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Under his administration the number of immigrants increased from 10,000 in 1902 to 40,000 in 1905. Estrada Palma was regarded a fiscal conservative, preferring to keep any budget deficits at a minimum if possible. He is also credited for being one of the few Cuban
Presidents for not significantly misusing public funds. By the time Estrada Palma left office it is said that the Cuban Treasury had a few million dollars at its disposable. Estrada Palma summarized his budget plans through in one his statements “it is most imperative that the State has at its disposal secure and sufficient sources of revenue in order to cover, within a framework of prudent economic policies, the inevitable expenses of multiple departments within the public administration.”
283:, July 9, 1835, to Dr. Andrés María Estrada y Oduardo and María Candelaria Palma Tamayo. His exact birth date is not known because of a fire in Bayamo Town Hall on January 19, 1869, that destroyed his birth records. An article in Bohemia magazine issued October 4, 1944 indicates that his baptism document, contained in his University of Havana file, shows of a birth date of July 6, 1832. His paternal grandfather was Dr. Manuel José de Estrada, well-known professional in the region of Cauto, Cuba (current-day Bayamo). He was given his name "Tomás" in honor of his maternal grandfather, Don Tomás de Palma, a rich landowner. What is known about his early life is his schooling in the private school of Toribio Hernández, Havana, and his attendance in the
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authority of the
Executive (Cuban President), while the rebels continue to roam free at arms and with a menacing attitude. Wishing, on the other hand, honestly and wholeheartedly that the country return to a normal state of order and general tranquility and unable to accept the conditions proposed by the aforementioned Commission, I have resolved as a patriotic act to present unto the Cuban Congress, with irrevocable character, my resignation to the post of President of the Republic. Ensuring that it will be accepted, I give thanks to the members of both chambers and I offer you the assurances of my highest consideration. Signed at the Palace of the Presidency, September 28, 1906.
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stationed in the island. His policies were also responsible for improvements in education, communications, and public health, which had suffered from the devastation created by the war. As an example, land prices between 1902 and 1905 went up and he built over 328 km of roads in Cuba. In 1905 Palma formed the “Gabinete de
Combate” or the “Fighting Cabinet” as the cabinet ministers consisted of all veterans who fought during the Cuban Wars of Independence. The principal figure in the new cabinet was General Fernando Freyde de Andrade, Secretary of the Government.
267:, between May 20, 1902, and September 28, 1906. His collateral career as a New York City area educator and writer enabled Estrada Palma to create pro-Cuban literature aimed at gaining sympathy, assistance and publicity. He was eventually successful in garnering the attention of influential Americans. He was an early and persistent voice calling for the United States to intervene in Cuba on humanitarian grounds. During his presidency his major accomplishments include improving Cuba's infrastructure, communication, and public health.
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The main issue in the second election was the equal representation of the Cuban provinces. Critics of
Estrada Palma such as General Faustino Guerra Puente accused him of ignoring the constitution. Still, other politicians and generals, possibly even including Guerra Puente himself, recognized Estrada
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in perpetuity for use as a naval base and coaling station. That was a minor victory for the
Estrada Palma administration for Washington had wanted five naval bases on the island. It is a testament to his diplomatic skills that Estrada Palma was able to obtain the reduction, even with American troops
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Estrada Palma paid much attention to public works especially as they related to improving the sanitary conditions of the country as well as expanding the means of communication throughout the island. Admittedly funds originally destined for educational buildings were at first reduced and later cut.
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After the
Spanish–American War, Estrada Palma dissolved one of the leading factions of the Cuban revolutionary armies: the Liberation Army, mostly black and rural. He gave more political power to the Assembly of Representatives, the allegedly more pragmatic white urban dwellers, neo-annexationists,
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The course of events that has taken hold as a result of the public disorder caused by the armed revolt in the
Province of Pinar del Rio; the fact that a U.S. Commission of Peace, in representation of Washington, is currently in place in the Cuban capital, which has in turn caused the loss of
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After the
Government in Arms was established, it sent Estrada Palma to Washington, DC, as its diplomat. He was largely successful. Estrada Palma received assistance from various individuals including an American banker who attempted to offer Spain $ 150 million to give up the island.
