38:
292:, and it became increasingly common to buy tontine shares for young children, especially for girls around the age of 5 (since girls lived longer than boys, and by which age they were less at risk of infant mortality). This created the possibility of significant returns for the shareholders, but significant losses for the organizers. As a result, tontine schemes were eventually abandoned, and by the mid-1850s tontines had been replaced by other investment vehicles, such as "
314:
628:
247:
188:
further government tontines were organised in France down to 1759; four more in
Britain down to 1789; and others in the Netherlands and some of the German states. Those in Britain were not fully subscribed, and in general the British schemes tended to be less popular and successful than their continental counterparts.
1228:"Description des machines et procédés spécifiés dans les brevets d'invention, publ. par C.P. Molard. [With] Table générale des vingt premiers volumes. [Continued as] Description des machines ... pour lesquels des brevets d'invention ont été pris sous le régime de la loi du 5 juillet 1844"
521:
the nature of "insurance" involves some investment risk-taking on the part of the company. Tontines replace idiosyncratic longevity risk with systemic longevity risk and therefore have aspects of insurance however unless the issuer of a tontine provides a fixed return, the issuer assumes no true risk
191:
By the end of the 18th century, the tontine had fallen out of favour as a revenue-raising instrument with governments, but smaller-scale and less formal tontines continued to be arranged between individuals or to raise funds for specific projects throughout the 19th century, and, in modified form, to
358:
west of London, was financed through a tontine authorised by an Act of
Parliament in 1773. Once the bridge was completed in 1777, it was the toll charged to cross the bridge that was shared between the investors, each receiving a larger share as the others died. The last survivor received the entire
477:
many life insurance companies went out of business as deteriorating financial conditions created solvency problems: those that survived had all offered tontines. However, the contracts included an obligation to maintain monthly payments, and as a result spawned large numbers of policy owners whose
529:
legislation which came into effect in March 2022 specifically paves the way for other types of financial service providers to create new pension products that abide by the "tontine principle" which tontine PEPP (pan-European
Personal Pension Product) products can be offered throughout Europe once
187:
in the
Netherlands in October 1670, and was soon followed by three other cities. The French finally established a state tontine in 1689 (though it was not described by that name because Tonti had died in disgrace, about five years earlier). The English government organised a tontine in 1693. Nine
489:
was set up to enquire into the selling of tontines. It resulted in the banning of the continued sale of any tontines which contained toxic clauses for consumers. In essence, these toxic versions of tontine pensions were effectively (though not literally) outlawed in response to corrupt insurance
229:
Because younger nominees clearly had a longer life expectancy, the 17th- and 18th-century tontines were normally divided into several "classes" by age (typically in bands of 5, 7 or 10 years): each class effectively formed a separate tontine, with the shares of deceased members devolving to
225:
In most 18th- and 19th-century schemes, parties 2 to 4 were the same individuals; but in a significant minority of schemes each initial subscriber–shareholder was permitted to invest in the name of another party (generally one of his or her own children), who would inherit that share on the
132:. Each subscriber pays a sum into a trust and thereafter receives a periodical payout. As members die, their payout entitlements devolve to the other participants, and so the value of each continuing payout increases. On the death of the final member, the trust scheme is usually wound up.
609:
as "...a scheme or arrangement variously known as a kootu, cheetu, chit fund, hwei, tontine or otherwise whereby the participants subscribe periodically or otherwise to a common fund and such common fund is put up for sale or payment to the participants by auction, tender, bid, ballot or
276:
and, unlike many later schemes, this one was run honestly; the last survivor, a widow named
Charlotte Barbier, who died in 1726 at the age of 96, received 73,000 livres in her last payment. The English government first issued tontines in 1693 to fund a war against France, part of the
779:, is set in nineteenth-century England and tells a story centered around the fictional "Waterloo Tontine", established to benefit veterans of the Napoleonic wars. Among other plot twists, shareholders hire an actor to impersonate a dead nominee, and conspire to murder another member.
399:. Subscribers were able to nominate someone other than themselves as the person on whose life the share was staked. On the subscriber's death they could leave their share to that person, or to anyone else. The scheme raised £5,000, but cost £21,750 in interest over its 87-year life.
