408:
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51:
649:
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the tree. There is one generation per year, with most adults dying after breeding many times, though a few survive to breed again a year later. In late winter to early spring, when daily high temperatures exceed 10–13 °C (50–55 °F), adults initiate flight from their overwintering sites and seek breeding material as a host, including recently cut pine trees, logs, branches, and stumps.
33:
466:
thrown and less resistance pines in which the beetle almost exclusively breeds. Their mass aggregation in these pines is due to their ability to respond swiftly to monoterpenes that are released from injuries to the trees. This allows these beetles to locate mates quickly, even when these beetles are not able to utilise pheromones.
672:
After 2000, all infested states have surveyed only with the baited traps in spring and early summer. In Canada, techniques included using a combination of baited traps, trap logs, and visual inspections. In recent years, Canada has also started to use monoterpene baited traps. At United States ports of entry,
706:
infested tips. Another method of controlling this beetle is to use permethrin or carbaryl before adult mating flight. This usually occurs on the first warm day in spring. Throughout the summer, continue to treat shoots with permethrin. One of the best methods used to control these insects is to use a summer
658:
During
September and October of 1992, seven states (Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, North Caroline, Oregon, and West Viriginia) had their own state-wide quarantines on various pine articles from the other infested states. This included allowing importation of regulated articles only after being
328:
in strong apical shoots of healthy young trees, killing the bored-out shoots. This does not kill the tree, but causes damage to the growth form, lowering the economic value of the timber by reducing growth rates and stem straightness. They are also capable of damaging trees by infesting the trunk of
319:
is black or dark brown, 3.5–4.8 mm long, with a cylindrical body, rounded at the head and abdomen ends. It breeds in recently dead and dying trees, most often in windblown trees lying on the ground but also in fire-killed standing trees. The adults tunnel a breeding gallery in the spring, up to
461:
beetles did not influence the attraction of these beetles to trees. Both sexes respond similarly to a concentration range of each monoterpene, although myrcene was not as attractive to the beetles as the other monoterpenes. In addition to Scots pines trees, these beetles are also able to respond to
671:
From 1993 to 2000, US states within and near the quarantine zone used a combination of trap logs and monoterpene baited funnel traps to capture parent adults during their initial spring flight. Visual surveys were administered in late summer and autumn to locate the beetles' shoot-feeding damage.
482:
distributes itself among the tree to avoid conflict. They are found with the highest density near the top of tree trunks and towards the ground. Rarely, they may fully occupy the entirety of the trunk surface. They are most likely to attack the tree at increasing heights and lay their eggs there.
403:
has two main patterns of trunk attack. One method of attack that adults employ is to aggregate in the tree crowns first and then infest the trunk for breeding. A second method of attack is when adults directly attack without aggregating within the shoot. For either method of attack, colonisation
705:
physically is to place freshly cut pine logs or other trees in a pine field so that the beetle will attack the killed logs when finding a place to breed. After the end of their breeding period, remove and destroy all infested logs. During the summer and into early autumn, remove and destroy all
465:
This behaviour is especially important in
Northern Europe and Scandinavia, where it is the most important insect pest of pines. The beetle typically swarms in the spring before other bark beetle species that infest pines, and as a result is successful in competing for the limited number of wind
663:
The federal quarantine disallowed movement of host material from infested areas to non-infested areas within the United States, including logs and lumber with bark from all species of pine. In 1993, stumps from recently cut pine trees were added as a regulated article. These pine stumps were
552:
make it a good candidate for local adaptive structure. These include mate location that takes place on a host plant, larval development being completed on one individual host, and selection pressures being highly variable between hosts, which magnify the strength of the insect-host plant
404:
success depends on the degree of tree resistance that the beetles encounter. Aggregation occurs towards the end of the shoot-feeding period, which intersects with the weakening of the tree. This explains the successful mass attacks that take place in the bole of trees and kills them.
676:
is regularly found and intercepted. During a 16 year period, this beetle was intercepted 151 times on cargo arriving from at least 18 different countries. Interception data helps to narrow the screening process when working with this beetle that occurs over a wide geographic range.
462:
volatiles released from logs and other types of trees, including the Norway spruce. However, the concentrations of monoterpenes found in Norway spruces are lower than in Scots pines, which in part explains why these beetles are more likely to select Scots pines as a host.
