49:
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first, the concert would look like a television show without awkward gaps encouraging audiences to switch off; and, second, broadcasters would be less likely to impose their own narrative on the event. The use of film stars to introduce major acts also helped achieve these objectives. Some broadcasters did send presenters to carry out backstage interviews for the presumed gaps but stopped doing so after a couple of hours.
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977:, criticising the BBC for giving "publicity to a movement that encourages the African National Congress in its terrorist activities". However, no appeal was either planned or made. Further, the artists’ contracts – which in many cases were signed backstage at Wembley – laid down that no proceeds from the income of the event should go "towards the purchase of or in any other connection with armaments".
477:
765:, who led the AAM (Anti-Apartheid Movement) at the time these concerts were organised. If the concert was to be successful, it was important to win the support of the movement and, with it, the implicit support of Mandela. But Terry and his senior officials firmly resisted Hollingsworth's proposal, insisting on three conditions, based on the policies of the African National Congress.
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the question upwards or to the news or current-affairs divisions. According to
Hollingsworth, once they had agreed to show the concert, the news divisions would have to stop referring to Mandela as a terrorist leader, thereby helping to ensure that Mandela was looked upon in a more favourable light. This was said to be a campaign objective which was beginning to be achieved by March.
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2209:"...the worldwide campaign for the release of Nelson Mandela and political prisoners made a decisive contribution....One event in particular symbolised that campaign – the 'Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute'...The ANC owes an enormous debt of gratitude to the artists and performers and all those who made that event possible..."
734:, for which Hollingsworth was producing a number of festivals and concerts, might be able to fund the AAA. The authority was due to be abolished at the end of March and had spare cash to give away. But a grant turned out to be impossible because the AAA was not a legal entity and Dammers had no interest in making it one.
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and its popularity reached
Mandela and other political prisoners. In time, the strong ripple effect is thought to have increased pressure on the government to release Mandela, and it became increasingly likely that he would be released, albeit 20 months after the concert and 27 years after he was put in prison.
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First, the concert must focus on all political prisoners in South Africa, not just
Mandela. Mandela had himself told the ANC that he did not wish to be singled out from other prisoners in the organisation's campaigning. Second, the event must campaign against apartheid as a whole and this was to be
1258:
The estimated audience for the
Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute of 600 million in 67 countries was arguably an underestimate in that several broadcasters in Africa were given a free licence. However, the apartheid government did not allow the event to be broadcast in South Africa. But news of the event
1039:
when she came on stage to introduce one of the acts, saying that she had been told to say nothing political. The request did not come from the concert organisers but from the Fox TV producer at
Wembley who, unbeknown to the organisers, told the Hollywood film stars to avoid saying anything political
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Hollingsworth told Sting that he would fly the singer and his band to London on a private plane after his Friday evening Berlin concert, drive him to
Wembley in the morning where an identical set of equipment would be set up on stage for him. Sting would then do a sound check and open the show a few
921:
Several weeks before
Wembley, Hollingsworth went to Switzerland where Sting was playing and booked himself into the same hotel. He got reception to put him through to Sting (using the singer's actual name, Gordon Sumner), told Sting that his management had refused to let him talk to the singer, and
918:, however, refused even to put the proposition to the singer because he would be on a world tour at the time and the Wembley concert would not fit in. The final tour schedule showed Sting due to perform in Berlin the night before Wembley and elsewhere in Europe on the evening of the Wembley concert.