843:
and drank all but one bottle, which they set aside for the last survivor. After the only other surviving member dies, Potter receives the bottle in the mail and shares it with his staff, drinking first to his departed friends and then to the new ones he has made at the
359:
toll income until his death when the toll booth on the south bank was demolished and the bridge became free to cross. Although the bridge was widened on the upstream side in 1938 using the original facing stones, the bridge remains the oldest bridge crossing the Thames.
472:
introduced them as a means of selling more life insurance and meeting the demands of competition. Over the next four decades, the
Equitable and its imitators sold approximately 9 million policies – two-thirds of the nation's outstanding insurance contracts. During the
613:
In the UK during the mid-20th century, the term "tontine" was applied to communal
Christmas saving schemes, with participants making regular payments of an agreed sum through the year, which would be withdrawn shortly before Christmas to fund gifts and festivities.
863:
204:
invested. As each investor dies, their share is reallocated among the surviving investors. This process continues until the death of the final investor, when the trust scheme is wound up. Each subscriber receives only interest; the capital is never paid back.
237:
below) often feature a variant model of the tontine in which the capital devolves upon the last surviving nominee, thereby dissolving the trust and potentially making the survivor very wealthy. It is unclear whether this model ever existed in the real world.
533:
In most places in the United States using tontines to raise capital or obtain lifetime income is consistently upheld as being legal; however, legislation in two states has fostered the false perception that selling tontines in the broader U.S. is not legal.
121:) is an investment linked to a living person which provides an income for as long as that person is alive. Such schemes originated as plans for governments to raise capital in the 17th century and became relatively widespread in the 18th and 19th centuries.
800:
under which his estate is divided in trust among his grandchildren, the final survivor to inherit the whole. The settlement is described, inaccurately, as a tontine. K. Tombs uses the term in the same (inaccurate) way in a more recent murder mystery,
910:(2000), the title character is accused of spreading a plague to several colony worlds, on one of which the colonists had established a tontine. The sole survivor, a little girl, consequently becomes so wealthy that in the second book of the series –
728:. The plot revolves around a tontine originally taken out for some wealthy English children, and the resulting shenanigans as younger family members of the two final elderly survivors vie to secure the final payout. The book was adapted as a film,
881:. Grampa eventually kicks Burns out of the tontine for trying to kill him, but before he and Bart can do anything with the art, agents of the US State Department arrive to return the paintings to a descendant of the original owner.
497:
criticised tontine insurance, calling it "an immoral contract" which "put a premium on murder". In New
Zealand at the time, another of the chief critics of tontines had been the government, which also issued its own insurance.
1769:. London: Joffe Books, revised edition ("It's a financial agreement drawn up by a number of parties, the chief clause of which is that all the investment or funds, will all eventually go to the surviving member", p. 191)
482:. As the funds in the investment account accumulated, they found their way into directors' and agents' pockets, and also into the hands of judges and legislators, who reciprocated with prejudicial judgments and laws.
826:, Episode 16 of Season Two (1966–67) – "The Night of the Tottering Tontine" – finds James West and Artemus Gordon protecting a man who is a member of a tontine whose members are being murdered one by another.
853:
episode "The
Tontine" (1982), one of the last two surviving family members who invested in the tontine attempts to kill himself so that the other can have the money before growing too old to enjoy it.
1571:
172:, who is popularly credited with inventing it in France in 1653. He more probably merely modified existing Italian investment schemes; while another precursor was a proposal put to the Senate of
1864:
580:(ROSCA), tontines are well established as a savings instrument in central Africa, and in this case function as savings clubs in which each member makes regular payments and is lent the
478:
life savings were wiped out by a single missed payment. The profits produced by the tontines' deferred payout structures proved tempting for the issuers – especially the profligate
1454:
584:
in turn. They are wound up after each cycle of loans. In West Africa, "tontines" – often consisting of mainly women – are an example of economic, social and cultural solidarity.
1496:
143:
in 2019 also contains provisions that specifically permit next-generation pension products that abide by the "tontine principle" to be offered in the 27 EU member states.
370:
from which the town takes its name: it was built in 1780–84 by the proprietors of the bridge to accommodate tourists who came to view this wonder of the industrial age.
