Tongariro Power Scheme - Knowledge (XXG)

822:) would work with Ngāti Tūwharetoa to identify and protect sites on Lake Rotoaira and the Tongariro. Site surveys and excavations were carried out from 1966 to 1971 during the project's construction phase by Trevor Hosking an archaeologist contracted by the Trust to work with the Ministry of Works. Hosking recorded 187 sites, many of them post-European contact. They included settlements, defensive sites and burial sites, some of which were excavated. A small settlement, dating from around the 1840s, was found at Opōtaka at the northern end of Lake Rotoaira and partial excavation of the site revealed several houses and a collection of traditional and European artefacts. In 2022 the local hapū received funding to restore the site. The site on State Highway 47 can be visited. After discussions with Ngāti Tūwharetoa Hosking excavated the Te Waiariki burial site which was in the path of the Tokaanu tailrace tunnel; the site was of great significance to the iwi. He found 55 burials including the remains of two missionaries Te Manihera and Kereopa who had been killed at Tokaanu in 1847. All the remains were reburied and the missionaries interred at St Pauls Church in Tokaanu. A site known as McDonnell's Redoubt was located near the Poutu Canal; built by 790:

science, recognition of their rights of ownership of tūpuna awa and for restoration of cultural and spiritual values lost in the diversion of the river flows. In 2004 the Court reduced the resource consent to 10 years taking on board cultural considerations under the Resource Management Act 1991. Genesis objected to the 10 year period taking the case to the High Court which in 2006 found that the shorter period was weighted in the iwi's favour and requested the Environment Court to reconsider the term. The iwi appealed the High Court decision. In 2009 the High Court found that the Environment Court could not reduce the consent to 10 years and required the two parties to find a solution. In 2010 Genesis and Ngāti Rangi formed a partnership to find ways to restore water flows in the rivers. Genesis's resource consent expires in 2039.

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lake for electricity generation". As a result of construction work on access roads and near spawning streams on the Western Diversion the decline of fish stocks in the Lake was being reported in the late 1960s. During the construction phase the Ministry of Works wanted greater control over, and ownership of, the lake. The iwi would not concede ownership and in a 1972 agreement the Crown was allowed control over the water for electricity generation but discharged from any compensation claims caused by environmental damage or adverse effects on the fishing. In 1991 the Trust lodged a claim, Wai 178, with the

778:, to consult with the Trust to implement a management plan to achieve an increase in the numbers of trout and kōaro. In 2013 the Waitangi Tribunal found that the Crown had not recompensed the iwi for the damage to the Lake and for its use to generate electricity. A 2015 Tribunal report acknowledged the harm that the Scheme had done not just to the Lake but to Ngāti Tūwharetoa's economic, social, cultural and spiritual well-being which included reduction in income from fishing licences. The Wai 178 claim was finally settled in the Ngāti Tūwharetoa Claims Settlement Act 2018. 563:. Water flows into the powerhouse through a vertical penstock 180 metres (590 ft) long which splits into two horizontal penstocks 150 metres (490 ft) long. The powerhouse cavern is 55 metres (180 ft) long, 18 metres (59 ft) wide and 36 metres (118 ft) high, and is reached via a 650-metre-long (2,130 ft) access tunnel. The power station has two hydro turbine generator sets, each rated at 60 MW, giving the station a total capacity of 120 MW. The tailrace tunnel, which flows into the Tongariro River, is 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) long. 300:. A dam could be built on the Poutu River feeding into Lake Rotoaira and the amount of power generated could be increased by adding water from Tongariro or Ngauruhoe. While he identified the generation potential of the Whangaehu River, Hay noted that it was polluted by volcanic acids and chemicals making it unsuitable. Between the 1920s and 1950s a number of investigations on the potential of the volcanic plateau were undertaken by engineers, mostly in the Public Works Department. In 1955 the British consulting engineering company 463: 3081: 840: 33: 868: 412: 854: 481:

