1334:
1605:
1714:
1452:
49:
1555:
8662:
1650:
913:
8650:
1358:, which was tested at 50–56 Mt (210–230 PJ), but had a maximum theoretical design yield of 100 Mt (420 PJ). The effective destructive potential of such a weapon varies greatly, depending on such conditions as the altitude at which it is detonated, the characteristics of the target, the terrain, and the physical landscape upon which it is detonated.
8674:
4247:
1521:
1966:
Calculating a single RE factor for an explosive is, however, impossible. It depends on the specific case or use. Given a pair of explosives, one can produce 2× the shockwave output (this depends on the distance of measuring instruments) but the difference in direct metal cutting ability may be 4×
6319:
Maselli, A.; Melandri, A.; Nava, L.; Mundell, C. G.; Kawai, N.; Campana, S.; Covino, S.; Cummings, J. R.; Cusumano, G.; Evans, P. A.; Ghirlanda, G.; Ghisellini, G.; Guidorzi, C.; Kobayashi, S.; Kuin, P.; LaParola, V.; Mangano, V.; Oates, S.; Sakamoto, T.; Serino, M.; Virgili, F.; Zhang, B.- B.;
1301:
294:
However even on this basis, comparing the actual energy yields of a large nuclear device and an explosion of TNT can be slightly inaccurate. Small TNT explosions, especially in the open, don't tend to burn the carbon-particle and hydrocarbon products of the explosion. Gas-expansion and
1942:
The relative effectiveness factor (RE factor) relates an explosive's demolition power to that of TNT, in units of the TNT equivalent/kg (TNTe/kg). The RE factor is the relative mass of TNT to which an explosive is equivalent: The greater the RE, the more powerful the explosive.
1967:
higher for one type of metal and 7× higher for another type of metal. The relative differences between two explosives with shaped charges will be even greater. The table below should be taken as an example and not as a precise source of data.
4577:
1946:
This enables engineers to determine the proper masses of different explosives when applying blasting formulas developed specifically for TNT. For example, if a timber-cutting formula calls for a charge of 1 kg of TNT, then based on
1249:) of 89.8 petajoules, which is equivalent to 21.5 megatons of TNT. No such method of total conversion as combining 500 grams of matter with 500 grams of antimatter has yet been achieved. In the event of proton–
6381:
The LIGO Scientific
Collaboration; the Virgo Collaboration; Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abernathy, M. R.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C. (June 14, 2016). "Properties of the Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914".
6525:
3977:
TBX (thermobaric explosives) or EBX (enhanced blast explosives), in a small, confined space, may have over twice the power of destruction. The total power of aluminized mixtures strictly depends on the condition of
951:
of 2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate that killed initially 137 at and near a
Lebanese port at 6 p.m. local time Tuesday August 4, 2020. An independent study by experts from the Blast and Impact Research Group at the
1425:
The total global nuclear arsenal is about 15,000 nuclear warheads with a destructive capacity of around 1460 megatons or 1.46 gigatons (1,460 million tons) of TNT. This is the equivalent of
7425:
1370:
6167:
Luzum, Brian; Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agnès; Folkner, William; Fukushima, Toshio; Hilton, James; Hohenkerk, Catherine; Krasinsky, George; Petit, Gérard; Pitjeva, Elena; Soffel, Michael (July 10, 2011).
295:
pressure-change effects tend to "freeze" the burn rapidly. A large open explosion of TNT may maintain fireball temperatures high enough so that some of those products do burn up with atmospheric oxygen.
4616:
1192:
The energy contained in one megaton of TNT (4.2 PJ) is enough to power the average
American household for 103,000 years. The 30 Mt (130 PJ) estimated upper limit blast power of the
4569:
5820:
Richards, Mark A.; Alvarez, Walter; Self, Stephen; Karlstrom, Leif; Renne, Paul R.; Manga, Michael; Sprain, Courtney J.; Smit, Jan; Vanderkluysen, Loÿc; Gibson, Sally A. (November 1, 2015).
1079:
explosive to provide a scaled equivalent airblast of an eight kiloton (33.44 TJ) nuclear device, is believed to be the largest planned detonation of conventional explosives in history.
332:
These complications have been sidestepped by convention. The energy released by one gram of TNT was arbitrarily defined as a matter of convention to be 4,184 J, which is exactly one
291:
produced by its detonation. For TNT this has been accurately measured as 4,686 J/g from a large sample of air blast experiments, and theoretically calculated to be 4,853 J/g.
6521:
4119:
Sorin Bastea, Laurence E. Fried, Kurt R. Glaesemann, W. Michael Howard, P. Clark Souers, Peter A. Vitello, Cheetah 5.0 User's Manual, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, 2007.
7613:
7140:
7435:
5433:
1118:
on August 9, 1945, exploded with an energy of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ) killing over 60,000. The modern nuclear weapons in the United States arsenal range in
284:
Alternative values for TNT equivalency can be calculated according to which property is being compared and when in the two detonation processes the values are measured.
8316:
5429:
4717:
5184:
5048:
4866:
144:
6320:
Barthelmy, S.; Beardmore, A.; Bernardini, M. G.; Bersier, D.; Burrows, D.; Calderone, G.; Capalbi, M.; Chiang, J. (2014). "GRB 130427A: A Nearby
Ordinary Monster".
5762:
5210:
4762:
4481:
1839:) megatons) of TNT, equivalent to the explosive force of a quantity of TNT over a trillion (10) times the mass of the planet Earth. This is the astrophysical
5009:
4546:
7120:
5963:; Zhang, Shuang; Alegret, Laia; Schmidt, Daniela N.; Rae, James W. B.; Witts, James D.; Landman, Neil H.; Greene, Sarah E.; Huber, Brian T. (October 21, 2019).
4018:
7442:
6873:
1635:, wiping out 75% of all species on Earth. This is far more destructive than any natural disaster recorded in history. Such an event would've caused global
4600:
7208:
1632:
1515:
1196:
could power the same average home for more than 3,100,000 years. The energy of that blast could power the entire United States for 3.27 days.
1047:. It accumulated 6700 metric tons of surplus World War II ammunition placed in various locations around the island and set off. The energy released was
3324:
7711:
4098:
4986:
3850:
1984:
1896:
1295:
6031:
6584:
6551:
5373:
956:
predicts the best estimate of the yield of Beirut explosion to be 0.5 kilotons of TNT and the reasonable bound estimate as 1.12 kilotons of TNT.
5158:
1333:
5826:
6451:
7135:
6842:
6775:
6757:
6738:
5403:
4740:
4540:
4203:
1320:
264:
The kiloton and megaton of TNT equivalent have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the destructive power, of a
7957:
775:
in a 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m (20 in × 20 in × 20 in) compartment within a 1-second period.
7874:
7950:
7420:
7385:
5787:
5250:
4503:
1261:
1107:
on August 6, 1945, exploded with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ) killing between 90,000 and 166,000 people, and the
8572:
8156:
5239:
4982:
4233:
6493:
Török, Zoltán; Ozunu, Alexandru (2015). "Hazardous properties of ammonium nitrate and modeling of explosions using TNT equivalency".
6170:"The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy"
5736:
4443:
7236:
7115:
5614:
2109:
1511:
1280:
6225:
6088:
5261:
4271:
8466:
8331:
6866:
8705:
8409:
8243:
8081:
7845:
7723:
7380:
7241:
5425:
5335:
4858:
287:
Where for example the comparison is by energy yield, an explosive's energy is normally expressed for chemical purposes as the
8399:
8248:
7706:
4291:
3557:
1480:
68:
5188:
8173:
8006:
7430:
7358:
5545:
5214:
4889:
4130:
3845:
3306:
1411:
998:
falling on 4,000 m (1 acre) of land in a year is 9.5 TJ (2,650 MWh) (an average over the Earth's surface).
8678:
4473:
1491:) or one-quarter of the entire world's annual energy consumption. This eruption was 4-10 times more destructive than the
8516:
8253:
7962:
7716:
7213:
5909:
5644:
5052:
4570:"Beirut Blast: How does yield of 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate compare against Halifax explosion, Hiroshima bombing?"
3840:
3195:
666:
3890:
1238:
8666:
8579:
8551:
8508:
8473:
8311:
8138:
8076:
7901:
7805:
7691:
7159:
6859:
5021:
4530:
4417:
3435:
3092:
2491:
1604:
4010:
1595:
5128:
8359:
8038:
7556:
7513:
7365:
8011:
8720:
8654:
8336:
7945:
7728:
3220:
3216:
1492:
1396:
832:
8725:
8715:
8584:
8426:
8326:
8238:
7447:
7333:
7293:
7105:
5960:
4317:
3903:
2385:
1549:
1446:
793:
8205:
5965:"Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact"
3929:
The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a cross-sectional surface area of
1831:
joules of energy, which is about 2.4–4.8 hundred billion yottatons (24–48 octillion (2.4–
8456:
8431:
8045:
7822:
7628:
7551:
7508:
7491:
7452:
7375:
3865:
3135:
2564:
953:
886:
1713:
1449:, was estimated at a moment magnitude of 9.4–9.6. This is the most powerful earthquake recorded in history.
8321:
7608:
7152:
5877:
Jablonski, David; Chaloner, William
Gilbert; Lawton, John Hartley; May, Robert McCredie (April 29, 1994).
4090:
3830:
2071:
1840:
1331:
joules, slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake. It was estimated at a moment magnitude of 9.0–9.1.
