Tomàs Caylà i Grau - Knowledge (XXG)

529: 344: 746:, launched their bid to take control of the movement. Their political vision was supported by an attempt to re-define Carlist history as popular social struggle, with genuine Carlists pitted against aristocratic, clerical and conservative aliens who infiltrated into the party; Caylà started to serve as an exemplary case of a genuine, tolerant, humanist, progressist, democratic, proto-socialist, anti-capitalist and popular Carlist. His second biography - also highly hagiographical, though pursuing the opposite vision than the earlier one - was published in 1997 and it fits into this progressist outlook well; also some fiercely anti-capitalist, anti-globalist groupings of Spanish or Catalan extreme Left keep presenting Caylà as their predecessor. Other militantly Left-wing groups keep considering Cayla an enemy; 683:, since he considered it a treason to Traditionalist cause. Confronted with a tragic choice between two bad options he preferred to face whatever the future brings. In early August the Valls committee of Milícies Antifeixistes launched their search of the Carlist leader. Having intercepted Caylà's correspondence they learnt his whereabouts and a dedicated militia detachment was sent to Barcelona on a capture mission. In mid-August Caylà was arrested in his hideout, driven by car to Valls and executed on Plaça del Pati immediately after arrival. According to some accounts, the Republicans staged sort of a feast afterwards with locals forced to pass by his corpse; according to the other, militiamen used his cut off head as a football. 2826:

constituye un grupo excelente por su españolismo decidido”; 2) “Otra parte del carlismo autentico, algo superior en número al anterior, forma el núcleo rebelde. Su jefe provincial es un pobre diablo de Reus llamado Sugrañes pero su jefatura no la acatan mis que en su pueblo y en alguna localidad vecina. Se mueven dentro del Falcondismo y andan de capa caida” 3) "existe el núcleo que sigue a la trilogia Bau, Sentis, Prat. Los carlistas puros están en contra porque les acusan de haberse vendido al juanismo franquisme tarragona". In another paragraph of the same document Bau is presented as leading “una fracción moderada frente al integrismo del Sr. Caylá de Valls”, quoted after

240: 2949:, p. 52. For the latest sample of this vision see Vallverdú 2010, p. 100 (almost identical wording in Vallverdú 2008, p. 302): “Sus campañas ciudadanas durante el periodo republicano fueron siempre al servicio de intereses populares y destacaron por el sentido federalista y anticapitalista de sus comentarios. Tanto en política como en religión fue un precursor de las corrientes progresistas abiertas al socialismo que se desarrollaría treinta años más tarde en el carlismo con la llegada del príncipe Carlos Hugo”. This vision has recently been elaborated further on in Robert Vallverdú Martí, 2202:“No quiere decir eso que el proyecto de Estatut no tenga puntos aceptables y que constituya un paso hacia el total reconocimiento de los derechos de Cataluña. En este sentido y como táctica de procedimiento, marcada por la mayoría que regenta los destinos de Cataluña, puede aceptarse y votarlo. Lo que no se ha de consentir es que se tome como finalidad última lo que solo es un paso. De hacerlo engañariamos a los catalanes y engañariamos a los ciudadanos de las otras tierras ibéricas. El Estatut será seguramente aprobado, pero el pleito de Cataluña quedará en pie”, 667:, yet regardless of his pacifist outlook Caylà must have approved of the process. During the outbreak of hostilities he was running his daily party business in Barcelona; though he was leading Carlism in its third most important region some authors claim that he learnt of the insurgency from the radio broadcast. He left leadership of the Requeté to Cunill and witnessed failure of the coup in the Catalan capital, in 2 days the Carlist volunteers reduced to total disarray, some killed, some captured, some fleeing and some going into hiding. 2424: 1250: 306: 1427:

presents uns dies de dol, dol que ens arriba al fons del cor, perqué la monarquia tradicional, eminentment popular i democrática, tenia arrels fondissimes en el mode d’esser i governar-se de les terres ibériques”, quoted after Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 39. The draft of Catalan Autonomy Statute of 1930, possibly influenced by Caylà, envisioned "organic" representation and indeed some Right-wing theorists considered organicism genuine democracy compared to not enough democratic popular voting, see John N. Schumacher,

491: 261:, the periodical was issued in Valls and partially other comarcas of the Tarragona province; its circulation remains unknown. Contemporary scholar classified its political line as conservative, another present-day biographer underlines that it was based on ideas of Christian humanism and justice. Caylà and the co-founders explained their political identity in a clear-cut manifesto, declaring themselves to be first Catholics, then Spaniards, then Catalans, then Traditionalists and finally 487:

such but rather to mock the inefficient and propaganda-embroidered late primoderiverista version. It is not clear to what extent Caylà contributed to the official Carlist autonomy project revealed in 1930; it was founded on similar highly federative concept, elaborated in more detail and embracing organic elections to the local diet. Following the advent of the Republic Carlism backtracked, prompting defection of some of its most pro-Catalanist members; Caylà was not among them.

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preferences apart that he was attached to traditional values; he nurtured the idea of society organized along religious lines and animated by the spirit of harmonious co-operation. Demonstrating vivid interest in social question, he was committed to his vision of social responsibility and promoted the idea when presiding over the proprietors’ association. He is credited for bringing the concept into life when dealing with local vineyard tenants affected by the

796: 595: 671: 1026: 134: 635: 196: 610:, animated its Casa Social and served as its treasurer. He kept encouraging co-operative initiatives like Cooperativa Electrica de Valls, perceived as an alternative to anonymous commercial enterprises. He also encouraged new Christian syndicates of the Tarragona province, Gremios Obreros and Gremios Patronales, confederated in 335:, unlike most Carlists he was not vocal as a monarchist. Demonstrating some accidentalism and what was already becoming his typical conciliatory and non-belligerent tone, he rather advocated common work for Spain, be it a kingdom or a republic, far more important having been a new constitution, centered on traditional values. 2273:“El sindicalisme roig invandint-ho tot trepithava tota justicia. Les masses populars, enlluernades per un fictici sol de llibertat, no veien com els seus predicadors, tot sentat que la propietat era un robatori, anaven fincant-se i adquirint valors com qualsevol borges desocupat”, quoted after Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 40 28: 1913:; Monserrat Cavaller 2001, p. 58-59 claims that when the national Carlist jefe Manuel Fal left the regional Catalan gathering it was Joaquín Bau taking over the presidency; this might be indicative that Caylà was not brilliant during public meetings, though it might also reflect a hagiographical tone of the Bau's biography 2800:

disfrazados de carlistas que se apoyan en nosotros para su medro personal y les exigirá cuentas de sus actos. POR DIOS POR LA PATRIA Y EL REY”, quoted after Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 217; Guinovart, Caylà's personal secretary, in the 1948 local elections ran against the Falangist candidate and won, Robert Vallverdú Martí,

219:, where he started to study law; he graduated in derecho in 1916 and commenced practicing in his native Valls, gaining anecdotal reputation for his honesty and dedication. Inheriting fervently religious outlook he commenced activities in various lay Catholic organizations; he was co-founder and active member of the local 464:. The regional diet was supposed to have decisive say on administrative, fiscal and economic issues, with diputación forming the Catalan executive and municipalities allowed large degree of their own autonomy. Though all Catalans were obliged to defend the country, according to Caylà Madrid was not allowed conscription. 265:. Caylà emerged as the moving spirit, manager, chief author and organizer of the weekly, which remained sort of his personal tribune for the next 17 years. He contributed under his own name or using various pen-names, most commonly "C.V." and "Almogáver"; his contemporaries admired him for writing ease. 1622:

maximum fine imposed was 2000 pesetars; a typical daily worker's pay was some 10 ptas; the penalty was administered following a 1934 article published on 3rd anniversary of the Republic, denouncing collapse of public order and stating that in case the anarchy continues, the only thing left is to cry