The Moawhango tunnel was built by the Italian construction company Codelfa-Cogefar using experienced Italian tunnellers. It was begun in 1969 but due to difficult tunnelling conditions, which included faultlines, rock falls and incoming water, it took 10 years to complete. In 1980 the tunnel held the

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and trout fishing licences, which are managed by the Lake Rotoaira Trust, are an important source of revenue. Ownership of the lake was vested in the Trust in 1956 with the trustees representing the hapu of Ngāti Tūwharetoa. One of the Trust's roles was "to negotiate with the Crown on the use of the

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were taken into the scheme. Changes in river flows can cause silt build-up, changes in water velocity, temperature and water purity which in turn affects trout spawning and fishing, and the habitats of native species such as eels. This gave rise to conflicts between environmental and cultural issues

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to the Poutū Dam. The dam, which is 13 metres (43 ft) high and 150 metres (490 ft) wide, has two functions: it controls the water flowing into Lake Rotoaira via the Rotoaira Channel and controls outflow from the lake into the Poutu Stream. Before the scheme the Poutu Stream was the natural

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After taking on more water from the Tongariro River (which now includes water from the eastern slopes of Ngauruhoe and Tongariro), the water is diverted through the 2.8-kilometre (1.7 mi) long concrete-lined Poutū Tunnel into the 5.6-kilometre (3.5 mi) long concrete-lined Poutū Canal which

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who called for research into the long-term environmental effects of the scheme. Once the Western Diversion had been commissioned in 1971 opposition continued from the New Zealand Canoeing Association who called for higher flow in the Whanganui River and the National Water Conservation Organisation

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The Planning Tribunal/Environment Court and High Court hearings in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a process of including Māori perspectives and values and consultation on the use of rivers. Genesis Energy signed an agreement with Ngāti Tūwharetoa to mitigate the effects of the scheme creating

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Water from the Whanganui River is diverted via a short tunnel into the Te Whaiau Stream, which joins the water from the Whakapapa and other intakes, all flowing into the Te Whaiau dam. Both tunnels, begun in 1967, were constructed by the Italian construction company Codelfa-Cogefa which specialised

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which allowed water to be taken from five catchments without giving notice or gaining consents and approved the scheme in 1964. Gibb and Partners conducted further field studies and more detailed design which culminated in their report in 1962 which recommended the construction of a power scheme in

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In 2001 Genesis was granted resource consents to continue diverting water from the Whanganui, Whangaehu and Moawhango rivers for 35 years but the iwi appealed to the Environment Court on the grounds that 35 years was too long. Ngāti Rangi requested that their values be considered alongside western

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asking that the agreement be renegotiated and that the Trust be paid for the use of the lake. Little study had been done on the effect of the scheme on the Lake's fisheries before the scheme but by 1997, when the resource consent came up for renewal, the iwi and the Trust were concerned that trout

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The Tongariro Power Scheme was conceived and commissioned at a time when Māori values were either not considered or dismissed. The Ministry of Works met with Ngāti Tūwharetoa in 1955 to discuss land rights and fishing but the other iwi with interests in the diversion of the Whanganui River and its

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Water from the Moawhango Tunnel and the Waihohonu Stream flows into the Rangipo Dam which is built on the Tongariro River. To the west of Rangipō, originating on the slopes of Mt Ngauruhoe, the Waihohonu Stream flows into a concrete gravity dam (intake structure) 15 metres (49 ft) high and 32

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Some permanent flows have been reinstated in several waterways namely the Tokiāhuru, Wahianoa, Mākahikatoa and Tomowai streams. Monitoring the health of the Whangaehu catchment area has been part of the partnership between the iwi and Genesis. The following rivers have been monitored for clarity,

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In 2017 the Crown and Ngāti Rangi reached an agreement in principle to settle historical Treaty of Waitangi claims followed by a settlement deed in 2018 which included arrangements for the governance of the Whangaehu River and protection of the river's catchment. The 2019 legislation created the