948:
4978:
8615:
8351:
8306:
7768:
7696:
7623:
7618:
7583:
7370:
7338:
7125:
7052:
4828:
3473:
2019:
708:(large calorie, kcal), which is the approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one
6573:
5718:
6547:
6111:
5162:
8526:
8500:
8301:
8286:
7603:
7561:
7397:
7303:
7231:
6401:
6339:
6293:
6181:
6123:
6069:
5976:
5934:
5835:
5580:
5509:
5468:
5365:
5291:
5280:"Energetic output of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption from pressure measurements"
4924:
4771:
4655:
4166:
Tnt equivalency of different explosives – estimation for calculating load limits in heaf firing tanks
3835:
3411:
2466:
2244:
1119:
925:
907:
618:
5878:
1631:
yielded 72 teratons of TNT equivalent (1 teraton of TNT equals 10 megatons of TNT) which caused the
8700:
8625:
8461:
8436:
8221:
7815:
7683:
7486:
7343:
7110:
7072:
6905:
6459:
5692:
4392:
1451:
1300:
6110:
Lü, Jiangning; Sun, Youshun; Nafi Toksöz, M.; Zheng, Yingcai; Zuber, Maria T. (December 1, 2011).
5395:
1955:, engineers would need 1.0/1.66 (or 0.60) kg to obtain the same effects as 1 kg of TNT. With
737:
Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle.
48:
8605:
8341:
8178:
8105:
7916:
7566:
7536:
7520:
7503:
7147:
7037:
6985:
6935:
6882:
6433:
6391:
6363:
6329:
6207:
5859:
5596:
5527:
5317:
5159:"USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: Energy and Broadband Solution: Off W Coast of Northern Sumatra"
4797:
4644:"Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media"
4367:
2944:
2648:
1040:
288:
215:
6255:
4342:
1951:'s RE factor of 2.38, it would take only 1.0/2.38 (or 0.42) kg of it to do the same job. Using
7673:
7466:
7353:
7328:
7266:
7223:
7067:
7062:
7057:
6900:
6838:
6812:
6771:
6753:
6734:
6425:
6417:
6355:
6301:
6199:
6149:
6012:
5994:
5851:
5309:
4960:
4942:
4789:
4736:
4711:
4673:
4639:
4608:
4536:
4477:
4239:
4229:
4199:
3802:
3749:
3745:
3452:
3251:
2923:
2902:
2865:
2327:
2039:
1820:
1507:
1016:
717:
5795:
4223:
4065:
4040:
1373:, in the southern Pacific Ocean, is estimated to have been equivalent to 61 Megatons of TNT.
214:
This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional
8521:
7576:
7541:
7298:
7288:
7176:
7164:
7005:
7000:
6990:
6980:
6975:
6830:
6802:
6502:
6409:
6347:
6297:
6281:
6189:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6002:
5984:
5890:
5843:
5588:
5517:
5476:
5299:
5247:
5110:
5102:
4950:
4932:
4816:
4779:
4663:
4269:
Blast effects of external explosions (Section 4.8. Limitations of the TNT equivalent method)
3784:
3728:
3536:
3341:
3289:
2517:
2410:
2269:
2228:
2206:
2188:
2167:
2130:
1998:
1960:
1708:
1628:
1208:
1123:
54:
8161:
8001:
7940:
6721:
5236:
5075:
8710:
8489:
8419:
8379:
7906:
7833:
7661:
7647:
7571:
7546:
7392:
7185:
7077:
7042:
6920:
6910:
6635:
5763:"The thought experiment: What would happen if the supervolcano under Yellowstone erupted?"
5622:
5265:
5254:
5243:
4841:
4451:
4275:
4138:(Technical report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. UCRL-JC-147683. Archived from
3456:
3416:
3358:
3178:
3023:
3002:
2793:
2764:
2743:
2722:
2689:
2623:
2598:
2406:
2364:
2303:
2265:
1948:
1868:
974:
917:
339:
A kiloton of TNT can be visualized as a cube of TNT 8.46 metres (27.8 ft) on a side.
303:
197:
7911:
4268:
1211:
in one minute, primarily from water condensation. Winds constitute 0.25% of that energy.
6405:
6343:
6233:
6185:
6096:
6073:
5980:
5883:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
5839:
5584:
5513:
5472:
5295:
5258:
4928:
4775:
4659:
329:
due to additional carbon/hydrocarbon oxidation not present with small open-air charges.
8394:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8114:
8021:
7990:
7972:
7496:
7348:
7313:
7246:
7193:
7047:
6940:
6925:
6915:
6007:
5964:
4955:
4912:
3406:
3174:
3096:
3066:
3006:
2977:
2885:
2427:
2286:
2088:
1644:
1193:
1174:
642:
265:
175:
6824:
1537:
The total solar irradiance energy received by Earth in the upper atmosphere per hour.
8694:
8559:
7850:
7256:
7097:
6437:
6211:
5600:
5531:
5321:
3657:
3375:
3088:
3062:
2960:
2714:
2644:
2054:
1019:
in 1917 was the accidental detonation of 200 tons of TNT and 2,300 tons of
771:
The approximate radiant heat energy released during 3-phase, 600 V, 100 kA
654:
235:
1963:, they would require 1.0/0.74 (or 1.35) kg or 1.0/0.32 (or 3.125) kg, respectively.
218:, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such as
8125:
7261:
7203:
7130:
7082:
6952:
6706:
6413:
6367:
5863:
5343:
3906:
3674:
3481:
3118:
2940:
2919:
2474:
2444:
2232:
2147:
1649:
1554:
1351:
1253:
1145:
995:
273:
122:
6610:
5481:
5456:
4691:
c=AU; co=Commonwealth of
Australia; ou=Department of Sustainability, Environment.
4287:
6728:
4937:
4601:"Beirut Explosion: What Happened in Lebanon and Everything Else You Need to Know"
1602:
is equivalent to 6 million megatons (6 trillion tons) of TNT.
8536:
8183:
7773:
7280:
7251:
4692:
4139:
2581:
1640:
1122:
from 0.3 kt (1.3 TJ) to 1.2 Mt (5.0 PJ) equivalent, for the
1111:
1100:
1072:
1020:
910:. If the charge were a full sphere, it would be 1 kiloton of TNT (4.2 TJ).
823:
630:
188:
6807:
5549:
5304:
5279:
4897:
4668:
4643:
6282:"Light curves of type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms"
6194:
6169:
6135:
6057:
4243:
3711:
3574:
1792:
1744:
1484:
1355:
1265:
1250:
1223:
1097:
1044:
921:
912:
685:
203:
181:
6816:
6421:
6305:
6203:
6153:
5998:
5855:
5671:"Hurricane FAQ – NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory"
5648:
5592:
5571:
Kristensen, Hans M; Norris, Robert S (2015). "Chinese nuclear forces, 2015".
5522:
5497:
5313:
5044:
4946:
4815:
Tech Reps (1986). "Minor Scale Event, Test
Execution Report". Albuerque, NM.
4793:
4677:
4612:
3902:
The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a
1514:. It was the second most energetic event to have occurred on Earth since the
1483:
in the island of
Sumbawa in Indonesia. Yielded the equivalent of 2.2 million
298:
Such differences can be substantial. For safety purposes a range as wide as
8531:
7894:
7884:
7012:
6965:
6930:
6351:
6032:"That Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Instantly Acidified Our World's Oceans, Too"
5989:
5114:
3578:
3058:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2843:
2785:
2693:
2543:
2513:
2470:
2368:
2344:
2236:
2035:
1718:
1636:
1323:
was over 200,000 times the surface energy and was calculated by the USGS at
1257:
1237:
The complete conversion of 1 kg of matter into pure energy would yield
1104:
861:
772:
8389:
6506:
6429:
6359:
6016:
5894:
4964:
4820:
4784:
4757:
1414:
usage combined, from the 1940s to the present, is about 540 megatons.
30:"Kiloton" redirects here. For the similarly named weight measurements, see
17:
6062:
Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets III: From Stars to Surfaces
5136:
8620:
8414:
8263:
8258:
8198:
7867:
7795:
7778:
7763:
7738:
7481:
6970:
3825:
3602:
2640:
2615:
2360:
2210:
1115:
709:
219:
6144:
5737:"La Garita Mountains grew from volcanic explosions 35 million years ago"
5106:
1520:
1075:, a 1985 United States conventional explosion, using 4,744 tons of
8589:
8541:
8404:
8384:
7783:
7758:
7198:
7087:
7029:
7017:
6995:
6960:
5034:(Calculated from 2007 value of 3,892,000,000,000 kWh annual usage)
4368:"Convert tons of TNT to BTU - British Thermal Unit | energy conversion"
4183:(Technical report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. EMPE-01-81.
4168:(Technical report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. EMPE-02-22.