517:
includes tontines as a permitted class of business for insurers. However, this does not mean that tontines should be considered insurance contracts. According to the
257:
under French law from
January 1791 until September 1792. In June 1792 a patent was issued to inventor F. P. Dousset for a new type of tontine in combination with a
1967:
1010:
755:
during a snowy winter in the late 19th century. The plot involves the potential beneficiaries of a covert tontine, and their scheme to murder their ignorant rivals.
2046:
1924:
1855:
1962:
288:
of the population. At first, tontine holders included men and women of all ages. However, by the mid-18th century, investors were beginning to understand how to
2092:
2127:
1161:
957:. The office workers at ISIS HQ, realizing that a new tontine could capitalize on the high mortality rate of field agents, begin persuading people to join.
506:
In France and Belgium, tontines clauses are inserted into contracts such as ownership deeds for property as a means to potentially reduce inheritance tax.
1129:
1663:
448:
1270:
1536:
272:
first made use of tontines in 1689 to fund military operations when he could not otherwise raise the money. The initial subscribers each put in 300
573:
schemes. The crucial difference between these and tontines in the traditional sense is that benefits do not depend on the deaths of other members.
577:
537:
Several new pension architectures have been designed or deployed which partially or fully utilise the tontine risk-sharing structure including:
2117:
1379:
1300:
587:
Informal group savings and loan associations are also traditional in many east Asian societies, and under the name of tontines are found in
135:
Tontines are still common in France. They can be issued by European insurers under the Directive 2002/83/EC of the European Parliament. The
1992:
688:
Tontines (or schemes described as tontines) have been featured as plot devices in many stories, movies and television programs, including:
469:
2122:
518:
2060:
1800:
675:
176:
by Nicolas Bourey in 1641. Tonti put his proposal to the French royal government, but after consideration it was rejected by the
1092:
541:
444:
653:
125:
761:'s short story "The Tontine Curse" (1948) features mysterious deaths related to a tontine in 1779, being investigated by
1176:
396:
284:
Tontines soon caused financial problems for their issuing governments, as the organisers tended to underestimate the
923:
features a variation on a tontine where the last investor to get married gets the full amount of the invested funds.
510:
1330:
2112:
962:
649:
638:
31:
569:, the meaning of the term "tontine" has broadened to encompass a wider range of semi-formal group savings and
212:
the government or corporate body that organizes the scheme, receives the contributions and manages the capital
156:
reported that tontines were getting fresh consideration as a way for people to get steady retirement income.
937:
899:, deals with four friends in a tontine scheme suddenly realising they will benefit from each other's deaths.
745:
657:
642:
550:
which can be offered in 27 EU member countries plus Switzerland, Canada, Norway Iceland & Liechtenstein,
486:
389:
351:
147:
1932:
Jennings, Robert M.; Swanson, Donald F.; Trout, Andrew P. (1988). "Alexander Hamilton's tontine proposal".
721:
605:, chit funds are primarily known as "kootu funds", which again are ROSCAs and which are defined under the
254:
493:
When Equitable Life Assurance was establishing its business in Australia in the 1880s, an actuary of the
1497:"Retirement tontines: Using a classical finance mechanism as an alternative source of retirement income"
1448:
716:
2069:
37:
1417:"King William's Tontine: Why the Retirement Annuity of the Future Should Resemble Its Past (a review)"
1042:
954:
784:
696:
547:
526:
381:
318:
136:
124:
Tontines enable subscribers to share the risk of living a long life by combining features of a group
2002:
Weir, David R. (1989). "Tontines, Public Finance, and Revolution in France and England, 1688–1789".
594:
In Singapore, the Chit Funds Act of 1971 defines the application of legislation to the operation of
2107:
2093:"Forbes Pensions Research Council (Jan 18, 2018) "Fintech's Answer To The Global Retirement Crisis"
919:
831:
758:
598:, which were also known colloquially as tontines (although more properly a variant type of ROSCA).
440:
341:
299:
A property development tontine, The Victoria Park Company, was at the heart of the notable case of
140:
1227:
293:
2064:
2040:
2019:
1949:
1918:
1884:
1849:
1626:
1097:
946:
822:
797:
710:
566:
465:
184:
152:
817:, features a so-called tontine under which the investors' sons stand to gain from marrying late.