411:, withdrew his candidacy in protest against favoritism by the occupational government and the manipulation of the political machine by Estrada Palma's followers. Thus, Estrada Palma was left as the only candidate. On December 31, 1901, Estrada Palma was elected president.
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to pass a joint resolution on April 19, 1898. The resolution disavowed the
Spanish colonization of Cuba and supported the independence of the Republic of Cuba. It also highlighted that the United States had no intention of occupying or annexing the island. (see
490:. Finally, on September 28, 1906, Estrada Palma, by then 71 years old, resigned along with the rest of the executive branch, leaving Cuba without a successor president. This choice of action allowed the United States to take control under the Platt Amendment.
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Libro De Cuba, Una
Enciclopedia Ilustrada Que Abarca Las Artes, Las Letras, Las Ciencias, La Economia, La Politica, La Historia, La Docencia, Y ElProgreso General De La Nacion Cubana – Edicion Conmemorative del Cincuentenario de la Republica de Cuba,
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The response to the opponents Alfredo Zayas was to have the force of the police and the rural guard to allow Estrada Palma to claim victory. Estrada Palma and the moderate camp appealed to the US for intervention, and in 1906, the US began the
364:'s newspapers to spread the cause of the Cuban Revolutionary Party by posting articles sympathetic to the Cuban revolutionaries. The newspapers assisted the revolutionaries in gaining materials, support, and popularity for the movement.
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American troops left after the Cuban government signed a bill lowering tariffs on American products and incorporated the Platt Amendment into its constitution. Many American companies came to do business in Cuba.
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would be equal to whites in society. Before his presidency, Estrada Palma assured that he would bring 100 public service jobs to Afro-Cubans and repeal American regulations that supported segregation in Cuba.
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He had effectively given power a chosen few of the former revolutionaries to achieve political dominance within Cuban politics. At the same time, he would attract US assistance in Cuba to rebuild the country.
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Estrada Palma is known less for his accomplishments in education, revolution, and infrastructure than for being a part of the annexation agenda of and his subservience to the United States.
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To his credit, Estrada Palma did not want to have a presidency based on racial barriers. Like many other Cuban revolutionaries, he had seen the new nation as a nonracial republic in which
648:), he ran a summer camp, which has since been abandoned. During his presidency, Estrada Palma kept an "T. Estrada Palma Fund" to buy prizes for academic achievements in Orange County.
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396:'s rule in Cuba, elections were to be held on December 31, 1901. There were two political parties, the Republicans, who were conservative and wanted national autonomy, headed by
1115:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 8, 1908 - Office of the Historian"
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was signed on March 2, 1901. The amendment allowed the United States to interfere in the domestic policies of Cuba and to lease land for naval bases or coal stations.
353:. His role in the party was to be its chief representative. With that authorization, he was able to have diplomatic relations with other countries, including the US.
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Garcia, Margarita. (2016). Before "Cuba Libre" The Making of Cuba's First President Tomas Estrada Palma. Denver, Colorado: Outskirt Press. pp. Kindle Location 1950.
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633:'s revolutionaries, reportedly because they blamed Estrada Palma for starting the trend of US interventions in Cuba. The plinth, with a pair of shoes, remains.
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Tomás Douglas Estrada-Palma III and Alyce Mae Carroll married and continued the name with their first-born child, Tomás Ramón Estrada-Palma IV, born in Miami.
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Tomás Douglas Estrada-Palma III had three more children, Patrick Carroll Estrada-Palma, Candita Margaret Estrada-Palma, and Kathleen Riordan Estrada-Palma.