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As far back as 1955 concerns were raised about the effects of the scheme on trout fisheries in the Tongariro River, in particular maintaining water flow for trout spawning, the effect on the feeding grounds in Lake Taupo and Lake Rotoaira, the access to fishing pools on the river, the removal of

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The Rangipō Dam is a concrete gravity dam 23 metres (75 ft) high and 150 metres (490 ft) long. It contains 5700 tonnes of reinforcing steel and 81,000 cubic metres of concrete. The lake behind the Rangipō Dam acts as a head pond to the Rangipō Power Station. Water from the lake is then

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The final project differed from Gibb's design: only one dam was built at Moawhango, the Kaimanawa station was not built, and an additional power station was built at Mangaio. The four stage project commenced in 1964 and was completed in 1983: the Western Diversion from 1964 to 1971, the Tokaanu

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include the river beds, catchment areas, the habitats, fish and other biodiversity. Ngati Rangi maintain that the flow of water from the mountains to the sea must not be broken. It is also an offence to Māori to mix waters from different tribal areas, or catchments. The rivers and springs were

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Depending on your sensibilities, the scheme can be viewed as either a bold and ingenious feat of engineering, or alternatively as a high-handed grab of the headwaters of almost every river on the volcanic plateau. The truth, in my opinion, is that it is both - technically brilliant and morally

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and would have had to pass through the river to migrate to the sea. Ngati Rangi also bathed in the Whangaehu for its healing properties. Fishing also took place on the Moawhango River where the dam is now and the river was a key waterway used for east-west travel and trade with east coast iwi

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Water stored in Lake Rotoaira from both the Eastern and Western Diversions goes from the northern end of Lake Rotoaira into the 6.1-kilometre (3.8 mi) Tokaanu Tunnel to the Tokaanu Power Station. The tunnel was constructed by Downer and Associates between 1968 and 1973 and was beset with

478:. It is New Zealand's highest gravity arch dam in both altitude and physical height.Filled in 1979 it is 325 metres (1,066 ft) long and 68 metres (223 ft) high. Water from Lake Moawhango is then diverted into the 19.2-kilometre (11.9 mi) Moawhango Tunnel to the Rangipō Dam. 443:. Intake structures on the streams feed the water into the 8.4-kilometre (5.2 mi) long underground Wāhianoa Aqueduct. The aqueduct heads eastward, passing under the actual Whangaehu River, but not taking any water from it due to the fact it drains Mount Ruapehu's 730:

on the Whanganui River stated that water should not be taken when rivers belong to all New Zealanders and that by interrupting and reducing the flow of water there would be pollution and loss of trout fishing. He was supported by zoologist

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Plans to realise the potential of electricity generation in the central North Island volcanic plateau date back to the early years of the 20th century. A Californian engineer, L.M. Hancock, visited New Zealand in 1903 and, with engineer

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and the project engineers were Warren Gibson and Bert Dekker. The New Zealand Electricity Department (NZED) operated the generation and transmission of electricity. NZED became part of the Ministry of Energy before becoming part of the

253:. The water diverted from these rivers is sent through canals and tunnels to generate electricity at three hydro power stations, Rangipo (120 MW), Tokaanu (240 MW) and Mangaio (2 MW). The water is then discharged into 507:

metres (105 ft) long. It was constructed in 1984. Water from the dam is then diverted via the 960-metre (3,150 ft) Waihohonu Tunnel to the Rangipō Dam. This tunnel was built by the Ministry of Works and completed in 1981.

376:; intake structures collect water from the Õkupata, Taurewa, Tāwhitikuri, and Mangatepōpō streams along the way. The Te Whaiau dam is an earth-fill dam 13.7 metres (45 ft) high and 54.8 metres (180 ft) metres long. 582:

Tokaanu Power Station is located on the Rotoaira Diversion of the scheme on the northern slopes of Mount Tihia. It was commissioned in 1973. Water from Lake Rotoaira is taken through the Tokaanu Tunnel into four penstocks.