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Hollingsworth signed up other big names, albeit on a provisional basis, put them in touch with one another and finally they all, including Dire
Straits, agreed to perform. With clearly enough talent on board, Hollingsworth announced the bill in March, three months before the 11 June event. The list
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Hollingsworth argued that the concert could not be effective under those terms. They would not work for an event that was intended for the mass media across the world, including in countries where there might be little knowledge of
Mandela, let alone support for him. The event should not be "angry",
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Letter from Mike Terry, Executive
Secretary, Anti-Apartheid Movement, 18 January 2003: "...he performed multiple roles of creator, risk taker, executive producer, producer and artists recruiter. He never claimed such an array of titles nor pushed himself in front of the media preferring to let the
2184:
Letter from Mike Terry, Executive Secretary, AAM, 18 January 2003: "Before the first event, the prospect of Nelson Mandela's imminent release from prison seemed completely unrealistic. Yet within 20 months he walked free and I have no doubt that the first event played a decisive role in making this
984:
With the BBC on board, it was easier to persuade other broadcasters to buy the rights for the concert. The show was in most cases sold to the entertainment divisions of broadcasters as a birthday tribute that would not be political. As a result, they could agree to show the event without referring
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to sing a duet together but which the two singers turned down. Wonder agreed the booking. This was never announced but was to be a surprise for the audience. In the event, the singer caused a major backstage drama when the equipment used to play his pre-recorded music was lost. He refused to play
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There were some difficulties. Bicknell, for instance, was shocked when Hollingsworth told him there was one condition to Dire Straits playing. The band must rehearse for the event because it had not been on tour for some time and had even disbanded, albeit temporarily. Hollingsworth, in fact, told
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There were supposed to be no political speeches at the event except for the message that Nelson Mandela should be freed – coming from Harry Belafonte in his opening speech, from the film stars and musicians introducing the acts or the next piece of music and from the slogans around the stage. The
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Broadcasters were also told that the concert would use two stages, enabling acts to follow each other without a break, with top acts on the main stage and lesser-known groups on the second. There would therefore be no need for broadcasters to add material between events. The reasoning was that,
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Hollingsworth told him the audience was not the right culture for him. He feared that Belafonte's singing would turn the clock back 30 years and would lose much of the television audience across the world. He was already worried about losing the audience as a result of using African singers and
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A week after the first bill was announced, Simple Minds threatened to quit, arguing that there was not enough grit in it: Whitney Houston, for instance, should not be there. Hollingsworth argued that there was plenty of grit but that Whitney Houston was needed to broaden the audience to include
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Many broadcasters, Hollingsworth argued, would not televise a Mandela concert if it followed the AAM and ANC campaign policies. They would regard it as a political event. Other broadcasters would provide only limited airtime. But a positive birthday tribute would conform to the broadcasters'
737:
Hollingsworth told Dammers that he would put on an anti-apartheid concert if the singer could find a big name. Dammers did not phone back until June 1987, although in the summer of 1986 he had organised a free anti-apartheid concert, Freedom Beat, in London's Clapham Common attended by 200,000
1207:
The initial funding for Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute came from Hollingsworth and, specifically, from the money that he had put into the production company, Elephant House, set up with television producer Neville Bolt. But the money amounted only "to 75 per cent of what was needed as a
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Copeland was furious about the agreement and shocked that Sting would open the show rather than be one of the closing acts. But the event was being organised not as a live concert but as a television show and that, according to Hollingsworth, meant a top act at the beginning when "the largest
1027:
Whitney Houston, who was contracted to make advertisements for Coca-Cola, did her act in front of a black backdrop instead of the usual picture of Nelson Mandela. But, according to Hollingsworth, this was nothing to do with censorship but the result of an electricity generator failing.
1076:, for instance, in the run-up to singing Sun City with Simple Minds, declared that "we the people will no longer tolerate the terrorism of the government of South Africa" and that "we will no longer do business with those who do business with the terrorist government of South Africa".
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entertainment mandate and there would be a good chance they would show the full day's event. Hollingsworth was not seeking ANC backing because that would have put off broadcasters. He wanted the AAM's backing but, for similar reasons, did not want the movement's name on the event.
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network showed only six hours in what was referred to as a "significantly de-radicalised version". A number of artists had their songs or speeches cut. One US newspaper objected that Fox "cut out some of the most passionate – and especially most political – moments of the day".
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Nonetheless, the posters, the political references from the actors and musicians, the music itself, the way the singers worked the audience and the audience response almost certainly got across a wider political message about apartheid. One or two artists took a harder line.
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Eighteen months after the event, with a release now thought to be approaching, Mandela asked for the organisers of the event to create a second concert as an official international reception at which, after 27 years in prison, he would address the world. The second event,
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minutes after mid-day, the first act of the concert (after an opening speech and a set of South African show dancers). As soon as he had done his half-hour slot, he would be driven to the airport and put on the private plane taking him back to the continent. Sting agreed.
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What problems there were came from the other side. Both the Anti-Apartheid Movement and Hollingsworth received bomb threats warning them not to go ahead with the event. Nearer the event, there was a threat to blow up the power station distributing electricity to Wembley.
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dancers whom many people would not have heard of. On the other hand, Belafonte, as a highly respected, internationally known personality, would be an effective speaker. Belafonte told him he would think about it, but Hollingsworth should also think about him performing.
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By the time that the Anti-Apartheid Movement had agreed to support the concert, Hollingsworth had booked Wembley Stadium for the following June and had approached several artists in addition to Simple Minds. Few were saying a definite no, but hardly anyone would commit.
1215:
Although the aim of the day was to raise consciousness about South Africa and Mandela, the event also made a profit of $ 5 million. One half went to the AAM to cover its costs, including a protest march the following day; and one half to seven charities named by
938:: One of the first artists that Hollingsworth tried to sign up was Stevie Wonder. He could never get through to the singer, though he phoned him every Friday at his studio. Senior members of the team told him each time that the matter was "under consideration".
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The producer had been flown in a week before the Wembley concert to replace Fox's original choice who had been working on the production for three weeks but was thought by the network to have become infected by the political ethos of the concert organisation.
