143:
619:
572:
691:
712:
120:
370:, while other work has identified the arthropod-like nature of their larvae. In general, the two current alternative interpretations are: pentastomids are highly modified and parasitic crustaceans, probably related to fish lice, or they are an ancient group of stem-arthropods, close to the origins of Arthropoda.
624:
623:
620:
625:
402:
crustaceans which live as parasites on fish and occasionally amphibians. John Riley and colleagues also offered a detailed justification for the inclusion of the tongue worms among the crustaceans. The fish louse model received significant further support from the molecular work of
Lawrence G. Abele
541:
Pentastomids are worm-like animals ranging from 1 to 14 centimetres (0.39 to 5.51 in) in length. The female is larger than the male. The anterior end of the body bears five protuberances, four of which are clawed legs, while the fifth bears the mouth. The body is segmented and covered in a
622:
333:
The affinities of tongue worms have long proved controversial. Historically, they were initially compared to various groups of parasitic worms. Once the arthropod-like nature of their cuticle was recognised, similarities were drawn with mites, particularly gall mites
1326:
O. S. Møller; J. Olesen; A. Avenant-Oldewage; P. F. Thomsen; H. Glenner (2008). "First maxillae suction discs in
Branchiura (Crustacea): development and evolution in light of the first molecular phylogeny of Branchiura, Pentastomida, and other "Maxillopoda"".
424:. An alternative model notes the extremely ancient Cambrian origins of these animals and interprets tongue worms as stem-group arthropods. A recent morphological analysis recovered Pentastomida outside the arthropods, as sister group to a clade including
419:
Critics of the
Ichthyostraca classification have pointed out that even parasitic crustaceans can still be recognised as crustaceans based on their larvae; but that tongue worms and their larvae do not express typical characters for Crustacea or even
606:, has a free-living larva. There is both indirect development with nymphal stages and direct development. The pentastomid reaches the main host when the intermediate host is eaten by the main host, and crawls into the respiratory tract from the
286:. One is the mouth; the others are two pairs of hooks, which they use to attach to the host. This arrangement led to their scientific name, meaning "five openings", but although the appendages are similar in some species, only one is a mouth.
595:
The larva hatches in the intermediate host and breaks through the wall of the intestine. It then forms a cyst in the intermediate host's body. The larva is initially rounded in form, with four or six short legs, but
592:. The eggs are either coughed out by the host or leave the host body through the digestive system. The eggs are then ingested by an intermediate host, which is commonly either a fish or a small herbivorous mammal.
2541:
621:
1155:
P. J. van
Beneden (1849). "Recherches sur l'organisation et le développement des Lingatules (Pentastoma Rud.), suivies de la description d'une espèce nouvelle provenant d'un Mandrill".
338:). Although gall mites are much smaller than tongue worms, they also have a long, segmented body and only two pairs of legs. Later work drew comparisons with millipedes and centipedes (
2534:
461:
boundary of Canada have been identified as pentastomids. Also one from the
Wuluian (middle Cambrian) of Greenland. Four fossil genera have been identified from the Cambrian so far:
1822:"Characterization of tongue worms, Linguatula SPP. (Pentastomida) in Romania, with the first record of an unknown adult Linguatula from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus)"
2527:
2004:
1794:
477:. These fossils suggest that pentastomids evolved very early and raise questions about whether these animals were parasites at this time, and if so, on which hosts.
4223:
552:
which lives in the nasal cavity of carnivorous mammals where they feed mainly on mucus and dead cells, although the mouth is somewhat modified as a muscular pump.
1259:
4249:
2782:
1464:
1415:"The interrelationships of metazoan parasites: a review of phylum- and higher-level hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses"
1267:
2210:
2129:
1492:
Dieter
Waloszek, John E. Repetski & Andreas Maas (2006). "A new Late Cambrian pentastomid and a review of the relationships of this parasitic group".
1201:
J. Riley, A. A. Banaja & J. L. James (1978). "The phylogenetic relationships of the
Pentastomida: the case for their inclusion within the Crustacea".
4336:
438:
could be closely related to tongue worms. However it should be stressed that these authors did not explicitly test pentastomid/crustacean relationships.