303:, Estrada Palma and his wife had six children. He was regarded as a courteous man of a few words. It is also said that Estrada Palma had great tenacity.
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and installed a provisional occupation government, which lasted from 1906 to 1909. Another pro-American government was established in Cuba under
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on January 29 in 1857 for excessive absences. He withdrew on June 29, 1857, of the same year for personal reasons. On May 15, 1881, he married
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Auxier, George W. (1939). "The Propaganda Activities of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish American War, 1895–1898,"
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Auxier, George W. (1939). "The Propaganda Activities of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish–American War, 1895–1898".
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Estrada Palma's name ends with Tomás Ramón Estrada-Palma IV since he decided to not continue the name with his children.
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Tomás Estrada Palma, with their first-born child, Tomás Douglas Estrada-Palma III, born on May 12, 1911, in New York.
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From 1857 to 1868, he returned to Bayamo and became an administrator and a local teacher. He continued to teach in
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at 11:45 p.m. on November 4, 1908, from pneumonia. He was temporarily residing in Calle Sagarra No. 17
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In a move that showed some real statesmanship and an ability to use media, Estrada Palma got the
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in which he received a philosophy degree on July 19, 1854. He was taken out of the roster in the
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In 1903, a statue of Estrada Palma was erected in the Avenida de los Presidentes, in
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Navarro, José Cantón: History of Cuba, Editorial SI-MAR, Havana, Cuba, 1998, p. 81,
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Tomás Andrés Estrada-Palma Guardiola and Helen Douglas Browne continued the name.
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Puente, Faustino Guerra. (September 1906). "Causes of the Cuban Insurrection."
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Fuente, Alejandro de la. (1991). "Myths of Racial Democracy: Cuba, 1900–1912."
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Puente, Faustino Guerra (September 1906). "Causes of the Cuban Insurrection".
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Before "Cuba Libre": The Making of Cuba's First President Tomas Estrada Palma
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had affected the outcome. One story being that The National Labor Party used
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Estrada Palma became the President of the Cuban Republic in Arms during the
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1273:. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 42.
1135:. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 42.
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644:. Along a road that now bears his name (Estrada Road, in the hamlet of
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924:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 63.
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701:. Denver, Colorado: Outskirt Press. pp. Kindle Location 61.
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After Martí's death, Estrada Palma became the new leader of the
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to gather political support for a political revolution in Cuba.
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A Cultural History of Cuba during the US Occupation, 1898–1902
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A Cultural History of Cuba during the US Occupation, 1898–1902
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Estrada Palma spent many years of his US exile in the town of
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Chapel Hill. NC: University of North Carolina Press. P. 63.
256:, the president of The Republic of Cuba in Arms during the
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troops and sent into exile. While in exile, he traveled to
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Mellander, Gustavo A.; Mellander, Nelly Maldonado (1999).
1214:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 2005.
1087:"Cuba los primeros años de independencia Segunda parte"
842:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 2005.
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Digital Images from the Tomás Estrada Palma Collection
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1234:Black Political Activism and the Cuban Republic.
789:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 9.
922:Black Political Activism and the Cuban Republic
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493:President Palma's resignation read as follows:
433:On February 16, 1903, Estrada Palma signed the
42: and the second or maternal family name is
458:Estrada Palma was re-elected unopposed in the
1658:People from Woodbury, Orange County, New York
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1593:acted as president during part of this term.
1251:. New York: Harper & Hugh. p. 472.
1196:. New York: Oxford University Press. P. 62.
881:"Myths of Racial Democracy: Cuba, 1900–1912"
478:Palma as the only person able to lead Cuba.
1181:. New York: Oxford University Press. P. 9.
563:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1212:Elections in the Americas: A data handbook
840:Elections in the Americas: A data handbook
667:"Estrada Palma, Primer Presidente de Cuba"
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583:Learn how and when to remove this message
992:"Historia de la nación cubana Tomo VIII"
954:. New York: Harper & Hugh. pp.