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UB40 were finishing their set on the main stage, and Wonder's equipment was set up, plugged in and ready to be rolled on after a 10-minute act on a side stage. He was about to walk up the ramp to the stage when it was discovered that the hard disc of his
1040:
because an election was coming up in the States. After the event, the producer – in charge of his own editing team for the US broadcast – took out a full-page advertisement in a US trade magazine thanking American artists for participating in his show.
1060:, the African-American Civil Rights leader, from going on stage to make a speech. To have agreed to the request would have made it very difficult to say no to others. Jackson was, instead, shepherded to the Royal Box, joining Labour Party leader
1100:, carrying all 25 minutes of synthesised music for his act, was missing. He said he could not play without it, turned round, walked down the ramp crying, with his band and other members of his entourage following him, and out of the stadium.
2273:, president of the African National Congress, 12 June 1988, the day after the first Mandela concert: "On behalf of all of us who got the credit for the marvellous Anti Apartheid concert and all that will follow from it – a thousand thanks!"
1129:, started on the side stage using three minutes and 30 seconds of pre-approved stage time. Following Salt-N-Pepa's performance, there was no announcement, no sound from the main stage until, out of the darkness, came the opening lines of "
704:, music critic and presenter of the BBC broadcast, writing in 1989, was the "biggest and most spectacular pop-political event of all time, a more political version of Live Aid with the aim of raising consciousness rather than just money."
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Wembley agreed to the unusual procedure of handing over ticket revenue as soon as it came in, and some television companies agreed to pay rights fees earlier than usual (although the BBC did not pay cash but provided facilities).
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was appalled when he saw a recording of the Fox broadcast on his return to the US. He complained to the press, describing it as "a totally Orwellian experience". His own contribution, including a strident rendering of the song,
745:, the Glasgow rock band, agreeing to perform at an event which Hollingsworth had suggested for the previous year. The two agreed to go to Edinburgh, where Simple Minds were performing, to talk about a deal for a new event.
800:, one of the largest acts in the world and the kind of act that was needed if broadcasters across the world were to sign up for the event, to head the bill. The group took the same line as Simple Minds. The band's manager
207:
877:: Hollingsworth went to New York to ask Harry Belafonte to give the opening address of the concert. Belafonte made it clear he was upset that, with so many musicians appearing, he was being asked only to talk.
748:
Hollingsworth had in mind a major event, a birthday tribute for Mandela, who would be 70 the following year. The event would seek worldwide television and would call for his release – the first step in ending
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Fox also refused to use the concert title, Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute. Instead, it billed the show as Freedomfest, objecting to the pleas of the organisers to at least add "for Nelson Mandela".
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landed in the United Kingdom on the Saturday morning of the concert and went straight to Wembley Stadium, where a room was prepared for him and his band to warm up. He was to appear in the evening after
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On the Wednesday before the concert, Wonder phoned back, asking whether there was still space for him. Hollingsworth told him there was a 25-minute slot – time that had originally been kept open for
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said that the concert would have "the most overtly political theme since the 1960s.... It's a confrontational political event aimed at the government of South Africa and its practice of apartheid".
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Shortly before Mandela's release, Hollingsworth, Terry and Mandela's lawyer sat down in London to plan another broadcast event to celebrate Mandela's release and to call for the end of Apartheid.
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896:, to sing with him. Belafonte did not get any of those, but came back with a list which Hollingsworth said was not good enough. Eventually, Belafonte agreed just to give the opening speech.
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most of the artists they must rehearse, offering to pay for all rehearsal costs. Dire Straits, like the others, complied. In the event, the band had to bring in a guest guitarist to replace
1243:, Bishop Ambrose Reeves Trust and the International Defence and Aid Fund. With the charities in mind, a company, Freedom Productions, was set up to which the artists rights were assigned.
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1133:" and a huge roar from the audience. The lights came on and Wonder went into the rest of the set. With the loss of the programmed hard disc, he shouted the change of notes to the band.
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At the same time, Hollingsworth started what turned out to be a series of meetings with Mike Terry, head of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in London. Also of note was the work of
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Terry was the first to come round to Hollingsworth's view, but needed some time before persuading the rest of his team. On the other hand, he quickly won the approval of
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966:, said that he would provide five hours of airtime – and more if the bill improved. After several more top artists were added, the BBC agreed to televise the whole show.
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The two spoke a week later, with each taking much the same position, although Hollingsworth added that Belafonte could sing if he could get a category-A artist, such as
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Most broadcasters showed the event live. Others, particularly in the Americas, showed it delayed because of the time difference. Most gave more or less full coverage.
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2198:, President of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, 12 July 1995: "The result of his efforts helped to generate the pressures which secured the release of Nelson Mandela."
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principle – aimed at ensuring that broadcasters would, first, buy the television rights and, second, continue to show the proceedings – was more or less followed.