3598:
3268:
3152:
1599:
1178:
1108:
713:
705:
591:
333:
5129:"Mount St. Helens – From the 1980 Eruption to 2000, Fact Sheet 036-00"
4638:
Rigby, S. E.; Lodge, T. J.; Alotaibi, S.; Barr, A. D.; Clarke, S. D.;
4132:
Estimating equivalency of explosives through a thermochemical approach
1256:, approximately 50% of the released energy will escape in the form of
167:, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. The
8193:
8188:
8168:
8148:
8133:
8016:
7753:
7733:
7701:
6851:
6522:"Storage requirements for security sensitive ammonium nitrate (SSAN)"
5847:
5670:
4801:
3640:
3606:
3582:
3498:
2835:
2810:
2681:
2665:
2619:
2402:
2261:
2240:
2050:
2046:
208:
164:
5822:"Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact"
4733:
Ground Zero: A Reassessment of the 1917 Explosion in Halifax Harbour
253:(of TNT equivalent)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules (
7743:
6834:
6396:
5821:
192:), which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a
8610:
8567:
8230:
8086:
7889:
7879:
6670:
6659:
6334:
4758:"Seismic Experiments on the North German Explosions, 1946 to 1947"
3860:
3401:
Nuclear weapons and the most powerful non-nuclear weapon examples
3041:
2994:
2521:
2184:
1712:
1648:
1603:
1553:
1519:
1488:
1450:
1332:
1299:
1222:
The approximate radiated surface energy released in a magnitude 8
977:
that killed more than 500 at a German fertilizer factory in 1921.
911:
801:
797:
603:
309:
Thus one can state that a nuclear bomb has a yield of 15 kt (
193:
31:
1412:
total energy produced worldwide by all nuclear testing and combat
8091:
7980:
7790:
7748:
6793:
Mathieu, Jörg; Stucki, Hans (2004), "Military High Explosives",
3694:
3532:
3515:
3477:
3199:
3084:
2814:
2789:
2547:
2163:
2126:
2105:
1956:
1952:
1468:
The energy released by a hurricane per day during condensation.
1076:
882:
828:
269:
8486:
7658:
7645:
6855:
5910:"Huge Global Tsunami Followed Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Impact"
8064:
7928:
6717:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Version 3.2.
5017:
3855:
3767:
3690:
3622:
3553:
3272:
3170:
3114:
2998:
2869:
2847:
2839:
2818:
2768:
2747:
2726:
2718:
2697:
2685:
2539:
2509:
2462:
170:
6707:"Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)"
1594:
The estimated energy at impact when the largest fragment of
1717:
The photo of the Caloris Planitia on Mercury. Taken by the
272:, and has been used to characterize the energy released in
1354:
developed a prototype thermonuclear device, nicknamed the
6770:, Washington, D.C.: Pentagon Publishing, pp. 83–84,
6280:
Khokhlov, A.; Mueller, E.; Hoeflich, P. (March 1, 1993).
4474:"Botroseya church bombing death toll rises to 29 victims"
1506:
The approximate total yield of the super-eruption of the
4393:"Convert tons of TNT to foot pounds | energy conversion"
234:(of TNT equivalent)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184
6682:
4288:"Appendix B8 – Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically"
4011:"Tons (Explosives) to Gigajoules Conversion Calculator"
6112:"Seismic effects of the Caloris basin impact, Mercury"
5455:
Kristensen, Hans M.; Norris, Robert S. (May 3, 2016).
5010:"Country Comparison :: Electricity – consumption"
4859:"Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Long Term Health Effects"
1627:
Estimates in 2010 show that the kinetic energy of the
1207:
The energy output that would be released by a typical
804:
on December 11, 2016 that left 29 dead and 47 injured
5340:
Commonwealth of Australia 2012, Bureau of Meteorology
5045:"NOAA FAQ: How much energy does a hurricane release?"
4999:(Calculated from 2007 value of 936 kWh monthly usage)
3399:
1969:
906:
A real 0.454-kiloton-of-TNT (1.90 TJ) charge at
5546:"Minimize Harm and Security Risks of Nuclear Energy"
5426:"Global nuclear weapons: downsizing but modernizing"
4444:"The Energy in Wildfires: The Western United States"
53:
The explosion from a 14-kiloton nuclear test at the
8598:
8550:
8507:
8449:
8350:
8280:
8229:
8220:
8147:
8113:
8104:
8063:
8056:
8036:
7989:
7971:
7927:
7832:
7814:
7682:
7596:
7529:
7474:
7465:
7413:
7321:
7312:
7279:
7222:
7184:
7175:
7096:
7028:
6951:
6893:
6733:(25th Anniversary ed.). Simon & Schuster.
6089:"Sun: Amount of Energy the Earth Gets from the Sun"
5268:, all from Carey Sublette's Nuclear Weapon Archive.
4343:"Convert tons of TNT to joules | energy conversion"
1871:(GRBs) release more than 10 joules of energy.
881:Conventional bombs yield from less than one ton to
140:
118:
96:
85:
77:
67:
62:
41:
7614:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
6788:, Volumes I–IV (second ed.), Oxford: Pergamon
6495:Environmental Engineering & Management Journal
5095:Comparison of Fusion/Antiproton Propulsion systems
4913:"Kinetic Energy of Tornadoes in the United States"
4418:"Tons Of Tnt to Kilowatt-hours | Kyle's Converter"
3868:, a unit of energy almost exactly 10 tonnes of TNT
1931:Estimated mass-energy of the observable universe.
1399:in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia).
27:Class of units of measurement for explosive energy
5049:National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
4911:Fricker, Tyler; Elsner, James B. (July 1, 2015).
1791:The explosive energy of a quantity of TNT of the
1743:The explosive energy of a quantity of TNT of the
200:. In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded,
5430:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
1577:The solar irradiance of the Sun every 12 hours.
1371:2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcanic eruption
6829:. The National Academies Press, nap.edu. 2004.
5969:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4763:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1690:The total energy output of the Sun per second.
6481:US Army FM 3–34.214: Explosives and Demolition
5693:"Tambora 1815: Just How Big Was The Eruption?"
1895:A merger of two black holes, resulting in the
1767:Total solar output in all directions per day.
1548:Approximate yield of the last eruption of the
1455:The aftermath of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.
8317:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
6867:
6768:Field Manual 5-25: Explosives and Demolitions
6636:"methylenedinitramine | CH4N4O4 | ChemSpider"
5496:Kristensen, Hans M; Norris, Robert S (2015).
5237:Currently deployed U.S. nuclear weapon yields
5076:"How much energy does an earthquake release?"
4305:
1608:The impact site of the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
1304:An animation of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
920:(5 by 10 m (17 by 34 ft)) awaiting
8:
5278:Díaz, J. S.; Rigby, S. E. (August 9, 2022).
4716:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4318:"Tons Of Tnt to Calories | Kyle's Converter"
3986:
3984:
1971:Some relative effectiveness factor examples
1384:The solar irradiance on Earth every second.
1337:The damage caused by the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami
6174:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
5815:
5813:
5788:"Comet/Jupiter Collision FAQ – Post-Impact"
5396:"Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance"
5336:"The eruption of Krakatoa, August 27, 1883"
4535:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 249.
1055:, or about 3.2 kilotons of TNT equivalent.
8483:
8294:
8226:
8110:
8060:
8053:
7829:
7655:
7642:
7471:
7318:
7181:
6890:
6874:
6860:
6852:
6795:CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry
4979:"Frequently Asked Questions – Electricity"
4504:"How do Thunderstorms and Lightning Work?"
4217:
4215:
4091:"Joules to Megatons Conversion Calculator"
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
1043:on April 18, 1947, blasted the bunkers on
47:
38:
6806:
6452:"Big Bang Energy (Ask an Astrophysicist)"
6395:
6333:
6193:
6143:
6058:"Climatic Effect of Impacts on the Ocean"
6006:
5988:
5521:
5480:
5303:
5248:Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons
4954:
4936:
4783:
4667:
860:The energy output released by an average
6705:Thompson, A.; Taylor, B.N. (July 2008).
6583:. United States Department of the Army.
3925:
3923:
3851:Table of explosive detonation velocities
1897:first observation of gravitational waves
1867:The largest type of supernova observed,
1673:The impact energy of Archean asteroids.
670:
341:
268:. The TNT equivalent appears in various
5908:Kornei, Katherine (December 20, 2018).
5185:"USGS.gov: USGS WPhase Moment Solution"
4002:
3883:
3083:Plastics Gel® (in toothpaste tube: 45%
1510:is 10,000 times more powerful than the
754:The energy to burn 1 kilogram of wood.
580:1 ton TNT equivalent is approximately:
8244:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
6786:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
6554:from the original on February 10, 2017
5827:Geological Society of America Bulletin
4989:from the original on November 23, 2010
4837:
4826:
4709:
4250:from the original on December 26, 2018
4222:Charles E. Needham (October 3, 2017).
4101:from the original on November 24, 2009
1843:used to determine galactic distances.
1653:The animation of the Chicxulub impact.
1558:Image of the Yellowstone supervolcano.
8249:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
6528:from the original on October 22, 2020
5959:Henehan, Michael J.; Ridgwell, Andy;
5615:"Measuring the Size of an Earthquake"
5406:from the original on January 24, 2018
5187:. Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from
5055:from the original on November 2, 2017
4853:
4851:
4731:Ruffman, Alan; Howell, Colin (1994).
4549:from the original on January 14, 2021
4294:from the original on January 29, 2016
3955:1 day is equivalent to 86400 seconds.
3946:1 hour is equivalent to 3600 seconds.
1516:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
1264:events emit their energy entirely as
889:is equivalent to 500 kg of TNT.
7:
8673:
5436:from the original on October 7, 2016
5211:"USGS Energy and Broadband Solution"
5097:. 23rd Joint Propulsion Conference.
4198:. New York: Wiley-VCH. p. 406.