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Caylà was commemorated in a hagiographical booklet published in 1938, presenting him as champion of the Catholic, national and anti-bolshevik cause. Following the nationalist conquest of Catalonia in 1939 Caylà and other executed or fallen vallencs were re-buried in the newly constructed Panteó dels

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and another one claimed that it was not far from endorsing political independence. Also in present-day Catalanist publications his articles from that period are quoted when referring to unity of Spain as “a parody”, however this particular phrase was intended not to question the Spanish integrity as

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literally “veritable democrácia”, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 210. It is not clear what exactly was meant, though the reference was not unique and kept coming back in Caylà’s writings, compare “per els que seguim les doctrines tradicionalistes representades per la Comunió legitimista han estat els

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Caylà was administratively reinstated as member of the local council and actively resumed his public activities, like staging the Carlist Fiesta de los Mártires de la Tradición celebrations in 1930. Since Spanish politics seemed dominated by bewilderment, he advocated Catholic principles as general

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written by Caylà's personal secretary of the mid-1930s; the work re-defines also a number of other Carlist figures, like the claimant Jaime III, presented – in line with the general progressist interpretation – as disposed to tolerance rather than to intransigence, see Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p.

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in 1961 they tried to unveil a commemorative plaque in Valls; it read "Tomás Caylá ejemplo vivo. Con firmeza jamás vencida, el hijo ilustre de Valls, D. Tomás Caylá y Grau, Jefe de los Carlistas de Cataluña, aqui dio valerosamente la sangre y la vida por los ideales de Dios, Fueros, Patria y Rey".

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document describing Tarragona in the early 1940s divided Carlists into 3 groups: 1) “Una parte bastante considerable está firmemente unida a Falange y la campaña de Carlos VIII ha aumentado bastante la fracción. Son los Tradicionalistas del grupo auténtico que siguió a Caylá. Gente sana y ruda que

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he kept discussing the issue on gatherings of the Valls Traditionalists. Acknowledging that “el problema social és el primer problema de l’Estat espanyol”, he approached the question mostly in religious terms, perceiving it as consequence of dechristianisation or at best religious indifference of

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editorials Caylà remained cautious and preferred not to jump to conclusions as to the new regime. As a monarchist loyal to the carlist claimant he acknowledged with little enthusiasm that the majority of Spaniards opted for republican solution, though he seemed to respect the choice. He called his

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Carlist anti-Francoist Tarragona groups distributed leaflets aimed against Joaqúin Bau and other collaborative Carlists, reading “El Requeté de los Caylá y de los navarros exige justicia, el Requeté de la Tradición insobornable, el que no admite unificaciones ni pactos, escupe a los politiquillos

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Tomàs was brought up in fervently religious ambience; both his parents were profoundly Catholic. Josep Caylà served as president of the local Ateneu Católic and secretary of Germandat de Cristaires in the local parish, apart from performing other minor functions. Nothing is known of his political

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and Fal and voiced against the alliance with the rebellious military, but was overruled by the Carlist executive. According to yet another account, Caylà himself conspired with the generals, but he considered insurgent initiatives premature and urged the plotters to step in only as reaction to a

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resigned after the February 1936 elections; though some scholars claim that due to his Catalanism Caylà was increasingly alienated within the national Carlist executive, in March it was him nominated the new regional lead and assuming jefatura of probably the third most important Carlist region.

2900:: “ingresaron el el Carlismo grupos de la derecha integrista. Esas minorias, aunque intentaron influir en la ideologia y en la línea del partido, nunca arraiganon en él” (pp. 13-14), also “integrismo infiltrado en sus filas” (p. 23), "la infiltración se iba desarrollando", José Carlos Clemente, 455:

In the 1919 declaration Caylà listed his Catalan identity as third in terms of importance, put after the Catholic and Spanish ones; the statement clearly implied that being Catalan and being Spanish were complementary selves. Supporting various cultural initiatives he also acknowledged Catalan

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Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 32; they often used to refer to the oath, taken in name of the Carlist claimant Carlos VII by his general Rafael Tristany in Olot on 1.10.74, and pledging to defend and respect Catalan fueros, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 34. For historical overview of Carlism and

184:. He became secretary and then co-owner of the newly created Banc de Valls, growing to its director in 1914; he was also administrator of rural holdings belonging to the local Vaciana and Miguel families. Active in the local business milieu, he co-founded the local landholders’ organization 2418:

an alliance formed also by anti-separatist Lerrouxistas. As Lerroux and his vehemently anti-clerical Radicals have traditionally been Carlist enemies, with history of Carlist-Radical relations marked by violence and bloodshed, the alliance raised many eyebrows; Cayla presented his case in

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not as an ultimate solution but rather as a stepping stone towards his vision. Disappointed about final shape assumed by the accepted statute, Caylà was desperate about its practical embodiment and political stance assumed by the Generalitat. Always sympathetic to the conservative

1816:. Joaquín Bau claimed credit for staging the event, noting only that “mis amigos los señores Bru y Caylá, que tan bien me han ayudado y han cooperado a la realización de la gran concentración do Poblet”, Monserrat Cavaller 2001, pp. 57-8; another version in Vallverdú 2008, p. 265 591:. His criticism of laissez-faire has also never amounted to general onslaught on capitalism; considering private property and individual self foundations of civilized society he followed Vatican in its harsh judgment of “capitalisme liberal” and unlimited accumulation of wealth. 396:

Gradually Caylà started to emerge as one of the most dynamic politicians of the Catalan Carlism. In late 1931, already as part of the ongoing unification of three Traditionalist branches, he was nominated the provincial Tarragona jefe and soon took part in re-organization of

2486:, after realizing that the rebellion had taken place in Africa, the night before July 19 he told Cabaní that it would be in the morning. Caylà also showed interest in the organization of Catalan Traditionalists and was hopeful about the coup's success, Joan Sariol Badía, 1922:

Manuel Fal, the national Carlist jefe, was a former Integrist and a fervent Catholic, who attended the mass daily; it is not unikely he easily found common ground with Caylà; Fal was known for his supportive stance towards regional identities, see Manuel Martorell Pérez,

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his mother is quoted as acknowledging his choice as follows: “mucho me satisfaría que Tomás contrajera matrimonio, pero si, corno él dice, manteniéndose soltero puede servir mejor a la causa, estoy muy contenta de que permanezca soltero”, quoted after Tarrago 1978, p.

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The national question remained one of key threads of Caylà's writings, perhaps second only to his fierce defense of the Catholic faith. Throughout all public career he vehemently supported Catalan cultural and political ambitions, yet always combined with the Spanish

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served as regional secretary; important provincial leaders were Juan Lavaquial for Lérida leader and Juan María Roma for Gerona; Casimiro de Sangenís served as Carlist MP in the Cortes, the group of leaders completed with the names of Joaquín Bau and José Bru, see

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would-be coup attempted by the Left. Finally, the most detailed biographical work claims that in the early summer of 1936 Caylà made a tragic figure, horrified by protorevolutionary turn of the Republic but unwilling to join a conservative rebellion against it.