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In 2012 Genesis partnered with local iwi Ngāti Hikairo on an eel restoration programme which enabled eels to maintain the migratory patterns necessary for their life cycle. Since 2011 Genesis has also partnered with the

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The power station has four hydro turbine generator sets, each rated at 60 MW, giving the station a total capacity of 240 MW. Tokaanu houses the control room for the entire Tongariro Power Scheme.

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Mouri tu, mouri ora: water for wisdom and life: Ngāti Rangi, the Tongariro Power Scheme and the Resource Management Act 1991: reconciling indigenous spiritual wellbeing, corporate profit, and the national

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Ngāti Rangi had been opposed to the use of water from rivers and streams in the Eastern Diversion since the 1970s. Diverting water into the project caused waterways to dry up and the loss of wildlife.

355:(ECNZ) in 1987. The government transferred all generation and transmission to ECNZ in 1990. In 1999 with the reform of the energy sector and break-up of ECNZ the Tongariro scheme was transferred to 2681: 2676: 372:

The Western Diversion was the first part of the Scheme to be constructed between 1964 and 1971. It starts at the Whakapapa River, taking water into a 16.5-kilometre (10.3 mi) long tunnel to

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The scheme generates approximately 1350 GWh of electricity annually, and contributes 4 percent of New Zealand's electricity generation. It is currently operated by electricity generation company

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dropping 180 metres (590 ft) to the Tokaanu Power Station. After passing through the station, the water is discharged into the 3.8-kilometre (2.4 mi) Tokaanu Tailrace Canal.

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and are accorded ancestral heritage. The well-being of people cannot be separated from the well-being of the natural world as the spiritual and physical worlds are inter-connected.

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After passing through Rangipō Power Station, the water flows through the 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) Rangipō Tailrace Tunnel to the Poutū Intake at Beggs Pool on the Tongariro River.

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outlet for Lake Rotoaira but once the scheme was operational the Tokaanu Tunnel became the lake's principal outlet. The lake level was raised about 50 centimetres (20 in). In

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Rangipo Power Scheme: audit of environmental impact report prepared by Power Division of Ministry of Works and Development Division of the New Zealand Electricity Department

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diversion into Lake Rotoaira; this was followed in the early 1960s by concerns about the effects on the Whanganui River and the Whanganui harbour. In 1964 the

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Rangipō Power Station is located on the Eastern Diversion. The station was commissioned in 1983, and was built 63 metres (207 ft) underground beneath the

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was constructed by the Ministry of Works and Development The Canal, which is on average 4.3 metres (14 ft) deep, travels under State Highway 1 and under

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the Ngāti Tūwharetoa Genesis Energy Committee which distributes funds for educational, cultural and environmental purposes. Genesis continues to meet with

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sediment from the river and the effect of the Rangipō power station on trout. The Environmental Impact Report on the Rangipō project was submitted to the

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project (Rotoaira Diversion) from 1966 to 1973, the Eastern Diversion from 1969 to 1979, and the Rangipo project (Tongariro Diversion) from 1974 to 1983.

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was contracted to conduct preliminary investigations; they produced a preliminary report in 1957. The government authorised the scheme in 1958 through an

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requesting that desirable minimum flows be fixed. In 1987 water flowing from the Whakapapa Intake back into the river was about 5% of the normal flow.

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it was later occupied by Colonel McDonnell. It was reconstructed but due to instability and high maintenance it was returned to a mound in 1977.

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The Rangipo project – diversion of water from the tributaries west of the Tongariro River to a dam on the river, and a power station at Rangipo

2559:"Geology of Torlesse and Waipapa Terrane Basement Rocks Encountered during the Tongariro Power Development Project, North Island, New Zealand" 1688: 1655: 1118: 883: 2599: 2252: 515:. The headrace tunnel, completed in 1980, and the access tunnel to the power station, completed in 1976, were both built by Codelfa-Cogefa. 271:

From its inception to the current day tensions have existed between the need to generate electricity and cultural and environmental issues.