632:, a United States federal quarantine was introduced in 1992 in the northeast and north-midwest, regulating movement of pine logs and bark, nursery stock, and Christmas trees from infested to uninfested areas, and a similar quarantine brought in to cover part of southeast
560:
from the
Mediterranean that were sequenced are structured into two haplotypic groups. One group corresponds to most insects collected in Northern Europe (France) whereas the second group corresponds more similarly to Mediterranean insect populations. This distribution of
684:
adult found during inspection can make it impossible for producers of
Christmas trees to fulfill their contracts. As a result, scientists and regulators developed the Pine Shoot Beetle Compliance Management Program for both pine Christmas trees and nursery stock.
432:
scent emitted by damaged specimens of the host species, including storm-fallen Scots pines. These trees are homes to bark beetles because of an injured vascular system that can not provide adequate resin to defend against new attacks by beetles.
539:
causes damage to various pine species throughout
Northern Europe, trees in the Mediterranean are especially vulnerable and may even be killed. Larvae in the Mediterranean have a few characteristics that separate it from other populations of
1758:
565:
suggests that this beetle can be split into two separate species. This is further confirmed by the distance between the two haplotypic groups being similar to the distance between
345:(lesser pine shoot beetle), with a similar distribution but ecologically separated, using standing dead pines and with its breeding galleries across the grain, not parallel to it;
872:
1639:
1704:
1440:
1423:
1791:
1786:
1121:
Kirkendall & Faccoli sp. n. (Curculionidae, Scolytinae), an unusually aggressive pine shoot beetle from southern China, with a key to the species of
1600:
1665:
573:
Furthermore, the intra-group distances of the two haplotypic groups are compatible with intra-specific variation commonly observed in insects.
324:
radially from the gallery for several months, emerging as new adults in late summer. The adults then feed through the autumn and winter on the
636:
in 1993 by the
Canadian authorities. Surveys during 1993 and 1994 found several new infested counties but no new infested states. On average,
519:
influencing pupal survival. In addition, both benefit mutually from each other if tree resistance is high. Similar interactions occur between
1801:
593:
including
Indiana, Pennsylvania, Michigan, New York, and Illinois. The first known occurrence in North America was found in July 1992 at a
944:
759:
668:. In addition, pine bark, pine Christmas trees, pine wreaths, and pine nursery stock were also considered regulated articles in 1993.
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287:. Scots pine is the most important forest tree species in East-central Europe, with Scots pine occupying 68% of total forest area in
805:
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25 cm (9.8 in) long, parallel to the wood grain where they lay their eggs. On hatching, the larvae chew through the
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718:
As with all bark beetle species, this species is known to associate with a wide range of fungal taxa, including the genera
535:
In Europe, the population of these beetles living in
Mediterranean areas differ from the populations of other areas. While
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1432:
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1652:
1509:
1579:
1709:
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Vasconcelos, T., Nazare, N., Branco, M., Kerdelhue, C., Sauvard, D., & Lieutier, F. (2003). Host
Preference of
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50:
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833:
544:, but adults are morphologically identical. There have been debates about whether to consider Mediterranean
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385:
1490:
1743:
1514:
1419:
145:
990:
1231:
1071:"Evolving Management Strategies for a Recently Discovered Exotic Forest Pest: The Pine Shoot Beetle,
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is able to recognize smells while still in flight by means of olfaction of several different plant
235:
1683:
309:
249:
175:
45:
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771:
487:, which as a species is more likely to attack the mid and base trunk and lay their eggs there.
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1164:"Shoot aggregation by Tomicus piniperda L (Col: Scolytidae) in Yunnan, southwestern China"
876:
707:
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1235:
1116:
914:
867:
Proceedings: JUFRO Kanazava 2003 “Forest Insect
Population Dynamics and Host Influences"
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in the Mediterranean region, which differs in details of ecology, infesting primarily
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1282:
Horn, Agnès; Kerdelhué, Carole; Lieutier, François; Rossi, Jean-Pierre (2012-05-21).
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162:
112:
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Byers, J. A.; Lanne, B. S.; Löfqvist, J.; Schlyter, F.; Bergström, G. (June 1985).
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589:. Within one month of the initial sighting, five new states reported finding
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228:
224:. It is one of the most destructive shoot-feeding species in northern Europe.
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and are forced to take parts of the trees that haven't been attacked yet.