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who support the Carlist dynasty and stay loyal subjects of Don Jaume de Borbó, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 31-2. The entire declaration of identity, including its very sequence, almost ideally reflected the traditional Carlist ideario: “Dios, Patria, Fueros,

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Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 110; in May 1936 Caylà represented the opposition Valls councilors in their lawsuit against allegedly illegal decisions of the ayuntamiento, filed before Tribunal Provincial del Contenciós-Administratiu, Josep Santesmases i Ollé,

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Caylà himself initially stayed in his usual hotel residence, but following the news of Cunill and other Requeté leaders having been captured he realized the danger and after few days went into hiding by his relatives in Barcelona. He refused to flee the

1757:“descabellada revolució política de la Generalitat de Catalunya ha fet córrer el peril a la nostra terra de presenciar ‘espectacle més inhumá i contrari a la civilizació que pugui registrar la história”, quoted after Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 278 1700:

in terms of number of Traditionalist centres the Tarragona province was 8th in Spain, in terms of Margaritas centres it was 7th, in terms of number of juntas it was 10th, in terms of number of Juventud centres it was 15th, Vallverdú 2008, pp.

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During the July 1936 coup the Catalan Requeté organization led by was allegedly prepared to field 3,100 volunteers in the first line and further 15,000 as auxiliaries; mobilisation of Carlist paramilitary was directed by its regional leader

575:. Instead of class warfare it offered a harmonious vision of a society, stemming from Catholic principles and achieved by means of various regulatory bodies. However, none of the sources consulted mentions Caylà as engaged either in typical 2459:“a partir de la victòria del Front d’Esquerres, la Comunión Tradicionalista de Tomàs Caylà va dedicar-se exclusivament a la conspiració contra la República i a donar suport als sectors reaccionaris i posteriorment, a l’alçament feixista”, 653:

electoral victory Caylà threw himself into conspiracy. One day after the anti-republican coup had started in Spanish Morocco, he hoped that the insurrection would succeed. According to another, he confronted the insurgent line promoted by

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and later kept denouncing decomposition of local authorities and growing chaos in Valls. Fearing the forthcoming revolution Caylà started to present Traditionalism as the only bulwark which could stop it, with the government controlled by

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fellow Carlists not to renounce their vision, suggesting to see whether the Republic would turn into an orderly state or whether the project would fail. In his trademark style he warned that extremism was the key enemy of the new regime.

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Militant secularism of the Republic started to turn Caylà into its enemy; he was also increasingly embittered by what he perceived as arrogant Republican-Socialist domination in the Valls council. In 1932 he unsuccessfully ran for the

503:, at best lukewarm about the ultimately prevailing, allegedly integral vision of the Republic. He believed that in the autonomous agreement the Catalan rights should have taken precedence instead of having been subordinated to the 289:

could have only lambasted the new regime for its corrupted political machinery. Things went from bad to worse in 1924, when Caylà and the young Jaimistas attempted to stage Festa dels Veterans and celebrate the 50th anniversary of

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is covered by a present-day initiative to purge Catalan public space of fascist heritage. The Traditionalists failed to reclaim the memory of Caylà, though during the transición period of the late 1970s it was the post-Francoist

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The turn of Catalan case during the Republic left Caylà hugely disappointed. Enthusiastically supportive about the ongoing talks on autonomous statute, he refused to join the militant anti-Spanish Catalanization wave and opposed

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dedicated to Catalan spirituality, regional rights, language, character, modo d’esser; they supported “autonomia integral” and believed that either Catalonia is Catholic or there is no Catalonia, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p.

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political ambitions, best embodied in the autonomous project; for Caylà, separate regional establishments were rooted in the Carlist vision. His concept embraced Catalonia federated with Castile, the Madrid king ruling as

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Freshly graduated, launching his law career and active in the local Circol Jaumista, in 1920 Caylà ran on the Carlist ticket in elections to the municipal council, but was reprimanded by the party leader of the province,

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Mártirs on the Valls cemetery. A street in the old town was named after him and it remains so until today. In the 1940s Caylà remained a hero of the Tarragona Carlists, serving as a role model for the branch opposing

1183:“allistats sots les banderes d’un partit de noble história, que ha sapigut formar els seus homes en la oposició i que avui té de lluitar més que amb sos naturals emics”, quoted after Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 31 3260: 528: 2133: 1748:

Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 276-278; according to yet another version, his non-belligerent and pacific stance prevented violence and was praised by the Republican authorities, Vallverdú 2008, p. 194

343: 1888:; according to Vallverdú 2008, pp. 300-301, Fal asked the Catalan organization for suggestions; the Barcelona council proposed Caylà, the Girona council proposed a triumvirate composed of Juan Roma, 429:

Given his rather non-belligerent atypical Carlist profile it is not clear what mechanism led to the nomination; probably his fervent religiosity and indeed his Catalanism were not marginal factors.

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as primordial source of evil, anti-Christian, anti-fuerista and anti-social, leading to alienation of enslaved proletarian masses. To Caylà the popular movements of the Left, undistinguished into

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Caylà inherited social sensitivity from his father, possibly reinforced rather than weakened by the fact that his parent was killed as result of the social conflict. As early as during the late

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allegedly due to the Integrist and Mellist influence, Vallverdú 2010, p. 102, though he gives no sources; the subject is slightly more elaborated in a single paragraph in Vallverdú 2008, p. 128

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refused to endorse attempts to institutionalize the regime and rebuked its inefficiency and disregard for genuine representation, in result suffering 5 fines, 2 suspensions and 2 detentions.

273:, who made public that Caylà had not been nominated by the party. Local Carlists responded by claiming that Avellá only intended to favour the candidacy of his own brother, a member of the 1363:

during dictablanda the Valls Ajuntement was re-constructed by incorporating 11 top taxpayers and 10 regidors most voted in 1917, 20 and 22 elections, Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, p. 68

2516:“Rodezno y Fal Conde habian vencido a Tomàs Caylà, jefe regional carlista de Cataluña, que se habia manifestado contrario al alzamiento al lado de los militares” Josep Carlos Clemente, 2299:“Dues concepcions contraposades es disputen en la práctica el terreny de les solucions: la concepció solcialista i la concepció cristiana”, quoted after Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 391 2171:

Catalonia „no fuera tradicionalista si defendiera la tesis de la separación, tesis tan bien combatida por el maestro de catalanismo Prat de a Riba”, quoted after Vallverdú 2010, p. 101

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the memory of Caylà went into oblivion; he started to figure prominently in the Carlist political discourse some time in the late 1960s. At that time the progressist supporters of

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and approached jointly as “red syndicalism”, were deceiving the masses by utopian visions of fictitious liberty and turning the Catalan idea into “branch of the Russian ideology”.

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during the meeting of Carlist Catalan executive of late 1932 he initiated two motions aiming at underlining the role of municipal and comarcal autonomy, Vallverdú 2008, p. 124

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Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 12; already when appointed the regional jefe he realized that in the charged ambience the post might cost him life, see Vallverdú 2008, p. 302

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and the Catalan Left, denouncing “el feixisme esquerrá” and what he considered potentially barbarian course of October 1934, though he opposed suspension of the autonomy.