1945:
4236:
1203:
1009:
274:
with correspondingly degenerate anatomy. Adult tongue worms vary from about 1 to 14 cm (0.4 to 5.5 in) in length, and parasitise the
2177:
1955:
1918:
1804:
2240:
1633:"The oldest tongue worm: A stem-group pentastomid arthropod from the early middle Cambrian (Wuliuan Stage) of North Greenland (Laurentia)"
2815:
1604:
1372:"Phylotranscriptomics to bring the understudied into the fold: monophyletic Ostracoda, fossil placement, and Pancrustacean phylogeny"
1885:
1046:
4298:
2852:
2072:
2052:
411:. Thus a number of important standard works and databases on crustaceans now include the pentastomids as members of this group.
2847:
1376:
1239:
4331:
704:
325:
and John Riley, and a review of their evolutionary relationships with a bibliography up to 1969 was published by J. T. Self.
4241:
4326:
2931:
2921:
2904:
1371:
1455:
142:
4145:
1302:
4189:
1901:
Williams Jr, E. H.; Bunkley-Williams, L. (2019). "Life Cycle and Life
History Strategies of Parasitic Crustacea".
4254:
4202:
2554:
1598:
Dieter
Walossek, John E. Repetski & Klaus J. Müller (1994). "An exceptionally preserved parasitic arthropod,
1072:
383:
584:
Pentastomids live in the upper respiratory tract of reptiles, birds, and mammals, where they lay eggs. They are
2655:
2233:
1025:
602:
546:
cuticle. The digestive tract is simple and tubular since the animal feeds entirely on blood, except from genus
447:
2519:
2936:
2659:
1602:
n. sp. (Arthropoda increate sedis: Pentastomida) from
Cambrian – Ordovician boundary beds of Newfoundland".
403:
and colleagues. A number of subsequent molecular phylogenies have corroborated these results, and the name
4085:
2808:
2676:
589:
299:
295:
892:
A. von Humboldt (1811). "Sur un ver intestin trouvé dans les poumons du serpent à sonnettes, de Cumana".
4285:
2899:
2756:
2594:
1136:
958:
667:
576:
318:
1070:
J. T. Self (1969). "Biological relationships of the Pentastomida: a bibliography on the Pentastomida".
945:
R. Leuckart (1860). "Bau und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pentastomen nach Untersuchungen besonders von
4264:
4158:
4132:
2750:
2585:
2040:
1721:
1644:
1336:
683:
525:
303:
4303:
1560:
D. Walossek & K. J. Müller (1994). "Pentastomid parasites from the Lower Palaeozoic of Sweden".
2226:
481:(primitive fish) have sometimes been mentioned as possible hosts in this context. A fifth genus,
3364:
2916:
2894:
2882:
2857:
2736:
2651:
1662:
1577:
1509:
677:
661:
631:
394:
morphology, which recognised similarities in sperm structure between tongue worms and fish lice (
307:
223:
137:
129:
4290:
4228:
4123:
555:
The nervous system is similar to that of other arthropods, including a ventral nerve cord with
294:
Historically significant accounts of tongue worm biology and systematics include early work by
4272:
3786:
3706:
3056:
2926:
2889:
2877:
2867:
2801:
2173:
2167:
2148:
2101:
2021:
1980:
1951:
1914:
1881:
1851:
1800:
1767:
1749:
1436:
1395:
1352:
1294:
1089:
1052:
1042:
873:
853:
432:
and similar ecdysozoan 'worm' groups. Adding fossils, they suggested an extinct animal called
275:
271:
4277:
2841:
2204:
2138:
2091:
2081:
2013:
1924:
1906:
1841:
1833:
1739:
1729:
1652:
1613:
1569:
1540:
1529:"Morphological support for the phylogenetic positioning of Pentastomida and related fossils"
1501:
1426:
1385:
1344:
1284:
1276:
1212:
1081:
1034:
843:
835:
311:
4067:
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3824:
3727:
3584:
3117:
2762:
2696:
2169:
Imaging of tropical diseases: with epidemiological, pathological, and clinical correlation
1681:
971:
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322:
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4197:
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2067:
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1821:
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848:
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515:
1038:
690:
4320:
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2412:
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1216:
1085:
739:
520:
199:
184:
77:
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1581:
1513:
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3722:
3608:
3494:
3397:
3376:
3246:
3197:
3153:
3134:
2452:
2427:
2388:
1820:
Barton, Diane P.; Gherman, Calin Mircea; Zhu, Xiaocheng; Shamsi, Shokoofeh (2022).
1545:
1528:
699:
530:
421:
31:
1998:
H. Solano Mairena & W. Venegas (1989). "Human dermatitis caused by a nymph of
1708:
Siveter, David J.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Siveter, Derek J.; Sutton, Mark D. (2015).
