had edited the stories to make them internally self-consistent, and consistent with the
633:
The Flat World
Version, Tolkien had come to feel, was thus essentially unacceptable, whether internally or externally, requiring replacement. But the story of the submerging of NĂșmenor relies intrinsically on this cosmology. Many other dramatic moments would be lost or need serious revision to make a
429:
is not removed from the physical world (as in the Flat World version); instead, its landmass simply becomes
America. It is instead those who dwell there, the Valar and the Elves, who since the Downfall live only in memory: thus the End of Arda is moved ahead by Eru, as far as the Elves are concerned.
105:
Scholars have given at least three possible reasons why
Tolkien should have felt the need for the drastic change to his mythology. Firstly, Tolkien believed that the NĂșmenĂłreans would understand that a flat Earth was impossible, and so would not have passed on a story about it. Secondly, he felt that
645:
The Round World
Version thus represents a major, concrete part of Tolkien's attempt to entirely rewrite the mythology of Middle-earth. Rateliff comments that Tolkien had an "extremely good" grasp of the "cascading effects" of making such a change in his legendarium; and that this change was uniquely
471:
Tolkien had come to believe that the average reader's astronomical knowledge by the middle of the twentieth century was sufficient that the idea of a flat earthâcircled by a little sun and moon that were glowing fruits and flowers from magical trees carried in flying boats, each of which, steered by
854:
is related to his own rejection of that cosmology. While she agrees with
Christopher that the Flat World cosmology is "beautiful", she nonetheless finds it "unfortunate" that these cosmological reworkings did not receive a full analysis. She points to various astronomical implications of the Round
450:
According to the lawyer and author on
Tolkien Douglas Kane, the fundamental problem Tolkien had with the Flat World Version was that the NĂșmenĂłreans, the ancestors of Men, were the means by which the legends of the earliest days were transmitted to later generations. Tolkien believed that the
842:
Christopher decided against such a cosmological update for several reasons. What his father had left of the Round World
Silmarillion was no more than an outline of his intentions. The earlier Round World Version was no longer viable, because by this stage it differed too greatly from already
142:) for review in 1948. Farrer replied to him in October, strongly supporting the Flat World Version â "The hope of Heaven is the only thing which makes modern astronomy tolerable". Farrer seems to have influenced Tolkien to abandon the Round World Version, which he did before completing
714:
With their questionings, their certainties giving way to doubt, their contradictory resolutions, these writings are to be read with a sense of intellectual and imaginative stress in the face of such a dismantling and reconstitution, believed to be an inescapable necessity, but never
486:
come to believe that such a vast upheaval was a necessity, that the cosmos of the old myth was no longer valid; and at the same time he was impelled to try to construct a more secure 'theoretical' or 'systematic' basis for elements in the legendarium that were not to be
515:
identifies a third possible reason for moving to a Round World model: that "Tolkien's attitude to his creation" had shifted. He suggests that
Tolkien had grown "more analytical with details in general", giving as example the work he did late in his life, documented in
106:
ordinary readers would find it impossible to suspend their disbelief in a flat earth with magical trees. Thirdly, his attitude seems to have shifted from feeling comfortable with mythology to wanting Middle-earth to be realistically historical.
530:
his beautiful mythological image of
Valinor being separated from the mortal lands when the shape of the world was changed was not feasibleâwhat happened to it physically? So it must have lost its Valinorian magic and become
406:, the supreme being, as in the Flat World Version, but by Melkor, his chief antagonist, who tears it from the Earth. The Moon becomes Melkor's stronghold, and because of this, it is moved further away from the Earth by the
746:
It may be... that he came to perceive from such experimental writing as this text that the old structure was too comprehensive, too interlocked in all its parts, indeed its roots too deep, to withstand such a devastating
634:
Round World Version consistent across all of the works in the Middle-earth legendarium. Among the tales that would need revising, but for which Tolkien produced no alternative version, is the story of the
3868:
3889:
710:
In Christopher Tolkien's view, his father's manuscripts reveal a tension or "stress" between the need for the new model, and the difficulty of such a fundamental reconstruction of the mythology:
98:
which he published after Tolkien's death, considered adjusting the text to comply with Tolkien's wish to return to the Round World Version. He decided against doing that, not least because the
3131:
463:
takes a different view of the problem, writing that Tolkien had changed his mind about what an ordinary reader would be able to believe, or the extent to which that reader might be able to
3710:
410:
to diminish Melkor's influence. Christopher Tolkien considers this a further piece of de-mythologising: the Moon is created after the Earth and from a part of it, in accordance with
548:". The further back the exact historical dates went, the more acute the crisis became; and the dates could go very far back into what had been vague mythological time, because
544:
In Bratman's view, the cause of this change was that he had gradually and perhaps unwittingly turned the mythological legendarium into an annalistic history "modeled on the
3570:
1699:"The Walls of the World and the Voyages of the Evening Star: The Byzantine Borders of Tolkien's Biblical/Classical/Medieval/Geocentric/Heliocentric Complicated Cosmology"
3833:
362:
lingering in the twilight of the Sun, implying a Round World, instead of lingering in the twilight before the raising of the Sun, as would be the case in a Flat World.