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there were at least 957 acts of violence recorded against the Roman Catholic Church between mid-February and mid-July 1936, Manuel Álvarez Tardío, Roberto Villa García,

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in June 1935, with 40,000 people attending. At that point Tarragona Carlism was boasting 30 circulos, 4 periodicals and 400 local councilors. The Catalan Carlist leader

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According to Caylà, there were two concepts of tackling the burning social issue: the Socialist one and the Christian one, the latter laid out in papal teachings of

2991: 3120: 2130: 413:. Some sources claim that he prevented the Catalanists from seizing power in Tarragona, other works suggest that his role was marginal. Afterwards he lambasted 606:

and various associations of employers and employees. Though not an entrepreneur, Caylà tried to lead by example; in Valls he set up Carlist social association

2619:"Els traditionalistes catalans eren el grup més importants del carslimo espanyol, després de Navarra i les provincies basques", Vallverdu i Marti 2008, p. 294 208:

plague. During unrest triggered by massive strike in the Catalan electricity sector in 1919 he was assassinated on the Valls street in what was probably an

2140:; even dedicated sub-chapters in specific studies do not clarify what was the role of Cayla in forging the Carlist proposal, see Vallverdú 2008, pp. 41-43 2583:

65 (2013), p. 705; Catalonia was one of the least affected regions, with Andalusia, Valencia and New Castile topping the chart, detailed list pp. 721-762

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Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 209-210; though interesting that he remained firm opponent of a dynastical alliance with the Alfonsinos, Robert Vallverdú,

2471:, Barcelona 1988, p. 1002; in fact, he fathered the idea of organizing contraband of arms from France by sea, in a fishing ship, Vallverdú 2008, p. 305 1949:

dedicated to Catalan spirituality, rights, language, character and “modo d’esser” they supported “autonomia integral”, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 31

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a provincial Tarragona alliance with Lliga and Partido Republicano Radical, engineered by Caylà himself, Vallverdú 2008, pp. 114, 117; List available

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Nadal Piqué, Martí Henneberg 2012, p. 180; the organisation is also referred to as Federacion Agricola del Alt Camp, see Eduardo Montagut Contreras,

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and afterwards concluded that one of the reasons for defeat was Carlism “s’avia allunyat del poble treballador”, quoted after Vallverdú 2008, p. 122

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or Villaroya i Font 1988, p. 1002 However, some sources claim he was shot in the very early hours on August 15, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 333,

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for 2 weeks and detaining Caylà, who spent 5 days in Tarragona prison and was ordered a month of exile in Lleida. Also during the years to come

680: 239: 3265: 1505: 580: 3275: 227:. Caylà has never married; as he explained to his mother, he intended to dedicate himself entirely to the cause of God served by means of 3143: 3220: 389:

line hardened, it became target of administrative sanctions; the periodical was suspended from August to November 1932 with support for

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There are conflicting accounts of Caylà's position towards the Carlist anti-Republican buildup during the last few months prior to the

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of 18.05.32 wrote: “Ha faltado la voz que proclamase bien claro que los derechos de Cataluña son superiores a los del estado integral”

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Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 38, though he denounced fascism as counter-reaction to militant Leftism, see Vallverdú 2008, p. 220-221

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Caylà was busy organizing and speaking at many Carlist meetings in 1934 and 1935, the most impressive having been the gathering in

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guidance and prayer, sacraments and mass as 3 ordinary day duties. In terms of political solutions he championed spiritual role of

220: 3280: 3240: 480: 655: 3215: 1990:¿En busca del precedente perdido? Tríptico sobre las complejas relaciones entre carlismo y catalanismo a finales del siglo XIX 3067: 3045: 2909: 2876: 2673: 2563: 2551: 2495: 2079: 2058: 2001: 1805: 981: 846: 816: 504: 192:. In 1894 Josep married Teresa Grau i Torner (1865-1943). The couple had 3 children; two sons died in their early infancy. 3250: 611: 557: 373: 3129: 2988: 1808:, pp. 57-58; other sources claim 25,000 people, with 424 buses, 2 special trains and a number of private vehicles, see 1550:

De les eleccions del 16 de febrer de 1936 a l'entrada dels "nacionals". Notícies de les actes municipals de Vila-rodona

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quoted as a justification. Other penalties soon followed, be it either heavy fines, further suspensions or detentions.

1860: 607: 3114: 2389: 1122: 1813: 1785: 1770: 1681: 1637: 614:. When running for the provincial Catalan parliament he competed in Tarragona as a member of the rightist coalition 3235: 3190: 3176: 3165: 2715: 2439: 1845: 907: 743: 695: 274: 331:

and papal teaching, which translated into his hostile stance towards Liberalism. Though loyal to the Carlist king

2153:, Josep Cirera, Josep M. Trias Peitx, Anton Olivares, Francisco Balanyá, Francisco Guarner, Vallverdú 2010, p. 98 1966:; one of the group they supported, Colla Vella, gained fame as ”Colla deis carlins”, see Josep Miralles Climent, 646: 185: 2355:

Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 299-300; the centre focused on mostly on leisure activities, like theatre or sports

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he believed that “either Catalonia is Catholic or there is no Catalonia”, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 31, 418

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modern societies, which attempted to substitute God with false idols. Ringing a typically Carlist tone he saw

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Cunill and his adjutant Josep Maria Rosell i Calbo were captured on 20 July, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 321

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according to the account of Josep Cabaní, who was at the time the director of Barcelona's Carlist newspaper

2465:

Inventari simbologia. Subversió per la Llibertat. Fora simbologia espanyola i francesa dels nostres carrers!

1889: 507:. Last but not least, Caylà was profoundly unhappy about secular character of the autonomy and accepted the 369: 356: 169: 165: 664: 282: 228: 1962:

were active as animators of “renaixenca castellera” local Catalan folk and festive tradition of building

602:

Political and social toolset intended to defuse the social conflict was very much dependent on Christian

142: 2072:

Contra viento y marea. Historia de la evolución ideological del carlismo a través de dos siglos de lucha

892: 650: 623: 588: 352: 332: 310: 2482: 2409:

Bau claimed he was the founder with Caylà reduced to the approving role, Monserrat Cavaller 2001, p. 78

584: 490: 253: 475:. He retained his juvenile autonomous vision later on, presented in a series of articles published in 3210: 3205: 3010: 2848: 2827: 1910: 1829: 859:

Cambio agrario y paisaje vitivinícola en la Cataluña occidental durante el primer tercio del siglo xx

576: 2368: 2344: 1885: 1689: 1666: 1324: 615: 270: 2601:

Vallverdú 2010, p. 102; somewhat different figures in his earlier work, Vallverdú 2008, pp. 318-319

1649: 1632:

Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, p. 61; in 1934 Caylà intervened with comisario del Orden publico,

691: 540: 533: 425: 402: 2912:, 9788499671697, p. 150. Later and more elaborated versions of this theory in Clemente 2013, p. 28 2802:

La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975)

2577:

El impacto de la violencia anticlerical en la primavera de 1936 y la respuesta de las autoridades

2533:, Valencia 2009, p. 217, Caylà “había mostrado sus dudas sobre la oportunidad de la insurrección” 2150: 549: 513: 457: 359:

and – clearly against most Carlists – he hoped that it would produce a genuine democracy. In his

209: 181: 2723: 1155:

and convinced that politics serves religion, never the opposite, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 30

3109: 3022: 1002: 3230: 3082: 3063: 3041: 2954: 2951:

La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del Déu, Pàtria i Rei a l’Assemblea de Catalunya (1936-75)

2942: 2930: 2905: 2893: 2872: 2805: 2761: 2731: 2669: 2559: 2547: 2491: 2087: 2075: 2054: 1997: 1901:

after Navarre and the Vascongadas; the provincial Tarragona jefatura was ceded to director of

1801: 1715: 1501: 1462: 1345:

Vallverdú 2008, p. 15, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 47, Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, p. 59

977: 842: 812: 711:

and for those who chose to side with the regime, supporting the claim of self-styled claimant

703: 571: 517: 468: 449: 417:

for launching a potentially most inhuman and uncivilized mayhem that Catalonia has ever seen.