1657:
1632:
1370:
Todd H. Oakley; Joanna M. Wolfe; Annie R. Lindgren; Alexander K. Zaharoff (2013).
697:
Wyman, 1848, a 4 cm individual collected from the respiratory system of a python,
2086:
390:. The modern form of this hypothesis dates from Karl Georg Wingstrand's study of
4210:
4117:
3944:
3915:
3901:
3891:
3476:
3292:
3205:
2987:
2605:
2432:
2346:
2297:
1910:
585:
399:
343:
335:
52:
1837:
4041:
4026:
4021:
4002:
3997:
3925:
3872:
3842:
3834:
3776:
3650:
3642:
3625:
3405:
3317:
3270:
3210:
3172:
3146:
2992:
2977:
2718:
2600:
2590:
2580:
2480:
2422:
2398:
2309:
2281:
2017:
1734:
1709:
1686:
1573:
1505:
1348:
1232:"Molecular evidence for inclusion of the Phylum Pentastomida in the Crustacea"
760:
730:
717:
655:
649:
644:
607:
548:
458:
434:
429:
379:
355:
347:
279:
264:
248:
97:
62:
4108:
1260:"Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan)crustacean relationships"
824:"Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan)crustacean relationships"
350:). Some authors interpreted tongue worms as essentially intermediate between
4171:
4007:
3954:
3949:
3920:
3909:
3858:
3853:
3805:
3717:
3710:
3504:
3499:
3461:
3310:
3302:
3231:
3183:
3104:
3091:
3072:
3067:
3026:
2702:
2630:
2617:
2550:
2457:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2355:
2327:
2287:
2275:
2269:
2250:
1468:
1390:
560:
395:
367:
339:
283:
174:
154:
102:
2105:
1855:
1753:
1744:
1440:
1399:
1356:
1298:
1280:
857:
839:
17:
2066:
Dennis Tappe & Dietrich W. Büttner (2009). Bethony, Jeffrey M. (ed.).
2025:
1984:
1130:
G. Osche (1959). ""Arthropodencharaktere" bei einem Pentastomiden Embryo (
1093:
1056:
4102:
4031:
4015:
3938:
3930:
3885:
3848:
3829:
3818:
3800:
3794:
3655:
3596:
3572:
3469:
3350:
3239:
3123:
3014:
3005:
2911:
2672:
2467:
2407:
2368:
2332:
2152:
1527:
W. O. Almeida; M. L. Christoffersen; D. S. Amorim; E. C. C. Eloy (2008).
1431:
1414:
1006:
Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Fünfter Band. IV Abteilung, 1. Buch
828:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
556:
496:
488:
483:
478:
451:
425:
351:
245:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
3991:
3967:
3959:
3896:
3810:
3630:
3617:
3550:
3541:
3486:
3411:
2665:
2625:
2485:
2475:
2437:
822:
Lavrov, Dennis V.; Brown, Wesley M.; Boore, Jeffrey L. (7 March 2004).
711:
597:
387:
363:
119:
107:
82:
4215:
2793:
639:
Tongue worms occasionally parasitise humans. While a report exists of
511:
There are four extant orders recognised in the subclass Pentastomida:
4036:
3770:
3060:
2970:
2957:
2828:
2825:
2563:
2490:
2263:
2119:
Esmond M. Mapp, Howard M. Pollack & Louis H. Goldman (May 1976).
1174:
K. G. Wingstrand (1972). "Comparative spermatology of a pentastomid,
871:
J. A. Frölich (1789). "Beschreibung einiger neuer Eingeweidewürmer".
647:, the two genera responsible for most internal human infestation are
543:
454:
359:
260:
164:
4079:
1796:
Encyclopedic Reference of Parasitology: Biology, Structure, Function
1710:"A 425-Million-Year-Old Silurian Pentastomid Parasitic on Ostracods"
1617:
4176:
2203:
1880:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 880–881.
2572:
791:
710:
689:
617:
570:
408:
391:
503:. It possessed a head, a worm-like body, and two pairs of limbs.
4163:
2687:
803:
563:, no circulatory, respiratory, or excretory organs are present.
4083:
3089:
2797:
2523:
2222:
1184:
Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter
985:
L. W. Sambon (1922). "A synopsis of the family Linguatulidae".
600:
several times to achieve the adult form. At least one species,
2642:
1562:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
1494:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
799:
922:
K. M. Diesing (1835). "Versuch einer Monographie der Gattung
794:) have much more in common with each other than they do with
1944:
Martin, Joel W.; Olesen, Jørgen; Høeg, Jens T. (July 2014).