325:, this geographic change is part of the transition from flat to round world, effectively explaining how the world was flat in the First Age, but is round now. Like the
348:. This presupposes the Round World version, as in the Flat World version the Sun does not exist until after Finwë's death. He mentioned a Round World cosmology in a
3798:
3840:
3673:
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was tied to the reshaping of the world from flat to round, making the purely Round World version problematic. Shapes of continents are purely schematic.
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79:. He felt unable to proceed with it because the Flat World version was so deeply embedded in his mythology, with vitally important symbols like the
1821:
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154:. Tolkien created a new manuscript from a heavily edited Old Flat World Version. He then produced a final polished Round World manuscript with
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in 1951. Even if Tolkien could have resolved one of these issues, Rateliff writes, the two together "probably" ensured that no version of
1450:"Notes of an Inklings Scholar: Musings on Myth and History, Promises and Secrecy, Ethical Reviewing, and the Limits of Authorial Intent"
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3735:
3288:
3168:
3826:
3253:
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2013:
1949:
1913:
742:. She quotes Christopher Tolkien's description of his father's struggles as "a prolonged interior debate", and his judgement that:
87:, continuing to redraft his published works to make them compatible with a round world version for most of the rest of his life.
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3314:
340:
Tolkien continued incorporating the Round World Versions into his later Middle-earth writings. In 1960â61, Tolkien invented
685:
argued in 2013 that the Round World Version generated as many problems as it solved, such as where the earthly paradise of
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3341:
3223:
2255:
2152:
1679:
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already published canon. He later published several edited versions of his father's Silmarillion stories in the 12-volume
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3136:
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3126:
2482:
2417:
2381:
1799:
1767:
1745:
1703:
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398:, but preceded the creation of the Trees. Instead, the Trees preserved the light of the Sun before it was tainted by
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3009:
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1968:
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Kristine Larsen argues that Christopher's "uncharacteristically scant" commentary on the Round World revisions in
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cosmology", nor to switch over to it "as it would break much of what was so poetic in his fictional cosmology."
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3027:
1835:
341:
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43:
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in 1992. He described this as the "Man's version", possibly to distinguish it from the Elvish version in the
386:
Christopher Tolkien described the Round World Version as "de-mythologised", as it abolishes many elements of
3633:
3481:
3385:
3198:
3178:
3173:
2608:
2591:
2577:
2169:
707:] turn", citing Christopher Tolkien's description of it, "'a fearful weapon' against his own creation".
464:
387:
556:
could remember events thousands of years before the events of the War of the Ring. And Tolkien had written
472:
an angel, sails in the sky from east to west before travelling back beneath the earth by nightâsimply do.
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3496:
3378:
3283:
3273:
2703:
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2613:
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2394:
2356:
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2218:
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1900:
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is the name for the whole solar system, not just the Earth. The Sun and the Moon are not the fruit of the
268:
150:
2723:
847:
would either need major rework, or the change would have to be allowed to introduce new inconsistencies.
3612:
3415:
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1813:
856:
607:
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523:
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352:
interview in 1964, during which he briefly discussed the drowning of NĂșmenor. In the third edition of
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3091:
3017:
2983:
2743:
2549:
2400:
2346:
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80:
526:. Bratman describes as an "absolutely crushing moment" the time when Tolkien made up his mind that
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2059:
2027:
1995:
1927:
1895:
1863:
1762:
1587:
1546:
1536:
1500:
1129:
697:, in which Frodo journeys to what appears to be a "very physical" Tol Eressëa. The Tolkien scholar
259:
249:
155:
91:
1794:
1740:
1698:
3491:
2159:
1467:
411:
689:
might now be placed â though Tolkien's own solution to this problem was only published in 2014.
120:
482:
that his father had decided to reconstruct his mythology to a Round World model because he had
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3763:
3749:
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2091:
2041:
2009:
1977:
1963:
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1932:
1909:
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1601:
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280:
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2147:
2055:
2023:
2005:
1991:
1959:
1937:
1923:
1905:
1891:
1873:
1868:
1859:
1790:
1642:
1616:
823:
730:
Kristine Larsen likens Tolkien's struggles to reconcile cosmology with his mythology to the
460:
285:
254:
235:
60:, home of the immortals. In the Round World Version, Earth is spherical from the beginning.
48:
35:
21:
3805:
3476:
2891:
2538:
2000:
1646:
971:
671:
370:
3456:
403:
128:, complete with two enormous lamps, fixed on tall pillars, that gave the world its light.