291: 153: 619: 2664:

Valls was a leftist and especially the anarchist stronghold, compare Andrew Charles Durgan,

2282:

Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 285; Caylà was hostile to what he considered dictatorships in

1978:

advocated declaring Catalan the only official language of Catalonia, Vallverdú 2010, p. 101

1648:

at that time the leader of Catalan Carlism Miquel Junyent i Rovira, soon to be replaced by

594: 3124: 2995: 2855: 2137: 1127:

La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931-1937)

774: 141:

Tomàs d'Aquino Caylà i Grau was descendant to a well-off Catalan family. His grandfather,

1595:

referred to the Republican regime as “new dictatorship”, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 41

670: 281:

as one of the most popular candidates. His career did not last long; the coming of the

3199: 2985:

Legitimista Digital. El Carlisme contra la Globalizacio. Mes Societat i menys mercat!

2867:

The event was accompanied by building a castell and dropping leaflets, César Alcalá,

1164:

determined to serve Spain's greatness and prosperity, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 30

565: 133: 3148: 2287: 1963: 839:

El Banc de Valls (1881-1979). Esborrany històric amb records i comentaris personals

752: 634: 603: 467:

During dictatorship Caylà kept supporting Catalan ambitions, highly sympathetic to

377: 161: 2518:

Los días fugaces. El Carlismo. De las guerras civiles a la transición democratica

639: 471:

and highly critical towards governmental measures applied against him after the

382: 285:

dictatorship in 1923 spelled replacement of elected bodies with the appointees;

262: 149: 251:

In 1919 young local activists led by Caylà founded a Valls-based weekly titled

3181: 3170: 3156: 2520:, Cuenca 2013, p. 39, Clemente 1992, p. 370, Pérez-Nievas Borderas 1999, p. 97 1276:

Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 169, Vicenç Gascón Altés, Francesc Vallès Serra,

769: 545: 500: 410: 278: 205: 2544:

Banderas blancas, boinas rojas: una historia política del carlismo, 1876-1939

277:. Caylà could not get elected. However, in 1922 he ran again and was elected 708: 216: 146: 118: 72: 437: 405:. Its revitalized paramilitary section was called into action during the 390: 328: 188:

and represented it on various fora, becoming also president of the local

177: 195: 2529:

Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 319; according to Manuel Martorell Pérez,

764: 734:

Except singular cases of homage on part of intransigent anti-Francoist

441: 122: 27: 2695: 1429:

Integrism. A Study in XIXth Century Spanish politico-religious Thought

355:

monarchy, unlike most of them he did not demonstrate hostility to the

2283: 461: 421: 2149:

the splitters were Esteban Ferré i Calviá, Josep M. Ferré i Moragó,

294:

of the province; the regime reacted by closing circulos, suspending

257:. Spanning across modest 4 pages and appearing with the sub-heading 2488:

Petita historia de la guerra civil: vint-i-tres testimonis informen

2308:

Caylà is not mentioned a single time in Jose Luis Orella Martínez,

723:

weekly launched in Tarragona in 1943 was styled as continuation of

1925:

Antonio Arrue, Euskaltzaindiaren suspertzean lagundu zuen karlista

690: 669: 633: 593: 527: 489: 436: 342: 304: 238: 173: 132: 49: 45: 3060:

El Carlisme Català Durant La Segona República Espanyola 1931-1936

2694:

according to his certificate of death, he died on August 14, see

1840:

since 1934, when Junyent resigned, Vallverdú 2010, p. 100, also

553: 157: 1724:

La tradición recuperada: El requeté carlista y la insurrección

731:

it had little in common with the original Caylà's periodical.

3075:

Catalanisme i carlisme a la Catalunya republicana (1931-1936)

1455:

Catalanisme i carlisme a la Catalunya republicana (1931-1936)

152:. He fought for the liberal side against the Carlists in the 3053:

Tomás Cayla Grau, ejemplo y guía de patriotas. Vida y muerte

2779:

Tomás Cayla Grau, ejemplo y guía de patriotas. Vida y muerte

2388:

compare co-operative efforts of another Carlist politician,

1712:

Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939

2869:

D. Mauricio de Sivatte. Una biografía política (1901-1980),

2531:

La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil

1968:

Aspectos de la cultura política del carlismo en el siglo xx

479:

in 1930. A contemporary scholar compared it to the radical

3261:

Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)

3159:

they come, in numbers and weapons far greater than our own

3007:

Fora simbologia espanyola i francesa dels nostres carrers!

1278:

La dictadura de Primo de Rivera en la perspectiva de Valls

755:

grouping which hailed Caylà as “la moral del Alzamiento”.

2469:

Violéncia i repressió a la reraguardia catalana 1936-1939

1613:

Caylà denied the charges, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 44

2507:

Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 12, Vallverdú 2008, p. 310

215:

Following his earlier education in 1911 Tomàs moved to

2556:

El carlismo: dos siglos de contrarrevolución en España

2103:

Clemente Muñoz 1999, p. 80, Clemente Muñoz 1992, p. 80

1336:

like Union Patriotica, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 36

2832:

El Franquisme des de dins: un informe sobre Tarragona

2836:

Butlletí de la Societat Catalana d'Estudis Històrics

2125:, see Vallverdú 2010, p. 95, for the full text see 1994:

El nacionalismo catalán: mitos y lugares de memoria

1798:

Joaquín Bau Nolla y la restauración de la Monarquía

372:from the Unio Ciutadana list; following triumphant 102: 94: 86: 78: 68: 56: 34: 18: 2051:El carlismo en el novecientos español (1876-1936) 974:El Centre Obrer de Mont-roig del Camp (1911-1925) 2981:Tomàs Caylà Grau: Catalanismo, la única solución 2698:. There are authors who also indicate this, see 1623:“visca el Rei” Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 48-9 993:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 19, Jaime Tarrago, 3161:- crypto-Catholic vision of the ultimate battle 2554:, 9788496467347, p. 326, Jordi Canal i Morell, 1587:defended the Tortosa Traditionalist periodical 1219:standing for “Carlí Vallenc”, The Valls Carlist 2700:Recordando a D. Tomàs Caylà i Grau (1885-1936) 581:Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas 409:, as Caylà ordered mobilisation of provincial 351:Like many Carlists Caylà welcomed the fall of 2847:see index of Vallencs publications available 2031:Vallverdú 2010, p. 100, Vallverdú 2008, p. 38 857:Francesc Nadal Piqué, Jordi Martí Henneberg, 221:Congregacio Mariana de la Verge de la Candela 8: 3226:People killed by the Second Spanish Republic 2206:15.07.31; see also Vallverdú 2008, pp. 45-56 1722:, p. 842, Julio Aróstegui, Eduardo Calleja, 622:, endorsed by the then Catalan Carlist jefe 3246:Spanish casualties of the Spanish Civil War 3093:La premsa de la ciutat de Valls al segle XX 3079:El catalanisme en el nostre passat nacional 2666:BOC 1930–1936. El Bloque Obrero y Campesino 2467:, s.l. 2008, p. 32, Joan Villaroya i Font, 1459:El catalanisme en el nostre passat nacional 1121:is not listed among Carlist periodicals in 1111:La premsa de la ciutat de Valls al segle XX 1591:, fined by the Republican administration; 1302:Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, pp. 48-49 742:, grouped around the young Carlist prince 649:. According to one version, following the 587:, or in various political incarnations of 172:; following 1881 graduation he settled in 26: 15: 3291:People executed by Spain by decapitation 2310:El origen del primer católicismo Español 1498:Lliga Catalana: un estudi d'estasiología 863:Ería: Revista cuatrimestral de geografía 837:for details see Francesc Costas i Jové, 320:was euphoric about Primo's fall. During 194: 145:(1810-1888), was member of the emerging 3256:Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War 2902:Breve historia de las guerras carlistas 1880:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 317, also 785: 618:, while Carlists from Barcelona formed 3130:Cayla at socialist anti-globalist site 2082:, p. 97, Josep Carlos Clemente Muñoz, 1529:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 107, 109 1354:Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, p. 67 1327:, also Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 35 1293:Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, p. 48 385:and serving foreign interests. As the 3110:Tomás Caylá o la Moral del Alzamiento 2758:Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939 2237:, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 25-26 1444:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 39, 110 995:Tomas Caylà o la moral del Alzamiento 376:victory he was forced to walk out of 7: 2790:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 344-348 2040:see Vallverdú 2008, pp. 26-27, 38-40 1381:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 68, 72 927:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 16, 23 2890:Historia del Carlismo contemporaneo 2728:El Carlismo En Su Prensa, 1931-1972 2610:Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. 312-315 963:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 15-16 936:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 15-16 3150:Joventut per la Fe i per la Pàtria 3115:Cayla by progressist historian at 2235:La qüestió social en nostra ciutat 1974:17 (2005), pp. 147-174; Caylà and 727:; issued in Spanish and subtitled 612:Agrupacion Gremial de Trabajadores 199:Tomàs at his first communion, 1905 156:(1833-1840) and was then mayor of 14: 3186:; contemporary Carlist propaganda 2379:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 85-6 2290:, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 79 2162:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 47-8 516:, he was alarmed by militancy of 347:Republic declared, Barcelona 1931 3172:Catalan requete roll of the dead 3038:Tomàs Caylà, un home de la terra 2718:; some even say that on 13, see 2685:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 327 2646:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 324 2264:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 380 2246:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 380 2215:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 261 2123:Proyecto de Estatuto de Cataluña 2112:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 407 1574:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 268 1538:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 109 1487:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 211 1417:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 209 1408:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 275 1085:La premsa local en el meu record 809:Tomàs Caylà, un home de la terra 608:Agrupació Social Tradicionalista 460:provided he swears to the local 223:and helped to set up its review 3271:Catalan prisoners and detainees 3021:Tarrago 1978, p. 10, available 2888:compare Josep Carles Clemente, 2628:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 11 2592:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 12 2330:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 76 2321:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 40 2255:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 32 2022:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 33 1940:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 30 1604:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 42 1478:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 38 1399:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 76 1390:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 83 1372:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 36 1311:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 35 1228:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 29 1142:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 25 1100:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 30 1064:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 63 1013:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 63 972:Francesc Rom Serra, Martí Rom, 954:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 20 945:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 15 918:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 20 874:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 15 828:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 19 729:Semanario nacional sindicalista 401:, engineered by its new leader 2070:Fermín Pérez-Nievas Borderas, 1992:, Enric Ucelay Da Cal (ed.), 579:initiatives of this era, like 1: 2704:Carlistas. Historia y cultura 2084:Historia general del carlismo 3266:20th-century Spanish lawyers 3135:Cayla by Catalan Carlist at 2049:José Carlos Clemente Muñoz, 1988:Catalanism see Jordi Canal, 1796:Joaquín Monserrat Cavaller, 235:Restoration and dictatorship 168:(1856-1919), studied law in 3276:Spanish publishers (people) 3099:42 (2002), pp. 157–194 2224:Vallverdú 2008, pp. 204-205 1658:Benedicto Torralba de Damas 1001:19.08.78, p. 10, available 186:Sindicato Agrícola de Valls 3307: 3221:Politicians from Catalonia 3073:Robert Vallverdú i Martí, 3058:Robert Vallverdú i Martí, 3036:Joan Guinovart i Escarré, 2937:, p. 307, Jacek Bartyzel, 1500:, vol. 2, Barcelona 1972, 1433:Catholic Historical Review 1202:he also collaborated with 819:, 9788492147670, pp. 15-16 807:Joan Guinovart i Escarré, 740:socialismo autogestionario 190:Asociación de Propietarios 2233:like the lectured titled 1237:Altés i Serra 1993, p. 69 426:Lorenzo Maria Alier Cassi 259:Per la fe i per la pátria 25: 3286:Spanish victims of crime 2726:, Jose Carlos Clemente, 2390:Marcelino Oreja Elósegui 2180:Vallverdú 2010, p. 102; 1905:, José María Bru Jardi, 1435:48/3 (1962), pp. 351-352 1123:Eduardo González Calleja 399:Comunión Tradicionalista 107:Comunión Tradicionalista 3281:Spanish Roman Catholics 3241:Spanish anti-communists 3152:in Premsa Digitalitzada 3009:, s.l. 2008, available 1972:Espacio, Tiempo y Forma 1652:; subjefe regional was 984:, 9788496035348, p. 136 656:Tomás Domínguez Arévalo 407:October 1934 insurgency 170:University of Barcelona 3216:Lawyers from Catalonia 3137:Joventut de l'Alt Camp 2747:Tarrago 1978, pp. 9-10 2542:Jordi Canal i Morell, 2061:, 9788483741535, p. 80 1728:Historia Contemporanea 