779:"Pentastomiasis" can refer to any infection of Pentastomida.
2428:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
1004:
R. Heymons (1935). "Pentastomida". In H. G. Bronns (ed.).
896:. Ptie. F. Schoell et G. Dufour, Paris. pp. 298–304.
2453:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
1905:. Zoological Monographs. Vol. 3. pp. 179–266.
1682:"A 425-million-year-old parasite found attached to host"
953:". C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig: vi + 160.
1593:
1591:
263:; molecular studies point to them being highly-derived
1971:
A. Fain (1975). "The Pentastomida parasitic in man".
270:
About 130 species of pentastomids are known; all are
2166:
Philip E. S. Palmer; Maurice Merrick Reeder (2001).
1258:
D. V. Lavrov, W. M. Brown & J. L. Boore (2004).
1230:
L. G. Abele, W. Kim & B. E. Felgenhauer (1989).
491:-aged marine strata of England: fossil specimens of
407:
has been proposed for a (Pentastomida + Branchiura)
4092:
3760:
3641:
3616:
3607:
3583:
3561:
3526:
3485:
3460:
3453:
3438:
3390:
3363:
3348:
3301:
3279:
3259:
3230:
3223:
3196:
3181:
3170:
3133:
3102:
3025:
2986:
2955:
2726:
2717:
2686:
2641:
2616:
2571:
2562:
2466:
2396:
2387:
2354:
2345:
2318:
2296:
1182:, with a discussion of pentastomid relationships".
255:due to the resemblance of the species of the genus
1107:T. D. Schubart (1853). "Ueber die Entwicklung des
2005:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1973:Annales de la Société Belge de Médecine Tropicale
1457:An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea
317:Other important summaries have been published by
1023:J. Riley (1986). "The biology of pentastomids".
1157:Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie Series
725:The terms associated with infections can vary:
446:Exceptionally preserved, three-dimensional and
2038:Correct spelling: Sebakia --> Sebekia, See
928:Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte
559:in each segment. Although the body contains a
358:, while others suggested that they deserved a
2809:
2783:Template:Tick-borne diseases and infestations
2535:
2234:
8:
2333:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
2068:"Diagnosis of human visceral pentastomiasis"
1465:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
1268:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
2130:Journal of the National Medical Association
790:(which are all cylindrical and all inhabit
659:. Visceral pentastomiasis can be caused by
4080:
3757:
3613:
3589:
3565:
3534:
3457:
3450:
3446:
3369:
3360:
3356:
3285:
3263:
3256:
3227:
3193:
3189:
3178:
3167:
3139:
3110:
3099:
3086:
2998:
2963:
2952:
2816:
2802:
2794:
2723:
2568:
2542:
2528:
2520:
2393:
2351:
2302:
2241:
2227:
2219:
1113:Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie
118:
38:
2142:
2095:
2085:
1928:
1845:
1743:
1733:
1656:
1544:
1430:
1389:
1288:
847:
3154:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
987:Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1454:J. W. Martin & G. E. Davis (2001).
814:
3148:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
3118:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
1204:International Journal for Parasitology
1010:Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H.
967:
956:
2433:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1329:Arthropod Structure & Development
7:
4265:0f8f3af6-ace1-41fe-86c4-e1d838a7a529
4203:34d64305-12f4-4cdf-a3a0-cdf4e79d6209
3419:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
2125:infestation (porocephalosis) in man"
1768:"Requiem for an ancient tongue worm"
378:The discovery that tongue worms are
495:are found firmly attached to their
362:of their own. Tongue worms grow by
215:
3016:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
2486:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
1605:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
382:can be traced back to the work of
25:
4337:Extant Cambrian first appearances
2448:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
1467:. pp. 132 pp. Archived from
386:, who compared them to parasitic
4060:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
2557:-borne diseases and infestations
2073:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2053:World Register of Marine Species
1178:, and a branchiuran crustacean,
705:Natural History Museum of Berlin
366:, which suggests they belong to
141:
1793:Mehlhorn, Heinz (21 May 2001).
1377:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1240:Molecular Biology and Evolution
894:Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpand 2
715:Female (right) and male (left)
588:(having two sexes), and employ
3247:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
1680:Gill, Victoria (22 May 2015).
1546:10.5007/2175-7925.2008v21n3p81
1:
2172:. Birkhäuser. pp. 389–.