321:pile of TNT may yield (for example)
8254:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
6766:HQ Department of the Army (2004) ,
6590:from the original on August 5, 2020
6458:. February 11, 1998. Archived from
5621:. September 1, 2009. Archived from
5093:Borowski, Stanley K. (March 1996).
4619:from the original on August 6, 2020
4580:from the original on August 6, 2020
4021:from the original on March 17, 2017
1144:The typical energy yield of severe
792:Amount of TNT used (12 kg) in
7214:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
6230:Cosmic Helospheric Learning Center
5879:"Extinctions in the fossil record"
5647:. December 7, 2022. Archived from
4983:United States Department of Energy
4888:Crook, Aaron (February 10, 2010).
4869:from the original on July 23, 2015
4599:Staff, W. S. J. (August 6, 2020).
1487:(the first atomic bomb to drop on
1321:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
317:), but the explosion of an actual
280:Historical derivation of the value
25:
7237:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
7136:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
6232:. August 16, 2000. Archived from
6056:Zahnle, K. J. (August 26, 2018).
6030:Nield, David (October 22, 2019).
5573:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5502:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5461:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5065:cites 6E14 watts continuous.
4642:; Tyas, A. (September 22, 2020).
4484:from the original on May 24, 2024
1479:The total energy released by the
1395:The total energy released by the
1281:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
1260:, which are almost undetectable.
100:
8672:
8661:
8660:
8648:
8337:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
5376:from the original on May 8, 2017
5366:"Status of World Nuclear Forces"
5213:. March 16, 2011. Archived from
4693:"Space Weather Services website"
4568:Fuwad, Ahamad (August 5, 2020).
4442:Timcheck, Jonathan (Fall 2017).
3325:4,4’-Dinitro-3,3’-diazenofuroxan
3237:MEDINA (Methylene dinitroamine)
1524:A photo of the La Garita Caldera
885:'s 44 tons. The yield of a
7426:Historical stockpiles and tests
6671:https://i.imgur.com/nTirCcn.png
6660:https://i.imgur.com/yHlPKb4.png
5342:. April 5, 2012. Archived from
5161:. April 4, 2010. Archived from
1279:Approximate total yield of the
270:nuclear weapon control treaties
163:is a convention for expressing
8327:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
7209:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
6414:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.241102
5457:"Russian nuclear forces, 2016"
4529:Homer-Dixon, Thomas F (2002).
3693:modern thermonuclear warhead (
2191:water gel) commercial product
1512:1980 Mount St. Helens eruption
1481:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
1262:Electron–positron annihilation
831:to make "homemade" diamonds. (
302:has been stated for a gram of
1:
8655:Nuclear technology portal
6823:"3. Thermobaric Explosives".
6730:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
5691:Klemetti, Erik (April 2022).
5482:10.1080/00963402.2016.1170359
4179:Cunningham, Bruce J. (2001).
3846:Relative effectiveness factor
3307:Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane
3042:1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene
2430:(13.5% N, NC; AKA guncotton)
1938:Relative effectiveness factor
8517:Field-reversed configuration
8127:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
6826:Advanced Energetic Materials
6722:Nuclear Weapons FAQ Part 1.3
6713:. NIST Special Publication.
4938:10.1371/journal.pone.0131090
4164:Maienschein, Jon L. (2002).
4129:Maienschein, Jon L. (2002).
3841:Orders of magnitude (energy)
3639:Classic (one-stage) fission
1296:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
667:Orders of magnitude (energy)
178:defined by convention to be
8474:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
7421:States with nuclear weapons
6784:Urbański, Tadeusz (1985) ,
6116:Planetary and Space Science
5717:Evans, Robert (July 2002).
3518:(non-nuclear bomb, GBU-43)
3436:Massive Ordnance Penetrator
2492:Diethylene glycol dinitrate
1369:The energy released by the
1319:The energy released in the
8742:
8312:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
7436:Tests in the United States
6808:10.2533/000942904777677669
6548:"Whitehall Paraindistries"
6286:Astronomy and Astrophysics
5767:BBC Science Focus Magazine
5305:10.1007/s00193-022-01092-4
5253:December 16, 2008, at the
5242:September 7, 2016, at the
5099:NASA Glenn Research Center
4669:10.1007/s00193-020-00970-z
4508:www.thenakedscientists.com
4066:"Convert Gigaton to Joule"
4041:"Convert Megaton to Joule"
3800:
3783:
3766:
3744:
3727:
3710:
3689:
3672:
3655:
3638:
3621:
3597:
3573:
3552:
3531:
3514:
3497:
3474:Bomb used in Oklahoma City
3472:
3451:
3433:
3374:
3357:
3340:
3322:
3305:
3288:
3267:
3250:
3236:
3215:
3194:
3168:
3151:
3134:
3112:
3082:
3057:
3039:
3022:
2993:
2976:
2959:
2938:
2917:
2901:
2863:
2834:
2809:
2784:
2763:
2742:
2713:
2680:
2664:
2639:
2614:
2597:
2580:
2563:
2537:
2507:
2490:
2460:
2443:
2426:
2401:
2384:
2359:
2343:
2326:
2301:
2285:
2260:
2226:
2204:
2183:
2162:
2146:
2125:
2104:
2087:
2070:
2034:
2018:
1997:
1707:The kinetic energy of the
664:
211:) of energy are released.
29:
8642:
8497:
8437:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
8332:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
8297:
8139:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
7669:
7654:
7641:
6889:
6195:10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4
6136:10.1016/j.pss.2011.07.013
6087:Carroll, Carroll (2017).
5498:"US nuclear forces, 2015"
3217:Ethylene glycol dinitrate
2133:+ 6% fuel oil)
1397:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
676:
673:
576:Conversion to other units
114:
46:
8342:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
7958:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
7294:Electron-beam processing
6748:Cooper, Paul W. (1996),
6727:Rhodes, Richard (2012).
6615:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5935:"Chicxulub Impact Event"
5593:10.1177/0096340215591247
5523:10.1177/0096340215571913
4274:August 10, 2016, at the
4228:. Springer. p. 91.
4194:Cooper, Paul W. (1996).
2386:Nickel hydrazine nitrate
1550:Yellowstone supervolcano
1447:1960 Valdivia earthquake
1445:The energy yield of the
363:Corresponding mass loss
8457:Organic nuclear reactor
7629:Nuclear power phase-out
7552:Nuclear decommissioning
7492:Reactor-grade plutonium
7242:Targeted alpha-particle
7121:Accidents and incidents
6752:, New York: Wiley-VCH,
6683:"Nuclear weapon design"
6520:Queensland Government.
6384:Physical Review Letters
6352:10.1126/science.1242279
6298:1993A&A...270..223K
6128:2011P&SS...59.1981L
5990:10.1073/pnas.1905989116
5645:"Table-Top Earthquakes"
3891:Mass–energy equivalence
3866:Tonne of oil equivalent
3136:Erythritol tetranitrate
2565:Triaminotrinitrobenzene
2461:PBXW-126 (22% NTO, 20%
1294:Energy released by the
1239:the theoretical maximum
973:Estimated yield of the
954:University of Sheffield
947:Estimated yield of the
887:Tomahawk cruise missile
794:Coptic church explosion
712:of water by one degree
8706:Explosives engineering
6750:Explosives Engineering
6507:10.30638/eemj.2015.284
6226:"Ask A Physicist: Sun"
5895:10.1098/rstb.1994.0045
5619:U.S. Geological Survey
5264:June 17, 2016, at the
4890:"The gathering storms"
4836:Cite journal requires
4785:10.1098/rsta.1949.0007
4422:www.kylesconverter.com
4322:www.kylesconverter.com
4196:Explosives Engineering
4070:www.unitconverters.net
4045:www.unitconverters.net
3831:Net explosive quantity
3770:thermonuclear warhead
1823:explosion gives off 1–
1722:
1654:
1629:Chicxulub impact event
1609:
1596:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
1559:
1525:
1493:1883 Krakatoa eruption
1456:
1338:
1305:
929:
827:used 2.5 tons of
7619:Anti-nuclear movement
6456:Imagine the Universe!
5792:www.physics.sfasu.edu
5719:"Blast from the Past"
5552:on September 24, 2014
4756:Willmore, PL (1949).
4735:. Nimbus Publishing.
3113:Composition A-5 (98%
2213:) commercial product
2020:Mercury(II) fulminate
2001:(AN + <0.5% H
1716:
1652:
1633:K-Pg extinction event
1607:
1557:
1523:
1518:66 million years ago.
1454:
1336:
1303:
915:
716:at a pressure of one
665:Further information:
619:British thermal units
222:contain more energy.
196:(1,000 kilograms) of
135:4.184 gigajoules
8527:Reversed field pinch
8322:Traveling-wave (TWR)
7806:Supercritical (SCWR)
7304:Gemstone irradiation
5834:(11–12): 1507–1520.
5723:Smithsonian Magazine
5625:on September 1, 2009
4480:. February 4, 2017.
4145:on December 21, 2016
3836:Nuclear weapon yield
3673:Typical (two-stage)
926:Operation Sailor Hat
908:Operation Sailor Hat
878:1.16–51.14 MWh
821:The television show
533:or 4.184 petajoules
503:or 4.184 terajoules
473:or 4.184 gigajoules
443:or 4.184 megajoules
413:or 4.184 kilojoules
7692:Aqueous homogeneous
7487:Reprocessed uranium
7160:Safety and security
6406:2016PhRvL.116x1102A
6344:2014Sci...343...48M
6260:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
6186:2011CeMDA.110..293L
6099:on August 16, 2000.