2729: 2115: 1351:'Dammed by diversion' : the Tongariro Power Development Project and the clash between conservation and development, 1955-1983 387:

From Lake Ōtamangākau, water from the Western Diversion is diverted into the 7-kilometre (4.3 mi) Wairehu Canal, which travels under

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where it adds to the water storage in the lake and enables additional electricity generation in the succession of power stations down the

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Three power stations exist on the scheme, Rangipō, Tokaanu and Mangaio. The power stations are managed from a control room at Tokaanu.

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spawning stream, was preserved by diverting it through an aqueduct under the road surface. The Tokaanu tailrace canal discharges into

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world record for being a hydro tunnel constructed from two headings. The tunnel was commissioned in December 1979 on the feast of

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difficulties caused by water inflow and thermal activity. The tunnel passes under State Highway 47 and through the saddle between

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The Western Diversions – diversions of the Whanganui River and other streams on the western side of Mt Ruapehu into Lake Rotoaira

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and into Lake Rotoaira, joining water from the Eastern Diversion. Lake Rotoaira is kept at a raised level by the Poutu Dam.

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The power station was constructed in 2007–2008 and commissioned in 2008. It has a generating capacity of almost 2 MW.

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and Mangaio Stream. The dam, designed by Gibb and Partners, was the last major project in New Zealand to be designed in

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Tongariro Power Development: constructed by the Ministry of Works and Development for the New Zealand Electricity Dept

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Tongariro power development: constructed by the Ministry of Works and Development for the New Zealand Electricity Dept

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taken into the 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) Rangipō Headrace Tunnel to Rangipō Power Station, 63 metres (207 ft)

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The Tongariro project – construction of the Kaimanawa power station on the Tongariro River upstream of Begg's Pool

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and the need to generate electricity. Desmond Bovey's book on the Tongariro National Park put it this way:

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travels over the top of the bridge. As part of the overall development, the Tokaanu Stream, an important

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recovery programme which involves trapping predators on the Whakapapa, Wanganui and Mangatepopo rivers.

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Archaeological investigations in the vicinity of Lake Rotoaira and the lower Tongariro River, 1966–1971

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Simcock, David (2020). "Italian Tunnellers are Prepared for Any Sacrifice – Except Food and Wine".

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raised concerns that reduction of the flow of water in the river would affect the operation of the

2469: 986: 845: 155: 1869: 670: 649: 2812: 2600:"Engineering Geology and Construction, Western Diversions Tunnels, Tongariro Power Development" 559:, to minimise visual impact. It was the second underground hydro station in New Zealand, after 316:

The Tokaanu project – construction of the Tokaanu power station taking water from Lake Rotoaira

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Rangipo dam, outfalls of Waihohonu tunnel (foreground) and Moawhango Tunnel (background), 2022

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To Go or to Stay: A Study of Decision-Making by Italian Workers and their Families in Turangi

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Re-constructing earthwork fortifications: an example from the Western Ureweras, New Zealand

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rivers. These rivers drain a 2,600-square-kilometre (1,000 sq mi) area including

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The canal passes under the Tokaanu Tailrace Bridge, a combined road bridge and aqueduct.

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The rape of the Wanganui River: one of New Zealand's most misguided engineering projects

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When the project was approved in 1965 it was agreed that the Historic Places Trust (now

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framework called Te Waiū-o-Te-Ika which recognises the intrinsic connection between the

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People, politics and power stations: electric power generation in New Zealand 1880–1998

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via the Mangaio Stream. Construction of the aqueduct and tunnel was completed in 1975.

