489:
compiled from short notes kept by members of the Court at the time. This matter of the blowing up of the "HOOD" is one of the first importance to the Navy. It will be discussed for years to come and important decisions as to the design of ships must rest on the conclusions that are arrived at. This being so, it seems to me that the most searching inquiry is necessary in order to obtain every scrap of evidence we can as to the cause of the explosion. I regret to state that in my opinion the report as rendered by this Board does not give me confidence that such a searching inquiry has been carried out; in particular the failure to record the evidence of the various witnesses of the event strikes me as quite extraordinary. It may be that in years to come ... our successors may wish to look back at the records of the loss of the HOOD, and it is in the words of those who actually saw the event rather than in the conclusions drawn by any
Committee that they would be likely to find matter of real value. In my view the matter is of such importance that a further Board of Inquiry should be held; that all who witnessed the blowing up should be interrogated. I also note that of the three survivors from the HOOD only one was interviewed. This strikes me as quite remarkable. I propose, therefore, that a further Board of Inquiry should be assembled as soon as possible and that the necessary witnesses should be made available. At this enquiry every individual in every ship present who saw the HOOD at or about the time of the blowing up should be fully interrogated.
602:
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1067:...he half-truth "Capital ships cannot withstand land-based air power" became elevated to the dignity of a tactical principle that none dared take the risk to disprove. And the Japanese had disposed of the only Allied battleship and battle cruiser in the Pacific Ocean west of Hawaii. The Allies lost face throughout the Orient and began to lose confidence in themselves.
33:
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of Siam and expose his ships to air attack from
Indochina in the hope of breaking enemy communications with their landing force? He decided to take the chance. With the Royal Air Force and the British Army fighting for their lives, the Royal Navy could not be true to its tradition by remaining idly at anchor.
961:"Stand by for barrage," comes over the ship's communication system. One plane is circling around. It's now at 300 or 400 yards, approaching us from the port side. It's coming closer head-on, and I see a torpedo drop. A watcher shouts, "Stand by for torpedo", and the tin fish is streaking directly for us.
1050:
thought of sending his small striking force north of Luzon to challenge
Japanese communications, but decided that the risk to his ships outweighed the possible gain because the enemy had won control of the air. Admiral Phillips had precisely the same problem in Malaya. Should he steam into the Gulf
804:
within
British Malaya, there was bitter fighting in a series of rear guard actions fought desperately by British and native troops. But by the time the British warships arrived, their opportunity had passed; the vulnerable transports were already returning to base. Admiral Phillips did not realize
493:
It was this attention to detail and refusal to accept anything less than the complete scrutiny of a wartime disaster which won
Churchill's respect and confidence. His comment that "It may be that in years to come ... our successors may wish to look back at the records of the loss of the HOOD"
1085:
The only thing that would have saved
Singapore would have been the success of Admiral Sir Tom Phillips's attempt to place his heavy ships where they could sink the Japanese transports at sea. We have never heard why the R.A.F. fighters, which were half an hour away, gave Admiral Phillips no help
879:
steamed ahead to reconnoitre the harbour of
Kuantan, found it deserted, and closed with the flagship again at 08:35. Phillips had not yet realized that his intelligence from Singapore was faulty, and he continued to search for a nonexistent surface enemy, first to the northward and then to the
488:
the report contains the findings of the Court, but not the evidence on which those findings are based...unfortunately it transpired that no shorthand notes of the evidence were taken. At my request, however, the Court have produced a summary of evidence ... This summary is, I understand,
855:
At 18:30, when the weather cleared and three
Japanese naval reconnaissance planes were sighted from the flagship, Phillips realized that his position was precarious and untenable. Reluctantly, he reversed course to return to Singapore at high speed. As Phillips steamed south, dispatches from
816:
had sighted an enemy plane. He was entering the
Japanese air radius without air cover, but he still hoped to surprise a Japanese convoy at Singora. The task force sailed on to a position 150 miles (240 km) south of Indochina and 250 miles (400 km) east of the Malay Peninsula.