6074:2018LPICo2065.2056Z
5981:2019PNAS..11622500H
5975:(45): 22500–22504.
5840:2015GSAB..127.1507R
5651:on December 7, 2022
5585:2015BuAtS..71d..77K
5514:2015BuAtS..71b.107K
5473:2016BuAtS..72c.125K
5296:2022ShWav..32..553D
5107:10.2514/6.1987-1814
5024:on January 28, 2012
4985:. October 6, 2009.
4929:2015PLoSO..1031090F
4776:1949RSPTA.242..123W
4660:2020ShWav..30..671R
4605:Wall Street Journal
4454:on January 17, 2018
4181:C-4/tnt equivalency
3402:
2684:(aka HBX, 41%
1972:
1093:17.4–23.2 GWh
857:280–2,800 kWh
563:or 4.184 exajoules
226:Kiloton and megaton
216:explosive materials
109:... is equal to ...
63:General information
8606:Dense plasma focus
7521:Actinide chemistry
6986:Isotope separation
6883:Nuclear technology
6640:www.chemspider.com
6462:on August 19, 2014
6236:on August 16, 2000
5798:on August 28, 2021
5014:The World Factbook
4865:. August 9, 2012.
4697:www.sws.bom.gov.au
4448:large.stanford.edu
4306:NIST SI Guide 2008
4095:unitconversion.org
4015:unitconversion.org
3400:
3309:(HNIW; AKA CL-20)
2945:nitrogen tetroxide
2864:RISAL P (50%
2508:PBXIH-135 EB (42%
2072:Hexamine dinitrate
1970:
1723:
1655:
1610:
1560:
1526:
1457:
1339:
1306:
1041:Operation Big Bang
930:
300:2,673–6,702 J
289:thermodynamic work
150:
142:
128:
120:
8688:
8687:
8638:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8585:Magnetized-target
8482:
8481:
8445:
8444:
8276:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8216:
8215:
8100:
8099:
8032:
8031:
7637:
7636:
7592:
7591:
7461:
7460:
7448:Weapon-free zones
7275:
7274:
7267:Radiopharmacology
6844:978-0-309-09160-2
6777:978-0-9759009-5-6
6759:978-0-471-18636-6
6740:978-1-4516-7761-4
6501:(11): 2671–2678.
6483:, 2007, page 1–2.
6122:(15): 1981–1991.
5743:. August 25, 2021
5741:US Forest Service
5432:. June 13, 2016.
5346:on March 18, 2016
5217:on March 16, 2011
5191:on March 14, 2011
5080:Volcano Discovery
4900:on April 4, 2012.
4742:978-1-55109-095-5
4542:978-0-375-71328-6
4532:The Ingenuity Gap
4478:Egypt Independent
4205:978-0-471-18636-6
3817:
3816:
3803:antimatter weapon
3746:Operation Dominic
3712:Tsar nuclear bomb
3393:
3392:
3252:Trinitroazetidine
2903:Hydrazine nitrate
2328:Hexanitrostilbene
2227:ANNMAL (66%
2110:hexamine peroxide
1976:Explosive, grade
1935:
1934:
1821:type Ia supernova
1508:La Garita Caldera
1434:joules of energy
1170:20 MWh – 700 GWh
1017:Halifax Explosion
573:
572:
368:milligram of TNT
158:
157:
97:Conversions
16:(Redirected from
8733:
8721:Equivalent units
8676:
8675:
8664:
8663:
8653:
8652:
8651:
8563:
8522:Levitated dipole
8492:
8484:
8432:Helium gas (GFR)
8295:
8290:
8227:
8111:
8061:
8054:
8049:
8048:
7830:
7826:
7825:
7664:
7656:
7648:Nuclear reactors
7643:
7542:High-level (HLW)
7472:
7319:
7299:Food irradiation
7289:Atomic gardening
7182:
7165:Nuclear meltdown
6991:Nuclear material
6981:Fissile material
6976:Fertile material
6891:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6853:
6848:
6819:
6810:
6789:
6780:
6762:
6744:
6718:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6679:
6673:
6668:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6589:
6578:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6399:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6337:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6256:"Sun Fact Sheet"
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6197:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6147:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6095:. Archived from
6084:
6078:
6077:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6010:
5992:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5939:www.lpi.usra.edu
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5848:10.1130/B31167.1
5817:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5794:. Archived from
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5548:. Archived from
5542:
5536:
5535:
5525:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5307:
5275:
5269:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5165:on April 4, 2010
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5135:. Archived from
5125:
5119:
5118:
5115:2060/19960020441
5090:
5084:
5083:
5082:. June 12, 2023.
5072:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5020:. Archived from
5006:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4958:
4940:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4896:. Archived from
4885:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4824:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4787:
4770:(843): 123–151.
4753:
4747:
4746:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4715:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4450:. Archived from
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4314:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4290:. July 2, 2009.
4284:
4278:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4137:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4007:
3991:
3990:Predicted values
3988:
3979:
3975:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3785:B41 nuclear bomb
3729:B53 nuclear bomb
3537:thermobaric bomb
3403:
3396:Nuclear examples
3389:
3342:Heptanitrocubane
3290:Hexanitrobenzene
2168:acetone peroxide
1999:Ammonium nitrate
1973:
1961:ammonium nitrate
1927:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1869:gamma-ray bursts
1863:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1787:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1709:Caloris Planitia
1701:
1699:
1684:
1682:
1670:>28 ZWh
1667:
1665:
1621:
1619:
1588:
1586:
1571:
1569:
1433:
1431:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1209:tropical cyclone
1167:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1138:
1136:
1126:strategic bomb.
1090:
1088:
1066:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1033:
1031:
1009:
1007:
988:
986:
967:
965:
949:Beirut explosion
941:
939:
900:
898:
875:
873:
854:
852:
846:
844:
815:
813:
786:
784:
765:
763:
748:
746:
731:
729:
698:
696:
682:Megatons of TNT
671:
653:
651:
641:
639:
629:
627:
617:
615:
612:
602:
600:
590:
588:
562:
560:
544:petagram of TNT
532:
530:
514:teragram of TNT
502:
500:
484:gigagram of TNT
472:
470:
454:megagram of TNT
442:
440:
430:milliton of TNT
424:kilogram of TNT
412:
410:
400:microton of TNT
383:or 4.184 joules
382:
342:
328:
326:
320:
316:
314:
306:upon explosion.
301:
274:asteroid impacts
260:
258:
245:
243:
206:
191:
184:
154:
153:10 calories
151:
143:
136:
133:
129:
121:
55:Nevada Test Site
51:
39:
21:
8741:
8740:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8730:
8726:Trinitrotoluene
8716:Units of energy
8691:
8690:
8689:
8684:
8649:
8647:
8630:
8594:
8561:
8546:
8503:
8493:
8488:
8478:
8441:
8346:
8291:
8284:
8283:
8268:
8212:
8143:
8118:
8096:
8068:
8050:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8028:
7994:
7985:
7967:
7932:
7923:
7837:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7810:
7724:Natural fission
7678:
7677:
7665:
7660:
7650:
7633:
7609:Nuclear weapons
7588:
7547:Low-level (LLW)
7525:
7457:
7409:
7308:
7271:
7218:
7171:
7092:
7024:
6947:
6885:
6880:
6845:
6822:
6792:
6783:
6778:
6765:
6760:
6747:
6741:
6726:
6704:
6701:
6692:
6690:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6665:
6658:
6654:
6644:
6642:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6619:
6617:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6557:
6555:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6531:
6529:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6479:
6475:
6465:
6463:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6328:(6166): 48–51.
6318:
6317:
6313:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6093:Ask a Physicist
6086:
6085:
6081:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6040:
6038:
6029:
6028:
6024:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5943:
5941:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5889:(1307): 11–17.
5876:
5875:
5871:
5819:
5818:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5771:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5746:
5744:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5654:
5652:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5439:
5437:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5409:
5407:
5400:armscontrol.org
5394:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5266:Wayback Machine
5255:Wayback Machine
5244:Wayback Machine
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5139:on May 12, 2013
5127:
5126:
5122:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5058:
5056:
5051:. August 2001.
5043:
5042:
5038:
5027:
5025:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4992:
4990:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4923:(7): e0131090.