278:
1842:
Les emprunts tontiniers de l'Ancien Régime: un exemple d'ingénierie financière au XVIIIe siècle
1396:
2084:
1988:
1819:
Dunkley, John (2007). "Bourbons on the Rocks: tontines and early public lotteries in France".
1796:
1554:
1375:
1296:
1018:
928:
914:(2000) – she buys the bank behind the colonies to free the Stardoc from the debt she now owes.
772:
418:
289:
201:
200:
Each investor pays a sum into the tontine. Each investor then receives annual interest on the
2011:
1941:
1876:
1828:
1618:
1428:
479:
301:
169:
56:
1718:
839:. While taking shelter in a château during an artillery barrage, they had found a cache of
1645:
814:
809:
793:
433:
367:
1985:
King William's Tontine: why the retirement annuity of the future should resemble its past
1469:
1416:
835:, focuses on a tontine set up among Colonel Potter and several of his Army buddies from
1980:
1832:
1368:
1155:
950:
870:
762:
725:
703:, buys a tontine on the life of an elderly peasant, whom he then strives to keep alive.
514:
461:
345:
150:
in the United States restricting some forms of tontines. Nevertheless, in March 2017,
2101:
2023:
1888:
1630:
1622:
1495:
Iwry, J. Mark; Haldeman, Claire; Gale, William G.; John, David C. (15 October 2020).
1150:
888:
849:
776:
752:
730:
474:
374:
1606:
796:, the plot revolves around the will of a wealthy industrialist, which establishes a
313:
2076:
1584:
892:
878:
864:
Raging Abe Simpson and His Grumbling Grandson in 'The Curse of the Flying Hellfish'
858:
735:
422:
355:
330:
273:
1072:"PEPP – Towards a Harmonized European Legislative Framework for Personal Pensions"
2080:: "What's with tontines, the odd annuities in which you benefit when others die?"
1271:
Lessons from history II: The «Thirty Maidens of Geneva» and the French Revolution
877:
are the final survivors of a tontine to determine ownership of art looted during
1316:
976:
945:
Woodhouse is revealed as one of three final survivors of a group of World War I
903:
836:
789:
627:
570:
494:
385:
322:
1896:
Jennings, Robert M.; Trout, Andrew P. (1976). "The Tontine: fact and fiction".
932:
episode "Being of Sound Mind" (2001) features a tontine as a motive for murder.
2015:
1880:
896:
749:
407:
363:
42:
1344:
1022:
981:
874:
595:
285:
269:
177:
581:
1130:"A Tontine before Lorenzo de Tonti's! The Lisbon Tontine Proposal of 1641"
246:
1678:
1432:
602:
588:
411:
403:
1911:
The Tontine: from the reign of Louis XIV to the French Revolutionary era
17:
1953:
1679:"Tontine: an alternative financial instrument in Cambodian communities"
258:
129:
2085:
Baker et al. (Winter 2009–2010) "Tontines for the Young Invincibles",
333:
projects. These sometimes contained the word "tontine" in their name.
1810:
Coudy, Julien (1957). "La Tontine royal sous le règne de Louis XIV".
1793:
Betting on Lives: the culture of life insurance in England, 1695–1775
1692:
840:
430:
173:
165:
1945:
1572:
Consumer-oriented FAQs on the pan-European Personal Pension Product.
1071:
1784:
The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States 1859–1964
1745:
942:
829:"Old Soldiers", an eighth-season episode of the television series
700:
312:
245:
208:
Strictly speaking, the transaction involves four different roles:
36:
1865:"Tontines, annuities and civic improvements in Georgian Britain"
953:
50 into an interest-bearing account, now worth nearly a million
699:. A physician, hoping to raise the funds to give his daughter a
426:
146:
Questionable practices by U.S. life insurers in 1906 led to the
1070:
Meerten, Hans van; Hooghiemstra, Sebastiaan Niels (July 2017).
1154:
621:
183:
The first true tontine was therefore organised in the city of
110:
83:
377:, Glasgow, were funded through two tontines of 1781 and 1796.
1605:
Piggott, John; Valdez, Emiliano A.; Detzel, Bettina (2005).
1011:"Property in France: Keep it in la famille now and for ever"
1165:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
388:
in New York City, built in 1792, was the first home of the
74:
1331:"Tontine Hotel, 5 Ardgowan Square: Listed Building Report"
443:, was erected in 1805, funded through a tontine, with the
98:
65:
1743:
For a description and images of a contribution card, see
348:, were built between 1769 and 1771, funded by a tontine.