763:
Phillips hoped to intercept any further
Japanese convoys to prevent the landing of more troops. He signalled his fleet upon departure, "We are out looking for trouble, and no doubt we shall find it. We hope to surprise the enemy transports tomorrow and we expect to meet the Japanese
967:
The torpedo struck the side on which I was standing, about twenty yards astern of my position. It felt like the ship had crashed into a well-rooted dock. It threw me four feet across the deck, but I did not fall, and I did not feel any explosionβjust this very great jar.
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would also travel out to Singapore, but she ran aground on her maiden voyage in the West Indies, and was not ready to sail from England with the other ships. Phillips and the vessels arrived in Singapore on 2 December 1941, where they were re-designated
712:). The Japanese, by striking at three points almost simultaneously, hoped to attract all available land-based fighters of the Royal Air Force and leave Phillips without air cover when they were ready for him; and he steamed right into this trap.
974:
After the first torpedo, the communications system coolly announced: 'Blow up your lifebelts.' I was in this process when the second torpedo struck, and the settling ship and crazy angle were so apparent that I didn't continue blowing the belt.
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971:
Almost immediately, it seemed, we began to list, and less than a minute later there was another jar of the same kind and same force, except that it was almost precisely the same spot on the starboard.
752:) to intercept the Japanese without air cover. That decision has been discussed ever since. Force Z sailed from Singapore at 17:35 on 8 December. Admiral Phillips left his chief of staff, Rear Admiral
914:
At 11:00, by which time the sea was brilliantly sunlit, nine Japanese planes were sighted at an altitude 10,000 feet. They flew in single file along the length of the 32,000-ton battle cruiser
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Shortly after midnight, Phillips's chief of staff radioed that the Royal Air Force was so pressed by giving ground support to land operations that the Admiral could expect no air cover off
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given the radio procedures used by Force Z. After the war, Vigors remained bitter towards Admiral Phillips for his failure to call for air support. Phillips decided not to ask the
856:
Singapore portrayed impending doom on the shores of Malaya. The British Army was falling back fast. Shortly before midnight on 9 December, word came through of an enemy landing at
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Phillips was 5'4" (162 cm) tall. At the time of his death at the age of 53, he was one of the youngest admirals in the Royal Navy and one of the youngest commanders-in-chief.
601:
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At dawn on 10 December, an unidentified plane was sighted about 60 miles (97 km) off Kuantan. Phillips continued on his course while launching a reconnaissance plane from
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left the capital ships without naval air cover. Phillips had long held the opinion that aircraft were no threat to surface ships, and so he took Force Z, consisting of HMS
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in late 1941, an action which raised some controversy in the higher echelons of the Royal Navy, where he was considered a "desk admiral". He was appointed acting
501:), reporting in September 1941. This investigation was "much more thorough than was the first, taking evidence from a total of 176 eyewitnesses to the disaster."
463:
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1075:, Phillips's American counterpart, was critical of the air support to Force Z. He was unaware of Phillips's preference for radio silence at the time. Hart told
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was attacked by torpedo bombers. She was hit astern, knocking out her propellers and rudder. Several waves of torpedo bombers swooped in on the
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from June 1919 to May 1920. He was a military adviser on the Permanent Advisory Commission for Naval, Military, and Air Questions Board at the
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replied, "We have avoided 19 torpedoes till now, thanks to Providence." Australian air protection was still not on hand at 12:20 p.m.
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his remaining army of 85,000 British, Indian, and Australian troops to the Japanese, the largest capitulation in British history.
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Those who make the decisions in war are constantly weighing certain risks against possible gains. At the outset of hostilities
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to attack their bases. By this time, the Japanese invasion force was already well established in the peninsular section of
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surfaced and started a tail chase, but a sudden squall cloaked the British ships. While Harada continued the chase, a
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No. 453 Squadron RAAF, which was assigned to Force Z, was not scrambled until after the Japanese air attack began.