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Opus works: a short history of the New Zealand Government's infrastructure development

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stocks were declining. It was found that the scheme had caused a decline of trout and

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in tunnelling. Water from Lake Te Whaiau flows into the Ōtamangākau Canal which feeds

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stretching from the Whanganui River to the Whangaehu River and the Moawhango River),

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The Moawhango project – diversion of streams on the south side of Mt Ruapehu and the

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Tokaanu Power Station connects to the two single-circuit 220 kV Bunnythorpe to

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Designers and builders of dams: Power Division – Ministry of Works: a short history

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Ngāti Tūwharetoa and the Crown: agreement in principle to settle historical claims

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line (BPE-WRK-A) via a short 220 kV twin-circuit deviation line (RPO-DEV-A).

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identified a number of potential sites around the central plateau. These included

1163:"Ngati Rangi Trust v Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council. Decision No. A 067/2004" 2882: 2616:

Reid, H.E.; Brierley, G.J.; Mcfarlane, K.; Coleman, S.E.; Trowsdale, S. (2013).

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Poutu Canal flowing into the Poutu Dam. Looking toward the Kaimanawa Range, 2022

448: 411: 2116:"Ngati Rangi and the Crown: agreement in principle to settle historical claims" 539:

water from the Eastern Diversion merges with water from the Western Diversion.

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The Eastern Diversion takes water from 22 streams which are tributaries of the

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Lake Rotoaira: Maori ownership and crown policy towards electricity generation

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but an agreement was reached to maintain water flows. Also in 1964 the artist

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New Zealand, Ministry of Works and Development, Information Division (1974).

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on YouTube, video of restoration of streams by Genesis and Ngāti Rangi, 2017

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headwaters were not consulted before or during construction. These included

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Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners; New Zealand; Ministry of Works (1962).

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Map of Tongariro Power Scheme in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand

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Papers presented to the Hamilton Symposium on Tunnelling in New Zealand

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Protests against the scheme arose as early as 1955 from the Waimarino

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and relevant fishery, recreational and environmental groups, and the

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Lake Rotoaira has cultural and historical significance to local iwi

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Archives NZ video about the construction of the scheme on YouTube.

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Rangipō Power Station connects to the single-circuit 220 kV

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of New Zealand. The scheme diverts water from tributaries of the

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important sources of food. Eels lived in the tributaries of the

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Lake Moawhango is an artificial lake made by the damming of the

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lines (BPE-WKM-A and BPE-WKM-B) directly south of the station.

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Tongariro River power development: report on investigations

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Mangaio Power Station outfall into the Mangaio Stream, 2022

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to mitigate the effects of the scheme on the environment.

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and is too acidic. At the end of the aqueduct, near the

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Water from over 60 rivers and streams flowing from the

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Moawhango dam and lake looking towards Mt Ruapehu, 2022

2593:(Master of Arts). Palmerston North: Massey University. 2416:

Walton, Anthony (July 1994). "Settlement at Opotaka".

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New Zealand Ministry of Works and Development (1975).

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Parliamentary Counsel Office. New Zealand Legislation

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A museum underfoot: the life story of Trevor Hosking

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Ngāti Hikairo ki Tongariro Tuna Restoration Project

1841:"Whio Forever: Annual Report July 2022 – June 2023" 806:temperature, acidity and oxygen levels: Tokiāhuru, 368:

Western Diversion: Whakapapa River to Lake Rotoaira

183: 178: 168: 154: 129: 119: 105: 68: 60: 46: 23: 2046: 1648:Woven by water: histories from the Whanganui River 1489:. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. 2002. 1483:Lake Managers' Handbook: Fish in New Zealand Lakes 2395:. Wellington: New Zealand Historic Places Trust. 1650:. Wellington: Huia Publishers. pp. 247–257. 494:Tongariro Diversion: Rangipō Dam to Lake Rotoaira 435:Eastern Diversion: Whangaehu River to Rangipō Dam 1518:Tongariro: a guide to the Tongariro Power Scheme 1681:Tongariro National Park: a artist's field guide 395:Rotoaira Diversion: Lake Rotoaira to Lake Taupō 3165:Buildings and structures in the Taupō District 3160:Buildings and structures in Manawatū-Whanganui 2828: 2730: 2609:. Hamilton: New Zealand Geomechanics Society. 2563:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2145:"Ngāti Rangi signs settlement with the Crown" 2053:Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 1995:"Ngāti Tūwharetoa Claims Settlement Act 2018" 1447:"50 Year Reunion of Codelfa-Cogefar (NZ) Ltd" 8: 2708:Tukua ngā awa kia rere – Let the rivers flow 2682:Tongariro Power Scheme Map and Cross-section 2020:"Iwi pleased power station's effect exposed" 1814:Department of Conservation (17 April 2019). 1683:. Nelson: Potton & Burton. p. 101. 991:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2305:"NRT/Genesis Tokiāhuru celebration on soon" 1353:(Master's thesis), Massey Research Online, 2859: 2835: 2821: 2813: 2737: 2723: 2715: 2622:International Journal of Sediment Research 1566: 1564: 20: 2391:Newman, Mary (1988). Walton, Tony (ed.). 2280:"Eco award nomination for Ruapehu couple" 2703:, video of eel restoration project, 2019 1781:. 3 August 1973 – via Papers Past. 2677:Tongariro Power Scheme – Genesis Energy 2557:Beetham, R. D.; Watters, W. A. (1985). 1722: 1720: 905: 655:For the iwi the rivers and streams are 188:Related media on Commons 2660:Flow Management in the Tongariro River 2518: 2516: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2084: 2082: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1537: 1535: 984: 810:, Mākahikatoa, Tomowai and Whangaehu. 415:Tokaanu tailrace and SH41 bridge, 2011 353:Electricity Corporation of New Zealand 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1344: 1342: 1263:"Tongariro Power Scheme | Genesis NZ" 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 884:List of power stations in New Zealand 782:The Eastern Diversion and Ngāti Rangi 7: 2584:Ponter, Elizabeth Millicent (1984). 1727:Rāwiri, Āneta Hinemihi, ed. (2009). 1618:. Taumarunui: C&S Publications. 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1185: 1183: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1004: 1002: 911: 909: 3155:Buildings and structures in Waikato 2495:"Taranaki Anglicans honour martyrs" 16:New Zealand hydroelectricity scheme 2645:The New Zealand Journal of History 2196:Stowell, Laurel (22 August 2017). 922:. Wellington: Government Printer. 752:Lake Rotoaira and Ngāti Tūwharetoa 14: 2198:"Ngati Rangi close to settlement" 614:Environmental and cultural issues 302:Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners 3079: 2045:Barton, Barry (2 January 2022). 1929:"About Us - Lake Rotoaira Trust" 1425:. New Zealand: James Crow Muir. 1322:"New Zealand electricity system" 866: 852: 838: 702:Effects on the Western Diversion 31: 3175:Hydroelectricity in New Zealand 2278:Stowell, Laurel (17 May 2016). 1196:. London: Gibb & Partners. 2575:10.1080/00288306.1985.10422534 2443:Ellis, Moana (23 March 2022). 696:Commission for the Environment 689:Effects on the Tongariro River 1: 2634:10.1016/S1001-6279(13)60027-X 2065:10.1080/02646811.2021.2010967 1107:Martin, John E., ed. (1998). 814:Archaeological investigations 726:, who had a holiday house at 2332:"A day out with Ngati Rangi" 776:Resource Management Act 1991 346:The scheme was built by the 2658:Stephens, R. T. T. (1989). 2418:New Zealand Historic Places 2357:Harrington, Alison (2007). 2341:. Project Tongariro: 43–45. 970:Tongariro Power Development 170:Annual net output 26:(Tokaanu, Rangipo, Mangaio) 3191: 1848:Department of Conservation 1161:Environment Court (2004). 