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904:: Hollingsworth went to great lengths to get Sting to perform at the concert. The singer was associated with human rights issues, partly as a result of his song
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1107:, who had already performed her act, agreed to appear again. The two appearances shot her to stardom, with two songs from her recently released first album: "
697:, was, like the first, conceived to be shown on television across the world and was broadcast from Wembley Stadium to more than 60 countries on 16 April 1990.
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The organiser and risk-funder of the two events was producer and impresario Tony Hollingsworth. Hollingsworth also conceived the idea for the first event.
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Nelson Mandela 70th birthday tribute: with Artists Against Apartheid in support of the anti apartheid movement, Wembley Stadium, Saturday 11 June, London
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said that Dire Straits would perform if other top acts also agreed, but Hollingsworth was not to mention Dire Straits in persuading the other acts.
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audience tunes in to see how it's going to be". At least one big act was planned for each hour of the 11-hour day in a bid to keep the audience.
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636:, London, and broadcast to 67 countries and an audience of 600 million. Marking the forthcoming 70th birthday (18 July 1988) of the imprisoned
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The concert included several well-known protest songs and others which received an added resonance from the occasion. The songs included:
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minimum". Funding to help pay the deposit on Wembley Stadium came from a trade-union loan organised by the Anti-Apartheid Movement.
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1115:". Before the concert, she had sold about 250,000 albums. In the following two weeks, she was said to have sold two million.
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Wonder returned to the stadium, but turned down the request to use the same equipment as the present act on the main stage,
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Even so, given the subject matter, the event was bound to be political in a broad sense. Thus, a week before the event, the
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happen. This was implicitly acknowledged by Nelson Mandela, himself, by his decision to participate in the second event."
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people who were not so likely to know about Mandela and apartheid. Simple Minds accepted the argument.
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heavily censored the political aspects of the concert. The concert is considered a notable example of
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The Rhetoric of Moral Protest: Public Campaigns, Celebrity Endorsement and Political Mobilization
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and walked out of the stadium – though he returned later using Whitney Houston's instruments.
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and forcing the regime to release Nelson Mandela earlier than would otherwise have happened.
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2168:"The Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Concert, Wembley Stadium, London, 11 June 1988"
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Hollingsworth developed the plan for the first Mandela concert after talking to singer
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2337:"From 'Kingston Town' to the Nelson Mandela Tribute in 1988: interview with UB40"
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were meant to perform, but a part of the set collapsed and they were unable to.
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2425:. De Gruyter Studies in Organisation, 76. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
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1318:(introduced by Lenny Henry) – "Village Ghetto Land", "If You Were My Woman", "
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2362:"Freedomfest: Nelson Mandela's 70th Birthday Celebratation (TV Special 1988)"
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on condition that none of the money went towards the purchase of armaments.
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681:(ANC), as raising worldwide consciousness of the imprisonment of ANC leader
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Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
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but a "positive" birthday tribute, calling only for Mandela to be freed.
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2310:"When Pop Went Political: Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Concert"
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in its title. Third, it must call for sanctions against South Africa.
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Letter to Hollingsworth from AAM, signed by Archbishop Huddleston, Dr
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John Swenson, "Big pop concert will seek Nelson Mandela's release",
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Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa
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who had earlier refused three times, but other big names also.
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Dammers told Hollingsworth that he had received a letter from
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asked to meet him. Sting told him to come round to his room.
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Unreliable Sources: A Guide to Detecting Bias in News Media
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There was an urgent need to fill the gap he had left and
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The Birthday Tribute was regarded by many, including the
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M. Rainbird Pub. in association with Associated Media:
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Early on, the organisers stopped an insistent Reverend
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Houston finished with three encores and the next act,
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which had booked six advertising spots for each hour.
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was a popular-music concert staged on 11 June 1988 at
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and Youssou N’Dour - "When the Stone Begins to Turn"
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2228:When The Music's Over: The Story of Political Pop
2140:"Nelson Mandela: the triumph of the protest song"
1730:(2nd appearance) (introduced by Lenny Henry) - "
1035:A further issue was highlighted by film actress
2443:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute track list
2284:"Anti-racism education for Australian schools"
2082:, University of Minnesota Press, 2005, p. 174.
1857:, Simple Minds (introduced by Lenny Henry) - "
1356:There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)
3177:
3088:"Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)" (song)
2583:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
2479:
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1068:along with a number of actors and musicians.
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2816:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
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2170:. African National Congress. Archived from
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403:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2882:Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation
2514:President of the African National Congress
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1932:(introduced by Meat Loaf) - "Free Mandela"
1718:", "Breakfast in Bed", "Sing Our Own Song"
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1092:. His appearance had not been announced.