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were allocated to Force Z. They were designated the Fleet Defence Squadron for this task, with Flight Lieutenant
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484:. When passed the file containing the findings of the first Board of Inquiry, Phillips comments in the minutes:
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and Phillips went down with their ship. As both the British warships sank, the RAAF planes finally appeared.
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Between 24 April 1930 and September 1932, Phillips served as assistant director of the Plans Division in the
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in February 1940. In July 1941, Phillips helped to discredit the flawed first Inquiry into the sinking of
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1001:. The destroyers saved 2,081 of the 2,921 crew on the stricken capital ships, but 840 sailors were lost.
303:. Phillips was one of the highest ranking Allied officers killed in battle during the Second World War.
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After the destruction of the British fleet, the Japanese continued to advance in Malaya. British
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281:. He was nicknamed "Tom Thumb", due to his short stature. He is best known for his command of
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ordered a retreat from Malaya to Singapore on 27 January 1942. On 15 February, Percival
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918:. A bomb hit the catapult deck and exploded in the hangar, setting a fire below decks.
868:. Phillips, in view of the imminent danger to Singapore, decided to strike at Kuantan.
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Admiral Sir Tom Phillips (right), commander of Force Z, and his deputy, Rear Admiral
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The communications system announced: "Prepare to abandon ship. May God be with you."
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658:, who prophesied the fate of the capital ships, when he addressed the crew of HMS
615:(left, behind) under Japanese air attack on 10 December 1941. A destroyer, either
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of a cruiser. In 1935, he returned to the Admiralty to head the Plans Division.
1323:
Captain Stephen Roskill: The war at sea, 1939β1945 Three volumes (1954β61; 1994)
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were posthumously promoted to the rank of General decades after being killed.
848:, mistaking it for an enemy submarine. Harada ordered a crash-dive. When the
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1038:
Regarding Phillips's decision to proceed without air cover, Naval historian
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surfaced 30 minutes later, the contact with Phillips's force had been lost.
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1133:(at the time of his death holding acting full general rank), and Italian
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875:. The reconnaissance plane found no evidence of the enemy. The destroyer
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In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. β Oxford und New York, 1959
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on 10 December 1941 by 86 Japanese bombers and torpedo bombers from the
539:, and he took to sea on 25 October 1941 en route to his headquarters in
907:. At about 1020 on 10 December, a Japanese plane was sighted shadowing
857:
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reported sighting "two enemy battleships, course 240, speed 14 knots."
812:
to port. At 06:29 on 9 December, Phillips received word that destroyer
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in June 1927. On 4 September 1928, he assumed command of the destroyer
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for an air screen because he considered it more important to maintain
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As a result, a second inquiry was convened (under Rear Admiral Sir
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Tom Phillips from the "Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives"
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and Louisa Mary Adeline de Horsey Phillips, daughter of Admiral
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1311:
Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941β1942
1619:
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1458:
1494:
Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II
428:. He then served for three years in the Far East as the
1614:
Part of this article are based on a translation of the
458:. From 1 June 1939 until 21 October 1941, Phillips was
1610:, p. 99β114. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan, 1988.
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The crews immediately assumed anti-aircraft stations.
632:The deployment of the ships was a decision made by
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1055:Morison wrote, that as a result of the sinking of
777:. Japanese heavy bombers were already in southern
1429:"IJN Submarine I-165: Tabular Record of Movement"
1362:History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War Two
531:Phillips was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the
1639:"Order of Battle/Force Z/10 December 1941" (en.)
941:signalled, asking whether she had been hit. The
756:, at the command post ashore. Phillips used HMS
1825:Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich
1307:"Rear-Admiral Sir Arthur Francis Eric Palliser"
1177:"Admiral Sir TOM SPENCER VAUGHAN PHILLIPS, KCB"
1083:
1065:
494:demonstrated remarkable foresight on his part.
486:
1601:Phillips, Sir Tom Spencer Vaughan (1888β1941).
