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eventually move over to dominant tribes. In
Zimbabwe not only do they speak dominant languages such as Shona and Ndebele but a great population have taken on either Shona or Ndebele surnames. There are families in places such as Binga, Zimbabwe where half the siblings could carry Tonga surnames and another Ndebele surnames. In the national population register the ones with Ndebele surnames will be counted among the Ndebeles. Beside the Tsonga speaking in South Africa, they are also a population of that speaks predominantly Zulu, however among the Zulu tribe it is well known that there is a great population of the Tonga people among them. In Mpumalanga, Enkomazi, there is a place called Tonga, while the population of the area is called Swati, the name is a testimony to the once existence of the Tonga people in the area.
38:
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ecological risk that affects the southern
African farmers and directly impacts the Tonga people's access to food. The worst drought in the past decade happened between 1994 and 1995 in Lusitu. This drought caused no harvest for the people in Lusitu. Economic factors have influenced relationships within and outside of Tonga people community. The economic factors in the region include; the collapse of the copper industry, and the
201:
address scarcity in both physical and economic environments in Gwembe Valley. The copper industry failed in Zambia in the 1970s and there is a lack of maintenance of national and local infrastructure, creating equally harsh conditions of economic strife. Extended family networks and kinship play a large role in how scarcity is confronted, exemplified by the four coping strategies.
200:
Via the Gwembe Tonga
Research Project, the Gwembe people’s adaptations to their environment have been observed through many changing environmental conditions. As environmental conditions become harsher, there are four strategies in which the Gwembe people cope with scarcity. These coping strategies
170:
is the largest artificial reservoir in the world. A majority of the population moved up stream. However, last minute engineering forced 6000 people to relocate to Lusitu, a small village downstream from the dam. Lusitu is known as the most ecological disturbed region.The drought cycle is a common
266:
and
English. In Zambia, the Tonga also speak Nyanja and English, in Mozambique they also speak Portuguese as second languages. One of the most difficult task is to quantify the actual population of the Tonga people. Because of their peaceful approach, they easily assimilate to other tribes and
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and other medications. The negative effect on education in these rural areas that are remote makes it challenging to find teachers to accept and keep positions. The Tonga people in Lusitu and surrounding areas have become dependent on agriculture production and
234:
Gwembe families will not repair their homestead granaries to maintain the appearance to outsiders of a lack of grain, while they still have it. Families will also start eating indoors. Both strategies are to prevent neighbors from pleading for grain.
225:
Gwembe people decrease their domestic group size to be more mobile and to feed fewer people. Being more mobile allows for bettered ability to find food sources, through the environment or asking extended family members not encountering scarcity.
175:. The structural adjustment program for these rural communities cut government funding limiting infrastructure even more. The consequences of the structural adjustment program means clinics do not have access to
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Humans are capable of eating less and less food, both in volume and nutritional value, and surviving. A way that Gwembe people change behavior in response to food scarcity is through malnutrition.
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in parts of those countries and is spoken by members of other ethnic groups as well as the Tonga. (The
Malawian Tonga language is classified in a different zone of the Bantu languages.)
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135:(at the time called the "Matabele") as very peaceful. Early British explorers also regarded them as "wholesome" and "entirely peaceful" on "both sides of the Zambezi."
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the Kariba area, and other parts of
Matabeleland. They number up to 300,000 and are mostly subsistence farmers. ln Zimbabwe the language of the Tonga people is called
377:. Human problems of Kariba, No. 4. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press on behalf of the Institute for African Studies, University of Zambia.
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539:
382:
725:
477:
Cliggett, Lisa (2001). "Carrying
Capacity's New Guise: Folk Models for Public Debate and Longitudinal Study of Environmental Change".
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ethnic group of southern Zambia and neighbouring northern
Zimbabwe, and to a lesser extent, in Mozambique. They are related to the
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When preferred foods become scarce or disappear, Gwembe people turn to “famine foods” that include tamarind seeds mixed with ash.
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The advent of digital media, which incorporates social media, it has increased the visibility of the indigenous people.
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162:, Lisa Cligget focuses on the relationship between the Tonga people and the environment. The construction of the
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to explain general social processes and the human-environment interactions of the Tonga people. In the article
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Carrying
Capacity's New Guise: Folk Models for Public Debate and Longitudinal Study of Environmental Change
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The social consequences of resettlement: The impact of the Kariba resettlement upon the Gwembe Tonga
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is spoken by about 1.38 million people in Zambia and 137,000 in
Zimbabwe; it is an important
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caused 57,000 Tonga people on both sides of the Zambian lake due to constant flooding.