221:
the nominees on whose lives the contracts are contingent
329:
Tontines were often used to raise funds for private or
1398:
The Performance of Life Insurance Companies: 1860–1905
250:
First page of Dousset 1792 French patent for a tontine
1134:
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law Blog
296:", a predecessor of the 20th-century pension scheme.
113:
101:
92:
86:
77:
68:
544:(CDC) pensions which will soon be offered in the UK,
107:
95:
71:
62:
1600:
1598:
366:, Shropshire, stands prominently at one end of the
104:
59:
1367:
1065:
1063:
1453:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1968:Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
1840:Gallais Hamonno, Georges; Berthon, Jean (2008).
218:the shareholders who receive the annual interest
1607:"The Simple Analytics of a Pooled Annuity Fund"
336:Some notable tontine-funded projects included:
1909:Jennings, Robert M.; Trout, Andrew P. (1982).
1812:Revue historique de droit français et étranger
1468:Moss, David; Kintgen, Eugene (January 2009) .
966:episode "Tontine" (2018) centers on a tontine.
565:In French-speaking cultures, particularly in
8:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
941:episode "The Double Deuce" (2011), Archer's
744:(1912), an atmospheric faux-gothic novel by
591:, and among emigrant Cambodian communities.
1795:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1345:"About The Tontine: History of The Tontine"
1187:
1185:
656:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2045:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1923:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1854:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1293:Thames Bridges from Dartford to the source
1987:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1662:Bruchhaus, Eva-Maria (November 3, 2016).
1257:
1255:
1226:commerce, France min du (30 April 2018).
1087:
1085:
676:Learn how and when to remove this message
1746:"Rhostyllen: a history through pictures"
1723:Commonwealth Legal Information Institute
1145:
1143:
1093:"When Others Die, Tontine Investors Win"
1474:Harvard Business School Case Collection
1118:Jennings; Swanson; Trout (1988), p. 107
992:
578:rotating savings and credit association
436:, was financed using a tontine in 1804.
234:
230:fellow-nominees within the same class.
215:the subscribers who provide the capital
2038:
1916:
1847:
1821:Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies
1677:Liev, Man Hau (November 26–29, 1997).
1446:
906:'s science fiction multi-volume novel
1295:. Kettering: Silver Link Publishing.
456:Tontine pensions in the US: 1868–1906
7:
1898:Journal of European Economic History
1786:. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
1719:"Kootu Funds (Prohibition) Act 1971"
654:adding citations to reliable sources
255:Financial inventions were patentable
2128:Economic history of the Netherlands
1666:. D+C, Development and Cooperation.
1646:"Using tontines to run the economy"
1128:McKeever, Kent (10 February 2017).
530:approved in a single member state.
495:Australian Mutual Provident Society
164:The investment plan is named after
1833:10.1111/j.1754-0208.2007.tb00338.x
1537:"French Wills and forced heirship"
1374:. Bristol: Redcliffe. p. 35.
607:Kootu Funds (Prohibition) Act 1971
519:Supreme Court of the United States
464:in the United States in 1868 when
417:The Cleveland Tontine hotel, near
25:
2063:, one of a series of articles by
1814:(in French). 4th ser. 35: 128–33.
1651:. l'École de Paris du management.
1555:"S. E. C. v. VARIABLE ANNUITY CO"
556:Group Self-Annuitization Schemes.
2035:(in German). Munich and Leipzig.
1623:10.1111/j.1539-6975.2005.00134.x
1319:. United Grand Lodge of England.
626:
470:Equitable Life Assurance Society
460:Tontines became associated with
421:, North Yorkshire, originally a
375:Tontine Hotel and Assembly Rooms
55:
1611:Journal of Risk & Insurance
999:Weir 1989, pp. 96, 102–03, 105.
542:Collective Defined Contribution
1644:Henry, Alain (June 19, 2003).
1415:Bernstein, William J. (2015).
1009:Ingram, Miranda (2008-08-29).
820:In the U.S. television series
1:
2118:1653 establishments in France
1963:"A Short History of Tontines"
1470:"The Armstrong Investigation"
305:in mid-19th-century England.