1658:10.1080/11035897.2022.2064543
1039:10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60342-5
3859:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
2087:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000320
1217:10.1016/0020-7519(78)90087-5
1086:10.1016/0014-4894(69)90222-7
798:(which is flat and inhabits
703:. Specimen deposited in the
3916:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
3656:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
3471:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
3382:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
3271:Loricifera (corset animals)
2418:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
2328:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
1911:10.1007/978-3-030-17385-2_5
764:disease can also be called
457:of Sweden and the Cambrian/
4353:
3806:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
3552:Annelida (segmented worms)
3377:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
3293:Onychophora (velvet worms)
1947:Atlas of Crustacean Larvae
1876:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1838:10.1007/s00436-022-07566-9
282:. They have five anterior
244:are an enigmatic group of
29:
4056:
3854:Asterozoans inc. starfish
3756:
3749:
3700:
3651:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
3632:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
3592:
3568:
3537:
3477:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
3449:
3372:
3359:
3288:
3266:
3255:
3206:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
3192:
3166:
3142:
3113:
3098:
3085:
3050:
3001:
2978:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
2966:
2951:
2835:
2781:For ticks and mites, see
2777:
2507:
2310:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
2305:
2258:
2018:10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.352
1735:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.035
1574:10.1017/s0263593300006295
1506:10.1017/S0263593300001280
1349:10.1016/j.asd.2007.12.002
1176:Raillietiella hemidactyli
1073:Experimental Parasitology
911:. Augustus Rücker Berlin.
774:Porocephalus moniliformis
768:. (An alternate name for
603:Subtriquetra subtriquetra
384:Pierre-Joseph Van Beneden
229:
222:
212:
207:
138:Scientific classification
136:
126:
117:
41:
3412:Rotifera (wheel animals)
3211:Priapulida (penis worms)
2656:Cordylobia anthropophaga
2481:Collembola (springtails)
2408:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
1026:Advances in Parasitology
30:Not to be confused with
3626:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
3598:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
3319:Tardigrada (waterbears)
3312:Arthropoda (arthropods)
2660:Cochliomyia hominivorax
2512:are paraphyletic groups
2211:Encyclopædia Britannica
2121:"Roentgen diagnosis of
1600:Heymonsicambria taylori
907:K. A. Rudolphi (1819).
770:Armillifer moniliformis
673:Armillifer moniliformis
27:Subclass of crustaceans
3801:Anthozoans inc. corals
3500:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
2677:mosquito-borne disease
2423:Branchiura (fish lice)
2379:Diplopoda (millipedes)
2364:Chilopoda (centipedes)
2214:(11th ed.). 1911.
1631:Peel, John S. (2022).
1281:10.1098/rspb.2003.2631
966:Cite journal requires
840:10.1098/rspb.2003.2631
748:disease can be called
734:disease can be called
722:
708:
636:
635:nymph from a human eye
590:internal fertilisation
581:
342:), with velvet worms (
300:Alexander von Humboldt
4332:Parasitic crustaceans
4286:Paleobiology Database
3931:Hexapods inc. insects
3241:Nematoda (roundworms)
2757:Armillifer armillatus
2595:head lice infestation
2123:Armillifer armillatus
1826:Parasitology Research
1391:10.1093/molbev/mss216
1137:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1109:Pentastoma taenioides
714:
695:Armillifer armillatus
693:
668:Armillifer armillatus
628:
577:Armillifer armillatus
574:
567:Behaviour and ecology
499:hosts of the species
319:Louis Westenra Sambon
4327:Arthropod subclasses
4198:Fauna Europaea (new)
3124:Chordata (chordates)
2751:Porocephalus crotali
2586:pediculosis corporis
2253:classes by subphylum
2205:"Pentastomida"
1878:Invertebrate Zoology
1432:10.14411/fp.2001.013
1419:Folia Parasitologica
684:Porocephalus crotali
501:Nymphatelina gravida
448:phosphatised fossils
304:Karl Asmund Rudolphi
3574:Mollusca (molluscs)
3059:of the animal root
2476:Protura (coneheads)
2137:(3): 198–200, 191.
1903:Parasitic Crustacea
1726:2015CBio...25.1632S
1649:2022GFF...144...97P
1341:2008ArtSD..37..333M
993:: 188–206, 391–428.
909:Entozoorum Synopsis
346:) and water bears (
296:Josef Aloys Frölich
3787:Calcareous sponges
2972:Porifera (sponges)
2737:Linguatula serrata
2652:Dermatobia hominis
1413:J. Zrzavý (2001).