579:Learn how and when to remove this message
561:Learn how and when to remove this message
459:Learn how and when to remove this message
2668:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1904:", "He/I Believe" (duet with her mother
868:Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie Wonder
2741:Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years
2207:ANC website message from Oliver Tambo:
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1847:, Youssou N'Dour & Daryl Hannah - "
1829:, Simple Minds & Youssou N'Dour - "
763:Robert Hughes, Baron Hughes of Woodside
34:
3679:June 1988 events in the United Kingdom
3664:Tribute concerts in the United Kingdom
1237:Catholic Fund for Overseas Development
757:Persuading the Anti-Apartheid Movement
643:, the concert was also referred to as
510:"Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute"
208:1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions
190:UN Special Committee against Apartheid
2094:Lee, Martin A., and Solomon, Norman,
1491:He's Got the Whole World in His Hands
7:
3624:Rock festivals in the United Kingdom
2806:Nelson Mandela International Airport
2711:"I Am Prepared to Die" (1964 speech)
2454:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
2448:Rock's Conscience Spotlights Mandela
2058:Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute
630:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
592:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
499:adding citations to reliable sources
318:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
213:1978 World Conference against Racism
27:1988 popular-music concert in London
3649:Music festivals established in 1988
2673:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2335:Pingitore, Silvia (14 April 2020).
2138:Lynskey, Dorian (6 December 2013).
1688:Mahlathini and the Mahotella Queens
1364:You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart
1290:(introduced by Harry Belafonte) – "
962:, recently appointed controller of
3222:List of industrial music festivals
2831:Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital
2248:media focus on the cause at hand."
1982:(introduced by Billy Connolly) - "
1292:If You Love Somebody Set Them Free
687:South African apartheid government
89:International anti-apartheid music
25:
2725:Mandela: The Authorised Biography
2230:, London: Faber and Faber, 1990 (
1614:Everybody Wants to Rule the World
1517:) - "Why?", "Behind the Wall", "
384:This article has multiple issues.
3227:List of jam band music festivals
3144:
3143:
2628:state memorial service attendees
2418:. Concert booklet. OCLC 23081366
1972:Billy Connolly (stand-up comedy)
1724:Whoopi Goldberg - One Woman Show
1509:(1st appearance) (introduced by
1350:(introduced by Richard Gere) – "
1246:Rights in the event are held by
726:band, who had written the song "
700:The first concert, according to
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414:
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165:Artists United Against Apartheid
142:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
47:
1962:Harry Enfield (stand-up comedy)
1940:I Just Called to Say I Love You
1839:, Simple Minds, Peter Gabriel,
1750:(introduced by Lenny Henry) - "
1638:I've Gotta Get a Message to You
1409:(introduced by Lenny Henry) – "
1372:Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)
1196:I've Gotta Get a Message to You
1182:I Just Called to Say I Love You
1131:I Just Called to Say I Love You
486:needs additional citations for
392:or discuss these issues on the
2796:Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate
2598:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
2505:18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013
1:
3475:Tuska Open Air Metal Festival
3450:Sauna Open Air Metal Festival
3396:Rock am Ring and Rock im Park
3217:List of heavy metal festivals
3063:International Tribute Concert
2930:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
2122:Morse, Steve (13 June 1988),
2020:Further appearances included
1948:(introduced by Meat Loaf) - "
1922:(introduced by Meat Loaf) - "
1451:Ain't No Mountain High Enough
276:(South-West Africa ceasefire)
180:Organisation of African Unity
124:Crime of Apartheid Convention
3073:"Free Nelson Mandela" (song)
2678:Constitution of South Africa
2663:Government of National Unity
1886:Didn't We Almost Have It All
1248:Tribute Inspirations Limited
782:Archbishop Trevor Huddleston
657:. In the United States, the
638:anti-apartheid revolutionary
436:quotes need quote templates.
284:(arms embargo strengthening)
260:(arms embargo strengthening)
3639:Concerts at Wembley Stadium
3232:List of punk rock festivals
2801:Nelson Mandela Invitational
2546:1955 Congress of the People
2022:Grupo Experimental de Dansa
1942:", speech, "Dark 'n Lovely"
1910:I Wanna Dance with Somebody
1662:(introduced by Lenny Henry)
910:about the Chilean dictator
669:First of two Mandela events
650:Free Nelson Mandela Concert
434:. The specific problem is:
111:Instruments and legislation
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3106:Cape Town City Hall statue
2781:Mandela Rhodes Scholarship
2771:Nelson Mandela Institution
2536:Mandela and Tambo law firm
2421:Lahusen, Christian. 1996.