1046:Tarrago 1978, pp. 9-10 795:09.08.1888, available 699: 675: 642: 599: 536: 495: 444: 348: 314: 248: 200: 138: 3184:Por Dios y por España 3144:Cayla at Carlist site 3091:Laura Vives Solanes, 2838:9 (1998), pp. 152-153 2706:blog 2008, available 1109:Laura Vives Solanes, 891:blog 2011, available 694: 674:Plaça del Pati, Valls 673: 637: 597: 531: 493: 473:Prats de Molló affair 440: 346: 308: 242: 198: 166:Josep Caylà i Miracle 136: 3097:Quaderns de Villaniu 3055:, San Sebastián 1938 2781:, San Sebastián 1938 2714:20.06.36, available 2438:08.11.32, available 2367:18.04.33, available 2343:18.03.33, available 2127:Juventudes Carlistas 1884:07.04.36, available 1859:15.01.42, available 1844:07.04.36, available 1828:20.06.35, available 1812:27.09.99, available 1784:17.05.35, available 1769:20.10.34, available 1688:09.08.34, available 1680:25.11.31, available 1665:18.19.34, available 1636:15.05.34, available 1323:07.07.24, available 1264:14.02.20, available 1249:03.02.20, available 1131:El Argonauta español 1115:Quaderns de Villaniu 1083:Pere Altés i Serra, 1025:10.11.16, available 906:24.12.19, available 638:monument to Catalan 577:Christian-democratic 505:Spanish constitution 494:anti-statute meeting 3251:Spanish monarchists 3077:, L. Duran (ed.), 2987:website, available 2953:, Montserrat 2014, 1909:20.6.35, available 1654:Mauricio de Sivatte 1650:Lorenzo María Alier 1457:, L. Duran (ed.), 1282:Quaderns de Vilaniu 1262:La Crónica de Valls 1208:La Cronica de Valls 1117:42 (2002), p. 173; 1089:Quaderns de Vilaniu 1055:Tarrago 1978, p. 10 1037:Tarrago 1978, p. 10 865:, 88 (2012), p. 180 702:Already during the 143:Tomás Caylá y Sardá 3123:2016-03-03 at the 3117:Diari de Tarragona 3062:, Barcelona 2008, 3051:Juan Soler Janer, 2994:2015-05-18 at the 2927:Umierac ale powoli 2892:, Barcelona 1977, 2854:2016-03-04 at the 2804:, Montserrt 2014, 2777:Juan Soler Janer, 2760:, Cambridge 2008, 2756:Martin Blinkhorn, 2722:service available 2668:, Barcelona 1996, 2490:, Barcelona 1977, 2151:Joan Roca i Caball 2136:2015-05-28 at the 2129:service available 1996:, Barcelona 2005, 1739:Tarrago 1978, p. 9 1583:the first came as 1091:, 24 (1993), p. 68 976:, Barcelona 2003, 889:Historiaideologias 748:carrer Tomàs Caylà 700: 676: 643: 620:Dreta de Catalunya 600: 589:Social-Catholicism 541:Restoration period 537: 496: 458:Comte de Barcelona 445: 370:Catalan parliament 349: 315: 275:Conservative Party 249: 201: 182:Tarragona province 139: 117:(1895-1936) was a 115:Tomàs Caylà i Grau 39:Tomàs Caylà i Grau 20:Tomàs Caylà i Grau 3236:People from Valls 2828:Joan Maria Thomàs 2483:El Correo Catalán 1903:Correo de Tortosa 1710:Julio Aróstegui, 1506:978-84-297-0858-5 1204:El Correo Catalan 585:Juventud Católica 572:Quadragesimo anno 176:, the capital of 154:First Carlist War 112: 111: 3298: 3187: 3173: 3162: 3081:, Solsona 2010, 3025: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2941:, Wroclaw 2011, 2923:Bandera Carlista 2921:Jacek Bartyzel, 2919: 2913: 2886: 2880: 2871:Barcelona 2001, 2864: 2858: 2845: 2839: 2819: 2813: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2775: 2769: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2573: 2567: 2540: 2534: 2527: 2521: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2478: 2472: 2461:Tomàs Caylà Grau 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2433: 2427: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2141: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2074:, Estella 1999, 2068: 2062: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 1985: 1979: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1931:56 (2011), 858-9 1920: 1914: 1899: 1893: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1854: 1848: 1838: 1832: 1823: 1817: 1794: 1788: 1779: 1773: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730:11 (1994), p. 45 1708: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1675: 1669: 1646: 1640: 1630: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1556:7 (2003), p. 108 1545: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1461:, Solsona 2010, 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1284:27 (1995), p. 68 1274: 1268: 1259: 1253: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1210:, Contreras 2011 1200: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1081: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1005: 991: 985: 970: 964: 961: 955: 952: 946: 943: 937: 934: 928: 925: 919: 916: 910: 901: 895: 885:Tomàs Caylà Grau 881: 875: 872: 866: 855: 849: 835: 829: 826: 820: 805: 799: 790: 598:Carlist standard 433:Catalan question 292:Carlist takeover 243:Cayla launching 160:and a friend of 129:Family and youth 121:publisher and a 30: 16: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3196: 3195: 3182: 3171: 3157: 3125:Wayback Machine 3106: 3070:, 9788478260805 3048:, 9788492147670 3033: 3031:Further reading 3028: 3020: 3016: 3005: 3001: 2996:Wayback Machine 2978: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2939:Don Carlos Marx 2929:, Krakow 2006, 2920: 2916: 2904:, Madrid 2011, 2887: 2883: 2865: 2861: 2856:Wayback Machine 2846: 2842: 2820: 2816: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2730:, Madrid 1999, 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676:, 9788475843117 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2574: 2570: 2558:, Madrid 2000, 2546:, Madrid 2006, 2541: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2479: 2475: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2434: 2430: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2365:El Siglo Futuro 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2341:El Siglo Futuro 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312:, , Madrid 2012 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2138:Wayback Machine 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2086:, Madrid 1992, 2069: 2065: 2053:, Madrid 1999, 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004:, 9788497425070 1986: 1982: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1921: 1917: 1907:El Siglo Futuro 1900: 1896: 1892:and Joaquin Bau 1882:El Siglo Futuro 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1855: 1851: 1839: 1835: 1826:El Siglo Futuro 1824: 1820: 1800:, Madrid 2001, 1795: 1791: 1780: 1776: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1714:, Madrid 2013, 1709: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1686:El Siglo Futuro 1676: 1672: 1663:El Siglo Futuro 1647: 1643: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1275: 1271: 1260: 1256: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 992: 988: 971: 967: 962: 958: 953: 949: 944: 940: 935: 931: 926: 922: 917: 913: 902: 898: 882: 878: 873: 869: 856: 852: 836: 832: 827: 823: 806: 802: 793:El Eco de Valls 791: 787: 783: 775:Fiesta patronal 761: 696:Don Carlos Hugo 689: 681:Republican zone 651:frentepopulista 632: 532:Christian way: 526: 524:Social question 435: 341: 283:Primo de Rivera 237: 178:Alt Camp county 131: 103:Political party 64: 61: 52: 43: 41: 40: 21: 12: 11: 5: 3304: 3302: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3179: 3168: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3132: 3127: 3112: 3105: 3104:External links 3102: 3101: 3100: 3089: 3071: 3056: 3049: 3040:, Valls 1997, 3032: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3014: 2999: 2972: 2962: 2914: 2881: 2859: 2840: 2814: 2792: 2783: 2770: 2749: 2740: 2687: 2678: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2581:Hispania Sacra 2568: 2535: 2522: 2509: 2500: 2473: 2452: 2443: 2428: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2381: 2372: 2357: 2348: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2301: 2292: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2195: 2186: 2173: 2164: 2155: 2142: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2063: 2042: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2006: 1980: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1915: 1894: 1873: 1864: 1849: 1833: 1818: 1789: 1774: 1759: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1703: 1693: 1670: 1641: 1625: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1576: 1567: 1558: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1510: 1496:Isidre Molas, 1489: 1480: 1471: 1446: 1437: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1313: 1304: 1295: 1286: 1269: 1254: 1239: 1230: 1221: 1212: 1195: 1185: 1176: 1166: 1157: 1144: 1135: 1102: 1093: 1076: 1066: 1057: 1048: 1039: 1030: 1015: 1006: 986: 965: 956: 947: 938: 929: 920: 911: 896: 876: 867: 850: 841:, Valls 2002, 830: 821: 811:, Valls 1997, 800: 784: 782: 779: 778: 777: 772: 767: 760: 757: 688: 685: 647:July 1936 coup 631: 628: 616:Unió Ciutadana 525: 522: 434: 431: 340: 337: 311:S.M. Jaime III 271:Joaquín Avellá 236: 233: 229:Traditionalism 164:. His father, 130: 127: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 96: 95:Known