1396:"World Battlefronts: Wales, Repulse: A Lesson"
1357:""The Rising Sun in the Pacific" pages 188β90"
1207:"World Battlefronts: Wales, Repulse: A Lesson"
8:
1587:The Biographical Dictionary of World War II.
1284:(Admiralty record ADM116-4351, London, 1941)
439:, commanding the destroyer flotillas of the
323:. Phillips was married to Lady Phillips, of
269:(19 February 1888 β 10 December 1941) was a
1805:People educated at Stubbington House School
1785:Royal Navy personnel killed in World War II
704:on 8 December 1941, on the same day as the
1790:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
1653:
1644:"St Andrew's Cathedral" in Singapore (en.)
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929:radioed the RAAF for help. At 11:40, the
636:. He was firmly warned against it by the
388:and in the Far East. He was promoted to
250:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
1800:Military of Singapore under British rule
421:, a position he held until August 1929.
162:Home Fleet Destroyer Flotillas (1938β39)
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37:Vice Admiral Tom Phillips in March 1940
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826:under command of Lieutenant Commander
511:Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
446:On 10 January 1939, Phillips became a
223:Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
1589:β Presidio Press, Novato CA, 1996. β
838:"Alf" from the Japanese cruiser
715:The earlier grounding of the carrier
7:
1830:Captains who went down with the ship
1090:Phillips's name is inscribed at the
964:Some one says: "This one's got us."
800:, which had already surrendered. At
1820:Admiralty personnel of World War II
1810:Royal Navy admirals of World War II
1427:Bob Hackett & Sander Kingsepp.
808:Force Z steamed north, leaving the
628:, is manoeuvring in the foreground.
1815:Royal Navy officers of World War I
1404:. 22 December 1941. Archived from
1215:. 22 December 1941. Archived from
1182:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
469:Phillips gained the confidence of
435:In 1938, Phillips was promoted to
14:
1749:Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet
1740:Commander-in-Chief, China Station
1559:. 12 October 1942. Archived from
1527:. 2 December 1991. Archived from
820:At 14:15, the Japanese submarine
1840:Military personnel from Cornwall
662:just before she left Durban for
261:Sir Tom Spencer Vaughan Phillips
1703:Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff
1672:Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff
785:had been asked to send General
473:, who had him appointed acting
460:Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff
1835:People from Falmouth, Cornwall
656:Prime Minister of South Africa
315:Thomas Vaughan Wynn Phillips,
289:, where he went down with his
273:officer who served during the
1:
1712:Vice Chief of the Naval Staff
1649:Royal Navy Officers 1939β1945
1279:Report on the Loss of H.M.S.
677:It was intended that the new
464:Vice Chief of the Naval Staff
1013:Aftermath of the sinking of
553:, together with the veteran
46:Tom Spencer Vaughan Phillips
25:Tom Spencer Vaughan Phillips
1368:Little, Brown & Company
991:sunk by Japanese air attack
730:, and four destroyers (HMS
647:, and later by his friend,
358:in 1904 and trained aboard
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901:Royal Australian Air Force
708:(on the other side of the
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1622:, dated 28 September 2006
1497:. Penguin Books Limited.
1151:Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr.
406:Phillips was promoted to
30:
1466:"Tim Vigors β Telegraph"
957:, described the battle:
397:Royal Navy Staff College
369:on 9 April 1908, and to
352:Stubbington House School
311:Phillips was the son of
1608:Sea Battles in Close-up
1551:"Tommy Hart Speaks Out"
1305:L, Klemen (1999β2000).
1113:The others were Soviet
1092:Plymouth Naval Memorial
953:, who was on board the
710:International Date Line
350:following education at
1795:Lords of the Admiralty
1620:German Knowledge (XXG)
1137:Ammiraglio di Squadra
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706:attack on Pearl Harbor
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395:Phillips attended the
365:. He was promoted to
307:Early and private life
173:6th Destroyer Flotilla
1665:Sir Andrew Cunningham
1259:World War II Database
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889:No. 453 Squadron RAAF
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523:, on the quayside at
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410:in June 1921, and to
380:, Phillips served on
126:Years of service
1491:Colin Smith (2006).