1223:The seven charities were:
1113:Talkin' 'Bout a Revolution
430:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
325:television programming ban
84:Free South Africa Movement
3659:Music festivals in London
3629:Rock festivals in England
3139:
3051:African National Congress
2980:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
2841:Nelson Mandela University
2733:Conversations With Myself
2508:President of South Africa
2501:
2041:The Doug Anthony Allstars
1898:Where Do Broken Hearts Go
1519:Talkin' Bout a Revolution
1360:Here Comes the Rain Again
679:African National Congress
596:
329:Rugby union and apartheid
303:Elimination of Racism Day
41:apartheid in South Africa
3481:The Unholy Alliance Tour
3212:List of gothic festivals
2962:Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
2821:Mandela National Stadium
2791:Nelson Mandela Challenge
2593:Mandela House and museum
2030:Mark Kelly (keyboardist)
1572:" (w/Phil Collins &
1270:In order of appearance:
1203:Funding and organisation
1191:", sung by Jessye Norman
788:Signing up first artists
268:(mandatory arms embargo)
244:(voluntary arms embargo)
36:International opposition
3126:Washington, D.C. statue
2688:Intervention in Lesotho
2623:Death and state funeral
2194:Letter from Archbishop
1800:Simple Minds featuring
1266:Performers and speakers
1080:Stevie Wonder walks out
975:House of Commons motion
969:Before the concert, 24
675:Anti-Apartheid Movement
252:(sanctions feasibility)
170:Commonwealth of Nations
160:Anti-Apartheid Movement
94:International sanctions
79:Constructive engagement
3465:Summer Sanitarium Tour
3207:List of folk festivals
3004:Zenani Mandela-Dlamini
2267:Andimba Toivo ja Toivo
2039:Australian comedy act
1956:"/"Free Mandela" with
1890:Love Will Save the Day
1819:", "East at Easter", "
1545:All Stars (House Band)
1384:The Arnhemland Dancers
732:Greater London Council
659:Fox television network
236:(Sharpeville massacre)
3644:1988 in British music
3445:Rock Never Stops Tour
3365:Magic Circle Festival
3254:Anger Management Tour
2826:Nelson Mandela Bridge
2811:Nelson Mandela Square
2613:90th Birthday Tribute
2608:70th Birthday Tribute
2578:Victor Verster Prison
2387:When The Music's Over
2341:the-shortlisted.co.uk
1734:", "Across the Lines"
1721:Richard Gere - speech
1648:Philip Michael Thomas
1604:Don't Dream It's Over
1553:Harvest for the World
1483:Ashford & Simpson
1447:Ashford & Simpson
1431:True Love Never Fails
1380:- 30 seconds of abuse
1300:Every Breath You Take
1218:Archbishop Huddleston
1170:" by Steven Van Zandt
796:Hollingsworth wanted
598:Popular-music concert
175:Halt All Racist Tours
3380:Nintendo Fusion Tour
3078:"Mandela Day" (song)
2890:Mandela and de Klerk
2836:Ponts Nelson-Mandela
2766:Nelson Mandela Forum
2717:Long Walk to Freedom
2683:1995 Rugby World Cup
2314:Classic Pop Magazine
2214:2 March 2016 at the
1965:Lenny Henry doing a
1914:Greatest Love of All
1870:Angolan Dance Troupe
1531:and Lenny Henry) - "
1399:Lenny Henry doing a
1395:Amabutho Male Chorus
1327:Richard Attenborough
1312:- introduces the day
663:anti-apartheid music
495:improve this article
441:improve this article
130:Gleneagles Agreement
99:Milton King boycotts
3669:Pop music festivals
3455:Sonisphere Festival
3284:Deconstruction Tour
3111:Johannesburg statue
2958:(great-grandfather)
1859:Free Nelson Mandela
1650:- Introduction for
1533:Wishing I Was Lucky
1411:Let's Stay Together
1368:When Tomorrow Comes
1304:Message in a Bottle
1147:Free Nelson Mandela
1064:and Liberal leader
728:Free Nelson Mandela
593:
226:UN Security Council
136:Sullivan principles
3440:Projekt Revolution
3328:Hard Electric Tour
3304:Fuji Rock Festival
3294:Family Values Tour
2866:Death of Apartheid
2618:Awards and honours
2290:on 27 January 2014
2080:The Art of Protest
1563:Love and Affection
1374:", "Brand New Day"
1184:" by Stevie Wonder
1156:" by Peter Gabriel
1149:" by Jerry Dammers
954:Broadcast politics
685:and others by the
118:UN Resolution 1761
18:Tony Hollingsworth
3609:
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3570:Sign of the horns
3274:California Jam II
3159:
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3101:Atlanta sculpture
2633:funeral attendees
2541:UMkhonto we Sizwe
2431:978-3-11-015093-3
2400:Chicago Sun-Times
2385:Denselow (1990),
2226:Denselow, Robin,
2196:Trevor Huddleston
2004:Wonderful Tonight
1996:Money for Nothing
1867:(stand-up comedy)
1821:Alive and Kicking
1817:Sanctify Yourself
1791:Denzel Washington
1770:(stand-up comedy)
1740:(stand-up comedy)
1701:Rat in Mi Kitchen
1684:- "Set Them Free"
1503:(stand-up comedy)
1495:Higher and Higher
1241:Save the Children
1198:" by The Bee Gees
1177:" by Simple Minds
1048:On-stage politics
991:Chicago Sun-Times
886:Bruce Springsteen
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2000:Brothers in Arms
1992:Romeo and Juliet
1988:Sultans of Swing
1837:Steven van Zandt
1811:Simple Minds - "
1806:Summertime Blues
1678:Sly & Robbie
1559:Joan Armatrading
1421:Unchain My Heart
1296:They Dance Alone
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1876:(introduced by
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1785:(introduced by
1695:(introduced by
1527:(introduced by
1479:Freddie Jackson
1475:Jonathan Butler
1437:Freddie Jackson
1427:Jonathan Butler