737:"Historia de la nación cubana Tomo VIII"
89:20 May 1902 – 28 September 1906
1172:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1040:Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years
752:The Hispanic American Historical Review
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249:July 9, 1835 – November 4, 1908) was a
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360:Estrada Palma was also assisted by
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407:Estrada Palma's opponent, General
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1179:Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know
787:Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know
295:(1854–1926), daughter of General
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1269:Utset, Marial Iglesias. (2011).
879:Fuente, Alejandro de la (1999).
629:. His statue was pulled down by
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1643:Cuban people of Spanish descent
1284:Fitzgibbon, Russell H. (1964).
1131:Utset, Marial Iglesias (2011).
1063:Fitzgibbon, Russell H. (1964).
223:Jose M. Estrada-Palma Guardiola
27:1st President of Cuba (1902–06)
1668:20th-century Cuban politicians
1227:Latin American Research Review
885:Latin American Research Review
334:Estrada Palma was captured by
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1266:. Vol. 183, No. 599: 538–540.
1089:. Ed. "Le livre libre". 1929.
392:After a few years of General
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1648:Cuban independence activists
1623:People of the Ten Years' War
1299:Otero, Juan Joaquin (1954).
1249:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom
1174:. Vol. 19: pp. 286–305.
951:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom
34:, the first or paternal
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1103:. Ucar, García y Cía. 1934.
920:Pappademos, Melina (2011).
460:1905 Cuban general election
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1229:. Vol. 34, No. 3: 39–73.
1192:Kapcia, Antoni. (2000).
1177:Sweig, Julia E. (2009).
785:Sweig, Julia E. (2009).
665:Portell Vila, Herminio.
437:, agreeing to lease the
838:Nohlen, Dieter (2005).
810:Kapcia, Antoni (2000).
642:Orange County, New York
362:William Randolph Hearst
342:, where he worked with
317:Orange County, New York
271:Personal and early life
1406:US occupation, 1906–09
1247:Thomas, Hugh. (1971).
1194:Cuba: Island of Dreams
812:Cuba: Island of Dreams
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948:Thomas, Hugh (1971).
301:President of Honduras
297:José Santos Guardiola
289:University of Seville
106:Domingo Méndez Capote
65:Estrada Palma in 1899
557:improve this section
466:. Each side claimed
374:Spanish–American War
323:War for independence
285:University of Havana
243:Tomás Estrada Palma
147:Tomás Estrada Palma
102:Luis Estévez Romero
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380:and elitists.
329:Ten Years' War
324:
321:
308:
305:
272:
269:
258:Ten Years' War
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
192:
188:
187:
178:(aged 73)
172:
168:
167:
146:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
115:
109:
108:
99:
96:Vice President
91:
90:
80:
79:
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1680:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:1900s in Cuba
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1592:
1588:
1586:‡ Provisional
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
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1375:
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1368:
1363:
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1356:
1355:
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1334:
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1315:
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1303:
1297:
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1283:
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1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
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1059:
1056:
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1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1001:
998:
993:
987:
984:
980:
975:
972:
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961:
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952:
944:
942:
938:
933:
927:
923:
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908:
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894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
872:
869:
865:
859:
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851:
845:
841:
834:
832:
828:
823:
817:
813:
806:
803:
798:
792:
788:
781:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
743:
738:
732:
729:
724:
718:
715:
710:
704:
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693:
691:
689:
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612:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:
587:
584:
576:
566:
562:
558:
552:
551:
547:
542:This section
540:
536:
531:
530:
524:
522:
520:
516:
508:
505:
500:
494:
491:
489:
485:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
453:
451:
447:
444:
443:United States
440:
436:
431:
427:
425:
420:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
402:Alfredo Zayas
399:
395:
387:
385:
381:
377:
375:
370:
365:
363:
358:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
340:New York City
337:
332:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
263:
259:
255:
252:
244:
235:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
214:
211:
207:
202:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
173:
169:
166:
162:
145:
141:
136:
132:
129:
126:
120:
116:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
92:
86:
81:
78:
73:
69:
62:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1404:
1399:
1342:held by the
1300:
1285:
1270:
1263:
1248:
1233:
1226:
1211:
1193:
1178:
1171:
1132:
1109:
1095:
1081:
1064:
1058:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1000:
986:
978:
974:
950:
921:
915:
891:(3): 39–73.