1353:Samuel Eliot Morison
1145:Lieutenant Generals
1040:Samuel Eliot Morison
642:Admiral of the Fleet
525:Singapore Naval Base
450:after serving as an
390:lieutenant commander
342:Phillips joined the
285:during the Japanese
1758:Sir Geoffrey Layton
1732:Sir Geoffrey Layton
1531:on 2 September 2010
1129:Lieutenant-General
1119:Ivan Chernyakhovsky
692:. Without a formal
403:from 1920 to 1922.
1683:Title next held by
1616:equivalent article
1599:H. G. Thursfield:
1563:on 14 October 2010
1519:"Down but Not Out"
1472:. 19 November 2003
1355:(September 1948).
1219:on 5 November 2012
1081:magazine in 1942:
1026:Lieutenant General
921:At 11:15, Captain
860:, halfway between
694:declaration of war
675:
630:
608:(left, front) and
529:
527:, 2 December 1941.
321:Algernon de Horsey
287:invasion of Malaya
76:Falmouth, Cornwall
16:Royal Navy admiral
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1756:Succeeded by
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1719:Succeeded by
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1657:Military offices
1606:Stephen, Martin.
1585:Mark M. Boatner:
1504:978-0-14-190662-1
1433:Combinedfleet.com
1255:"Thomas Phillips"
1096:Plymouth, England
995:22nd Air Flotilla
794:Flying Fortresses
787:Lewis H. Brereton
783:Douglas MacArthur
760:as his flagship.
634:Winston Churchill
471:Winston Churchill
401:League of Nations
392:on 15 July 1916.
373:on 20 July 1909.
279:Second World Wars
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1003:Prince of Wales
983:Prince of Wales
939:Prince of Wales
931:Prince of Wales
923:William Tennant
873:Prince of Wales
810:Anambas Islands
758:Prince of Wales
754:Arthur Palliser
724:Prince of Wales
606:Prince of Wales
567:, and the four
550:Prince of Wales
521:Arthur Palliser
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1408:on 9 June 2008
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1294:Jurens, op cit
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781:, and General
638:First Sea Lord
506:
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456:King George VI
367:sub-lieutenant
354:. He became a
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89:(aged 53)
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1687:Robert Oliver
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1595:0-89141-548-3
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1556:Time Magazine
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1524:Time Magazine
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1470:The Telegraph
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1131:Zhang Zizhong
1128:
1127:National Army
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1071:U.S. Admiral
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499:Harold Walker
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153:Eastern Fleet
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1716:1940 β 1941
1710:
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1685:
1679:
1676:1939 β 1940
1670:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1586:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:the original
1554:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1522:
1513:
1493:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1469:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1399:
1371:. Retrieved
1364:, Volume III
1360:
1319:
1310:
1300:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:the original
1210:
1186:. Retrieved
1180:
1135:Regia Marina
1109:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1048:Admiral Hart
1045:
1037:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1002:
986:
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981:
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966:
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926:
920:
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913:
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887:fighters of
882:
876:
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854:
849:
845:
840:
831:
828:Harada Hakue
822:
819:
813:
807:
772:
766:
762:
757:
748:
741:
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731:
727:
723:
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659:
631:
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618:
611:
605:
594:
587:
580:
573:
563:
549:
530:
496:
492:
487:
480:
475:vice admiral
468:
452:aide-de-camp
448:rear admiral
445:
434:
430:flag captain
423:
417:
405:
394:
375:
361:
341:
333:
310:
299:
260:
256:
228:
196:Battles/wars
187:
179:
166:
87:(1941-12-10)
18:
1780:1941 deaths
1775:1888 births
1722:Henry Moore
1073:Thomas Hart
1033:surrendered
951:Cecil Brown
844:buzzed the
719:Indomitable
684:Indomitable
348:naval cadet
338:Navy career
213:Pacific War
51:Nickname(s)
1769:Categories
1580:References
1125:, Chinese
1007:John Leach
897:Tim Vigors
880:eastward.