278:. Both the Round World Version and the New Flat World Version were included in the 1993
3581:
3446:
2966:
2763:
2293:
2234:
2063:
1941:
1564:
1478:
1124:
905:
698:
690:
391:
192:
134:
595:"when Beren was an Elf, Sauron was a cat and minstrels had names like Tinfang Warble"
3905:
3532:
3471:
2896:
2031:
1973:
1841:
1656:
1496:
1445:
763:
682:
536:
512:
297:
205:
139:
72:
52:, Earth was created flat and was changed to round as a cataclysmic event during the
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3042:
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2136:
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awkward, as it stood at the junction of the myths from Valinor and the legends of
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1831:
1625:
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731:
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3501:
3037:
2851:
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2196:
1568:
379:
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314:
218:
76:
53:
1449:
876:â another dilemma that Tolkien never resolved, on the nature of Orcs and evil
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2926:
2916:
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2803:
2788:
2773:
2728:
2718:
1795:"The flat Earth made round and Tolkien's failure to finish The Silmarillion"
1772:
1620:
1597:
1510:
805:
762:
In Larsen's view, Tolkien was neither able to "ignore the simple logic of a
647:
635:
395:
2713:
642:
calls these "the most important mythic symbols in all of the legendarium".
568:
Bratman's analysis, after Rilstone, of the evolution of Tolkien's attitude
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2901:
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2623:
1726:
1573:
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508:
345:
310:
67:, but later regretted this decision. He created a Round World Version, "
1004:, "The NĂșmenĂłrean Catastrophe & End of âPhysicalâ Aman", pp. 343â345
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2931:
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2813:
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2738:
2708:
2439:
686:
426:
84:
57:
1837:
The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology
1722:: Christopher Tolkien and the Copernican Revolution of Morgoth's Ring"
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3052:
2906:
2876:
2818:
2808:
2783:
2645:
2628:
2572:
553:
399:
318:
284:. The latter is a more faithful reproduction of Tolkien's manuscript
799:
Treat "Sun and Moon as lesser lights" inferior to that of the Trees
770:
Kristine Larsen's analysis of Tolkien's "prolonged interior debate"
333:
was not published during Tolkien's lifetime, but it was included in
83:
which could not fit in a Round World Version. He never resolved the
3096:
2881:
2655:
2601:
2584:
2567:
407:
369:
119:
20:
1741:"A Medievalist Myth-making Crisis: Tolkien's Tychonic Cosmology"
738:'s attempts to reconcile his observations with his model of the
2109:
2105:
451:
NĂșmenĂłreans would understand that a flat Earth was impossible.
2672:
2640:
1676:
Arda Reconstructed: The Creation of the Published Silmarillion
703:
349:
272:
volume 1. The Old Flat World Version was included in the 1987
132:
Tolkien gives the fullest account of the creation myth in the
1208:
1206:
3890:
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
1169:
1167:
1165:
262:. The earliest version (named "The Music of the Ainur", not
63:
Tolkien abandoned the Round World Version before completing
1235:
1233:
467:, in the face of a medieval cosmology. Rateliff wrote that
1297:
1295:
1293:
896:
894:
859:
in the legendarium) that Christopher did not comment on.
522:, in which he laboriously compares the Elvish and human
1359:
1357:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1103:
1101:
611:, and its "historical" Appendices, complete with dates
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
982:
980:
455:
An external problem: incredible to the ordinary reader
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1386:
1384:
358:(published in 1966), he altered the text to have the
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1150:
1148:
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1144:
1142:
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1138:
1088:
1086:
1084:
693:
added that Tolkien's solution appears to contradict
3723:
3666:
3599:
3520:
3437:
3428:
3394:
3307:
3117:
3008:
3001:
2944:
2834:
2686:
2548:
2537:
2492:
2379:
2370:
2277:
2185:
2178:
1586:Garbowski, Christopher (2013) . "Middle-earth". In
622:"the only partially sketched" Round World version
560:in a far more modern style than the Silmarillion,
446:An internal problem: impossible to the NĂșmenĂłreans
102:relies intrinsically on the Flat World cosmology.
855:World texts (including the possible existence of
344:for his characters, including a "Winged Sun" for
46:would be unacceptable to a modern readership. In
313:-like story of the destruction of the island of
229:Christopher Tolkien's heavily edited Flat World
956:
744:
712:
528:
484:
469:
997:
995:
786:Earth as a "planet orbiting the Sun in space"
562:supported by extensive "historical" Appendices
321:'s deception of its people. In the Flat World
2121:
1053:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTolkien2021 (
1006:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTolkien2021 (
248:was published during Tolkien's lifetime, but
8:
3841:Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings
1224:
661:Tolkien gave the Round World Version of the
124:An early stage in the Flat World Version of
56:in order to prevent direct access by Men to
3799:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
1263:
1173:
701:described the attempt as "a 180% [
295:Tolkien wrote a Round World Version of the
252:later formed the first chapter of the 1977
3434:
3005:
2545:
2376:
2182:
2128:
2114:
2106:
425:NĂșmenor was drowned. During the Downfall,
1239:
1107:
1032:
967:
75:, the central story of the submerging of
3834:Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
3785:The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
3711:Things named after Tolkien and his works
1818:The Life and Opinions of Andrew Rilstone
1652:J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator
1336:
1284:
768:
566:
3778:J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
1404:
1375:
1324:
1301:
1251:
1212:
1119:
1080:
1067:
1048:
1020:
1001:
986:
941:
929:
917:
900:
890:
1428:
1416:
1392:
869:The Science of Discworld II: The Globe
16:Aspect of J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium
1812:Rilstone, Andrew (16 November 2021).