1132:Reighhardia sernae
1012:pp. 1–268 pp.
723:
709:
678:Armillifer grandis
662:Linguatula serrata
637:
632:Armillifer grandis
582:
308:Karl Moriz Diesing
276:respiratory tracts
272:obligate parasites
251:commonly known as
130:Linguatula serrata
4314:
4313:
4273:Open Tree of Life
4086:Taxon identifiers
4077:
4076:
4052:
4051:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3219:
3218:
3162:
3161:
3081:
3080:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
2791:
2790:
2773:
2772:
2713:
2712:
2517:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2491:Insecta (insects)
2341:
2340:
2179:978-3-540-62471-4
1957:978-1-4214-1198-9
1920:978-3-030-17383-8
1806:978-3-540-66819-0
1720:(12): 1632–1637.
1612:(11): 1664–1671.
1275:(1538): 537–544.
1180:Argulus foliaceus
874:Der Naturforscher
834:(1538): 537–544.
629:Extraction of an
626:
614:Human infestation
238:
237:
203:
16:(Redirected from
4344:
4307:
4306:
4294:
4293:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4245:
4244:
4232:
4231:
4219:
4218:
4206:
4205:
4193:
4192:
4180:
4179:
4167:
4166:
4154:
4153:
4141:
4140:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4081:
3758:
3714:
3614:
3590:
3566:
3535:
3531:
3458:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3286:
3264:
3257:
3228:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3140:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3087:
3064:
2999:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2864:
2844:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2724:
2569:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2394:
2352:
2303:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2036:
2030:
2029:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1873:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1832:(8): 2379–2388.
1817:
1811:
1810:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1462:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1301:. Archived from
1292:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1001:
995:
994:
982:
976:
975:
969:
964:
962:
954:
942:
936:
935:
919:
913:
912:
904:
898:
897:
889:
883:
882:
868:
862:
861:
851:
819:
627:
467:Bockelericambria
463:Aengapentastomum
312:Rudolph Leuckart
259:to a vertebrate
198:
146:
145:
122:
112:
49:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4302:
4297:
4289:
4284:
4276:
4271:
4263:
4261:
4253:
4248:
4240:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4214:
4209:
4201:
4196:
4188:
4183:
4175:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4149:
4144:
4136:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4048:
3974:Phylactolaemata
3762:
3752:
3751:
3737:
3728:Xenambulacraria
3704:
3660:
3637:
3603:
3585:Kryptotrochozoa
3579:
3557:
3527:
3514:
3505:Monoblastozoa (
3481:
3439:
3426:
3398:Micrognathozoa
3386:
3349:
3324:
3297:
3275:
3251:
3215:
3182:
3171:
3158:
3129:
3103:
3094:
3077:
3054:
3038:
3021:
2990:
2982:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2862:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2792:
2787:
2769:
2763:porocephaliasis
2709:
2697:Tunga penetrans
2682:
2637:
2612:
2558:
2548:
2518:
2513:
2495:
2462:
2383:
2337:
2314:
2292:
2254:
2247:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2039:
2037:
2033:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1921:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1863:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1714:Current Biology
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1618:10.1139/e94-149
1597:
1596:
1589:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1049:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1003:
1002:
998:
984:
983:
979:
965:
955:
951:P. denticulatum
947:Pent. taenoides
944:
943:
939:
921:
920:
916:
906:
905:
901:
891:
890:
886:
870:
869:
865:
821:
820:
816:
812:
750:porocephaliasis
618:
616:
569:
539:
526:Raillietiellida
509:
475:Heymonsicambria
471:Haffnericambria
450:from the Upper
444:
417:
415:Stem-arthropods
398:) – a group of
376:
331:
323:Richard Heymons
292:
197:
140:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4350:
4348:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4295:
4282:
4269:
4259:
4246:
4233:
4220:
4207:
4194:
4185:Fauna Europaea
4181:
4168:
4155:
4142:
4129:
4114:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3939:Platyhelminths
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3766:
3764:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3733:Centroneuralia
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3538:
3532:
3529:Lophotrochozoa
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3444:
3441:Platytrochozoa
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3403:
3400:(Limnognathia)
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3354:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3187:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3029:(Triploblasts)
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3010:and relatives)
3002:
2996:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:Mesomycetozoea
2934:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2873:Diaphoretickes
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2747:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2198:
2197:External links
2195:
2193:
2192:
2178:
2158:
2111:
2058:
2031:
2012:(3): 352–354.