4910:
4909:
4905:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4835:
4825:
4821:100.2/ADA269600
4814:
4813:
4809:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4708:
4701:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4543:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4510:. March 6, 2007
4502:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4297:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4276:Wayback Machine
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4236:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3921:
3912:
3910:
3904:cross-sectional
3901:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3822:
3813:43,000,000,000
3501:(Daisy Cutter)
3457:Earthquake bomb
3428:
3423:
3417:kilotons of TNT
3414:
3398:
3387:
3359:Octanitrocubane
2765:Composition C-4
2744:Composition C-3
2643:, Nobel's (75%
2599:Trinitrobenzene
2304:Trinitrotoluene
2205:Hydromite 600 (
2043:
2004:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1949:octanitrocubane
1940:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1887:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1859:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1841:standard candle
1834:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1793:mass of the Sun
1783:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1661:
1639:, earthquakes,
1617:
1615:
1584:
1582:
1567:
1565:
1476:38.53 PWh
1429:
1427:
1326:
1324:
1311:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1134:
1132:
1086:
1084:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1029:
1027:
1005:
1003:
984:
982:
975:Oppau explosion
963:
961:
944:2.088 GWh
937:
935:
896:
894:
871:
869:
850:
848:
842:
840:
811:
809:
789:13.94 kWh
782:
780:
768:11.62 kWh
761:
759:
744:
742:
734:1.162 kWh
727:
725:
694:
692:
669:
663:
649:
647:
637:
635:
625:
623:
613:
610:
608:
598:
596:
586:
584:
578:
558:
556:
550:gigaton of TNT
528:
526:
520:megaton of TNT
498:
496:
490:kiloton of TNT
468:
466:
438:
436:
408:
406:
380:
374:nanoton of TNT
324:
322:
319:15,000 ton
318:
312:
310:
299:
282:
256:
254:
241:
239:
228:
201:
186:
179:
152:
149:
141:
134:
131:
127:
119:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8739:
8737:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8693:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8682:
8670:
8658:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8616:Muon-catalyzed
8613:
8608:
8602:
8600:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8576:
8575:
8565:
8556:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8513:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8487:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8470:
8469:
8464:
8453:
8451:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8356:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8307:Integral (IFR)
8304:
8298:
8292:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8235:
8233:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8171:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8153:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8073:
8071:
8066:
8058:
8051:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7977:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7937:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7877:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7842:
7840:
7835:
7827:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7726:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7694:
7688:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7624:Uranium mining
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7533:
7531:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7506:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7497:Minor actinide
7494:
7489:
7478:
7476:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7423:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7395:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7325:
7323:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7285:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7194:Autoradiograph
7190:
7188:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7034:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6916:Atomic nucleus
6913:
6908:
6903:
6897:
6895:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6843:
6835:10.17226/10918
6820:
6801:(6): 383–389,
6790:
6781:
6776:
6763:
6758:
6745:
6739:
6724:
6719:
6700:
6699:
6689:, May 28, 2024
6674:
6663:
6652:
6627:
6601:
6565:
6539:
6512:
6485:
6473:
6443:
6390:(24): 241102.
6373:
6311:
6272:
6247:
6217:
6159:
6102:
6079:
6048:
6022:
5951:
5926:
5900:
5869:
5809:
5779:
5754:
5728:
5709:
5683:
5662:
5636:
5606:
5563:
5537:
5488:
5467:(3): 125–134.
5447:
5417:
5387:
5357:
5327:
5290:(6): 553–561.
5270:
5228:
5202:
5176:
5150:
5120:
5085:
5067:
5036:
5001:
4970:
4903:
4880:
4847:
4838:|journal=
4807:
4748:
4741:
4723:
4683:
4654:(6): 671–675.
4640:Langdon, G. S.
4630:
4591:
4560:
4541:
4521:
4495:
4465:
4434:
4409:
4397:convert-to.com
4384:
4372:convert-to.com
4359:
4347:convert-to.com
4334:
4309:
4279:
4261:
4235:978-3319653822
4234:
4211:
4204:
4186:
4171:
4156:
4121:
4112:
4082:
4057:
4032:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3980:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3937:square meters.
3919:
3917:square meters.
3895:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3787:(three-stage)
3781:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3717:50,000–56,000
3715:
3714:(three-stage)
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3429:effectiveness
3425:
3420:
3409:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:nitrocellulose
3055:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:Nitrotriazolon
3020:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:Methyl nitrate
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2538:PBXN-109 (64%
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:Nitrocellulose
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:Nitroguanidine
2283:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:Dinitrobenzene
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1993:effectiveness
1989:
1982:
1977:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1705:
1702:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1657:
1656:
1645:climate change
1625:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1592:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1562:
1561:
1546:
1545:1.02 EWh
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1423:
1422:1.69 PWh
1420:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1292:
1291:30.6 TWh
1289:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1219:18.6 TWh
1217:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:Tunguska event
1190:
1189:1.16 TWh
1187:
1183:
1182:
1175:kinetic energy
1173:The estimated
1171:
1168:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1094:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1037:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1010:
1000:
999:
992:
991:2.67 GWh
989:
979:
978:
971:
970:1.16–2.32 GWh
968:
958:
957:
945:
942:
932:
931:
904:
901:
891:
890:
879:
876:
866:
865:
858:
855:
837:
836:
819:
818:2.90 MWh
816:
806:
805:
790:
787:
777:
776:
769:
766:
756:
755:
752:
749:
739:
738:
735:
732:
722:
721:
702:
701:1.162 Wh
699:
689:
688:
683:
679:
678:
675:
662:
659:
658:
657:
645:
643:kilowatt-hours
633:
621:
606:
594:
577:
574:
571:
570:
569:46.55 kg
567:
564:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
534:
524:
521:
518:
515:
511:
510:
509:46.55 mg
507:
504:
494:
491:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
464:
461:
458:
455:
451:
450:
449:46.55 ng
447:
444:
434:
431:
428:
425:
421:
420:
417:
414:
404:
401:
398:
395:
391:
390:
387:
384:
378:
375:
372:
369:
365:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
281:
278:
266:nuclear weapon
227:
224:
176:unit of energy
173:
161:TNT equivalent
156:
155:
147:
138:
137:
125:
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
99:
98:
94:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
42:TNT equivalent
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8738:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8681:
8680:
8671:
8669:
8668:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8645:
8644:
8641:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8597:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8574:
8573:electrostatic
8571:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8549:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8496:
8491:
8485:
8475:
8472:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8352:Generation IV
8349:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8302:Breeder (FBR)
8300:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8288:
8279:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8207:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8047:
8040:
8035:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8004:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7988:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7926:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7817:
7813:
7807:
7804:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7668:
7663:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7604:Nuclear power
7602:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7585:
7584:Transmutation
7582:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7522:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7381:high-altitude
7379:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7371:Proliferation
7369:
7367:
7364:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7257:Brachytherapy
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7174:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7053:Cross section
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6877:
6872:
6870:
6865:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6846:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6827:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6779:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6761:
6755:
6751:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6703:
6702:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6656:
6653:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6628:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6602:
6586:
6582:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6527:
6523:
6516:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6474:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6377:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6276:
6273:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6248:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6163:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6049:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5961:Thomas, Ellen
5955:
5952:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5710:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5684:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5564:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5489:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5448:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5138:
5134:
5133:pubs.usgs.gov