1363:
7:
2450:The History of The Lord of the Rings
2084:The Evolution of Tolkien's Mythology
1649:(1998) . "6. Patterns and Devices".
1348:
1197:
1185:
1156:
1092:
808:(containing light of the Two Trees)
783:Arda is flat; Arda is "our planet".
658:would be published in his lifetime.
148:, or even starting its last volume,
1824:from the original on 24 April 2024.
775:Original principles to be retained
669:; this was eventually published in
3862:Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
3736:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
2004:. Boston, New York, & London:
619:"purely historical and scientific"
116:Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium
14:
3827:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
1761:(2013) . "Silmarillion, The". In
932:, "The Later Quenta Silmarillion"
778:Modern cosmology to be reflected
2426:The Lost Road and Other Writings
539:, "Notes of an Inklings Scholar"
301:, possibly in 1948 to match the
275:The Lost Road and Other Writings
216:Round World edits in 3rd ed. of
3743:A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
3620:Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
3342:Finnish language and literature
2312:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
2066:(eds.). "L'effigie des elfes".
1473:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
603:"mixed mythological-historical"
3883:The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
3855:Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
3132:Ancestry as guide to character
2268:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
1674:Kane, Douglas Charles (2009).
1475:: Revised and Expanded Edition
564:including exact chronologies.
1:
3792:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
2256:The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
1680:Associated University Presses
476:Christopher Tolkien wrote in
402:. The Moon is not created by
374:In the Flat World Version of
26:
1814:"The Nature of Middle-earth"
3927:The History of Middle-earth
3315:Tolkien's impact on fantasy
2483:The Peoples of Middle-earth
2418:The Shaping of Middle-earth
1800:Journal of Tolkien Research
1768:J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
1746:Journal of Tolkien Research
1718:"The Sun, the Son, and the
1704:Journal of Tolkien Research
1628:: Author Archive Collection
1593:J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
1542:J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
1506:J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
989:, "The Drowning of AnadĂ»nĂȘ"
957:Gueroult & Tolkien 1964
836:The History of Middle-earth
266:) was published in 1984 in
3943:
2989:List of weapons and armour
2522:The Nature of Middle-earth
2212:The Fellowship of the Ring
2068:La Feuille de la Compagnie
1969:The Nature of Middle-earth
920:, "The Music of the Ainur"
821:
785:
519:The Nature of Middle-earth
113:
3876:Tolkien and the Great War
3684:Works inspired by Tolkien
3588:Nightfall in Middle-Earth
3403:The Atlas of Middle-earth
2507:The History of The Hobbit
2249:The Scouring of the Shire
2143:
2080:Whittingham, Elizabeth A.
2058:(2014). Devaux, Michaël;
2038:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
1739:Larsen, Kristine (2024).
1716:Larsen, Kristine (2023).
1697:Larsen, Kristine (2021).
305:Round World Version. The
171:
168:
3813:The Road to Middle-Earth
3679:Middle-earth Enterprises
2325:The three "Great Tales"
1225:Hammond & Scull 1998
629:The horns of the dilemma
435:in-universe transmission
258:edited by Tolkien's son
250:a heavily edited version
3634:An Evening in Rivendell
3507:Margrethe II of Denmark
3386:A mythology for England
2088:McFarland & Company
1904:. Vol. 1. Boston:
874:Tolkien's moral dilemma
667:The Drowning of AnadĂ»nĂȘ
465:suspend their disbelief
440:
412:the scientific paradigm
366:In-universe description
286:than the edited version
69:The Drowning of AnadĂ»nĂȘ
3757:Master of Middle-Earth
3279:Psychological journeys
2843:First and Second Ages
2695:First and Second Ages
2457:The Notion Club Papers
2395:The Book of Lost Tales
2242:The Return of the King
2219:The Shadow of the Past
1901:The Book of Lost Tales
760:
728:
592:The Book of Lost Tales
546:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
542:
500:
474:
383:
269:The Book of Lost Tales
151:The Return of the King
129:
38:came to feel that the
32:
3912:Middle-earth theology
3869:Tolkien's Legendarium
3613:The Road Goes Ever On
3555:The Lord of the Rings
3540:The Lord of the Rings
3416:A Map of Middle-earth
3159:Death and immortality
2962:Red Book of Westmarch
2475:The War of the Jewels
2410:The Lays of Beleriand
2331:The Children of HĂșrin
2226:The Council of Elrond
2205:The Lord of the Rings
1499:(2013) . "Earth". In
1023:, "Myths Transformed"
857:extraterrestrial life
822:Further information:
752:Christopher Tolkien,
720:Christopher Tolkien,
695:The Lord of the Rings
608:The Lord of the Rings
587:"purely mythological"
558:The Lord of the Rings
492:Christopher Tolkien,
373:
145:The Lord of the Rings
123:
114:Further information:
65:The Lord of the Rings
24:
3648:At Dawn in Rivendell
3641:A Night in Rivendell
3628:The Tolkien Ensemble
3462:Brothers Hildebrandt
2984:Two Trees of Valinor
2347:The Fall of Gondolin
2060:Tolkien, Christopher
2033:The Annotated Hobbit
2028:Anderson, Douglas A.