1401:Michael Jackson
1389:Whoopi Goldberg
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1282:Harry Belafonte
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3259:Area Festival
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2938:Mandela's Gun
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2653:1994 election
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2568:Robben Island
2566:
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2563:Rivonia Trial
2561:
2559:
2558:Treason Trial
2556:
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2263:Robert Hughes
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2236:0-571-13906-X
2233:
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2104:0-8184-0561-9
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2027:
2023:
2015:
2014:Amazing Grace
2011:
2010:Jessye Norman
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
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1968:
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1936:Stevie Wonder
1934:
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1906:Cissy Houston
1903:
1899:
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1865:Harry Enfield
1863:
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1855:Jerry Dammers
1853:
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1842:
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1832:
1828:
1827:Peter Gabriel
1825:
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1774:Courtney Pine
1772:
1769:
1768:Michael Palin
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:Miriam Makeba
1756:
1753:
1749:
1748:Miriam Makeba
1745:
1744:Hugh Masekela
1742:
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1733:
1729:
1728:Tracy Chapman
1726:
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1698:
1697:Gregory Hines
1694:
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1670:
1668:- "Pitche Mi"
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1656:Jonas Gwangwa
1655:
1653:
1652:Jonas Gwangwa
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:You Win Again
1631:
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1568:Midge Ure - "
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1508:
1507:Tracy Chapman
1505:
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1499:
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1476:
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1465:
1462:
1461:Pink Cadillac
1458:
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1234:
1230:
1229:Christian Aid
1226:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:Amazing Grace
1186:
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1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:Tracy Chapman
1101:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1085:Stevie Wonder
1079:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:Jesse Jackson
1054:
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936:
935:Stevie Wonder
931:
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897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
878:
876:
875:
867:
865:
861:
859:
855:
849:
847:
843:
842:Hugh Masekela
839:
838:Miriam Makeba
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
805:
803:
799:
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766:
764:
756:
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746:
744:
739:
735:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
717:Jerry Dammers
710:
708:
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703:
698:
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688:
684:
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676:
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664:
660:
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536:
533:
529:
526:
522:
519:
515:
512: –
511:
507:
506:Find sources:
500:
496:
490:
489:
484:This article
482:
478:
473:
472:
463:
460:
452:
449:November 2019
442:
437:
433:
429:
428:
421:
412:
411:
406:
404:
397:
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385:
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353:
348:
346:
341:
340:
338:
337:
330:
327:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
308:"Biko" (song)
306:
304:
301:
300:
297:Other aspects
294:
293:
286:
280:
278:
272:
270:
264:
262:
256:
254:
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240:
238:
232:
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191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
154:Organisations
151:
150:
143:
139:
137:
133:
131:
127:
125:
121:
119:
115:
114:
108:
107:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
74:Disinvestment
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3611:
3601:Concert tour
3596:Rock concert
3560:Stage diving
3545:Pogo (dance)
3491:
3479:
3422:
3415:
3410:Rock in Roma
3408:
3401:
3394:
3342:
3338:Ilosaarirock
3320:
3308:
3244:
3148:
3093:
3068:Madiba shirt
2986:Graça Machel
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2607:
2453:
2422:
2415:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:the original
2278:
2271:Oliver Tambo
2259:Allan Boesak
2253:
2243:
2227:
2222:
2203:
2190:
2180:
2172:the original
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2145:The Guardian
2143:
2133:
2123:
2110:No. 3, 1992.