5130:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4881:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4631:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4592:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4561:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4522:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4435:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4262:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4160:
4157:
4141:
4134:
4133:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3908:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:suitcase nuke
3656:Hypothetical
3654:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3625:, B54 (SADM)
3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3558:Davy Crockett
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:GBU-57 bomb (
3432:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3376:Octaazacubane
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:PBXW-11 (96%
3167:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:Nitroglycerin
2958:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2939:Mixture: 30%
2937:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:Mixture: 24%
2916:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:1A (76%
2812:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:Composition B
2712:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:low explosive
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1907: joules
1898:
1894:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:mass of Earth
1742:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1704:280 ZWh
1703:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:106 ZWh
1686:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1643:, and global
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:116 EWh
1623:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:350 PWh
1533:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:280 PWh
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1407:630 TWh
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:230 TWh
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:thunderstorms
1143:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:9.3 GWh
1068:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:3.6 GWh
1035:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:3.4 GWh
1011:
1002:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
981:
980:
976:
972:
969:
960:
959:
955:
950:
946:
943:
934:
933:
927:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
903:581 MWh
902:
893:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
868:
867:
863:
859:
856:
839:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
817:
808:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
779:
778:
774:
770:
767:
758:
757:
753:
750:
741:
740:
736:
733:
724:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:
691:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
672:
668:
660:
656:
655:electronvolts
646:
644:
634:
632:
622:
620:
607:
605:
595:
593:
583:
582:
581:
575:
568:
565:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
366:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:
337:
335:
330:
307:
305:
296:
292:
290:
285:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
252:
247:
237:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
212:
210:
205:
199:
195:
190:
183:
177:
172:
168:
166:
162:
148:
146:
139:
126:
124:
123:SI base units
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
61:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8677:
8665:
8646:
8626:Pyroelectric
8580:Laser-driven
8360:Sodium (SFR)
8287:fast-neutron
8126:
7672:
7562:Reprocessing
7443:WMD treaties
7402:
7262:Radiosurgery
7232:Fast-neutron
7204:Scintigraphy
6825:
6798:
6794:
6785:
6767:
6749:
6729:
6714:
6710:
6691:, retrieved
6686:
6677:
6666:
6655:
6643:. Retrieved
6639:
6630:
6618:. Retrieved
6614:
6604:
6592:. Retrieved
6580:
6568:
6556:. Retrieved
6542:
6530:. Retrieved
6515:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6480:
6476:
6464:. Retrieved
6460:the original
6455:
6446:
6387:
6383:
6376:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6289:
6285:
6275:
6263:. Retrieved
6259:
6250:
6240:February 23,
6238:. Retrieved
6234:the original
6229:
6220:
6177:
6173:
6162:
6145:1721.1/69472
6119:
6115:
6105:
6097:the original
6092:
6082:
6065:
6061:
6051:
6039:. Retrieved
6036:ScienceAlert
6035:
6025:
5972:
5968:
5954:
5942:. Retrieved
5938:
5929:
5917:. Retrieved
5913:
5903:
5886:
5882:
5872:
5831:
5825:
5802:February 24,
5800:. Retrieved
5796:the original
5791:
5782:
5770:. Retrieved
5766:
5757:
5745:. Retrieved
5740:
5731:
5722:
5712:
5700:. Retrieved
5696:
5686:
5674:. Retrieved
5665:
5655:February 10,
5653:. Retrieved
5649:the original
5639:
5627:. Retrieved
5623:the original
5618:
5609:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5554:. Retrieved
5550:the original
5540:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5438:. Retrieved
5420:
5408:. Retrieved
5399:
5390:
5378:. Retrieved
5369:
5360:
5350:February 23,
5348:. Retrieved
5344:the original
5339:
5330:
5287:
5283:
5273:
5231:
5221:February 10,
5219:. Retrieved
5215:the original
5205:
5193:. Retrieved
5189:the original
5179:
5169:February 10,
5167:. Retrieved
5163:the original
5153:
5141:. Retrieved
5137:the original
5132:
5123:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5079:
5070:
5057:. Retrieved
5039:
5026:. Retrieved
5022:the original
5013:
5004:
4991:. Retrieved
4973:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4898:the original
4893:
4883:
4871:. Retrieved
4862:
4829:cite journal
4810:
4767:
4761:
4751:
4732:
4726:
4700:. Retrieved
4696:
4686:
4651:
4647:
4633:
4621:. Retrieved
4604:
4594:
4582:. Retrieved
4573:
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4531:
4524:
4512:. Retrieved
4507:
4498:
4486:. Retrieved
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4452:the original
4447:
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4421:
4412:
4400:. Retrieved
4396:
4387:
4375:. Retrieved
4371:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4346:
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4321:
4312:
4296:. Retrieved
4282:
4264:
4252:. Retrieved
4224:
4195:
4189:
4180:
4174:
4165:
4159:
4149:December 12,
4147:. Retrieved
4140:the original
4131:
4124:
4115:
4105:November 23,
4103:. Retrieved
4094:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4069:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4044:
4035:
4023:. Retrieved
4014:
4005:
3951:
3942:
3907:surface area
3898:
3886:
3801:Theoretical
3753:(two-stage)
3748:
3731:(two-stage)
3675:nuclear bomb
3601:(dropped on
3577:(dropped on
3119:stearic acid
2941:nitrobenzene
2920:nitrobenzene
2445:Nitromethane
2320:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2148:Urea nitrate
2036:Black powder
1965:
1945:
1941:
1641:megatsunamis
1352:Soviet Union
1347:58 TWh
1316:53 TWh
1276:28 TWh
1254:annihilation
1246:
1242:
1234:25 TWh
1204:10 TWh
996:solar energy
916:454 tons of
822:
773:arcing fault
677:Description
579:
394:gram of TNT
381:4.184 J
338:
331:
308:
297:
293:
286:
283:
263:
250:
248:
231:
229:
213:
160:
159:
108:
103:
78:Unit of
73:Non-standard
36:
8537:Stellarator
8501:confinement
8395:Superphénix
8222:Molten-salt
8174:VHTR (HTGR)
7951:HW BLWR 250
7917:R4 Marviken
7846:Pressurized
7816:Heavy water
7800:many others
7729:Pressurized
7684:Light water
7386:underground
7344:Disarmament
7252:Tomotherapy
7247:Proton-beam
7111:Power plant
7073:Temperature
6906:Engineering
6594:October 23,
6292:: 223–248.
5629:January 17,
5284:Shock Waves
5028:October 22,
4993:October 21,
4648:Shock Waves
4553:November 7,
4254:January 25,
4225:Blast Waves
3978:explosions.
3482:racing fuel
3412:Total yield
2872:+ 15%
2868:+ 28%
2792:+ 44%
2721:+ 36%
2688:+ 40%
2622:+ 30%
2582:Picric acid
2550:'s system)
2524:'s system)
2477:'s system)
2409:+ 20%
2367:+ 20%
2268:+ 50%
2231:+ 25%
2045:+ 19%
1985:Detonation
1899:, released
1591:7 EWh
1485:Little Boys
1442:3 PWh
1114:dropped on
1112:atomic bomb
1103:dropped on
1101:atomic bomb
1073:Minor Scale
1021:Picric acid
864:discharge.
833:Episode 116
824:MythBusters
631:foot-pounds
460:ton of TNT
334:kilocalorie
202:4.184
189:gigacalorie
180:4.184
69:Unit system
18:Tons of TNT
8701:Explosives
8695:Categories
8562:(acoustic)
8179:PBR (PBMR)
7567:Spent fuel
7557:Repository
7537:Fuel cycle
7504:Activation
7281:Processing
7148:Propulsion
7106:by country
7038:Activation
6574:"FM 5–250"
6532:August 24,
6397:1602.03840
6180:(4): 293.
5508:(2): 107.
5259:Tsar Bomba
4873:January 7,
4863:K1 project
4244:1005353847
4025:January 6,
3873:References
3796:5,100,000
3779:4,960,000
3762:3,042,400
3750:Housatonic
3740:2,200,000
3723:2,100,000
3706:1,300,000
3682:650–1,120
3575:Little Boy
3535:(advanced
3453:Grand Slam
2884:+ 2%
2880:+ 1%
2876:+ 4%
2817:+ 6%
2767:(91%
2746:(78%
2725:+ 1%
2717:(63%
2618:(70%
2405:(80%
2363:(80%
2264:(50%
2239:+ 3%
2235:+ 5%
2129:(94%
2053:, ancient
2049:+ 6%
2038:(75%
1987:vel. (m/s)
1764: RWh
1740: RWh
1381:97.04 TWh
1356:Tsar Bomba
1266:gamma rays
1251:antiproton
1224:earthquake
1098:Little Boy
1045:Heligoland
994:Amount of
922:detonation
718:atmosphere
686:Watt-hours
566:1.162 PWh
536:1.162 TWh
506:1.162 GWh
476:1.162 MWh
446:1.162 kWh
386:1.162 mWh
345:Grams TNT
236:terajoules
204:kilojoules
194:metric ton
182:gigajoules
91:ton of TNT
8532:Spheromak
8231:Fluorides
7895:IPHWR-700
7890:IPHWR-540
7885:IPHWR-220
7674:Moderator
7354:Explosion
7329:Arms race
7116:Economics
7068:Reflector
7063:Radiation
7058:Generator
7013:Plutonium
6966:Deuterium
6931:Radiation
6901:Chemistry
6817:0009-4293
6687:Knowledge
6609:PubChem.
6558:March 31,
6466:March 23,
6438:217406416
6422:0031-9007
6335:1311.5254
6306:0004-6361
6265:March 22,
6212:122755461
6204:1572-9478
6154:0032-0633
6041:April 23,
5999:0027-8424
5944:April 23,
5919:March 21,
5856:0016-7606
5772:April 23,
5747:April 23,
5676:March 21,
5601:145759562
5579:(4): 77.
5532:145260117
5322:251480018
5314:1432-2153
5195:March 13,
5143:April 23,
4947:1932-6203
4794:0080-4614
4702:April 23,
4678:1432-2153
4623:August 7,
4613:0099-9660
4584:August 7,
4574:DNA India
4514:March 22,
4458:March 31,
4427:March 22,
4402:March 22,
4377:March 22,
4352:March 22,
4327:March 22,
4298:March 29,
4075:March 22,
4050:March 22,
3998:Citations
3878:Footnotes
3679:500–1000
3579:Hiroshima
3556:, Mk-54 (
3539:, ATBIP)
3480:based on
3427:Relative
3275:grade B)
3196:Penthrite
3059:Gelignite
3044:, FOX-7)
2786:Pentolite
2649:diatomite
2369:aluminium
2345:Nitrourea
1991:Relative
1892: Wh
1864: Wh
1858:(2.8–5.6)
1849:(2.4–4.8)
1816: Wh
1810:(2.8–5.6)
1801:(2.4–4.8)
1788: Wh
1719:MESSENGER
1711:impactor.
1637:volcanism
1465:3.34 PWh
1366:70.9 TWh
1258:neutrinos
1105:Hiroshima
1053:10 J
862:lightning
704:≈ 1 food
561:10 J
531:10 J
501:10 J
479:46.55 μg
471:10 J
441:10 J
419:46.55 pg
416:1.162 Wh
411:10 J
389:46.55 fg
351:Tons TNT
327:10 J
315:10 J
259:10 J
244:10 J
207:(or 4184
102:1 t
89:t,
57:, in 1951
8667:Category
8621:Polywell
8552:Inertial
8509:Magnetic
8264:TMSR-LF1
8259:TMSR-500
8239:Fuji MSR
8199:THTR-300
8039:Graphite
7902:PHWR KWU
7868:ACR-1000
7796:IPWR-900
7779:ACPR1000
7774:HPR-1000
7764:CPR-1000
7739:APR-1400
7530:Disposal
7482:Actinide
7475:Products
7334:Delivery
7177:Medicine
7006:depleted
7001:enriched
6971:Helium-3
6936:ionizing
6611:"Medina"
6585:Archived
6552:Archived
6526:Archived
6430:27367378
6360:24263134
6068:: 2056.