1775:. pp. 608â612.
1763:Drout, Michael D. C.
1659:. pp. 187â198.
1600:. pp. 422â428.
1588:Drout, Michael D. C.
1569:"'A Fearful Weapon'"
1549:. pp. 678â679.
1547:Taylor & Francis
1537:Drout, Michael D. C.
1513:. pp. 138â139.
1501:Drout, Michael D. C.
1128:: Farrer, quoted by
1037:Roger Lancelyn Green
793:Two Trees of Valinor
503:A change in attitude
459:The Tolkien scholar
156:illuminated capitals
81:Two Trees of Valinor
40:flat earth cosmology
3152:Round World dilemma
2704:EĂ€rendil and Elwing
2357:The Fall of NĂșmenor
1996:Christopher Tolkien
1928:Christopher Tolkien
1896:Christopher Tolkien
1864:Christopher Tolkien
1468:Carpenter, Humphrey
1266:, pp. 117â118.
1227:, pp. 187â198.
1215:, pp. 324â328.
1130:Christopher Tolkien
974:, 25 September 1954
771:
569:
417:In the Round World
388:Tolkien's mythology
376:Tolkien's cosmology
317:, brought about by
165:
126:Tolkien's cosmology
3771:A Question of Time
3573:The Rings of Power
3492:Alexander Korotich
3289:Sound and language
3169:Dreams and visions
1840:(Third ed.).
1621:"J. R. R. Tolkien"
1529:Dickerson, Matthew
804:Centrality of the
769:
567:
384:
378:, the downfall of
244:No version of the
181:Flat World Version
161:
130:
33:
3899:
3898:
3848:A Tolkien Compass
3764:Picturing Tolkien
3750:Interrupted Music
3719:
3718:
3655:Leaving Rivendell
3424:
3423:
3410:Journeys of Frodo
3264:Old Straight Road
3254:Naming of weapons
2997:
2996:
2744:LĂșthien and Beren
2533:
2532:
2515:Carl F. Hostetter
2366:
2365:
2339:Beren and LĂșthien
2320:Bilbo's Last Song
2097:978-0-7864-3281-3
2056:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2024:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1992:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1983:978-0-00-838792-1
1964:Carl F. Hostetter
1960:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1924:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1892:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1883:978-0-395-25730-2
1860:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1851:978-0-261-10275-0
1791:Rateliff, John D.
1782:978-0-415-86511-1
1689:978-0-9801496-3-0
1666:978-0-261-10360-3
1643:Hammond, Wayne G.
1617:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1615:Gueroult, Denys;
1607:978-0-415-86511-1
1556:978-0-415-96942-0
1520:978-0-415-86511-1
1488:978-0-35-865298-4
843:published works.
812:
811:
640:Matthew Dickerson
626:
625:
441:Tolkien's dilemma
433:According to the
242:
241:
3934:
3922:The Silmarillion
3820:Splintered Light
3435:
3259:Northern courage
3184:Environmentalism
3164:Decline and fall
3087:Tolkien's poetry
3006:
2724:FinwĂ« and MĂriel
2546:
2500:John D. Rateliff
2377:
2304:Unfinished Tales
2287:The Silmarillion
2183:
2148:J. R. R. Tolkien
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2075:
2051:
2019:
2006:Houghton Mifflin
1987:
1955:
1938:Houghton Mifflin
1919:
1906:Houghton Mifflin
1887:
1874:Houghton Mifflin
1869:The Silmarillion
1855:
1825:
1808:
1786:
1754:
1735:
1712:
1693:
1670:
1647:Scull, Christina
1638:
1636:
1634:
1611:
1582:
1581:(1). Article 10.