862:Kota Bharu
802:Kota Bharu
740:HMAS
700:landed in
569:destroyers
545:battleship
509:See also:
441:Home Fleet
382:destroyers
371:lieutenant
356:midshipman
344:Royal Navy
295:battleship
271:Royal Navy
120:Royal Navy
106:Allegiance
65:1888-02-19
43:Birth name
1438:31 August
1160:Citations
1143:U.S. Army
1117:Generals
1086:whatever.
997:based at
949:reporter
866:Singapore
779:Indochina
747:HMS
717:HMS
682:HMS
664:Singapore
652:Jan Smuts
617:HMS
610:HMS
593:HMS
588:Encounter
586:HMS
579:HMS
572:HMS
562:HMS
555:Great War
548:HMS
541:Singapore
479:HMS
462:and then
437:commodore
426:Admiralty
416:HMS
408:commander
362:Britannia
360:HMS
298:HMS
191:(1924β25)
186:HMS
183:(1928β29)
178:HMS
175:(1928β29)
170:(1932β35)
165:HMS
129:1903β1941
54:Tom Thumb
1115:Red Army
1005:Captain
935:Repulse.
798:Thailand
698:Japanese
418:Campbell
329:Cornwall
291:flagship
180:Campbell
144:Commands
114:Service/
1696:Himself
1618:of the
1476:12 June
1061:Repulse
1019:Repulse
987:Repulse
955:Repulse
943:Repulse
927:Repulse
916:Repulse
877:Express
858:Kuantan
814:Vampire
775:Singora
749:Tenedos
742:Vampire
736:Express
732:Electra
728:Repulse
690:Force Z
660:Repulse
625:Express
619:Electra
612:Repulse
595:Jupiter
581:Express
574:Electra
564:Repulse
537:admiral
505:Force Z
412:captain
384:in the
376:In the
313:Colonel
283:Force Z
258:Admiral
229:†
188:Verbena
167:Hawkins
148:Force Z
138:Admiral
96:Kuantan
1680:Vacant
1593:
1501:
1042:wrote:
999:Saigon
805:this.
734:, HMS
726:, HMS
702:Malaya
696:, the
591:, and
293:, the
246:Awards
225:
160:(1941)
155:(1941)
150:(1941)
116:branch
100:Malaya
94:, off
1753:1941
1567:5 May
1535:6 May
1412:5 May
1373:4 May
1264:6 May
1223:5 May
1188:5 May
1102:Notes
989:were
767:KongΕ
557:-era
275:First
1591:ISBN
1569:2010
1537:2010
1499:ISBN
1478:2011
1440:2023
1414:2010
1375:2010
1281:Hood
1266:2010
1225:2010
1190:2010
1149:and
1121:and
1078:Time
1059:and
1017:and
985:and
937:The
883:Ten
864:and
850:I-65
846:I-65
841:Kinu
832:I-65
823:I-65
791:B-17
745:and
481:Hood
325:Bude
277:and
134:Rank
82:Died
59:Born
1738:as
1701:as
1094:in
947:CBS
925:of
891:at
789:'s
770:."
622:or
454:to
266:KCB
1771::
1553:.
1521:.
1468:.
1457:^
1431:.
1398:.
1383:^
1366:.
1359:.
1328:^
1309:.
1257:.
1233:^
1209:.
1198:^
1179:.
1168:^
1141:.
1098:.
1063::
738:,
666:.
654:,
640:,
598:.
584:,
577:,
466:.
443:.
331:.
327:,
263:,
98:,
74:,
1571:.
1539:.
1507:.
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1442:.
1416:.
1377:.
1313:.
1268:.
1227:.
1192:.
67:)
63:(
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