1990:
1963:
1956:
1936:
1919:
1893:
1886:
1861:
1812:
1805:
1785:
1759:
1700:
1672:
1623:
1587:
1552:
1519:
1500:(2): 163–176.
1484:
1446:
1405:
1384:(1): 215–233.
1362:
1335:(4): 333–346.
1318:
1250:
1222:
1211:(4): 245–254.
1193:
1166:
1163:(11): 313–348.
1147:
1122:
1099:
1062:
1047:
1015:
996:
977:
968:|journal=
937:
914:
899:
884:
863:
813:
811:
808:
781:
780:
777:
766:porocephalosis
757:
754:porocephalosis
743:
736:linguatuliasis
615:
612:
568:
565:
538:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
516:Cephalobaenida
508:
507:Classification
505:
443:
440:
416:
413:
375:
372:
330:
327:
291:
288:
236:
235:
234:
233:
227:
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115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
48:Wuliuan–Recent
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4349:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4069:
4068:dubious phyla
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:Hemichordates
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Glass sponges
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3723:Deuterostomia
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:of Bilateria
3708:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3542:Cycliophora (
3540:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Panarthropoda
3278:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Stramenopiles
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2863:(major groups
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:linguatulosis
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2511:
2506:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Tantulocarida
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Mystacocarida
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2320:Euchelicerata
2317:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:Sambon, 1922"
2044:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1950:. JHU Press.
1949:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1887:0-03-056747-5
1883:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1774:. 21 May 2015
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1745:10044/1/23597
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:(2): 97–105.
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1474:on 2019-09-08
1470:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1425:(2): 81–103.
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1308:on 2015-09-23
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1247:(6): 685–691.
1246:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:(1): 63–119.
1079:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1048:9780120317257
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
988:
981:
978:
973:
960:
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
929:
925:
918:
915:
910:
903:
900:
895:
888:
885:
880:
876:
875:
867:
864:
859:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
815:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:
758:
755:
751:
747:
744:
741:
740:linguatulosis
737:
733:
732:
728:
727:
726:
720:
719:
713:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
688:
686:
685:
680:
679:
674:
670:
669:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
651:
646:
642:
634:
633:
613:
611:
609:
605:
604:
599:
593:
591:
587:
580:from a python
579:
578:
573:
566:
564:
562:
558:
553:
551:
550:
545:
536:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
521:Porocephalida
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
442:Fossil record
441:
439:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
414:
412:
410:
406:
405:Ichthyostraca
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
328:
326:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
231:
230:
228:
225:
221:
218:
217:
211:
206:
201:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:Ichthyostraca
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
127:Adult female
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4151:Pentastomida
4138:Pentastomida
4124:Pentastomida
4094:Pentastomida
4093:
4066:Potentially
4061:
4014:
3990:
3984:Gymnolaemata
3979:Stenolaemata
3968:Ectoproctans
3966:
3937:
3908:
3884:
3878:Pterobranchs
3865:
3841:
3817:
3793:
3769:
3763:within phyla
3761:Major groups
3631:
3618:Bryozoa s.l.
3609:Lophophorata
3597:
3573:
3551:
3543:
3506:
3495:Orthonectida
3470:
3417:
3410:
3399:
3318:
3311:
3240:
3198:Scalidophora
3147:
3135:Ambulacraria
3122:
3035:(see below↓)
3015:
3007:
2971:
2922:Opisthokonta
2761:
2755:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2728:Pentastomida
2727:
2701:
2695:
2664:
2650:
2629:
2604:
2584:
2555:ectoparasite
2509:
2417:
2397:
2389:Pancrustacea
2286:Superphylum
2209:
2183:. Retrieved
2168:
2161:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2077:
2071:
2061:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1979:(1): 59–64.
1976:
1972:
1966:
1946:
1939:
1902:
1896:
1877:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1799:. Springer.
1795:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1685:
1675:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1539:(3): 81–90.