1560:
1524:
1492:
1463:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1305:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1267:
1264:Whittingham 2008
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1174:Whittingham 2008
1171:
1160:
1154:
1133:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1040:
1035:, letter 325 to
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1011:
999:
990:
984:
975:
970:, letter 154 to
965:
959:
954:
948:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
898:
845:The Silmarillion
830:The Silmarillion
828:While preparing
824:The Silmarillion
817:The Silmarillion
772:
758:
726:
656:The Silmarillion
652:The Silmarillion
570:
540:
498:
461:John D. Rateliff
342:heraldic devices
335:The Silmarillion
290:The Silmarillion
255:The Silmarillion
236:The Silmarillion
166:
160:
96:The Silmarillion
49:The Silmarillion
36:J. R. R. Tolkien
31:
28:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3806:Perilous Realms
3726:
3715:
3662:
3595:
3538:Symphony No. 1
3516:
3477:Donato Giancola
3430:
3420:
3390:
3337:Classical world
3303:
3194:First World War
3113:
2993:
2940:
2892:Lonely Mountain
2830:
2682:
2553:
2540:
2529:
2488:
2433:The Etymologies
2383:
2372:
2362:
2273:
2187:
2174:
2139:
2134:
2104:
2098:
2078:
2064:Hostetter, Carl
2054:
2048:
2022:
2016:
2001:Sauron Defeated
1990:
1984:
1958:
1952:
1922:
1916:
1890:
1884:
1858:
1852:
1830:
1811:
1789:
1783:
1757:
1753:(1). Article 7.
1738:
1715:
1711:(1). Article 3.
1696:
1690:
1673:
1667:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1614:
1608:
1585:
1565:Flieger, Verlyn
1563:
1557:
1527:
1521:
1495:
1489:
1470:, ed. (2023) .
1466:
1462:(1). Article 2.
1444:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1423:
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1403:
1399:
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1114:
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1099:
1091:
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1078:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1000:
993:
985:
978:
972:Naomi Mitchison
966:
962:
955:
951:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
899:
892:
888:
883:
865:
826:
820:
759:
751:
727:
719:
672:Sauron Defeated
631:
541:
535:
505:
499:
491:
457:
448:
443:
368:
118:
112:
44:his legendarium
42:he embodied in
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
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3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3582:Blind Guardian
3579:
3578:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3447:Pauline Baynes
3443:
3441:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
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3382:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3369:
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3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Mental illness
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3084:
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3067:
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3061:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2967:Rings of Power
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
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2849:
2840:
2838:
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2831:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2769:TĂșrin Turambar
2766:
2764:Tuor and Idril
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
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2690:
2684:
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2670:
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2648:
2643:
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2631:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2606:
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2604:
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2589:
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2587:
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2581:
2580:
2575:
2559:
2557:
2543:
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2534:
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2530:
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2527:
2526:
2525:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2467:Morgoth's Ring
2462:
2461:
2460:
2445:
2444:
2443:
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2421:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2403:
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2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2238:
2235:The Two Towers
2231:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2076:
2052:
2046:
2020:
2014:
1988:
1982:
1956:
1950:
1933:Morgoth's Ring
1920:
1914:
1888:
1882:
1856:
1850:
1828:
1826:
1809:
1787:
1781:
1755:
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1671:
1665:
1639:
1612:
1606:
1583:
1561:
1555:
1525:
1519:
1497:Curry, Patrick
1493:
1487:
1479:Harper Collins
1464:
1446:Bratman, David
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1407:, p. 383.
1397:
1380:
1368:
1366:, p. 139.
1353:
1351:, p. 609.
1341:
1329:
1306:
1304:, p. 369.
1289:
1268:
1256:
1254:, p. 219.
1244:
1242:, p. 425.
1240:Garbowski 2013
1229:
1217:
1202:
1200:, p. 243.
1190:
1188:, p. 608.
1178:
1176:, p. 117.
1161:
1134:
1112:
1108:Dickerson 2013
1097:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1041:
1039:, 17 July 1971
1033:Carpenter 2023
1025:
1013:
991:
976:
968:Carpenter 2023
960:
949:
934:
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852:Morgoth's Ring
819:
813:
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809:
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800:
796:
795:
788:
787:
784:
780:
779:
776:
755:Morgoth's Ring
749:
723:Morgoth's Ring
717:
699:Verlyn Flieger
691:Carl Hostetter
630:
627:
624:
623:
620:
617:
613:
612:
604:
601:
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495:Morgoth's Ring
489:
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456:
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444:
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439:
367:
364:
281:Morgoth's Ring
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108:
15:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
3939:
3928:
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3907:
3892:
3891:
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3873:
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3866:
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3810:
3808:
3807:
3803:
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3556:
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3549:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:Johan de Meij
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Mary Fairburn
3470:
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3333:
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3321:
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3316:
3313:
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3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
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3257:
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3247:
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3244:Moral dilemma
3242:
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3227:
3225:
3224:Luck and fate
3222:
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3207:
3205:
3204:Frame stories
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2171:
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2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2138:
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2126:
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2119:
2117:
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2111:
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2099:
2093:
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2073:
2069:
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2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2047:9780618134700
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:0-395-60649-7
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1974:HarperCollins
1971:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1951:0-395-68092-1
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1915:0-395-35439-0
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1871:
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1865:
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1847:
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1842:HarperCollins
1839:
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1801:
1796:
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1769:
1764:
1760:
1759:Nagy, Gergely
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1734:(1): 173â179.