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Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International
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Matabele Rebellion, 1896: With the Belingwe Field Force by Laing D. Tyrie · 1901
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The Tonga People were settled along Lake Kariba after the construction of the
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The BaTonga people of Zimbabwe are found in and around the Binga District,
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409:"The Tonga People of Northern Zimbabwe: An Encounter with Digital Media"
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Gift, Gwindingwe; Last, Alfandika; Deity, Chateuka Nyasha (2018-10-02).
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Gwembe Tonga Research project a 50-year study took place in southern
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A BaTonga crafter working on a decorative wall basket in
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Human-Environmental Interactions of the Tonga of Zambia
73:. They differ culturally and linguistically from the
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34:Ethnic group of Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique
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196:Gwembe people's coping strategies to scarcity
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69:. In southern Zambia they are patrons of the
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506:"Ethnologue report for language code: toi"
941:Tonga ethnic group (Zambia and Zimbabwe)
65:people in the same area, but not to the
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131:, BaTonga people were regarded by the
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504:Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005).
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51:Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe
18:Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe
123:In the 1800s, during the reign of
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334:Choma Museum and Crafts Project
271:Notable Tonga People of Zambia
53:(also called 'Batonga') are a
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425:10.1080/23743670.2018.1533487
173:structural adjustment program
230:Limit sharing with outsiders
221:Decrease domestic-group size
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413:African Journalism Studies
373:Colson, Elizabeth (1971).
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749:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe
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493:– via Researchgate.
104:wall. They stretch from
81:and southern Mozambique.
295:Andrew Sikajaya Muntanga
245:Tonga language of Zambia
213:Alternative food sources
556:Ethnic groups in Zambia
491:10.2979/AFT.2001.48.1.2
258:, the Tonga also speak
310:Hon. Cornelius Mweetwa
67:Tonga people of Malawi
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29:Tonga (disambiguation)
317:Ng'andu Peter Magande
85:The Tonga of Zimbabwe
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783:Coloured Zimbabweans
61:who are part of the
27:For other uses, see
298:Hon. Mulambo Haimbe
301:Hon. Jacob Mwiimbu
277:Hakainde Hichilema
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384:978-0-7190-1033-0
192:family networks.
156:carrying capacity
16:(Redirected from
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777:Xhosa people
773:Fengu people
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513:. Retrieved
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479:Africa Today
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357:. Retrieved
355:. 2019-11-19
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289:James Ndambo
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205:Malnutrition
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148:Longitudinal
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122:
99:
94:
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79:South Africa
58:
50:
48:
910:Mozambicans
627:Lukanga Twa
306:Gary Nkombo
185:antibiotics
181:chloroquine
168:Lake Kariba
110:Kariba town
935:Categories
874:Portuguese
859:Afrikaners
756:Indigenous
515:2006-05-08
359:2024-05-07
340:References
164:Kariba Dam
102:Kariba Dam
915:Malawians
895:Congolese
592:Kafwe Twa
433:2374-3670
313:Hantobolo
239:Languages
129:Lobengula
125:Mzilikazi
95:tchitonga
71:Kafue Twa
920:Zambians
869:Italians
818:Tokaleya
813:Ndwandwe
692:Tokaleya
657:Ndwandwe
485:: 2–19.
328:See also
256:Zimbabwe
112:, Mola,
106:Chirundu
63:Tokaleya
43:Zimbabwe
900:Indians
890:Chinese
798:Manyika
788:Kalanga
702:Tumbuka
264:Ndebele
190:kinship
177:aspirin
133:Ndebele
883:Others
864:Greeks
833:Vadoma
828:Tsonga
803:Nambya
687:Subiya
672:Nsenga
652:Mwanga
647:Mbunda
642:Mambwe
617:Lovale
612:Lambya
582:Chokwe
431:
381:
152:Zambia
59:Batoka
849:White
842:White
823:Tonga
793:Lemba
763:Shona
707:Yombe
697:Tonga
682:Senga
677:Nyiha
667:Nkoya
662:Ngoni
637:Lungu
632:Lunda
607:Lamba
602:Kunda
577:Chewa
572:Bwile
567:Bemba
304:Hon.
260:Shona
154:uses
114:Binga
55:Bantu
808:Ndau
622:Lozi
429:ISSN
379:ISBN
243:The
146:The
127:and
49:The
487:doi
421:doi
254:In
116:to
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