for 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 62: 58: 54: 53: 44: 38: 36: 32: 31: 23: 22: 19: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3303: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3087:9788497799683 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2959:9788498837261 2956: 2952: 2948: 2947:9788393274116 2944: 2940: 2936: 2935:9788386225743 2932: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898:9788425307591 2895: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2879:, pp. 161-162 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2810:9788498837261 2807: 2803: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2766:9780521207294 2763: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2736:9788424508159 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712:La Vanguardia 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2566:, pp. 326-327 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436:La Vanguardia 2432: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2339:in 1933, see 2336: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2092:9788460446217 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1890:Joaquin Gomis 1887: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1842:La Vanguardia 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810:La Vanguardia 1807: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782:La Vanguardia 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1767:La Vanguardia 1763: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:9788499709758 1717: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:La Vanguardia 1674: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1634:La Vanguardia 1629: 1626: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1467:9788497799683 1464: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1153:Rerum Novarum 1148: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1000: 996: 990: 987: 983: 979: 975: 969: 966: 960: 957: 951: 948: 942: 939: 933: 930: 924: 921: 915: 912: 909: 905: 904:La Vanguardia 900: 897: 894: 890: 886: 880: 877: 871: 868: 864: 860: 854: 851: 848: 844: 840: 834: 831: 825: 822: 818: 814: 810: 804: 801: 798: 794: 789: 786: 780: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 758: 756: 754: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 697: 693: 686: 684: 682: 672: 668: 666: 660: 657: 652: 648: 641: 636: 629: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 596: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 573: 568: 567: 566:Rerum novarum 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 535: 530: 523: 521: 519: 515: 510: 506: 502: 492: 488: 485: 483: 478: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 453: 451: 450:raison d’etat 443: 439: 432: 430: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 394: 392: 388: 384: 379: 378:l’Ajuntamient 375: 371: 365: 362: 358: 354: 345: 338: 336: 334: 330: 325: 324: 319: 313: 312: 307: 303: 301: 297: 293: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 266: 264: 260: 256: 255: 246: 241: 234: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 197: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148: 144: 135: 128: 126: 124: 120: 116: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 59: 55: 51: 47: 37: 33: 29: 24: 17: 3183: 3158: 3149: 3136: 3116: 3096: 3092: 3078: 3074: 3059: 3052: 3037: 3017: 3006: 3002: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2965: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2901: 2889: 2884: 2868: 2862: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2821:An internal 2817: 2801: 2795: 2786: 2778: 2773: 2757: 2752: 2743: 2727: 2719: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2665: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2555: 2543: 2538: 2530: 2525: 2517: 2512: 2503: 2487: 2481: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2446: 2435: 2431: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2384: 2375: 2364: 2360: 2351: 2340: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2295: 2288:Soviet Union 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2234: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2203: 2198: 2189: 2181: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2145: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2083: 2071: 2066: 2050: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964:human towers 1959: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1881: 1876: 1867: 1856: 1852: 1841: 1836: 1825: 1821: 1809: 1797: 1792: 1781: 1777: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1711: 1706: 1696: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1662: 1644: 1633: 1628: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1592: 1589:La Tradición 1588: 1584: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1513: 1497: 1492: 1483: 1474: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1413: 1404: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1320: 1316: 1307: 1298: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1261: 1257: 1246: 1242: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1188: 1179: 1169: 1160: 1152: 1147: 1138: 1130: 1126: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1096: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1060: 1051: 1042: 1033: 1022: 1018: 1009: 999:Fuerza Nueva 998: 994: 989: 973: 968: 959: 950: 941: 932: 923: 914: 903: 899: 888: 884: 879: 870: 862: 858: 853: 838: 833: 824: 808: 803: 792: 788: 753:Fuerza Nueva 747: 733: 728: 724: 716: 701: 677: 661: 644: 630:Final months 604:trade unions 601: 570: 564: 562: 538: 534:primate Goma 497: 481: 476: 466: 454: 446: 419: 395: 386: 366: 360: 350: 321: 317: 316: 309: 299: 295: 286: 267: 258: 252: 250: 244: 224: 214: 202: 162:General Prim 140: 125:politician. 114: 113: 63:Valls, Spain 3211:1936 deaths 3206:1895 births 1554:La Resclosa 744:Carlos Hugo 736:Sivattistas 713:Carlos VIII 665:José Cunill 415:Generalitat 383:freemasonry 323:Dictablanda 263:legitimists 225:Estel Maria 150:bourgeoisie 79:Citizenship 69:Nationality 3200:Categories 3068:8478260803 3046:8492147679 2910:8499671691 2877:8493109797 2720:Cossetania 2674:8475843115 2564:8420639478 2552:8496467341 2496:8472353044 2080:8460589323 2059:8483741539 2002:8497425073 1958:Caylà and 1806:8487863949 1151:guided by 982:8496035344 847:8486083508 817:8492147679 770:Catalanism 546:Liberalism 501:separatism 403:Manuel Fal 391:Sanjuriada 206:phylloxera 98:politician 87:Occupation 2979:see e.g. 2823:Falangist 781:Footnotes 721:Falangist 709:Francoism 704:Civil War 558:Communism 554:Socialism 550:Anarchism 482:La Habana 353:Alfonsist 333:Jaime III 217:Barcelona 210:anarchist 147:Tarragona 90:publisher 3231:Carlists 3121:Archived 2992:Archived 2852:Archived 2812:, p. 110 2768:, p. 260 2498:, p. 115 2463:entry, 2421:Joventut 2286:and the 2204:Joventut 2182:Joventut 2134:Archived 2094:, p. 370 1976:Joventut 1960:Joventut 1593:Joventut 1585:Joventut 1508:, p. 242 1469:, p. 100 1247:Joventut 1133:9 (2012) 1119:Joventut 759:See also 725:Joventut 717:Juventud 640:requetés 518:Companys 477:Joventut 387:Joventut 374:Esquerra 361:Joventut 357:Republic 339:Republic 318:Joventut 300:Joventut 296:Joventut 287:Joventut 254:Joventut 245:Joventud 212:ambush. 3191:YouTube 3177:YouTube 3166:YouTube 2738:, p. 71 2400:in 1935 1929:Euskera 1701:247-260 1684:, also 765:Carlism 624:Junyent 509:statute 484:version 442:castell 411:Requeté 329:Vatican 279:regidor 180:in the 123:Carlist 119:Spanish 82:Spanish 73:Spanish 3139:(1976) 3085: 3066: 3044: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2908: 2896: 2875: 2808: 2764: 2734: 2672: 2562: 2550: 2494: 2423:, see 2284:Mexico 2121:named 2090: 2078: 2057: 2000: 1804: 1718: 1504: 1465: 1321:El Sol 1023:Pàtria 980: 845: 815: 719:, the 698:, 1964 687:Legacy 462:fueros 422:Poblet 247:, 1919 137:father 514:Lliga 469:Macia 174:Valls 50:Spain 46:Valls 3083:ISBN 3064:ISBN 3042:ISBN 3023:here 3011:here 2989:here 2955:ISBN 2943:ISBN 2931:ISBN 2906:ISBN 2894:ISBN 2873:ISBN 2849:here 2806:ISBN 2762:ISBN 2732:ISBN 2724:here 2716:here 2708:here 2696:here 2670:ISBN 2560:ISBN 2548:ISBN 2492:ISBN 2440:here 2425:here 2369:here 2345:here 2131:here 2088:ISBN 2076:ISBN 2055:ISBN 1998:ISBN 1911:here 1886:here 1861:here 1846:here 1830:here 1814:here 1802:ISBN 1786:here 1771:here 1716:ISBN 1690:here 1682:here 1667:here 1638:here 1519:here 1502:ISBN 1463:ISBN 1325:here 1266:here 1251:here 1206:and 1193:Rey” 1027:here 1003:here 978:ISBN 908:here 893:here 843:ISBN 813:ISBN 797:here 583:and 569:and 158:Reus 60:1936 57:Died 42:1895 35:Born 3189:on 3175:on 3164:on 3095:, 2983:, 2925:, 2834:, 2702:, 2579:, 1970:, 1927:, 1857:ABC 1726:, 1552:, 1431:, 1280:, 1129:, 1113:, 1087:, 997:, 887:, 861:, 556:or 3202:: 2970:39 2830:, 1656:; 1174:31 1125:, 1074:10 715:. 626:. 552:, 452:. 231:. 48:,

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Index