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1714:
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1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
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1657:HarperCollins
1654:
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1398:
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1385:
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1377:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:Rilstone 2021
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:Rateliff 2020
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:, p. 34.
1158:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:, p. 33.
1094:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1051:, p. 343
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
961:
958:
953:
950:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
914:
911:
908:
907:
902:
897:
895:
891:
885:
880:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
862:
860:
858:
853:
848:
846:
840:
838:
837:
831:
825:
818:
814:
807:
803:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:Light of the
790:
789:
782:
781:
777:
774:
773:
767:
765:
757:
756:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
725:
724:
716:
711:
708:
706:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Patrick Curry
680:
678:
674:
673:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
643:
641:
637:
628:
621:
618:
615:
614:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
598:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
582:
578:
575:
572:
571:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
538:
537:David Bratman
532:
527:
525:
521:
520:
514:
513:David Bratman
510:
502:
497:
496:
488:
483:
481:
480:
473:
468:
466:
462:
454:
452:
445:
438:
436:
431:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
377:
372:
365:
363:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
293:
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
270:
265:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
238:
237:
232:
228:
225:
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221:
220:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
167:
164:
159:
157:
153:
152:
147:
146:
141:
140:Austin Farrer
137:
136:
127:
122:
117:
109:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
23:
19:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3618:
3611:
3607:Donald Swann
3586:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3548:Howard Shore
3539:
3487:Tove Jansson
3467:Jenny Dolfen
3457:Anke EiĂmann
3429:Adaptations,
3408:
3401:
3325:
3142:Christianity
3137:Architecture
3043:Black Speech
3023:Family trees
2824:Tom Bombadil
2520:
2505:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2455:
2448:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2393:
2384:Middle-earth
2380:
2355:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2285:
2266:
2240:
2233:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2186:In Tolkien's
2153:Bibliography
2137:Middle-earth
2083:
2071:
2067:
2032:
1999:
1967:
1931:
1899:
1867:
1836:
1832:Shippey, Tom
1817:
1804:
1798:
1766:
1750:
1744:
1731:
1725:
1720:Silmarillion
1719:
1708:
1702:
1675:
1650:
1631:. Retrieved
1624:
1591:
1578:
1572:
1540:
1504:
1477:. New York:
1471:
1459:
1453:
1424:
1412:
1405:Tolkien 1993
1400:
1376:Flieger 2023
1371:
1344:
1332:
1325:Bratman 2022
1302:Tolkien 1993
1259:
1252:Tolkien 2002
1247:
1220:
1213:Shippey 2005
1193:
1181:
1123:
1120:Tolkien 1993
1115:
1068:Tolkien 2014
1063:
1049:Tolkien 2021
1044:
1028:
1021:Tolkien 1993
1016:
1002:Tolkien 2021
987:Tolkien 1992
963:
952:
945:
942:Tolkien 1977
937:
930:Tolkien 1993
925:
918:Tolkien 1984
913:
904:
901:Tolkien 1993
851:
849:
844:
841:
834:
829:
827:
816:
764:heliocentric
761:
753:
745:
740:solar system
729:
721:
713:
709:
702:
694:
681:
676:
670:
666:
662:
660:
655:
651:
644:
632:
606:
590:
557:
543:
529:
517:
506:
493:
485:
477:
475:
470:
458:
449:
432:
422:
418:
416:
385:
353:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
306:
302:
296:
294:
289:
279:
273:
267:
263:
253:
245:
243:
234:
230:
217:
204:
203:Round World
191:
190:Round World
162:
149:
143:
133:
131:
104:
99:
95:
89:
68:
64:
62:
47:
34:
18:
3704:Video games
3689:Fan fiction
3667:Other media
3566:film series
3557:film series
3512:Ted Nasmith
3374:Prose style
3367:Shakespeare
3127:Anachronism
2699:Celebrimbor
2373:composition
2294:Ainulindalë
2165:Legendarium
1942:Ainulindalë
1633:4 September
1626:BBC Radio 4
1429:Larsen 2023
1417:Larsen 2021
1393:Larsen 2024
1125:Ainulindalë
906:Ainulindalë
815:Choice for
736:Tycho Brahe
734:astronomer
732:Renaissance
524:life cycles
327:Ainulindalë
303:Ainulindalë
264:Ainulindalë
260:Christopher
246:Ainulindalë
231:Ainulindalë
193:Ainulindalë
135:Ainulindalë
92:Christopher
30: 1925
3917:Mythopoeia
3906:Categories
3564:The Hobbit
3528:Bo Hansson
3502:Tom Loback
3395:Geographic
3320:Influences
2897:LothlĂłrien
2863:Third Age
2799:Glorfindel
2780:Third Age
2688:Characters
2624:Half-elven
2382:History of
2371:History of
2278:Posthumous
2197:The Hobbit
2036:. Boston:
1972:. London:
1936:. Boston:
1872:. Boston:
1364:Curry 2013
946:AkallabĂȘth
881:References
677:AkallabĂȘth
663:AkallabĂȘth
487:dislodged.