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1522:
1501:
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1220:"Olfactory recognition of host-tree susceptibility by pine shoot beetles"
446:
256:
1527:
1219:
1605:
1443:. Lists general information and resources for Common Pine Shoot Beetle.
1243:
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in Poland and assessment of their virulence using Scots pine seedlings"
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for pre-beeding association and pairing, but instead hones in on the
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was found in more than 30 new countries per year from 1992 to 2000.
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734:, among others. These fungi are pathogens of Scots pines and help
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429:
406:
370:
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281:
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coexists with other species in the trunks of pines. As a result,
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in the United States. As a precautionary step to help protect
602:
380:. Historically, these species were often not distinguished from
325:
270:
221:
1450:
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alongside the destruction of brood logs and trees during May.
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The beetle has been introduced accidentally to northeastern
441:
evaporating from wound resin. These monoterpenes include
1284:"Predicting the distribution of the two bark beetles
1459:
1069:Haack, Robert A.; Poland, Therese M. (2001-09-01).
796:J M Davies; C J King (1977). "Pine Shoot Beetles".
548:as a separate species. Several characteristics of
1439:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
693:There are multiple strategies to dealing with a
1115:Kirkendall, L. R.; Faccoli, M.; Hui Ye (2008).
742:is strongly associated with moulds and yeasts.
605:, from where it has spread to 11 states in the
307:Pine shoot galleries. Plate from John Curtis's
999:(Col., Scolytidae) on the trunk of the living
621:. The beetle has been identified as a serious
853:
851:
791:
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8:
1433:Species Profile - Common Pine Shoot Beetle (
770:. Crop Protection Compendium. Archived from
1441:United States National Agricultural Library
1424:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
507:attacks trees that are already infested by
1447:
1394:. University of New Mexico. Archived from
31:
20:
1110:
1108:
491:attack patterns are heavily regulated by
1117:"Description of the Yunnan shoot borer,
1292:in Europe and the Mediterranean region"
751:
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483:This is unlike other species, such as
273:to a small extent, and more rarely on
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664:originally used to generate fuel and
527:in Europe and Mediterranean regions.
40:Adult feeding in pine shoot, Hungary
7:
1593:07d2c619-d91b-4ea4-b8ae-3848463d20a1
1054:
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995:on distribution and reproduction of
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1328:Ministry of Agriculture and Lands:
989:Hui, Y.; Xue-Song, D. (July 1999).
738:attack them. In addition to fungi,
701:One method that is used to control
499:attacks occur 1-2 weeks later than
1296:Agricultural and Forest Entomology
893:Jankowiak, Robert (October 2006).
14:
1792:Insect vectors of plant pathogens
1787:Insect pests of temperate forests
1308:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2012.00576.x
1168:Annales des Sciences Forestières
1019:10.1046/j.1439-0418.1999.00353.x
949:Pests and Diseases Image Library
842:Global Invasive Species Database
49:
659:inspected and declared free of
470:Interactions with other species
411:Damage to a log by T. piniperda
1162:Hui, Y.; Lieutier, F. (1997).
1:
1007:Journal of Applied Entomology
798:Forestry Commission Leaflet 3
388:, which has consequences for
1802:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
337:Species closely related to
1818:
1342:"Common Pine Shoot Beetle"
420:Unlike most bark beetles,
227:Its primary host plant is
1797:Beetles described in 1758
1392:Pests of trees and shrubs
1144:10.11646/zootaxa.1819.1.2
585:, where it has become an
181:
174:
151:
144:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
903:Annals of Forest Science
865:for Three Pine Species.
556:Studies have found that
457:. The presence of other
206:common pine shoot beetle
1180:10.1051/forest:19970704
1091:10.1023/A:1015298114837
895:"Fungi associated with
386:reproductively isolated
923:10.1051/forest:2006063
655:
412:
313:
1744:Paleobiology Database
1420:University of Florida
1348:. Don't Move Firewood
651:
644:Management strategies
416:Olfactory recognition
410:
306:
190:Myelophilus piniperda
1588:Fauna Europaea (new)
1079:Biological Invasions
295:an important pest.