1536:
1532:
1522:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1476:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1456:
1449:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1381:
1375:
1365:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1310:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1272:
1266:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1225:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1005:
999:
990:
986:
980:
959:cite journal
950:
946:
940:
931:
927:
923:
917:
908:
902:
893:
887:
878:
872:
866:
831:
827:
817:
795:
787:
784:Porocephalus
783:
782:
773:
769:
759:
746:Porocephalus
745:
729:
724:
716:
700:Python sebae
698:
694:
682:
676:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
640:
638:
630:
601:
594:
583:
575:
554:
547:
540:
531:Reighardiida
510:
500:
492:
482:
474:
470:
466:
462:
445:
433:
422:Euarthropoda
418:
404:
377:
332:
316:
293:
269:
256:
253:tongue worms
252:
242:Pentastomida
241:
239:
232:Pentastomata
213:
195:Pentastomida
194:
128:
42:Pentastomida
36:
32:Pentatomidae
4211:iNaturalist
4118:Wikispecies
4042:Tusk shells
4027:Cephalopods
3998:Polychaetes
3945:Turbellaria
3926:Crustaceans
3902:Secernentea
3892:Chromadorea
3873:Acorn worms
3843:Echinoderms
3835:Vertebrates
3777:Demosponges
3711:is disputed
3173:Protostomia
3061:is disputed
2988:ParaHoxozoa
2606:phthiriasis
2347:Mandibulata
2298:Chelicerata
2282:Protostomia
2280:(unranked)
2274:(unranked)
2268:Subkingdom
2080:(2): e320.
1008:. Leipzig:
537:Description
380:crustaceans
374:Crustaceans
344:Onychophora
336:Eriophyidae
280:vertebrates
265:crustaceans
18:Tongue worm
4321:Categories
4022:Gastropods
4003:Clitellata
3910:Arthropods
3849:Sea lilies
3795:Cnidarians
3713:; see also
3643:Brachiozoa
3406:Syndermata
3365:Gnathifera
3063:; see also
3008:Trichoplax
3006:Placozoa (
2993:Planulozoa
2601:Crab louse
2591:Head louse
2581:Body louse
2551:Arthropods
2251:Arthropoda
1687:BBC Online
1478:2009-12-20
1312:2009-12-20
1190:(4): 1–72.
1144:: 169–178.
1119:: 117–118.
1033:: 45–128.
924:Pentastoma
881:: 101–162.
810:References
796:Linguatula
788:Armillifer
761:Armillifer
731:Linguatula
718:Armillifer
656:Armillifer
650:Linguatula
645:dermatitis
608:oesophagus
586:gonochoric
549:Linguatula
487:, is from
459:Ordovician
435:Facivermis
430:priapulids
400:maxillopod
356:arthropods
348:Tardigrada
329:Affinities
284:appendages
257:Linguatula
249:arthropods
191:Subclass:
175:Arthropoda
4008:Sipuncula
3955:Monogenea
3950:Trematoda
3921:Myriapods
3886:Nematodes
3830:Tunicates
3825:Lancelets
3819:Chordates
3811:Myxozoans
3718:Nephrozoa
3707:phylogeny
3507:Salinella
3462:Rouphozoa
3303:Tactopoda
3232:Nematoida
3184:Ecdysozoa
3105:Bilateria
3092:Bilateria
3073:Benthozoa
3068:Eumetazoa
3057:phylogeny
3027:Bilateria
2917:Amoebozoa
2895:Alveolata
2883:Cryptista
2858:Eukaryota
2719:Crustacea
2703:tungiasis
2631:cimicosis
2618:Hemiptera
2458:Remipedia
2399:Crustacea
2374:Pauropoda
2356:Myriapoda
2288:Ecdysozoa
2276:Bilateria
2270:Eumetazoa
1772:Yale News
1667:249028918
643:inducing
561:haemocoel
544:chitinous
479:Conodonts
426:nematodes
396:Argulidae
368:Ecdysozoa
340:Myriapoda
246:parasitic
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
4229:11905228
4103:Wikidata
4032:Bivalves
4016:Molluscs
3992:Annelids
3351:Spiralia
2958:Animalia
2912:Amorphea
2890:Rhizaria
2878:Hacrobia
2868:Excavata
2853:Bacteria
2673:Mosquito
2468:Hexapoda
2438:Copepoda
2369:Symphyla
2264:Animalia
2262:Kingdom
2185:19 April
2106:19238218
1856:35689112
1754:26004764
1582:86957051
1568:: 1–37.
1533:Biotemas
1514:84859920
1441:11437135
1400:22977117
1357:18394959
1299:15129965
858:15129965
497:ostracod
493:Invavita
489:Silurian
484:Invavita
452:Cambrian
388:copepods
364:moulting
352:annelids
290:Taxonomy
224:Synonyms
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
4164:2630868
4109:Q222975
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3960:Cestoda
3897:Enoplea
3771:Sponges
3544:Symbion
3487:Mesozoa
2927:Animals
2848:Archaea
2824:Extant
2666:myiasis
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2564:Insecta
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