419:AkallabĂȘth
360:Wood-elves
355:The Hobbit
331:AkallabĂȘth
323:AkallabĂȘth
307:AkallabĂȘth
298:AkallabĂȘth
219:The Hobbit
206:AkallabĂȘth
100:AkallabĂȘth
94:, editing
73:AkallabĂȘth
71:", of the
54:Second Age
3727:criticism
3699:Calendars
3575:TV series
3571:Music of
3562:Music of
3553:Music of
3521:Composers
3482:John Howe
3379:Ambiguity
3362:Philology
3239:Modernism
3147:Cosmology
3033:Languages
2979:Silmarils
2927:The Shire
2917:Rivendell
2847:Beleriand
2804:Goldberry
2789:Galadriel
2774:Ungoliant
2729:Gil-galad
2719:Fingolfin
2656:Beornings
2634:Sundering
2597:Ancalagon
2539:Fictional
1834:(2005) .
1773:Routledge
1598:Routledge
1531:(2013) .
1511:Routledge
1349:Nagy 2013
1198:Kane 2009
1186:Nagy 2013
1157:Kane 2009
1093:Kane 2009
1076:Secondary
806:Silmarils
715:achieved.
665:the name
648:Beleriand
636:Two Trees
576:Approach
396:Two Trees
3725:Literary
3600:Settings
3497:Alan Lee
3452:Cor Blok
3347:Medieval
3308:Literary
3269:Paganism
3058:Sindarin
3028:Heraldry
3010:Elements
3002:Analysis
2972:One Ring
2957:PalantĂr
2902:Mirkwood
2887:Isengard
2872:Esgaroth
2666:DĂșnedain
2661:DrĂședain
2555:monsters
2541:universe
2447:1988â92
2392:1983â84
2202:1954-55
2188:lifetime
2082:(2008).
2026:(2002).
1994:(1992).
1962:(2021).
1926:(1993).
1894:(1984).
1862:(1977).
1822:Archived
1793:(2020).
1727:Mythlore
1619:(1964).
1574:Mythlore
1567:(2023).
1455:Mythlore
1448:(2022).
863:See also
750:â
747:surgery.
718:â
579:Example
534:â
531:America.
511:scholar
509:Inklings
490:â
311:Atlantis
163:Timeline
90:His son
25:Tolkien
3439:Artists
3326:Beowulf
3214:Heroism
3199:Forests
3179:England
3174:Economy
3107:Tengwar
3092:Scripts
3075:Westron
3070:Valarin
3065:Khuzdul
3038:Adûnaic
3018:Artwork
2952:Mithril
2945:Objects
2932:Bag End
2857:Valinor
2852:NĂșmenor
2814:Saruman
2794:Gandalf
2759:Thingol
2754:Morgoth
2739:Isildur
2709:Elendil
2646:Hobbits
2609:Dwarves
2592:Dragons
2578:Wizards
2573:Balrogs
2550:Peoples
2440:Lhammas
2401:Ălfwine
2170:Outline
2030:(ed.).
1998:(ed.).
1966:(ed.).
1930:(ed.).
1898:(ed.).
1866:(ed.).
1765:(ed.).
1590:(ed.).
1539:(ed.).
1533:"Trees"
1503:(ed.).
1438:Sources
886:Primary
687:Valinor
427:Valinor
380:NĂșmenor
315:NĂșmenor
110:History
85:dilemma
77:NĂșmenor
58:Valinor
3674:Impact
3431:legacy
3352:Modern
3332:Celtic
3284:Quests
3274:Plants
3119:Themes
3102:Sarati
3053:Quenya
3048:Elvish
2907:Mordor
2877:Gondor
2836:Places
2819:Sauron
2809:Gollum
2784:Elrond
2749:Melian
2714:FĂ«anor
2678:Trolls
2629:Noldor
2614:Eagles
2493:Others
2094:
2044:
2012:
1980:
1948:
1912:
1880:
1848:
1779:
1686:
1663:
1604:
1553:
1517:
1485:
600:Middle
573:Period
554:Elrond
400:Melkor
329:, the
319:Sauron
309:is an
172:Event
3357:Norse
3299:Trees
3249:Music
3229:Magic
3219:Light
3097:Cirth
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2734:HĂșrin
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2464:1993
2423:1987
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2309:1981
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2160:Canon
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3209:Hell
3189:Evil
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