1381:"Pine shoot beetle
1236:1985NW.....72..324B
1224:Naturwissenschaften
1119:Tomicus yunnanensis
945:"Pine shoot beetle"
915:2006AnFSc..63..801J
714:Fungal associations
531:Population genetics
367:Tomicus yunnanensis
236:European black pine
234:, but it also uses
185:Dermestes piniperda
1427:Featured Creatures
1244:10.1007/bf00454776
875:2011-07-22 at the
656:
653:Damage to branches
413:
314:
310:British Entomology
250:eastern white pine
212:native throughout
1769:
1768:
1759:tomicus-piniperda
1731:Open Tree of Life
1491:Tomicus piniperda
1461:Tomicus piniperda
1453:Taxon identifiers
1435:Tomicus piniperda
1416:pine shoot beetle
1401:on 25 April 2024.
1383:Tomicus piniperda
1330:Pine Shoot Beetle
1290:Tomicus piniperda
1286:Tomicus destruens
1073:Tomicus piniperda
1001:Pinus yunnanensis
997:Tomicus piniperda
897:Tomicus piniperda
863:Tomicus destruens
859:Tomicus piniperda
836:Tomicus piniperda
768:CAB International
762:Tomicus piniperda
577:Invasive problems
422:Tomicus piniperda
378:Pinus yunnanensis
348:Tomicus destruens
339:Tomicus piniperda
201:Tomicus piniperda
197:
196:
155:Tomicus piniperda
137:T. piniperda
25:Tomicus piniperda
16:Species of beetle
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1346:Gallery of Pests
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951:. Archived from
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800:. London: HMSO.
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731:Ceratocystiopsis
587:invasive species
495:attacks because
474:In many places,
369:in southwestern
232:Pinus sylvestris
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439:monoterpenes
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1679:NatureServe
1627:iNaturalist
1485:Wikispecies
697:infestation
630:plantations
451:terpinolene
375:Yunnan pine
363:P. pinaster
299:Description
260:P. resinosa
246:P. pinaster
210:bark beetle
1782:Scolytinae
1776:Categories
1352:12 October
746:References
725:Ophiostoma
666:turpentine
426:pheromones
353:stone pine
269:and other
253:P. strobus
229:Scots pine
103:Coleoptera
83:Arthropoda
1316:1461-9555
1252:0028-1042
1188:0003-4312
1138:: 25–39.
1099:1573-1464
1027:0931-2048
931:1286-4560
838:(insect)"
680:A single
599:Cleveland
571:T. minor.
396:Behaviour
291:, making
264:jack pine
131:Species:
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
1684:2.816163
1645:11614692
1523:BugGuide
1499:BioLib:
1476:Q1256962
1470:Wikidata
873:Archived
515:affects
513:T. minor
505:T. minor
497:T. minor
489:T. minor
485:T. minor
447:3-carene
356:P. pinea
341:include
333:Taxonomy
257:red pine
239:P. nigra
176:Synonyms
163:Linnaeus
109:Family:
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
1671:1085382
1606:1211257
1429:website
1418:on the
1232:Bibcode
1132:Zootaxa
1123:Tomicus
911:Bibcode
689:Control
611:Ontario
609:and to
455:myrcene
208:, is a
124:Tomicus
119:Genus:
99:Order:
93:Insecta
89:Class:
1749:302851
1736:363101
1710:143020
1632:178812
1580:250004
1567:268544
1554:BLASPI
1528:731856
1314:
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1003:trees"
929:
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728:, and
634:Canada
619:Canada
615:Quebec
453:, and
365:; and
322:phloem
289:Poland
275:spruce
218:Africa
214:Europe
204:, the
1756:PPE:
1723:20298
1658:54154
1640:IRMNG
1562:EUNIS
1541:57D3N
1515:32272
1502:13879
1399:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
870:19–21
430:resin
371:China
285:Larix
282:larch
278:Picea
271:pines
1705:NCBI
1666:ITIS
1619:1200
1614:GISD
1601:GBIF
1549:EPPO
1510:BOLD
1354:2011
1312:ISSN
1288:and
1248:ISSN
1184:ISSN
1136:1819
1095:ISSN
1023:ISSN
927:ISSN
861:and
802:ISBN
627:pine
623:pest
613:and
603:Ohio
569:and
523:and
358:and
326:pith
280:and
222:Asia
167:1758
1692:NBN
1653:ISC
1536:CoL
1304:doi
1240:doi
1176:doi
1140:doi
1087:doi
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1011:123
919:doi
617:in
373:on
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