2107:
2095:
2079:
2078:Reed, T.V.,
2038:
2026:H. B. Barnum
2019:
1984:Walk of Life
1980:Eric Clapton
1976:Dire Straits
1894:So Emotional
1783:Simple Minds
1752:Soweto Blues
1705:Red Red Wine
1580:Paul Carrack
1543:Phil Collins
1529:Daryl Hannah
1487:Natalie Cole
1457:Natalie Cole
1352:I Need a Man
1342:Richard Gere
1269:
1261:
1257:
1245:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1140:
1124:
1117:
1102:
1094:
1083:
1070:
1062:Neil Kinnock
1055:
1051:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1015:
1003:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
983:
979:
971:Conservative
968:
957:
940:
933:
932:
928:
924:
920:
905:
899:
898:
883:
879:
872:
871:
862:
858:Eric Clapton
850:
814:Dire Straits
806:
798:Dire Straits
795:
791:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
747:
743:Simple Minds
740:
736:
721:The Specials
714:
706:
699:
691:
672:
654:
649:
648:
644:
629:
627:
622:11 June 1988
575:
557:
548:
538:
531:
524:
517:
505:
493:Please help
488:verification
485:
455:
446:
439:Please help
435:
424:
400:
393:
387:
386:Please help
383:
317:
29:
3555:Headbanging
3525:Heavy metal
3504:Warped Tour
3493:Vive Latino
3403:Rock in Rio
3355:Lilith Fair
3322:Good Things
3289:Doomination
3264:Big Day Out
3131:Ismail Ayob
2974:Evelyn Mase
2956:Ngubengcuka
2761:Mandela Day
2516:(1991–1997)
2510:(1994–1999)
1967:Tina Turner
1920:Salt-N-Pepa
1813:Mandela Day
1802:Johnny Marr
1787:Emily Lloyd
1778:IDJ Dancers
1660:Salif Keita
1644:Ali MacGraw
1620:Bryan Adams
1549:Tony Hadley
1525:Wet Wet Wet
1515:Hugh Laurie
1511:Stephen Fry
1441:Jam Tonight
1310:Lenny Henry
1233:War on Want
1175:Mandela Day
1127:Salt-N-Pepa
1066:David Steel
960:Alan Yentob
890:Mick Jagger
802:Ed Bicknell
655:Mandela Day
645:Freedomfest
443:if you can.
228:Resolutions
202:Conferences
185:TransAfrica
3618:Categories
3424:Ruido Fest
3350:Kuopiorock
3333:H.O.R.D.E.
3247:= ongoing)
3036:(grandson)
3024:(grandson)
3012:(daughter)
3006:(daughter)
3000:(daughter)
2752:Legacy and
2658:Presidency
2645:Presidency
2603:The Elders
2531:Early life
2294:6 December
2238:), p. 276.
2151:26 October
2064:References
2016:" (Finale)
1978:featuring
1795:Waterfront
1610:Curt Smith
1600:Paul Young
1471:Joe Cocker
1417:Joe Cocker
1348:Eurythmics
1254:Postscript
1163:" by Sting
1098:synclavier
894:Elton John
854:Jack Sonni
846:Eurythmics
808:included:
521:newspapers
389:improve it
3580:Rivethead
3550:Punk rock
3520:Deadheads
3460:Soundwave
3417:Rock Boat
3316:Gigantour
3279:Crüe Fest
3241:Traveling
2754:namesakes
2702:Books and
2389:, p. 279.
1954:The Twist
1841:Meat Loaf
1762:Pata Pata
1710:UB40 and
1539:Midge Ure
1333:Amampondo
1022:Coca-Cola
751:apartheid
551:July 2023
395:talk page
313:Activists
58:Campaigns
3430:Ruisrock
3344:Knotfest
3200:Subtypes
3150:Category
2970:(mother)
2964:(father)
2914:Invictus
2704:speeches
2212:Archived
2108:Gauntlet
2047:See also
2034:Ray Lema
1946:Fat Boys
1849:Sun City
1732:Fast Car
1630:Bee Gees
1624:Somebody
1594:Kayleigh
1584:How Long
1570:Dear God
1467:Al Green
1407:Al Green
1391:- speech
1344:- speech
1329:- speech
1284:- speech
1278:Drummers
1276:Farafina
1168:Sun City
1109:Fast Car
1017:Sun City
834:Bee Gees
738:people.
614:, London
425:require
3540:Moshing
3535:La Onda
3530:Hippies
3513:Culture
3435:Ozzfest
3245:italics
3056:history
3044:Related
2906:Endgame
2874:Mandela
2858:Mandela
2371:22 July
2346:22 July
2320:22 July
1950:Wipeout
1930:Derek B
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1111:" and "
683:Mandela
619:Date(s)
535:scholar
427:cleanup
3390:Qstock
2988:(wife)
2982:(wife)
2976:(wife)
2949:Family
2940:(2016)
2932:(2013)
2924:(2011)
2916:(2009)
2908:(2009)
2900:(2007)
2892:(1997)
2884:(1996)
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2868:(1995)
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542:JSTOR
528:books
140:1986
134:1977
128:1977
122:1973
116:1962
3096:(EP)
2524:Life
2459:IMDb
2427:ISBN
2373:2021
2366:IMDb
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