6017:31636204
5434:Archived
5404:Archived
5374:Archived
5262:Archived
5251:Archived
5240:Archived
5059:June 30,
5053:Archived
4987:Archived
4965:26132830
4917:PLOS ONE
4867:Archived
4712:cite web
4617:Archived
4578:Archived
4547:Archived
4482:Archived
4292:Archived
4272:Archived
4248:Archived
4099:Archived
4019:Archived
3826:Brisance
3820:See also
3776:272–308
3685:900,000
3603:Nagasaki
3459:, M110)
3388:>5.00
2641:Dynamite
2616:Tetrytol
2494:(DEGDN)
2361:Tritonal
2211:emulsion
1721:orbiter.
1574:4.2 EWh
1542:875,000
1531:301,000
1500:240,000
1179:tornados
1141:280 GWh
1116:Nagasaki
751:5.6 kWh
710:kilogram
661:Examples
592:calories
539:46.55 g
360:Energy
357:Energy
220:dynamite
8679:Commons
8590:Z-pinch
8560:Bubble
8542:Tokamak
8405:FBR-600
8385:CFR-600
8380:BN-1200
8046:coolant
7973:Organic
7858:CANDU 9
7855:CANDU 6
7823:coolant
7784:ACP1000
7759:CAP1400
7697:Boiling
7662:Fission
7509:Fission
7453:Weapons
7393:Warfare
7376:Testing
7366:History
7359:effects
7314:Weapons
7224:Therapy
7199:RadBall
7186:Imaging
7078:Thermal
7043:Capture
7030:Neutron
7018:Thorium
6996:Uranium
6961:Tritium
6941:braking
6921:Fission
6911:Physics
6894:Science
6693:July 7,
6645:May 20,
6620:May 20,
6581:bits.de
6402:Bibcode
6368:9782862
6340:Bibcode
6322:Science
6294:Bibcode
6182:Bibcode
6124:Bibcode
6070:Bibcode
6008:6842625
5977:Bibcode
5864:3463018
5836:Bibcode
5702:June 7,
5581:Bibcode
5510:Bibcode
5469:Bibcode
5370:fas.org
5292:Bibcode
4956:4489157
4925:Bibcode
4772:Bibcode
4656:Bibcode
4488:June 8,
3807:43,000
3790:25,000
3720:26,500
3668:80,000
3651:50,000
3634:43,500
3599:Fat Man
3504:0.0075
3487:0.0018
3462:0.0065
3444:13,600
3441:0.0035
3438:, MOP)
3384:15,000
3367:10,600
3333:10,000
3269:Octogen
3254:(TNAZ)
3153:Hexogen
3040:DADNE (
2567:(TATB)
2187:Extra (
1981:(g/ml)
1979:Density
1600:Jupiter
1598:struck
1473:33,000
1109:Fat Man
1085:(1.5–2)
714:Celsius
706:calorie
674:Energy
354:Symbol
348:Symbol
251:megaton
232:kiloton
187:1
169:ton of
132:
8711:Scales
8490:Fusion
8450:Others
8390:Phénix
8375:BN-800
8370:BN-600
8365:BN-350
8194:HTR-PM
8189:HTR-10
8169:UHTREX
8134:Magnox
8129:(UNGG)
8022:Lucens
8017:KS 150
7754:ATMEA1
7734:AP1000
7717:Kerena
7597:Debate
7349:Ethics
7339:Design
7322:Topics
7153:rocket
7131:Fusion
7126:Policy
7088:Fusion
7048:Poison
6926:Fusion
6841:
6815:
6774:
6756:
6737:
6436:
6428:
6420:
6366:
6358:
6304:
6210:
6202:
6152:
6015:
6005:
5997:
5862:
5854:
5599:
5556:May 4,
5530:
5440:May 4,
5410:May 4,
5380:May 4,
5320:
5312:
4963:
4953:
4945:
4894:Cosmos
4800:
4792:
4739:
4676:
4611:
4539:
4242:
4232:
4202:
3793:4,850
3773:1,200
3759:3,239
3756:9,960
3737:4,050
3734:9,000
3641:A-bomb
3617:4,500
3614:4,600
3607:A-bomb
3593:4,000
3590:4,400
3583:A-bomb
3569:1,000
3563:0.022
3545:9,100
3542:0.044
3524:9,800
3521:0.011
3507:6,800
3499:BLU-82
3490:2,300
3465:9,900
3407:Weapon
3378:(OAC)
3361:(ONC)
3350:9,200
3344:(HNC)
3315:9,500
3298:9,340
3292:(HNB)
3281:9,100
3260:9,597
3243:8,700
3229:8,300
3208:8,400
3187:8,720
3175:HyTemp
3161:8,600
3155:(RDX)
3144:8,206
3138:(ETN)
3127:8,470
3105:7,940
3087:+ 45%
3075:7,970
3050:8,330
3032:8,120
3026:(NTO)
3015:8,690
3001:+ 19%
2986:7,900
2969:7,700
2952:8,290
2943:+ 70%
2931:8,060
2922:+ 76%
2910:8,500
2894:5,980
2856:7,640
2842:+ 20%
2827:7,670
2811:Semtex
2802:7,520
2777:8,040
2756:7,630
2735:7,840
2706:7,440
2692:+ 18%
2682:Torpex
2673:7,770
2666:Tetryl
2657:7,200
2647:+ 23%
2632:7,370
2620:tetryl
2607:7,300
2601:(TNB)
2590:7,350
2584:(TNP)
2573:7,550
2556:7,450
2546:, 16%
2542:, 20%
2530:7,060
2516:, 25%
2512:, 33%
2500:6,610
2483:6,450
2473:, 12%
2469:, 26%
2465:, 20%
2453:6,360
2436:6,400
2419:6,570
2403:Amatol
2394:7,000
2388:(NHN)
2377:6,650
2352:6,860
2336:7,080
2330:(HNS)
2294:6,750
2278:6,290
2262:Amatol
2253:5,360
2219:5,550
2209:water
2197:5,690
2176:5,300
2155:4,700
2139:4,200
2118:4,520
2097:6,025
2091:(DNB)
2080:5,070
2074:(HDN)
2027:4,250
2011:2,700
1462:2,870
1439:2,680
1419:1,460
1344:50–56
870:(1–44)
604:joules
209:joules
165:energy
104:in ...
86:Symbol
81:Energy
8611:Migma
8599:Other
8568:Fusor
8467:Piqua
8462:Arbus
8420:PRISM
8162:MHR-T
8157:GTMHR
8087:EGP-6
8082:AMB-X
8057:Water
8002:HWGCR
7941:HWLWR
7880:IPHWR
7851:CANDU
7712:ESBWR
7467:Waste
7431:Tests
7414:Lists
7398:Yield
7141:MMRTG
7098:Power
6588:(PDF)
6577:(PDF)
6434:S2CID
6392:arXiv
6364:S2CID
6330:arXiv
6208:S2CID
5860:S2CID
5697:Wired
5597:S2CID
5528:S2CID
5318:S2CID
4802:91443
4798:JSTOR
4143:(PDF)
4136:(PDF)
3861:Tonne
3548:4.83
3527:1.13
3510:1.10
3493:0.78
3468:0.66
3447:0.26
3424:(kg)
3422:Mass
3381:2.69
3370:2.38
3364:1.95
3347:1.92
3336:1.95
3330:1.98
3323:DDF (
3318:1.90
3312:1.97
3301:1.80
3295:1.97
3284:1.70
3278:1.86
3263:1.70
3257:1.85
3246:1.70
3240:1.65
3232:1.66
3226:1.49
3211:1.66
3205:1.77
3190:1.60
3184:1.81
3177:, 3%
3173:, 1%
3164:1.60
3158:1.78
3147:1.60
3141:1.72
3130:1.60
3124:1.65
3117:+ 2%
3108:1.60
3102:1.51
3095:+ 4%
3093:DEGDN
3091:+ 5%
3078:1.60
3072:1.60
3065:+ 7%
3061:(92%
3053:1.60
3047:1.77
3035:1.60
3029:1.87
3018:1.54
3012:1.83
3005:+ 1%
2997:(80%
2995:Octol
2989:1.54
2983:1.21
2980:(MN)
2972:1.54
2966:1.59
2963:(NG)
2955:1.50
2949:1.39
2934:1.50
2928:1.48
2913:1.42
2907:1.59
2897:1.40
2891:1.39
2859:1.35
2853:1.79
2846:+ 4%
2838:(76%
2836:Hexal
2830:1.35
2824:1.55
2805:1.33
2799:1.66
2788:(56%
2780:1.34
2774:1.59
2759:1.33
2753:1.60
2738:1.33
2732:1.72
2709:1.30
2703:1.80
2696:+ 1%
2676:1.25
2670:1.71
2660:1.25
2654:1.48
2635:1.20
2629:1.60
2610:1.20
2604:1.60
2593:1.17
2587:1.71
2576:1.17
2570:1.80
2559:1.17
2553:1.68
2533:1.17
2527:1.81
2522:TMETN
2503:1.17
2497:1.38
2486:1.10
2480:1.80
2456:1.10
2450:1.13
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2391:1.70
2380:1.05
2374:1.70
2355:1.05
2349:1.45
2339:1.05
2333:1.70
2316:6,900
2306:(TNT)
2297:0.95
2291:1.32
2281:0.91
2275:1.50
2256:0.87
2250:1.16
2243:+ 1%
2222:0.80
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2179:0.80
2173:1.18
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2142:0.74
2136:0.92
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2115:0.88
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2066:0.55
2060:1.65
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2008:0.88
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