949:squadron mates who each put
2004:Journal of Economic History
1043:"EUR-Lex – 32002L0083 – EN"
887:(1999), a TV film starring
734:, produced and directed by
309:Projects funded by tontines
2144:
2123:17th-century introductions
2061:"The Great Tontine Gamble"
2033:Die Tontinen in Frankreich
1934:William and Mary Quarterly
1782:Buley, R. Carlyle (1967).
1664:"Flexible and disciplined"
1421:Financial Analysts Journal
29:
2016:10.1017/s002205070000735x
1881:10.1017/s0963926818000743
1697:Singapore Statutes Online
1681:. 12th NZASIA Conference.
1370:The Theatre Royal at Bath
1366:Lowndes, William (1982).
1230:– via Google Books.
720:(1889), a comic novel by
139:Regulation passed by the
128:with a kind of mortality
1863:Green, David R. (2019).
1791:Clark, Geoffrey (1999).
1291:Davenport, Neil (2006).
1249:Jennings and Trout 1982.
695:(1708), a comic play by
561:Variant uses of the term
522:in the insurance sense.
397:Freemasons' Hall, London
32:Tontine (disambiguation)
1961:McKeever, Kent (2011).
1499:. Brookings Institution
1347:. The Cleveland Tontine
1162:Encyclopædia Britannica
746:Robert Murray Gilchrist
487:Armstrong Investigation
390:New York Stock Exchange
148:Armstrong Investigation
2031:Wyler, Julius (1916).
722:Robert Louis Stevenson
485:Finally, in 1905, the
451:among the subscribers.
326:
251:
233:Works of fiction (see
46:
1435:(inactive 2024-09-12)
1216:Weir 1989, pp. 103–04
1200:Weir 1989, pp. 95–124
917:The 2001 comedy film
548:Pan-European Pensions
362:The Tontine Hotel in
316:
249:
40:
1765:Kerry Tombs (2019).
1433:10.2469/br.v10.n1.17
1427:(1). CFA Institute.
1333:. Historic Scotland.
963:Brokenwood Mysteries
785:4.50 from Paddington
650:improve this section
567:developing countries
553:Pooled Annuity Funds
527:Pan-European Pension
490:company management.
414:, was built in 1803.
382:Tontine Coffee House
319:Tontine Coffee House
226:subscriber's death.
137:Pan-European Pension
41:Tontine Hotel sign,
30:For other uses, see
1844:(in French). Paris.
1767:The Malvern Murders
1526:Buley 1967, p. 472.
1517:Buley 1967, p. 291.
1395:Yang, Tony (2009).
813:(1957), a novel by
803:The Malvern Murders
771:(1955), a novel by
759:Lillian de la Torre
709:(1881), a novel by
441:Theatre Royal, Bath
402:The Tontine Hotel,
141:European Commission
2070:McClure's Magazine
2065:Burton J. Hendrick
1981:Milevsky, Moshe A.
1541:Buckles Solicitors
1098:The New York Times
947:Royal Flying Corps
885:The Mystery of Men
823:The Wild Wild West
792:murder mystery by
742:The Secret Tontine
618:In popular culture
466:Henry Baldwin Hyde
327:
252:
235:In popular culture
178:Parlement de Paris
153:The New York Times
47:
2078:The Straight Dope
1381:978-0-905459-49-3
1302:978-1-85794-229-3
1049:. 5 November 2002
1047:eur-lex.europa.eu
929:Diagnosis: Murder
775:, illustrated by
773:Thomas B. Costain
707:The Great Tontine
697:Alain-René Lesage
686:
685:
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502:Modern regulation
419:Ingleby Arncliffe
192:the present day.
16:(Redirected from
2135:
2113:Informal finance
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1994:978-110-707612-9
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447:and his brother
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912:Beyond Varallan
866:
815:P. G. Wodehouse
810:Something Fishy
794:Agatha Christie
682:
671:
665:
662:
647:
631:
620:
610:otherwise...".
563:
509:The First Life
504:
458:
352:Richmond Bridge
325:, New York City
311:
290:game the system
279:Nine Years' War
267:
265:Uses and abuses
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54:
35:
28:
27:Investment plan
23:
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2055:External links
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1940:(1): 107–115.
1929:
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1617:(3): 497–520.