888:
884:
874:
858:
839:
811:
805:
786:
780:
755:
751:
745:
731:
717:
698:
670:
660:
635:
631:Fidel Castro
624:
616:
579:
570:
555:Please help
543:
512:
496:
492:
480:
476:
471:
457:
448:
441:area to the
432:
428:
421:
413:
406:
394:Leonard Wood
391:
382:
378:
366:
359:
355:
348:
333:
326:
310:
307:Early career
281:Spanish Cuba
274:
242:
241:
176:(1908-11-04)
165:Spanish Cuba
158:July 6, 1835
123:Succeeded by
84:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
1633:1908 deaths
1628:1835 births
1325:Cuba portal
525:Descendants
454:Second term
416:Afro-Cubans
369:US Congress
351:Cuban Junta
204:(1902–1906)
198:(1892–1902)
113:Preceded by
1607:Categories
1571:Díaz-Canel
1564:Presidents
1555:Díaz-Canel
1393:Presidents
1294:B00656T7SO
1073:B00656T7SO
652:References
517:, died in
388:First term
344:José Martí
260:, and the
254:politician
229:Occupation
154:1835-07-06
1583:* Interim
1550:R. Castro
1545:F. Castro
1306:(Spanish)
1302:1902–1952
907:252748307
723:"Bohemia"
544:does not
85:In office
1525:Dorticós
1508:Alliegro
1477:M. Gómez
1465:Mendieta
1438:Céspedes
1412:J. Gómez
1336:Archived
1210:(2005).
638:Woodbury
573:May 2022
515:attorney
464:liberals
313:Honduras
232:Attorney
219:Children
75:1st
30:In this
1591:Domingo
1520:Urrutia
1502:Batista
1487:Batista
1432:Herrera
1427:Machado
1400:Estrada
1154:Sources
1008:. 1952.
994:. 1952.
772:2507259
739:. 1952.
565:removed
550:sources
497:To the
472:el copo
336:Spanish
40:Estrada
36:surname
1514:Piedra
1482:Laredo
1471:Barnet
1417:García
1292:
1277:
1255:
1240:
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1071:
1046:
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866:
846:
818:
793:
770:
705:
627:Havana
621:Honors
613:Legacy
277:Bayamo
209:Spouse
161:Bayamo
1453:Hevia
1422:Zayas
903:S2CID
768:JSTOR
509:Death
262:first
251:Cuban
44:Palma
1497:Prío
1492:Grau
1448:Grau
1385:list
1290:ASIN
1275:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1069:ASIN
1044:ISBN
960:ISBN
926:ISBN
864:ISBN
844:ISBN
816:ISBN
791:ISBN
703:ISBN
548:any
546:cite
422:The
315:and
185:Cuba
171:Died
143:Born
104:and
1025:183
956:472
893:doi
760:doi
640:in
559:by
376:).
150:c.
38:is
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1123:^
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940:^
901:.
889:34
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883:.
830:^
766:.
756:19
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679:^
669:.
331:.
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299:,
279:,
247:c.
183:,
163:,
1516:*
1510:*
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1473:*
1467:*
1461:*
1455:*
1434:‡
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1383:(
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934:.
909:.
895::
852:.
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762::
725:.
711:.
673:.
586:)
580:(
575:)
571:(
567:.
553:.
245:(
156:)
152:(
46:.
20:)
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