742:Department of Conservation 716:Taumarunui Borough Council 3077: 2499:www.anglicantaonga.org.nz 1320:Engineering New Zealand. 1015:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 946:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 193: 138: 134: 42: 30: 24:Tongariro power stations 2856:Operating power stations 2628:(2). Elsevier: 149–161. 2598:Paterson, B. R. (1977). 2523:Jones, Kevin L. (1989). 2330:Grimwade, Karen (2021). 1954:waitangitribunal.govt.nz 286:New Zealand Water-Powers 3089:Decommissioned stations 1679:Bovey, Desmond (2023). 1614:Chapple, Keith (1987). 1421:Muir, James C. (2020). 1287:Robinson, John (2014). 1267:www.genesisenergy.co.nz 889:Tongariro National Park 874:Renewable energy portal 708:Acclimatisation Society 620:Tongariro National Park 561:Manapōuri Power Station 156:Nameplate capacity 2844:Electricity generation 2760:Tongariro Power Scheme 2746:Genesis Energy Limited 2687:Tongariro Power (1970) 1349:Shane E Caske (1999), 633: 591: 526: 503: 467: 416: 342:Government departments 217:scheme in the central 208:Tongariro Power Scheme 143:Units operational 2797:Castle Hill Wind Farm 2212:– via Proquest. 1903:Koning, John (1993). 1646:Young, David (1998). 1326:www.engineeringnz.org 720:Piriaka power station 628: 589: 557:Kaimanawa Forest Park 524: 501: 465: 414: 130:Power generation 37:Tokaanu power station 2902:Te Rapa cogeneration 2781:Rodney Power Station 2776:Huntly Power Station 2095:Culturalsurvival.org 820:Heritage New Zealand 107:Commission date 90:38.9817°S 175.7689°E 64:Central North Island 3170:Dams in New Zealand 2474:visitheritage.co.nz 2202:Whanganui Chronicle 2089:DesMeules, Hadley. 1017:. pp. 5–6, 7–8 770:and an increase of 404:and Mount Tihia to 179:External links 86: / 2026:. 12 November 2013 1956:. 12 November 2013 1584:on 15 October 2008 1549:. 19 December 2022 1453:. 12 December 2017 1009:Hay, P.S. (1904). 846:New Zealand portal 802:of the Whangaehu. 671:Ngāti Whitikaupeka 640:(the iwi south of 592: 527: 513:below ground level 504: 468: 417: 95:-38.9817; 175.7689 3142: 3141: 3075: 3074: 2810: 2809: 2802:Hau Nui Wind Farm 2339:Tongariro Journal 1690:978 1 98 855051 0 1657:978-0-908975-59-4 1167:Environment Court 1120:978-0-908912-98-8 763:Waitangi Tribunal 348:Ministry of Works 323:into two dams at 204: 203: 162:120 MW (Rangipo) 160:240 MW (Tokaanu) 3182: 3083: 2860: 2837: 2830: 2823: 2814: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2716: 2666: 2664: 2652: 2637: 2610: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2578: 2544: 2543: 2531: 2520: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2388: 2373: 2372: 2354: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2228: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2120: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2086: 2077: 2076: 2050: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1900: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1870:"Whio locations" 1866: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1845: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1820:blog.doc.govt.nz 1811: 1805: 1804: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1724: 1695: 1694: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1643: 1630: 1629: 1611: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1583: 1577:. 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2743: 2673: 2662: 2657: 2642: 2615: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2583: 2556: 2553: 2551:Further reading 2548: 2547: 2540: 2529: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2501:. 10 March 2016 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2390: 2389: 2376: 2369: 2356: 2355: 2346: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2151:. 10 March 2018 2149:beehive.govt.nz 2143: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2125:. 15 March 2017 2118: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2080: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1902: 1901: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1874:www.doc.govt.nz 1868: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1824: 1822: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1791: 1790: 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