1594:
1583:Tardi, Carla.
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1191:Milevsky 2015.
1181:
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777:Herbert Ryman
774:
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753:Peak District
751:
748:, set in the
747:
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733:
732:
731:The Wrong Box
727:
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718:
717:The Wrong Box
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691:
690:
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669:
666:November 2022
659:
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475:Panic of 1873
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434:turnpike road
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321:(at left) on
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39:
33:
19:
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2077:
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2007:
2003:
1984:
1972:
1966:
1937:
1933:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1872:
1868:
1841:
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1811:
1792:
1783:
1766:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1672:
1657:
1639:
1614:
1610:
1589:Investopedia
1588:
1578:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1473:
1463:
1449:cite journal
1437:. Retrieved
1424:
1420:
1410:
1404:. p. 5.
1397:
1390:
1369:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1339:
1325:
1311:
1292:
1286:
1277:
1266:
1245:
1236:
1221:
1196:
1171:
1160:
1133:
1123:
1114:
1103:. Retrieved
1101:. 2017-03-24
1096:
1075:
1051:. Retrieved
1046:
1037:
1026:. Retrieved
1014:
1004:
995:
961:
936:
927:
918:
911:
907:
893:Neil Pearson
884:
879:World War II
859:The Simpsons
857:
848:
830:
821:
808:
802:
783:
768:
741:
736:Bryan Forbes
729:
715:
711:Hawley Smart
706:
692:
687:
672:
663:
648:Please help
636:
612:
606:
600:
593:
586:
575:
564:
536:
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524:
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505:
492:
484:
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423:coaching inn
356:River Thames
335:
331:public works
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50:
48:
1936:. 3rd ser.
1351:28 February
1281:Green 2019.
977:Life estate
904:S. L. Viehl
837:World War I
790:Miss Marple
769:The Tontine
571:microcredit
386:Wall Street
368:Iron Bridge
323:Wall Street
2108:Investment
2102:Categories
2087:Regulation
2010:: 95–124.
1503:5 December
1261:Weir 1989.
1240:Coudy 1957
1105:2017-03-27
1053:2017-10-17
1028:2017-10-16
988:References
897:Nick Berry
798:settlement
788:(1957), a
750:Derbyshire
738:, in 1966.
693:La Tontine
596:chit funds
480:James Hyde
408:Inverclyde
395:The first
364:Ironbridge
166:Neapolitan
43:Ironbridge
2041:cite book
2024:154494955
1919:cite book
1904:: 663–70.
1889:150555505
1850:cite book
1631:154359987
1585:"Tontine"
1476:. 708–034
1177:pp. 58–59
1023:0307-1235
982:Dead pool
875:Mr. Burns
862:episode "
637:does not
511:Directive
286:longevity
270:Louis XIV
1983:(2015).
971:See also
869:(1996),
603:Malaysia
589:Cambodia
525:The new
412:Scotland
404:Greenock
18:Tontines
2073:in 1906
1954:1922216
1776:Sources
1699:. 2013
1559:FindLaw
955:dollars
935:In the
920:Tomcats
908:Stardoc
847:In the
844:4077th.
832:M*A*S*H
658:removed
643:sources
513:of the
468:of the
425:on the
259:lottery
202:capital
196:Concept
168:banker
160:History
130:lottery
126:annuity
51:tontine
2022:
1991:
1952:
1887:
1799:
1751:11 May
1729:27 May
1725:. 1971
1703:11 May
1629:
1480:11 May
1439:11 May
1378:
1299:
1021:
938:Archer
841:brandy
431:Thirsk
274:livres
242:Patent
185:Kampen
174:Lisbon
2020:S2CID
1950:JSTOR
1885:S2CID
1649:(PDF)
1627:S2CID
1402:(PDF)
943:valet
701:dowry
582:kitty
2047:link
1989:ISBN
1925:link
1856:link
1797:ISBN
1753:2018
1731:2019
1705:2018
1505:2020
1482:2018
1455:link
1441:2018
1376:ISBN
1353:2019
1297:ISBN
1076:SSRN
1019:ISSN
960:The
926:The
895:and
873:and
724:and
641:any
639:cite
439:The
427:Yarm
380:The
373:The
346:Bath
340:The
317:The
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1942:doi
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