217:(CCP), categorizing a person as a comrade is especially significant for a person who has been denounced or demoted, because it indicates that the party has not completely rejected the person as "one of its own". In Taiwan, the term also remains in formal usage in
267:(PLA) as one of three appropriate ways to formally address another member of the military ("comrade" plus rank or position, as in "Comrade Colonel", or simply "comrade" when lacking information about the person's rank, or talking to several people.)
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had banned its members from addressing one another as "boss", "buddy", or "bro". The committee reasoned that these terms are known to be used in private enterprises or mafia circles, and thus are "influences of
186:" in a communist sense: it was used to address almost everyone, male and female, young and old. In recent years, however, this meaning of the term has fallen out of common usage, except within
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According to regulations, members of the PLA address each other: (1) by their duty position, or (2) by their position plus surname, or (3) by their position plus the title "comrade" (
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in 1989, whose aim was to present same-sex relationships as positive and suggesting solidarity between LGBT people, while also providing an indigenous term to describe same-sex love.
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While tóngxìnglìan may be perceived as a clinical term with pathological connotations, tóng zhì presents a more colloquial and euphemistic way of communicating the same meaning.
635:
765:("Rules for speaking for attending comrades at the 2nd plenary meeting of the 17th central committee of the Chinese Kuomintang"): example of usage in KMT discourse
596:). When the duty position of the other person is not known, one service member may address the other by military rank plus the word "comrade" or only as comrade.
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In
October 2014, the CCP reiterated the necessity of its members using "comrade" to refer to one another. Earlier in May, the party's disciplinary committee in
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used in China that taken on different meanings in the 20th century depending on context. It was first introduced into vernacular
Chinese by
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Luchkina, Tatiana (2015). "Social deixis in motion: The case of 'COMRADE' in
Russian and Mandarin Chinese". In Terkourafi, Marina (ed.).
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326:), the formal word for homosexuality, as the latter is seen as overly clinical and pathological in its connotations. The use of
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363:) people, in recent years its scope has gradually expanded to cover a wider spectrum of identities, analogous to "
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roughly parallels the use of "gay" over "homosexual" in
English-language discourse.
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685:. AILA Applied Linguistics Series. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 14.
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The
Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century
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as a way of describing his followers. Following the establishment of the
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In contemporary Taiwan, Macau, and Hong Kong, the term mainly refers to
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It remains in use in a formal context among political parties in both
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Since the 1990s, the term is increasingly being used to refer to
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Yuzhi Chen. 2012. Tongzhi in China: A social marker or not?
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Tongzhi: politics of same-sex eroticism in
Chinese societies
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said: "many comrades hoped that I could stay till May 25" (
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is a fluid term that can refer to any person who is not
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456:. Malden, MA: Wiley–Blackwell. pp. 560–561.
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337:Although the term initially referred to gay (
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735:(University of Pennsylvania) 27.2: 97–109.
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733:Working Papers in Educational Linguistics
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371:can be translated literally as "Taiwan
299:Hong Kong Lesbian and Gay Film Festival
297:, and was popularized by the inaugural
608:Lixian, Holly Hou (30 November 2001).
55:'same will', 'same purpose', 'comrade'
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375:parade". According to Chou Wah-shan,
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398:Taiwan Tongzhi Hotline Association
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634:Wong, Andrew D. (November 2005).
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221:. For example, after losing the
761:中國國民黨第17屆中央委員會第2次全體會議出、列席同志發言須知
544:Luo, Chris (18 November 2014).
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454:Globalization and Gay Language
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498:(in Chinese). Archived from
413:LGBT topics and Confucianism
580:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
418:Tovarishch (disambiguation)
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737:Web access to this article
572:Blasco, Dennis J. (2011).
223:2008 presidential election
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16:Chinese word for 'comrade'
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188:Chinese Communist Party
452:Leap, William (2013).
393:Homosexuality in China
717:. London: Routledge.
304:In LGBT communities,
482:26 July 2011 at the
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533:. 19 November 2014.
502:on 24 November 2016
477:凝聚黨內團結 謝長廷：我決定留到五二五
271:LGBTQ community use
308:is preferred over
240:Guangdong province
182:was used to mean "
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784:LGBTQ terminology
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692:978-9-027-20532-2
587:978-0-415-78322-4
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232:很多同志希望我能夠留到五月二十五日
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440:Chou (2011)
227:Frank Hsieh
172:Sun Yat-sen
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614:Solidarity
424:References
356:, 'female
125:Wade–Giles
668:145325619
660:1469-8013
285:Hong Kong
259:The word
117:torng jyh
557:4 August
480:Archived
387:See also
343:, 'male
91:Bopomofo
594:tongzhi
377:tongzhi
373:tongzhi
358:tongzhi
345:tongzhi
328:tongzhi
306:Tongzhi
261:comrade
184:comrade
180:tongzhi
178:(PRC),
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145:tóngjhì
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365:LGBTQ+
211:Taiwan
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664:S2CID
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330:over
281:Macau
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195:LGBT
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530:BBC
353:女同志
340:男同志
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